Arana, Methods of Research
Arana, Methods of Research
Arana, Methods of Research
A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES
General Santos City
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION
Major in Educational Management
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Education has transformed immensely from where it first began and needs
to continually transform in the future to meet the growing needs and expectations
of society. Consequently, teaching and learning are quite different in the 21st
century when compared to previous centuries. There are several key factors
driving change in education today with the focus on globalization and social
social inclusion along with changes in the economy, jobs and businesses.
adapting the way learning is structured to ensure students are suitably equipped
for the future (Bolstad et al., 2012). To adapt today’s education to coincide with
the changing world, 21st century teaching and learning has incorporated a
number of key features to pave the way for success. Promoting active learning
are all incorporated to ensure students are well equipped for the future (Shaw,
motivate 21st century learners when delivering curriculum content. For instance,
2
provides them with a greater understanding of the current topic being researched.
students and this digital learning can help the students to improve their
performance in the classroom. Digital learning really makes the students work
easier. Because of this, the students may have an advanced knowledge by easily
searching their lesson using this technology. With this digital technology, it gives
more information to the students to gain more knowledge about their school
works. There are lots of technology that were integrated into the classroom that
help the students learn with comfort, and that allows the student to gain and
Anent to this, the digital world is becoming ever more intertwined with the
learning, it is crucial for educators to adapt to our new knowledge landscape with
approaches that benefit both them and their students. The learner is an active
are: To actively listen to others, think, make comments, discuss ideas, ask
digital learning. Since teachers are already equipped with the trainings and
seminars about digital learning then, it is also the time to determine whether our
Learning. Hence, this study will unveil the primary factors that affect the
On the other hand, the result of this study will provide a clear view for
Research Questions
on Digital Learning?
Learning?
3. What insights can they impart to other IP Learners about Digital Learning?
Theoretical Lens
what Park 2009 state that it shows great potential in explaining and predicting the
user’s behavior.
waste of time will be unlikely to want to adopt this technology, while an older adult
who perceives digital games as providing needed mental stimulation and as easy
to learn will be more likely to want to learn how to use digital games. While TAM
framework and is consistent with a number of investigations into the factors that
The TAM centers on two belief constructs that have been found to
job performance while perceived ease of use refers to their belief that using a
Through the information and data that will be collected from the IP
Learners of Mayada Elementary School, the researcher believes that it will help
the following:
To the school head, the research result will be the source of information in
To the teachers, this will help the teachers understand their l vital role in the
To the stakeholder, this will also be an instrument for them to know what other
To the future researchers, this will serve as a guide for them who wished to
Chapter II
This section includes the principles, theories, foreign and local literature of
the authorities that have bearing to the study. Likewise, other similar researches
are included that gave sufficient background and information necessary for the
Digital Learning
created, managed and delivered using different information technology (IT) tools
interaction between students and lecturers through suitably designed content and
Along the lines of Nguyen et al. (2014), this research takes e-learning to
It is meant to ensure collaboration and interaction and thus satisfy the learning
demands of any learners irrespective of time and place. Pham and Huynh (2017)
countries. In developing countries like India, e-learning has been applied in the
recent few years and proper technology infrastructure to support education is still
underway.
7
the requirement for e-learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As per Biswas et
al. (2020), there has been a surge in the research on understanding students'
the cost efficiency they gain through scalability. While the acceptance of some of
these new digital technologies has been investigated, there are few direct
technology acceptance model, which can predict the behavioral intention to use
the technology.
Several online education platforms offer free access to their services. For
instance, BYJU’S provides free live classes on its Think and Learn app. Thus, the
number of its new students has increased by 200%. Likewise, Tencent Education
offers campus connectivity and teaching. They also provide lesson on research
and school management. They cater to individuals and schools that cover K12,
shift, some students and even their parents wonder if online education will still be
adopted post-pandemic.
8
technology and internet connection. This way, students can continue their
printed modules. They can access these tools in various ways, such as blended
learning and home schooling. In blended learning, any of these modalities are
for children and youth through distance learning. In most cases, efforts involve
the use of various digital platforms featuring educational content, and a variety of
The paradox facing all countries is that, while these technological solutions
seem to be the best way to minimize huge learning losses during the crisis
(especially for vulnerable students), they also risk further widening equity gaps in
education . Thus, if the digital gap in education were to increase while schools
are closed, learning inequality and learning poverty would also inevitably
increase. Learning continuity would then be ensured for some but denied to
others.
9
Initial efforts are focusing on ensuring that all students have access to the
Internet, the first dimension of the digital gap. This would allow all students to
access online learning materials and digital platforms with educational content.
However, even in rich countries where Internet connectivity is all but universal
and there is little gap in access, the COVID-19 crisis has illuminated two more
The third dimension is the school digital gap: the capacities and
with these materials; and provide to feedback that helps maximize learning
outcomes.
suggesting that students watch videos aimed at the general public, while another
school is able to continue classes virtually or initiate creative ways of using digital
apps for collaborative learning and individualized student support. The vast
disparity in schools’ capabilities makes it easy to see why this is the most
relevant digital gap for ensuring that students can keep learning during the
pandemic.
10
Since nobody knows more about schools than their principals, we have
Assessment (PISA) 2018 to see what they said about the readiness of their
schools and teachers to create and manage digital learning experiences for
students. Their responses bring some hope, but also a realistic and somewhat
disappointing picture.
technology in the classroom, the motivation, and the abilities of the students to
teachers' qualifications are among the most critical factors directly influencing
their perceptions about the quality of education (Akareem and Hossain, 2016).
knowledge - alongside personal and essential qualities. Gros et al. (2012) found
communication and relate the value of ICT to the learning process rather than the
content. Teachers also play an important social role whereby, e.g., missing
digital learning (Vladova et al., 2021). Until now, there is no research on the
11
The education sphere in the Philippines has been beleaguered with the
same issues and difficulties particularly on its logistics from the deficiency of
ways for people to learn and work together (e-learning technology for instance) to
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
qualitative research is the approach to data collection, analysis, and report writing
through the identification of different factors interacting with each other. The case
It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the
case.
context, but having a specific context of study is essentially what forms the unit of
process.
could have exploratory, interpretive, or descriptive questions. It’s often used with
a theory testing approach, where no such case study has been done before, so
theory.
case study research, it’s likely that a researcher will embed themselves in the
context for a long period of time, similar to ethnography. They will get to know the
people and site in great detail, usually through a lot of direct observation. Since
approach, the researcher needs to not only embrace the fact that their presence
will influence the data in some way (constructivism and subjectivisim) but also
Yin (2003) notes that case study research is often chosen when you
or it’s not clear where the context of what you are studying ends. However, the
last point also contains a word of caution – to make sure that the research
14
questions are aimed correctly, so that the research project doesn’t grow too
much. Setting exactly what is the specific and interesting part of the context of the
case is probably the most important factor in designing case study research.
a single site – such as one workplace rather than all branches of that office.
However, it’s important to note that qualitative case study research almost always
small, it is unlikely there is going to be a random selection process for which sites
are included.
collective case studies which are used to compare phenomenon at multiple sites.
However, as case studies are usually always ‘in-depth’ due to the complex
interplay they are studying, it is unusual to have more than a few different case
participants is even more important in case study research than other settings,
time, and will get privileged access to the inner workings of the context or setting.
It can take a lot of work, dead-ends and patience before access is granted to the
context of the case study, and researchers need to present a convincing, but
realistic reason that they should be allowed to study the setting, and what
Research Participants
School. At least ten learner’s recipients of one tablet per child, and an IP Learner
ensuring the adequacy of a sampling strategy. Yet, simple sizes may be too small
theoretical saturation, or too large to permit the deep, case-oriented analysis that
evaluating the quality of the information collected against the uses to which it will
Data Collection
The necessary steps will be followed by the researcher as she collects the
data required for this study. In order to start the study, the researcher will first
submit a formal letter of request to the Mayada Elementary School in Brgy. Libas,
Tantangan, South Cotabato. Following approval, the researcher will compile a list
Consequently, the researcher will draft a letter asking the dschool principal
for permission to speak with study participants. Along with the request, the letter
16
also serve as an introduction to the study for the participants and a request for
their consent to allow the researcher to use interviewing equipment like audio
gathered for evaluation using note-taking, audio recording and or video recording.
Last but not the least, the information gathered from the interview will be ready
Data Analysis
The primary tool for conducting the analysis of data when using the
method for deriving the central themes from verbal data. A thematic analysis can
also be used to conduct analysis of the qualitative data in some types of case
categories of ideas (codes) that the researcher extracts from the words of the
participants. There are two main types of thematic analysis: Inductive thematic
analysis, in which the data are interpreted inductively, that is, without bringing in
informants for the study. As an inquirer, I made sure that everything will be done properly
from the approval of the conduct of the study approved by the adviser, program
coordinator, Graduate School Dean, and the Research Ethics Committee of the Ramon
Magsaysay Memorial Colleges. Also, as an inquirer, I will be the one who will select the
participants of this study and will inform them about the central phenomena of this
research.
Additionally, during the conduct of the research, as an interviewer, I will ask the
informants some questions written in the interview guide questionnaire, I will provide the
translated questions for them to really express themselves while answering the interview.
It is my role to facilitate the interviews using the in-depth interview (IDI) and FGD among
I make sure to be sensitive in both spoken and unspoken words; I also will note the
Moreover, after gathering all the data, as a transcriber, I will saturate them and
transcribe all the answers of the informants; I make sure that the data that will be
gathered from the informants will remain confidential. I will also identify and analyze the
themes as well as the core ideas; these methods will emphasize pinpointing, examining,
and recording patterns or themes within the data. Upon categorizing the data, I will
present the themes following the research questions and come up with major themes.
Furthermore, I see to it that the answers of the participants will be valid and
reliable. I will ensure that any corrections made based on the data will be dealt with
come up with a recommendation for future researchers, present the implications of the
Trustworthiness
To establish the trustworthiness of the study, I will follow the four components
field notes during the interviews, and an investigators’ triangulation (de Wet, 2010). To
set up the credibility of this research study, I make sure that accuracy will be properly
considered in the collection of data during the in-depth interview. I will draw a conclusion
findings of a study to the data, confirming that the researcher logically ties the
participants’ experiences to any assertions that are drawn (Schwandt, 2007). I will
address this process through the full revelation of the data upon which all interpretations
are based. In other words, I will examine the data to confirm the results or
contrast the saturated data and if the validated the data yield similar findings.
relevant concept when referring to the ability to apply the results of one study to another
since generalization implies a context-free inference and one can only interpret
qualitative studies within a given context. To specify the transferability, I will discuss in
detail the interview with the participants and the assumptions that are essential to the
19
research study. This will demonstrate that all data are transparent as possible. He will
make sure that the data will be described to be able to transfer the result into a different
context and be responsible for making the judgment of how sensible the transfer is. To
address transferability, hard copies of transcription and translation, as well as the field
notes, will be used to generate the answer to the research questions which will be
properly labeled and kept for future references. The complete set of these documents
will be filed.
concerned with the stability of the results over time (Ramsey, 2010). To address the
dependability, I will ensure the consistency of the data collection and analysis by doing
the code-recode system during the data reduction and will be employed peer
Ethical Consideration
There is a major ethical consideration that has distinct implications for this
quantitative research. These issues and concerns might come out basically from the
methodology that was involved in this study. The ethical challenges that were applicable
in this research concern were the issues of the proper operation of the study,
confidentiality, and anonymity. This study followed the standards of the RMMC Ethics
addressing the population and data such as, but not limited to:
without any plan of repercussion or reparations or loss of benefits. Therefore, after the
purpose and the benefits of the study were shown to the participating person, the rights
20
of the participant to provide the body of knowledge were carefully measured and
foresighted upon. In this study, the participants were not forced to be part of the study.
They are free to withdraw their participation when they feel uncomfortable during the
Privacy and confidentiality. Participants have the right to privacy that should
not be violated without informed consent to conform to the existing Data Privacy Act
2012, an act protecting the fundamental human right of privacy. One way of observing
confidentiality and privacy were attained by not publishing the demographic data of the
informants such as age, gender, occupation, employment, disease if there is any. Hence,
their identity was kept confidential for safety purposes. Even their responses to the items
comprehensively as possible within the framework of the study. The consent of the
respondents was obtained indicating that their participation was asked on a voluntary
basis. This was done in written form stating all the important details to be disclosed to
the participants and the manner that the survey was conducted. The respondents were
asked to affix their signature on the informed consent form confirming that the
respondents voluntarily agree to participate in the survey. Since the respondents were
consenting adults, there was no need to ask for parents’ consent. The names of the
respondents did not appear in the survey questionnaire and their answers were held
confidentially and the participants were fully aware that they can withdraw at any time
Furthermore, any data that the researcher gathered will be protected and the
release of any information would follow through a strict informed consent process. The
participants would have a sense of control over their personal information to lessen their
fear that the data or information would be used in any other unintended manner.
Recruitment. The respondents were informed of the reasons why they had
become part of the study. In order for the respondents to understand what the study was
all about; the researcher explained the purpose of the study so that they could further
infer from the researcher and they could also view the essence of the study. Apart from
the letter, the researcher gave the rationale of the study and its significance.
benefit-risk ratio. In this study, the need to protect the participants from significant harm
is equally important. The study prioritized the welfare of the respondents. Furthermore,
the respondents were not put into harm since their identity was held confidentially. Their
security and safety were the utmost concern. As the researcher, there was a need to
ensure that the respondents were physically, emotionally, and socially ready. In
answering the survey questionnaire, the researcher made a way that the respondents
Benefits. This study would be beneficial to the respondents since the results
would serve as an eye-opener for the DepEd officials, school administrators, and even
elementary teachers on creating programs and ways on how to improve the work well-
being of the Senior High School teachers in the school community in order to increase
work engagement which would lead to job satisfaction. This study has been conducted
for a purpose: to serve its internal and external stakeholders, most especially the
students. Furthermore, to achieve beneficence in research, the researcher did all the
aspects that would not harm the lives of the respondents, thus, would benefit on the
22
further undertakings with regards to the related studies. The most essential to all in
else’s work. The study was subjected to plagiarism detectors like Grammarly or Turnitin
software. As a researcher, there is a need to have that positive character and integrity,
which are associated with moral virtues and values. The researcher must have better
what had been done. There was no making up of data and results or purposefully putting
forward conclusions that were not accurate. The researcher employed and integrated
theories that were related to the information and other inferential concepts.
exaggeration. Added to that, this study was not adhering to manipulating the data, which
Conflict of Interest (COI). The study had no trace of conflict of interest like for
judgment concerning primary interest such as participants’ welfare or the validity of the
gains or recognitions. Furthermore, the researcher had no control or influence over the
Deceit. The study had no trace of misleading the respondents to any possible
danger. There must be humongous protection on the rights of the participants in any
23
study, especially that they have attained higher education, so balanced and appropriate
protocols. Upon receiving the signal from the panelists, the adviser, and the committee of
the RMMCERC, the researcher sought approval from the Schools Division
Superintendents of the selected Senior High School in Region XII for the conduct of the
study through a formal letter. After this, the researcher made a formal letter addressed to
the School Principal of the schools involved in the study, attaching the school's endorsed
letter from the Schools Division Superintendent. The Senior High School teachers who
were part of the study were oriented before administering the survey questionnaire.
Graduate School. He had undergone a series of revisions for his thesis based on the
suggestions and recommendations made by his adviser who had guided the researcher
all throughout for the completion of this paper. The refinement of the paper had been
made possible through the guidance of his researcher. The researcher also followed the
standards of the RMMC Ethics Review Committee for the guidelines of ethical
consideration.
Ethical Consideration
There is a major ethical consideration that has distinct implications for this
qualitative research. These issues and concerns might come out basically from the
methodology that was involved in this study. The ethical challenges that were applicable
in this research concern were the issues of the proper operation on the study,
confidentiality, and anonymity. This study followed the standards of the RMMC Ethics
24
addressing the population and data such as, but not limited to:
without any plan of repercussion or reparations or loss of benefits. Therefore, after the
purpose and the benefits of the study were shown to the participating person, the rights
of the participant to provide the body of knowledge were carefully measured and
foresighted upon. In this study, the participants were not forced to be part of the study.
They are free to withdraw their participation when they feel uncomfortable during the
Privacy and confidentiality. Participants have the right to privacy that should
not be violated without informed consent to conform to the existing Data Privacy Act
2012, an act protecting the fundamental human right of privacy. One way of observing
confidentiality and privacy were attained by not publishing the demographic data of the
informants such as age, gender, occupation, employment, disease if there is any. Hence,
their identity was kept confidential for safety purposes. Even their responses to the items
comprehensively as possible within the framework of the study. The consent of the
respondents was obtained indicating that their participation was asked voluntarily. This
was done in written form stating all the important details to be disclosed to the
participants and the manner that the survey was conducted. The respondents were
asked to affix their signature on the informed consent form confirming that the
25
respondents voluntarily agree to participate in the survey. Since the respondents were
consenting adults, there was no need to ask for parents’ consent. The names of the
respondents did not appear in the survey questionnaire and their answers were held
confidentially and that the participants were fully aware that they can withdraw at any
Furthermore, any data that the researcher gathered were protected and the
release of any information would follow through a strict informed consent process. The
participants would have a sense of control over their personal information to lessen their
fear that the data or information would be used in any other unintended manner.
Recruitment. The respondents were informed of the reasons why they had
become part of the study. For the respondents to understand what the study was all
about; the researcher explained the purpose of the study so that they could further infer
to the researcher, and they could also view the essence of the study. Apart from the
letter, the researcher gave the rationale of the study and its significance.
benefit-risk ratio. In this study, the need to protect the participants from significant harm
is equally important. The study prioritized the welfare of the respondents. Furthermore,
the respondents were not put into harm since their identity was held confidentially. Their
security and safety were the utmost concern. As the researcher, there was a need to
ensure that the respondents were physically, emotionally, and socially ready. In
answering the survey questionnaire, the researcher made a way that the respondents
Benefits. This study would be beneficial to the respondents since the results
would serve as an eye-opener for the DepEd officials, school administrators, teachers
26
and guidance coordinators on creating programs and ways on how to improve the work
work engagement which would lead to job satisfaction. This study has been conducted
for a purpose: to serve its internal and external stakeholders, most especially the
did all the aspects that would not harm the lives of the respondents, thus, would benefit
on the further undertakings with regards to the related studies. The most essential to all
else’s work. The study was subjected to plagiarism detectors like Grammarly or Turnitin
software. As a researcher, there is a need to have that positive character and integrity,
which are associated with moral virtues and values. The researcher must have better
what had been done. There was no making up of data and results or purposefully putting
forward conclusions that were not accurate. The researcher employed and integrated
theories that were related to the information and other inferential concepts.
exaggeration. Added to that, this study was not adhering to manipulating the data, which
Conflict of Interest (COI). The study had no trace of conflict of interest like for
judgment concerning primary interest such as participants’ welfare or the validity of the
gains or recognitions. Furthermore, the researcher had no control or influence over the
Deceit. The study had no trace of misleading the respondents to any possible
danger. There must be humongous protection on the rights of the participants in any
study, especially that they have attained higher education, so balanced and appropriate
protocols. Upon receiving the signal from the panelists, the adviser, and the committee of
the RMMCERC, the researcher sought approval from the Schools Division
Sarangani Region XII for the conduct of the study through a formal letter. After this, the
researcher made a formal letter addressed to the Public Schools District Supervisor
attaching the school’s endorsed letter from the Schools Division Superintendent. The
Designated Guidance Coordinators, who were part of the study will be oriented before
Graduate School. He had undergone a series of revisions for his thesis based on the
suggestions and recommendations made by his adviser who had guided the researcher
throughout the completion of this paper. The refinement of the paper had been made
possible through the guidance of his adviser. The researcher also followed the standards
of the RMMC Ethics Review Committee for the guidelines of ethical consideration.
28
Appendix A
Appendix B
Name: ___________________________
Participant’s Signature: ___________________________
Mobile Number: ___________________________
Email Address: ___________________________
31
Appendix C
INTERVIEW GUIDE
INTERVIEW PROTOCOL FOR PARTICIPANTS
Introduction:
First of all, kindly fill out the form so that I may be familiar with you and
your background that is related to the conduct of my study. I assured you that any
information in this form will be kept for confidentiality purposes.
School: ________________________
Year completed in Junior High School: ____________________________
Appendix D
I have read and understood the given information and I agree to participate in the
study, “READINESS AND ACCEPTABILITY OF IP LEARNERS IN DIGITAL
LEARNING: A CASE STUDY”. I understand that my participation is voluntary
and can be withdrawn at any time with no negative consequences. I have
received answers to the questions I asked, and I will contact the researcher with
any future questions that arise. I am at least ____ years of age.
_________________________________________ ___________
Name of Participant (Printed name with Signature) Date
_________________________________________ __________
Name of Researcher (Printed name with Signature) Date
Appendix E
Introduction
The purpose of this form is to provide you (as the parent of a prospective
research study participant) with information that may affect your decision as to
whether or not to let your child participate in this research study. The person
performing the research will describe the study to you and answer all your
questions.
Read the information below and ask any questions you might have before
deciding whether or not to give your permission for your child to take part. If you
decide to let your child be involved in this study, this form will be used to record
your permission.
If you allow your child to participate in this study, they will be interviewed
about the Effectiveness of Grade 10 Career Guidance Modules using the
Interview Guide and will be audio-video recorded.
The study will take one hour but will be conducted during their free time
and there will be 14 of other participants in this study.
Your child will receive no direct benefit from participating in this study;
however, it can shed light on the school administrators, teachers, and students
on the importance of career guidance in deciding their right career.
No, your child’s participation in this study is voluntary. Your child may
decline to participate or withdraw from participation at any time. You can agree to
allow your child to be in study now and change your mind later without any
penalty.
Your child will receive an honorarium of Php 150.00 for taking part in it.
Payments will occur after the interview.
How will your child’s privacy and confidentiality be protected if s/he participates in
this research study?
Your child’s privacy and the confidentiality of his/her data will be protected
by not identifying by name on the tape. The tape will be kept in the locked
storage. The information recorded in the tapes will be destroyed after weeks of
twenty weeks.
35
Prior, during, or after your participation you can contact the researcher,
NOE P. GARCIA at 09273789679 or send an email to
[email protected] for any questions or if you feel that you have
been harmed. This study has been reviewed and approved by the Graduate
School of Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges.
Signature
You are deciding to allow your child to participate in this study. Your
signature below indicates that you have read the information provided above and
have decided to allow them to participate in the study. If you later decide that you
wish to withdraw your permission for your child to participate in the study, you
may discontinue his or her participation at any time. You will be given a copy of
this document.
______________________
Printed Name of Child
_________________________________ ________________
Signature of Parent(s) or Legal Guardian Date
36
Appendix F
-End of Questionnaire-
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