PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLIED ETHICS PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE

REVIEWER
Major Theorists

Sigmund Freud: Stressed the importance of early

Lecture 1. INTRODUCTION TO PERSONALITY! childhood events, the influence of the unconscious, and
sexual instincts in the development and formation of
1. DEFINITION OF PERSONALITY
personality.
- It refers to the total person, the expression of what
Erik Erikson: Emphasized the social elements of
you are and what you do, the core of each individual,
personality development, the identity crisis, and how
and even the product of all the responses that are
personality is shaped over the course of the entire
expressed in everyday living.
lifespan.
2. NATURE OF PERSONALITY
Carl Jung: Focused on concepts such as the collective
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types.

1. Hereditary - It determines a person’s physical and Alfred Adler: Believed the core motive behind
biological features and characteristics. personality involves striving for superiority, or the
desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward
2. Environment - Personality involves a person’s self-realization. This desire to achieve superiority stems
relations with his environment. from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler
3. Experience - It reflects lasting impressions which believed were universal.
affect one’s thoughts, feelings and decisions in life. Karen Horney: Focused on the need to overcome basic
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONALITY anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the
world. She emphasized the societal and cultural factors
1. Psychological and Physiological - Your personality is that also play a role in personality, including the
constructed psychologically which is influenced by your importance of the parent-child relationship.
biological needs and other processes.
2. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE- The humanistic
2. Behavior and Actions - Your personality is reflected in perspective of personality focuses on psychological
the way you act, talk, and behave. growth, free will, and personal awareness. It takes a
3. Various Expressions - Your feelings thoughts, and more positive outlook on human nature and is centered
other social interactions may visualize what type of on how each person can achieve their individual
person you are potential.

4. Consistency - When the person is consistent in Major Theorists

behavior. Carl Rogers: Believed in the inherent goodness of
3. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY people and emphasized the importance of free will and
psychological growth. He suggested that the actualizing
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE- This perspective tendency is the driving force behind human behavior.
emphasized the importance of early childhood
experiences and the unconscious mind. Created by Abraham Maslow: Suggested that people are motivated
Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the by a hierarchy of needs. The most basic needs are
unconscious could be revealed in a number of different centered on things necessary for life such as food and
ways, including through dreams, free association, and water, but as people move up the hierarchy these
slips of the tongue. needs become centered on things such as esteem and
self-actualization.
3. SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE- The social cognitive 2. The Five Aspects of Personality
perspective of personality emphasizes the importance
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: Introduced the big five
of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational
theories, which identifies five key dimensions of
influences, and cognitive processes.
personality: 1) extraversion, 2) neuroticism, 3) openness
Major Theorist to experience, 4) conscientiousness, and 5)
agreeableness.
Albert Bandura: Emphasized the importance of social
learning, or learning through observation. His theory Conscientiousness - Describes a person’s ability to
emphasized the role of conscious thoughts including regulate their impulse control in order to engage in
self-efficacy, or our own beliefs in our abilities. goal-directed behaviors (Grohol, 2019). It measures
elements such as control, inhibition, and persistency of
4. TRAIT PERSPECTIVE- The trait perspective of
behavior.
personality is centered on identifying, describing, and
measuring the specific traits that make up human Agreeableness – Refers to how people tend to treat
personality. By understanding these traits, researchers relationships with others. Unlike extraversion which
believe they can better comprehend the differences consists of the pursuit of relationships, agreeableness
between individuals. focuses on people’s orientation and interactions with
others (Ackerman, 2017).
Major Theorists
Extraversion – Extraversion reflects the tendency and
Hans Eysenck: Suggested that there are three
intensity to which someone seeks interaction with their
dimensions of personality:
environment, particularly socially. It encompasses the
1) extraversion-introversion, comfort and assertiveness levels of people in social
situations.
2) emotional stability-neuroticism, and
Openness – Openness to experience refers to one’s
3) psychoticism. willingness to try new things as well as engage in
Raymond Cattell: Identified 16 personality traits that he imaginative and intellectual activities. It includes the
believed could be utilized to understand and measure ability to “think outside of the box.”
individual differences in personality. Neuroticism – Neuroticism describes the overall
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: Introduced the big five emotional stability of an individual through how they
theories, which identifies five key dimensions of perceive the world. It takes into account how likely a
personality: 1) extraversion, 2) neuroticism, 3) openness person is to interpret events as threatening or difficult.
to experience, 4) conscientiousness, and 5) Structural Model of Personality
agreeableness.
ID- The ID is said to be the only component of
personality that is present from birth and considered as
Lecture 2. Personality Development/Enhancement. a source of all “psychic energy” making it a rising
primary component of one’s personality. ID is
1. SIGNIFICANCE OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT motivated only by the reward of emotional gratification
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT- Personality development –pleasure.
is the development of the organized pattern of EGO- This aspect of personality is responsible for
behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive. dealing with reality. EGO works in the conscious,
Personality development occurs by the ongoing preconscious and unconscious mind which operate
interaction of temperament, character, and based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy
environment. the ID’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate
ways.
SUPEREGO- This holds all of our internalized moral ourselves in comparison to others. It is a composite of
standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents low self-worth, doubt and uncertainty, and feelings of
and society – our sense of right and wrong. It is basically not measuring up to standards.
what seems to be all that is good within us. It provides
3. WORKING ON ATTITUDES
guidelines for making judgements.
Attitude- In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of
emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular
Lecture 3. TECHNIQUE IN PROFESSIONAL object, person, thing, or event. Attitudes are often the
DEVELOPMENT STAGE I result of experience or upbringing, and they can have a
powerful influence over behavior. While attitudes are
1. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
enduring, they can also change.
Communications is fundamental to the existence and
Assertiveness (I win- You Win)- is a skill regularly
survival of humans as well as to an organization. It is a
referred to in social and communication skills training.
process of creating and sharing ideas, information,
views, facts, feelings, etc. among the people to reach a Aggressive (You Lose- I Win)- behavior fails to consider
common understanding. Communication is the key to the views or feelings of other individuals.
the Directing function of management.
Submissive (You Win- I Lose)- During submissive
Communication Process communication, we prioritize the needs and feelings of
others at our own personal cost. We do not effectively
1. Sender- He is the source and the one who starts the
express our own needs and default to self-sacrifice,
communication.
avoidance, submissive agreement or people pleasing.
2. Message- It is the idea, information, view, fact,
Lecture 4. Technique in Professional Development Stage
feeling, etc.
II: Leadership in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
3. The Receiver- He is the person who is last in the chain
1. INTRODUCTION TO LEADERSHIP
and for whom the message was sent by the sender.
Leadership is a process of social influence, which
4. The Response or Reaction- This occurs whenever a
maximizes the efforts of others, towards the
message is received and interpreted by the receiver.
achievement of a goal. – Forbes
5. The Feedback- When the receiver reacts or responds
Leadership can be described as the process of social
either positively or negatively, that is called a feedback.
influence in which one person can have the aid and
Communication Barriers support of others to accomplish a common task.

The communication barriers may prevent Trait theories of leadership- identify the specific
communication or carry incorrect meaning due to which personality traits that distinguish leaders from non-
misunderstandings may be created. leaders. They are based on the premise that leaders are
'born, not made’.
1. Physical Barrier
Trait-Based Perspective
2. Language Barrier
Few characteristics that distinguished Leaders from
3. E motion Barrier Non-Leaders;
4. Lack of Subject Knowledge o Adaptability
5. Stress o Intelligence
o Persistence
2. BUILDING SELF-ESTEEM AND SELF-CONFIDENCE o Dominance
Inferiority complex is a set of beliefs that we hold about o Integrity
ourselves where we always assign less value to o Socioeconomic Status
o Self-Confidence
2. TYPES OF LEADERSHIP Strategies for Improving Group Dynamics

Types of Leadership 1. Know Your Team

2. Tackle Problems Quickly
The following are the types of leadership as identified
3. Define Roles and Responsibilities
by Kurt Lewin and his colleagues. 4. Break Down Barriers
5. Focus on Communication
1. Autocratic or Authoritarian Style 6. Pay Attention
2. Participative or Democratic Style 4. TEAM BUILDING
3. Laissez-faire or Free Rein Style Team building creates stronger bonds among the
3. GROUP DYNAMICS members of a group. The individual members respect
each other and their differences and share common
"Group dynamics" describes the effects of these roles goals and expectations.
and behaviors on other group members, and on the
group as a whole.

What Causes Poor Group Dynamics? Lecture 5. Guest Relations in Tourism and Hospitality
Industry
1. Weak leadership: When a team lacks a strong leader,
a more dominant member of the group can often take 1. GUEST RELATIONS
charge. Guest Relations –can be defined as a series of activities
2. Excessive deference to authority: this can happen designed to enhance the level of customer or guest
when people want to be seen to agree with a leader, satisfaction
and therefore hold back from expressing their own Customer Relations – is a field of specialization. In an
opinions. ever changing of customer, based on taste, wants and
3. Blocking: this happens when team members behave needs, one can only be assured of the fact that there is
in a way that disrupts the flow of information in the always something new around the corner.
group. People can adopt blocking roles such as: 2. NATURE OF GUEST RELATIONS
 The aggressor: this person often disagrees with 3. GUEST RELATIONS SKILLS
others, or is inappropriately outspoken.
 The negator: this group member is often critical TEAMWORK- Teamwork is the strength and backbone
of others' ideas. of any organization.
 The withdrawer: this person doesn't participate
JOB KNOWLEDGE and CONSISTENCY- Harsh reality,
in the discussion.
some areas or departments in lodging properties often
 The recognition seeker: this group member is
or more than one occasion does not know what the
boastful, or dominates the session.
other is doing.
 The joker: this person introduces humor at
inappropriate times. Know How to Handle Complaints

4. Groupthink: this happens when people place a desire 1. MECHANICAL

for consensus above their desire to reach the right
2. ATTITUDE
decision.
3. SERVICE
5. Free riding: here, some group members take it easy,
and leave their colleagues to do all the work. 4. THE UNUSUAL COMPLAINT
6. Evaluation apprehension: team members'
perceptions can also create a negative group dynamic.