Report PE2 GP F5
Report PE2 GP F5
Report PE2 GP F5
MATLAB SOFTWARE
IGBT
● Design by combining the features of both MOSFET and BJT
● Minority charge carrier device and has high input impedance.
● Preferred for medium to high power application (>1000v) and low duty.
● Handle more currents than MOSFET due lower conduction losses.
● Made up of an emitter, collector and gate terminal.
MOSFET
● Low current
● Low voltage
● Consist of source, drain and gate terminal.
● High frequency switching device.
1.2 Feedback Diode: Why each of the IGBTs in the inverter is required to be paired with a diode? In
what circumstances it is applied?
IGBTs are unidirectional devices and cannot conduct current in the reverse direction. When the
inverter's operation requires reverse current flow, such as during the freewheeling or commutation
phase, the diode provides a low-impedance path for the reverse current. It protects the IGBT from the
reverse voltage that would otherwise damage the device.
PWM technology allows inverters to provide a stable and constant output voltage, such as 230V or
110V AC, regardless of the load variations. By varying the pulse width of the modulated signal, the
inverter can adjust the power delivered to the load, ensuring a consistent output voltage. PWM
technology allows for output voltage control without the need for additional external components. By
adjusting the duty cycle of the PWM waveform, the inverter can regulate the output voltage level,
catering to different load requirements.
1.4 Safety precautions: When does ‘dead time’ normally occur? Suggest one method to deal with
the dead-time issue.
Dead time typically occurs in the context of switching power converters or inverters, where there
are two or more power switches that control the flow of current. The dead time refers to a brief
interval during which both switches are intentionally turned off to prevent shoot-through currents or
short circuits.
One method to deal with the dead-time issue is to utilize a gate driver circuit with a built-in
dead-time control capability. This circuit can provide a programmable dead-time delay between the
turn-off of one device and the turn-on of the other device, which ensures that the switching devices
do not conduct simultaneously and prevent a short circuit.
2.0 RESULT
1. Phase Voltage.
2�� 2(100)
Van = Vbn = Vcn = 3
= 3
= 66.67 V
2. Line Current.
2�� 2(100)
Ian = Ibn = Icn = 3�
= 3(1000)
= 0.0667 A
Phase Voltage (V) Line Current (A) RMS Value Line-to- RMS Value
Line Voltage (V) Phase Voltage (V)
Theoretical Value 66.67 0.0667 81.65 47.15
Figure 6: Simulation Circuit of Two-level Three-phase inverter using carrier based PWM
Figure 8: Waveform for IGBT switching voltage and current for Vm=100 V.
Figure 12: Waveform for IGBT switching voltage and current for Vm= 50 V.
Figure 16: Waveform for IGBT switching voltage and current for Vm= 1 V.
Table 3: The results of the inverter using 180° conduction mode and carrier based PWM.
Mode of Inverter Phase Voltage (V) Line Current (A) RMS Value Line-to- RMS Value
Line Voltage (V) Phase Voltage (V)
The electronic device three-phase bridge inverter is used to transform direct current (DC) power
into three-phase alternating current (AC). It is made up of six switching components, usually in the
form of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) or power transistors, which are placed in a bridge
pattern. A three-phase bridge inverter fundamental design consists of three legs, each of which is
coupled to a different phase of the AC output. Two switching devices are used in each leg, two of
which are connected in series with the centre of each device connected to a neutral point. Pulse
width modulation (PWM) techniques are used to control the switching components of the bridge
inverter in order to produce the appropriate AC waveform. The inverter may adjust the transistors
switching patterns to modify the output voltage magnitude and frequency. To produce a three-phase
AC output, the inverter shifts the DC voltage across each leg of the bridge while it is in operation. The
output waveform shape is determined by the switching order and timing. The inverter may produce a
sinusoidal waveform, which is the desired type of AC power, by adjusting the switch on and off
periods.
Based on the part 1 waveform, the pole voltage, line current and phase voltage value is for 50 Hz
system. The period is 20 ms and the amplitude is 1V. For two level three phase inverter using 180̊
conduction mode, the pulse width is 50%. The result for the simulation for each waveform of IGBT is
the exact opposite of its pair which are IGBT1 and IGBT4, IGBT3 and IGBT6, IGBT5 and IGBT6. If the
IGBT1 is turn on , the IGBT4 will turn off and vice versa. The difference between the line and phase
voltage waveform is the shape of the waveform. Theoritical value of line voltage and RMS line to line
voltage of 180̊ conduction mode and carrier is based on the demonstrate that Vm having higher
value produced the highest rms value in comparison to other voltage supply for Vm.
Based on the part 2 waveform , the same circuit as in previous step is used except the pulse
generator is replace with the PWM subsystem block that fed with switching or carrier frequency of
2KHz and modulating frequency of 50Hz. The value of modulating signal,Vm is change which is 1V,
50V and 100V. In order for a proper modulation in PWM achieve, the modulating signal must be less
or equal to the carrier signal Vm ≤ Vc. Those comply with the modulation index must be less or equal
than unity to prevent over modulating happens. The comparison table of the phase voltage for 180̊
and the simulated value is almost identical. The value for each modulating signal in carrier based
PWM is also corresponding with the two prior result.
4.0 Quiz
a) Efficiency: Power transfer and utilisation are made possible via PWM control. PWM
regulates power delivery to a load more effectively than analogue control by altering the
signal's duty cycle. It makes it possible for power electronics systems to function more
effectively, reducing energy losses.
b) Noise Reduction: PWM can aid in the reduction of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
noise. PWM can distribute energy over a wider frequency spectrum by working at high
frequencies, which reduces the concentration of energy at certain frequencies that might
result in audible noise or EMI problems. PWM can also reduce voltage and current transients,
resulting in a smoother and quieter operation.
c) Improved Efficiency: PWM control can significantly improve the efficiency of the inverter
system by reducing power losses, as the power losses in a PWM-controlled system are
significantly lower than in an analog-controlled system.
4.3 Why in PWM voltage inverters does the common mode voltage appear?
a) Switching transients during the transitions of PWM signals can cause voltage spikes or
ringing, contributing to common mode voltage.
b) Pulse placement in certain PWM techniques, such as carrier-based PWM, creates an
uneven distribution of energy between positive and negative phases, resulting in common
mode voltage.
c) Imperfect voltage balance among the output phases of the inverter introduces common
mode voltage, often caused by component tolerances or load imbalances.
4.4 A three-phase voltage source inverter is operating in 180-degree conduction mode and supplied
from a 600V DC link voltage. Calculate: The peak and rms value of the output fundamental
phase and line voltages:
4.5 A three-phase voltage source inverter is controlled using the Carrier-based sinusoidal PWM
technique. The frequency of the fundamental output voltage is to be kept at 50 HZ and the
switching frequency of the inverter is 2 kHZ. The inverter supplied a DC link voltage of 600V. The
modulation index is 0.9. Compute the fundamental output phase rms voltage value.
5.0 CONCLUSION
In this experiment, the students carried out a simulation of a three-phase bridge inverter with
PWM control using MATLAB software. For the first part, the students construct a two-level three
phase inverter in the MATLAB. This PWM generator included in the system as an automatic inverter
to generate the simulation, the pulse generated here removed and replaced by output from PWM
system block. The subsystem block is controlled manually by the students by creating the equation to
generate the PWM signal. It was found that it is possible to get the same result regardless of the
method. The results show that there is negligible difference between the two methods.
At the completion of the simulation, students able to understand the power electronics design
using MATLAB software. Students also able to construct, design and study the operation of the
two-level three phase inverter circuit with 180 degrees conduction and carrier based PWM. The
students able to achieved all objectives for this simulation.