PR 1
PR 1
PR 1
6. Grounded Theory
• A set of inductive data collection and
analytic methods to construct theories
grounded in the data themselves
7. Narrative Analysis
• Focuses on narratives (storytelling) as
the source of data
• Research focus shifts from
“what actually happened” to “tell me
what happened”; relates not just
lifespans, but also accounts
episodes and interconnections
among them
Reference:
Melegrito, M. F., Mendoza, D. J., & Mactal, R. B.
(2017). Applied research: An introduction to
qualitative research methods and report
writing. Quezon City: Pheonix Publishing
House, Inc.
Semi-structured interviews
• Prevents imposing biases
• Important means to dig down
information using open-ended
Strengths questions
• Ensures mutual understanding
between participant and
interviewer
This informed consent form has two (2) parts: (a) information sheet that is intended to share information about
the study and (b) mandatory consent form where your written decision to participate or not in the study is
indicated.
INFORMATION SHEET
1. Introduction
2. Purpose of the Study
3. Study Procedures
4. Duration
5. Voluntary Participation
6. Benefits and Reimbursement
7. Confidentiality
8. Contact Information
CONSENT FORM
I, ___________________________, Filipino, of legal age, and with sound judgment, have reviewed the
foregoing details in the information sheet. I understand that my words and responses will be used as stated
above and that I may request a copy of these transcripts to review, edit, and remove as I deem necessary. I am
aware of the benefits, burdens, and reimbursements that this study will provide in exchange for my participation.
I have had the opportunity to ask all relevant questions and that these have been answered honestly and
accurately by the researchers to my satisfaction. Lastly, I understand that my participation is voluntary and that
I have the right to withdraw at any time with no unfavorable repercussions.
_______________________________ ________________
Printed Name and Signature of Participant Date
_______________________________ ________________
Printed Name and Signature of Witness Date
_______________________________ ________________
Printed Name and Signature of Research Adviser Date
*Ensure that this form is returned two (2) days after receipt
SH1920
CONSENT FORM
If illiterate:
I, _____________________, Filipino, of legal age, and with sound judgment, have reviewed the foregoing
details in the information sheet on behalf of ________________________ who is unable to review or provide
their written consent without aid. I confirm that their words and responses will be used as stated above and that
they may request a copy of these transcripts to review, edit, and remove as I deem necessary. I confirm that
they are aware of the benefits, burdens, and reimbursements that this study will provide in exchange for their
participation. I confirm that they have had the opportunity to ask all relevant questions and that these have been
answered honestly and accurately by the researchers to their satisfaction. Lastly, I confirm that they understand
that their participation is voluntary and that they have the right to withdraw at any time with no unfavorable
repercussions.
_______________________________ ________________
Printed Name and Signature of Representative Date
______________________________ ________________
Printed Name and Signature of Participant Date
_______________________________ ________________
Printed Name and Signature of Witness Date
_______________________________ ________________
Printed Name and Signature of Research Adviser Date
*Ensure that this form is returned two (2) days after receipt
SH1920
5. Writing the statement of the research research later with the recognition that the
problem – expressed in an interrogatory research is likely to garner a great deal of
statement such as “what are the burnout support and importance deemed relevant to a
experiences of elementary teachers,” larger community of researchers.
which serves as a guide to the researcher • The research should be clear – short,
in the course of designing the study in conceptually straightforward, and jargon-free
work culture. that is based on theoretical foundation using
abstract disciplinary language for the analysis
Six (6) Elements in Qualitative Research but stated in a clear and simple manner like
Statement keeping questions close to the topic or place
• Literature on the research topic that can you are researching. Determine your
provoke the research question’s relevance and intent and link your
• Scope of the problem question to a larger context.
• Importance and relevance of the problem • The research question should be
• Discipline that can be influenced by the researchable – clearly “doable” as one of the
study most common rationales for rejecting
• General characteristics or profile of the research questions that are too expensive to
participants of the study be carried out, thus consider limitations as
• Overall goal or aim of the study or the many very practical questions need to be
question to be answered considered when choosing your research
question.
Criteria for a Good Qualitative Purpose • The research question should be iterative – is
Statement an approach where insight and learning are
• The statement must be in a single gathered, allowing ideas or concepts to be
sentence only. developed through repeated interfaces with
• The statement must include the purpose the participants. An iterative qualitative
of the study. research allows certain dynamism in
• The statement must include the central investigating a problem with great flexibility of
phenomenon. the process combined with hands-on session
• Use qualitative words like “explore”, that allows the researcher to continually
“understand”, or “discover”. enhance the stimuli being developed.
• Note the participants (if any).
Research Title
• State the research site.
Giving the title for a qualitative research calls for
creativity, more than what quantitative research
Research Question
offers. This must be put on a title page which
• The research question should be evocative –
contains a running head that is flushed left at the
should catch the interest of the readers and
top of the page and a page number that is flushed
be drawn into the proposed study that
right at the top of the page.
engages with challenging topics, posing
innovative approaches to the exploration of
The title should be located at the top half of the page
problems that are not obvious and easily
and should be centered between margins. This
predictable.
page should include the title of your paper, your
• The research question should be relevant –
name, and your school affiliation.
clearly demonstrated relevance of research
question to society, a social group, or
The title is a very concise statement of what the
scholarly literature and debates are likely to
reader will find in the paper, identifying the major
be given more weight, when the question can
variables of the study.
fill in the gap which will be answered in your
A title exudes a lot of attraction that prods the rationale, timeliness, and relevance of the study to
readers to an interesting topic, whether or not existing conditions. Also, the possible solutions to
reading of the text must continue. Formulating the existing problems or improvements must be
best and final title for the research suggests an identified. It should also discuss the implications
effective research statement that includes principal such as the possible causes of the problems
words and ideas (concept variables) in giving a discovered, the possible effects of the problems,
glimpse of the study. The title also takes a unique and the remedial measures to solve the problems.
form, written in caps and lower case (CLC) bold In addition, the research must take into
typeface set in an inverted pyramid structure. A title consideration the individuals, groups or
is not the same as label which may just be a communities who may be placed in a more
deadwood without indication of the thrust and advantageous position on account of the study.
direction of research.
Phrases in Expressing the Significance of the
The title must be descriptive and comprehensive Study:
but concise. Long titles in research are just a waste • Researchers may find the findings useful
when they can be shortened without removing the as…
essence of the study. The following are examples • This study will encourage them to…
of wordy titles and their revised versions: • It will also serve as a basis in the study of…
• This study will contribute to…
Two-part titles are creative but must be used • This study can help boost the…
judiciously. Not because you have separated the • Through this study, the students will become
title and subtitle by a colon doesn’t mean a aware of…
complication in such a pithy statement of the • The results of this study will provide some
research with an explanation that delimits or insights and information on how they…
explains such title. The following examples show
when a two-part title is effective or not:
Scopes and Limitations
Significance of the Study The scope and limitations of qualitative research
To know the significance of any inquiry, the are tandem ideas of what and what not the
researcher must first consider what the research researcher can do. The scope of research is the
rationale is. The significance of the study is coverage, the part of the research that was exactly
whatever you have deemed it to be. You decide the done, and where the information that was used
significance of your study and be the better you can specifically came from.
articulate this, the stronger your thesis will be.
Depending on a given subject, the scope can be
Researchers must have to review it over many large or small, as there are three (3) basic steps to
times before they can decide a direction where the follow. These are expressed in terms of focus
research is going. Choosing a study that you are (subject matter coverage), locus (the place or
passionate about will make the work seem location of the study), and modus (mode or manner
effortless in citing the significance. of data- gathering). With these considerations, a
research can see the coverage of the research.
In writing the importance or significance of the
study, the researcher or writer must explain the
Poor
Case on the Implementation Phases of the Campaign Against Pork
Barrel to Combat Corruption – Perspectives of Selected Barangay
Residents in Metro Manila
Better
Perspectives on “Daang Matuwid” – Straight or Crooked Path?
Poor
Anime and Phenomenon on Violence of Young Filipino Males Playing
Computer Games in Internet Cafes in the City of Manila
Better
Phenomenology on Aggressive Behavior of Computer Gamers
Ineffective
A Study on Broadcast Journalism News Source Perceived by Selected
Students of Campus Journalism: A Comparative Approach
Improved
Reliability and Ethical Values of TV Broadcast Journalism Against
Citizen Journalism as News Source – Perspectives of Selected
Secondary Campus Press Students of Manila
Effective
David Conquers Goliath: Documentary Narratives of Kara David in
Solving Social Problems of Urban Communities
References
Henson, R. M. & Soriano, R. F. (2016). Practical research 1 qualitative research, world of reality dissections. Malabon City:
Mutya Publishing House Inc.
Marquez-Fong, S. R., & Tigno, C. R. (2016). Practical Research 1. Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.
Melegrito, M. F., Mendoza, D. J., & Mactal, R. B. (2017). Applied Research: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods
and Report Writing. Quezon City: Pheonix Publishing House, Inc.
Torneo, A., & Clamor-Torneo, H. (2018). An Introduction to Qualitative Research: Practical Research 1. Quezon City: Sibs
Publishing House, Inc.
Steps in Literature Review 7. Develop and maintain a systematic tool for recording
1. Work closely on your research problem and sub-problems to relevant information. You can use bibliography cards for
identify more specific keywords. Brainstorm your research recording relevant information about each source that you
problem, write the sub-problems, and research questions locate and read. Use the note cards to record your findings.
that will help you to solve them. This will help you to identify
narrower topics you need to read more about in order to A. Principles for Instructing a Research Paper
conduct your research. 1. Chronological – the chronological pattern explains each of
2. Find out related keywords. Look for them with your research the steps in a time-order process. the chronological pattern
problem and sub-problems as guides. is often appropriate for a paper describing a series of
3. Locate related literature. Start looking for your related historical, political, or sociological processes or events.
sources with the keywords in searching related literature in 2. Comparison and Contrast – the pattern of comparison and
online databases and library catalog. contrast presents the similarities and/or differences between
4. Make searches with specific keywords. Different types of two (2) or more persons, places, or things. a logical
catalog and databases can show many results, and keep development by comparison and contrast entails discussion
track of these searches, so as not to repeat the same search of the same qualities of both subjects. comparison and
again. contrast are appropriate when a subject can be best
5. Create a list of the desired sources. You need to read, and understood by distinguishing it from others in its class.
always keep updating it. 3. Spatial Pattern – develops the physical layout or
geographical dimensions of a topic.
6. Find your sources and look them over. Make remarks on 4. Cause and Effect – a cause-and-effect paper presents the
your sources list that comes out not to be helpful or not events or forces that produce certain results, speculates
found. about how things might have turned out of if conditions had
References
Henson, R. M., & Soriano, R. F. (2016). Practical research 1
qualitative research, world of reality dissections. Malabon
City: Mutya Publishing House Inc.
Marquez-Fong, S. R., & Tigno, C. R. (2016). Practical research 1.
Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc.
Melegrito, M. F., Mendoza, D. J., & Mactal, R. B. (2017). Applied
research: An introduction to qualitative research methods and
report writing. Quezon City: Pheonix Publishing House, Inc.
Smith, D. (2003, January). Five principles for research ethics.
American Psychological Association, 34(1), 56.
Torneo, A., & Clamor-Torneo, H. (2018). An introduction to qualitative
research: Practical research 1. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing
House, Inc.
1. Participant Observation
− The researcher is immersed for prolonged periods
of time in the setting where the
participants/phenomenon is to be observed.
2. Non-participant Observation
Figure 3.0 Types of Non-probability Sampling
There are four (4) general types of non-probability sampling commonly used
− This is similar to participant observation except that
in research. In this study, they want to know if immigration affects a person's the researcher is NOT immersed in the setting or
opportunity to get a job. The triangles represent immigrants, and those colored
yellow are the selected samples. Top Left: purposive sampling; Top Right:
the participants are not aware of the researcher's
convenience sampling; Bottom Left: snowball sampling; Bottom Right: quota presence.
sampling.
1. Content Validity
2. Construct validity
3. Criterion-based validity
4. Triangulation
References
Melegrito, M. F., Mendoza, D. J., & Mactal, R. B. (2017). Applied Research: An
Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods and Report Writing. Quezon
City: Pheonix Publishing House, Inc.
Statistics Solutions. (2019). Dissertation Consulting Services. Retrieved from Statistics
Solutions: Advancement Through Clarity:
https://www.statisticssolutions.com/dissertation-consulting-services
Sullivan, L. (26, July 24). The Role of Probability. (W. M. La Morte, Producer) Retrieved
from Boston University School of Public Health:
http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-
Modules/BS/BS704_Probability/index.html
Torneo, A., & Clamor-Torneo, H. (2018). An Introduction to Qualitative Research:
Practical Research 1. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House, Inc.
Triad 3. (2016, March 9). An Introduction to Document Analysis. Retrieved from
Research Methodology in Education: https://lled500.trubox.ca/2016/244
Methods for
Based on Methods for
What to look for Validation
Your: Exploration
1. _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. _ _ _ _ _ _
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Data Cleaning/Preparation
− Data cleaning or preparation is meant to transform your data into Data Interpretation and Presentation
manageable formats. Raw data is managed by converting audio − Chunks are clustered into categories which are then coded into
or video files into transcripts, and images into photos or charts. similar categories. From these codes and clusters, themes
− This step is focused on identifying which data is relevant and emerge that can answer the research question posed.
usable. − Since Interpretation and presentation are simultaneous, there
are different methods by which you represent your data.
Data Exploration o Narrative – focused on telling a story using the results.
− Data exploration is divided into four (4) repetitive steps: o Chronological – according to the narrative described by each
Chunking, clustering, coding, and memoing. Proper data participant. Useful in case studies.
exploration should have at least two (2) or three (3) cycles. o Critical Incidents – focused on the main incidents, not the
− The goal of data exploration is to categorize and refine your data participants
to identify themes and trends to be used in making o Thematic – data is presented in a way that it revolves around
discussions/conclusions. a particular theme
− Chunking is the act of breaking down your cleaned data and o Visual representation – data can be presented as charts or
determining which parts are for what purpose (e.g., is this about tables. Visual representation should be thought of carefully
participant information, background, examples provided, etc.). when being used in qualitative research. Remember that you
− Clustering is the act of taking these chunks and classifying them should not quantify your results if it isn’t necessary.
according to labels or basic codes. − There are multiple ways to present your data in a written
− Coding, on the other hand, is focused on creating labels and manner. Below are some common patterns in writing qualitative
categories that represent the data accurately. Codes should be results and discussions.
specific and refined so that they answer and relate to the o Write the main idea first, then a detailed account from the
research question. These can start as general and then become participant.
specific. There are three (3) patterns or levels of coding: o Write a description of the participant's account, then feature
o Descriptive to Interpretative to Pattern – move from it.
summary to meaning o Join both the participant's account and your interpretation
o Open to Axial to Selective – moves from initial theory to (results and discussion). This is often discouraged.
developing relationships between codes for the emerging
theory Validity
o First to the second cycle – moves from describing the data This is used in qualitative research to verify or check if the data
units to inferring meaning collected from the procedures performed by the researcher is accurate
− Memoing is the act of taking these codes and clusters and then and can support the proposed discussions (Haradhan, 2017). There
adding notes that help explain or define them. are four (4) types of validity that can be performed for qualitative
research.
References
Billups, F. D. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis NERA Webinar Presentation. New York:
Northeastern Educational Research Association.
Haradhan, M. (2017, December 24). Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research:
Validity and Reliability. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 3(17), 58-82.
Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/83458/
Melegrito, M. F., Mendoza, D. J., & Mactal, R. B. (2017). Applied Research: An
Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods and Report Writing. Quezon
City: Pheonix Publishing House, Inc.
Statistics Solutions. (2019). Dissertation Consulting Services. Retrieved from Statistics
Solutions: Advancement Through Clarity:
https://www.statisticssolutions.com/dissertation-consulting-services
Torneo, A., & Clamor-Torneo, H. (2018). An Introduction to Qualitative Research:
Practical Research 1. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House, Inc.
University of Southern California. (2019, December 16). Research Guides: 8. The
Discussion. Retrieved from USC Libraries:
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/discussion
1. Conclusions 2. Recommendations
Suggestive, action statements intended for either fellow researchers,
Act as the "final say" of a study. This is where all implications, the general public, or for global advancement of information.
inferences, and confirmations are stated. A conclusion is not a Recommendations must be:
summary of the study, but rather a culmination of all findings. • Related – Recommendations must be based on information
presented in the study. Similar to conclusions, you should not
What to do when writing What not to do when writing introduce new material.
conclusions conclusions • Relevant – The output/goal of a recommendation must be
• Restate your position – To • Introduce new material – significant and relevant to the overall goal of the study.
help readers connect the Closing statements and • Levelled – Recommendations should have proper levelling and
entire study, it is useful to inferences should all refer to must take into consideration the researchers who may continue
restate the purpose of the information previously the study. (Are these students? Are they practitioners?)
study. presented in the study.
Things to Consider for an Effective Presentation
• Emphasize subject • Repeat your results and 1. Message – The purpose of the presentation is to reveal your
importance – Similar to the discussion – A conclusion research findings. Relying on your idea/message alone is not
statement above, this helps can reference the results enough to sell your study. Having a strong and simple message
the reader understand the and discussion, but should makes for a strong, effective presentation.
importance of the study. not act as a summary 2. Words and images – Researchers do not realize that most people,
including world experts, do not want to be blasted with jargon,
• Offer suggestions – • End on a cliff hanger – a acronyms, and complex charts and graphs. Concentrate on words
Although some research conclusion should wrap the and images when making an effective presentation.
papers prefer to separate study neatly. Readers 3. Rapport – The most important factor in measuring presentations is
these in a different section, should not be left with any how the panel or public audience interacts with the presentation.
the conclusion can include unanswered questions or Interact with the audience to add strength to your presentation.
recommendations of the unclear answers. 4. Retention – End the presentation with a good idea, call to action,
study. or even some knowledge.
5. Guides and scripts – Guides and cue cards can be brought when
• End on relevant quotes presenting. However, scripts or reading from your manuscript is not
5. Images – Only use images that are relevant to the study. Avoid
"aesthetic" or irrelevant images. An image should communicate
one (1) idea per slide. Always choose SVG files over bitmap,
bitmap over PNG, and PNG over JPEG. Scale photos so that their
proportions are not distorted.