Superposition of two SHM in perpendicular directions

M
Superposition of two SHM in perpendicular directions

x = A sin (1t + 1)

y = B sin (2t + 2)

M
Particles subjected to SHM in two perpendicular directions
(Lissajous Figures)

x = A sin 1t
y = B sin (2t + )

If 𝝎𝟏 = 𝝎𝟐

Case I: 𝜽 = 𝟎°

x = A sin t 𝑩
𝒚= 𝒙
y = B sin (t) 𝑨
CASE II :𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°, A1 = A2 and 𝝎1 =𝝎2

x = A sin t
y = A sin (t + π/2) = A cos t

x2 + y2 = (A sin t)2 + (A cos t)2

x2 + y2 = A2 (sin2t + cos2 t)
x2 + y2 = A2
CASE III : 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°, A1 A2 and 𝛚𝟏 = 𝛚𝟐

x = A sin t
y = B sin (t + π/2) = B cos t

𝒙 𝒚
𝑨
= sin t and 𝑩 = cos t

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
 + = 1
𝑨𝟐 𝑩𝟐

 Path is Ellipse
Example
Find the equation of resultant motion after the superposition of the
𝒙 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝒕)

06 𝒚 = 𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝒕)

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example
Find the equation of resultant motion after the superposition of the
𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
𝒚 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝅)
07
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example
Find the equation of resultant motion after the superposition of the
𝒙 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝒕)

08 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝒕 + 𝝅/𝟐 )

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example
Find the equation of resultant motion after the superposition of the
𝒙 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝒕)
𝒚 = 𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝒕 + 𝝅/𝟐)
09
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞

• Superposition of two SHM in same direction if 𝝎𝟏 = 𝝎𝟐 , then

resultant is SHM and we use phasor diagram tool to solve.
• Superposition of two S.H.M. in perpendicular direction if 𝝎𝟏 = 𝝎𝟐 ,
doesn’t implies their resultant is SHM.
• If 𝝎𝟏 = 𝝎𝟐 and 𝝓 = 𝟎 or 𝝓 = 𝝅 the resultant will be SHM.
Particles subjected to SHM in two perpendicular directions with
different frequencies (Lissajous Figures)

Here particle completes two

oscillations in y directions while
it completes one oscillation in x
direction.
 y = 2(x)
 Damped Oscillations In Real Life

1. Will the Block attached with spring oscillate for infinite time?
 Damped Oscillations In Real Life

2. Does Pendulum and Swing oscillate for infinite time

 Damped Oscillations In Real Life

3. Will the car shocker oscillate for infinite time

 Different Types of Oscillations

Undamped Oscillations
Oscillations in which Amplitude and energy of oscillation remain constant
like SHM.
Damped oscillations
1. The oscillations in which the amplitude and Energy decreases gradually
with the passage of time are called damped oscillations.
2. In many real systems, non-conservative forces such as friction, air
resistance etc. retard the motion.
 Damped Oscillation

+A0

x(m)
h
m –A0
1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T 7T
Time(s)

• A mass m attached to a spring with a force constant k.

• The mass is raised to a position A, the initial amplitude, and then released.
• The mass oscillates around the equilibrium position in a fluid with viscosity.
But the amplitude decreases for each oscillation due to the non-conservative
damping force which removes energy from the system.
For damped oscillations, simplest case is when the damping force is
proportional to the velocity of the oscillating object.
The retarding force can be expressed as 𝑭 = −𝒃𝒗 .
b is a constant called the damping coefficient and restoring force on the
system is –kx.

𝒌
𝒌𝒙 𝑭𝒗
we can write Newton's second law as
𝑎
𝑿 Net Force on block = mg – kx – 𝒃𝒗 = ma
𝒎

𝑚𝑔
Damped oscillations

Net Force on block = mg – kx – 𝑏𝑣 = ma

𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑥
 mg – kx – b =m
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡2

𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 m + kx + b 𝑑𝑡 – mg = 0
𝑑𝑡2

This is differential equation of damped oscillation and solution of this

equation is
𝐱(𝐭) = 𝐀𝟎 𝐞−(𝐛Τ𝟐𝐦)𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝛟൯൯
Damped oscillations

𝐱(𝐭) = 𝐀𝟎 𝐞−(𝐛Τ𝟐𝐦)𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟)

𝐱(𝐭) = 𝐀𝟎 𝐞−𝛌𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟) = 𝐀𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟)

A0 is initial amplitude of motion

A is amplitude of motion at time t
 is angular frequency of motion
ϕ is initial phase angle of motion
b is the damping coefficient
λ is damping constant

𝒃
𝝀 = 𝟐𝒎
Damped oscillations

Amplitude of motion exponentially decreases as

𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆−(𝒃Τ𝟐𝒎)𝒕 = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆−𝝀𝒕
A

Time
Damped oscillations

𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆−(𝒃Τ𝟐𝒎)𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓൯

𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆−𝝀𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓) = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓൯

+𝐴0

Amplitude
𝑏
−2𝑚𝑡
+𝐴0 𝑒

𝑏 Time
−2𝑚𝑡
−𝐴0 𝑒

−𝐴0
 Damped oscillations

Angular frequency and time period of motion

𝑘 𝑏 2 𝑘
𝜔= − = 𝜔02 − 𝜆2 𝜔0 =
𝑚 2𝑚 𝑚

Natural angular frequency

2𝛱 2𝛱 2𝛱
𝑇= 𝜔
= 𝑇0 = 𝜔 Natural Time period
𝜔02 −𝜆2 0
(Angular frequency and
Time period of system
without damping)

𝝎 ≤ 𝝎𝟎 and 𝑻 ≥ 𝑻𝟎 . As λ is non-negative
 Damped oscillations
Undamped Oscillation Damped Oscillation

Amplitude and Energy remain constant Amplitude and Energy decreases

𝒌
𝝎𝟎 = 𝝎= 𝝎𝟐𝟎 − 𝝀𝟐
𝒎
Damped oscillations

Energy of motion in damped oscillation

Total Energy(E) of Oscillation is

𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝐛
𝟐 −𝐦𝐭
𝐄 = 𝐊𝐀 = 𝐊𝐀𝟎 𝐞
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝐄 = 𝟐 𝐊𝐀𝟎 𝟐 𝐞−2λ𝐭 = 𝐄𝟎 𝐞−2λ𝐭 (Damping constant for Energy is 2λ)

Energy

Time
Half Time (𝒕𝒉) and Mean or average Time(𝒕𝒂)

Half time is time in which amplitude decreases to half of initial Amplitude

𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆−λt =
𝑨𝟎
𝟐

⇒ 𝒆−λt = 𝟎. 𝟓⇒ λt = 𝐥𝐧 𝟐
ln 2 0.693
𝑡ℎ = =
λ λ
1
Average time is time in which amplitude decreases to times of initial
𝑒
Amplitude

𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆−λt =
𝑨𝟎
𝒆

⇒ 𝒆−λt = 𝒆−𝟏 ⇒ λt = 𝟏
1
𝑡𝑎 =
λ
Example
A simple pendulum has a time period 𝑇0 if there is no air resistance. If a small air
resistance is acting on the bob as it oscillates,
(A) The time period will be initially more than 𝑻𝟎 and decreases with time.
01 (B) The time period will be less than 𝑻𝟎 initially and increases with time
(C) The time period will be less than 𝑻𝟎 and remains constant
(D) The time period will be more than 𝑻𝟎 and remains constant.
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝟐𝜫 𝟐𝜫 𝟐𝜫
𝑻= = and 𝑻𝟎 = 𝝎
𝝎 𝟎
𝝎𝟐𝟎 −𝝀𝟐

𝑇 ≥ 𝑇0 As λ is non-negative
Due to damping Time period of simple pendulum increases in comparison to
undamped motion but remains constant with time
Example
In damped oscillations, the amplitude after 10 sec. 0.6 A0, where A0 is the
initial amplitude, then determine the amplitude after Another 10 sec.

02 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −λ 𝑡 At t = 20 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝑨𝟎

At t = 10 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −10λ = 0.6A0
⇒ e−10λ = 0.6
At t = 20 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −20λ
At t = 20 𝐴 = 𝐴0 (0.6)2 = 0.36𝐴0
Example
In damped oscillations, the amplitude after 10 sec. 0.6 A0, where A0 is the initial
amplitude, then determine the value of damping constant(in 𝑠 −1 ).
Given 𝐥𝐧( 𝟓) = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏, 𝒍𝒏(𝟑) = 𝟏. 𝟏
03
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −λ 𝑡
λ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒔−𝟏
At t = 10 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −10λ = 0.6𝐴0
⇒ 𝑒 −10λ = 0.6
3
⇒ −10λ = 𝑙𝑛 0.6 = 𝑙𝑛 5 = 𝑙𝑛3 − 𝑙𝑛5

⇒ −10λ = 1.1 − 1.61 = −0.5

⇒ λ = 0.05𝑠 −1
Example
In damped oscillations, the amplitude after 50 oscillations is 0.8 a0, where a0 is the
initial amplitude, then determine the amplitude after 150 oscillations

04 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −λ 𝑡 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
50 oscillations => t = 50T
𝑨 = 0.512𝑨𝟎
⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −50λT = 0.8𝐴0
⇒ 𝑒 −50λT = 0.8
150 oscillations => t = 150T
⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −150λT = 𝐴0 (0.8)3
⇒ 𝐴 = 0.512𝐴0
Example
A pendulum with time period of 1s is losing energy due to damping. At certain
time its energy is 45 J. If after completing 15 oscillations, its energy has
become 15 J, its damping constant (in 𝑠 −1 ) is

05 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝑒 −2λ𝑡
At t = 0 Energy 𝐸0 = 45J λ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝒔−𝟏
At time = 15 sec. E = 15 J
15 = 45𝑒 −2λ(15)
1
⇒ 𝑒 −30λ = 3
⇒ 30λ = 𝑙𝑛 3
𝑙𝑛3 1.1
λ= = = 0.037𝑠 −1
30 30
Example
Damped harmonic oscillator consists of a block (m = 2 kg), a spring (k = 50π2
N/m), and a damping force (F = –12 πv N). Find angular frequency and time
period of motion
06 Also find angular frequency and time period if damping force is remove
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
k b 2 2𝛑 2 𝛑 𝟐
ω= m
− 2m = ω0 2 − λ 2 𝐓𝟎 = = = 𝐬𝐞𝐜.
𝛚 5𝛑 𝟓
m = 2 Kg , k = 50π2 N/m and b = 12 π

2
50π2 12 π
ω= − = 25π2 − 9π2 = 4 π Rad/s
2 4

2𝛑 2𝛑 𝟏
𝐓= 𝛚
= 4 𝛑 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜.

k 50π2
For undamped motion ω0 = = = 5 π Rad/s
m 2
 Types of Oscillations

Undamped Oscillation
Resistive force is zero
b = 0, λ = 0
 A = 𝑨𝟎 , E = 𝑬𝟎 (Amplitude and Energy remain constant)
𝒌 𝒎
 𝝎 = 𝝎𝟎 = and 𝑻 = 𝑻𝟎 =
𝒎 𝒌
 Types of Oscillations
Under damped Oscillation
Resistive force is non zero (b ≠ 0) and λ < 𝜔0
 Amplitude and Energy decreases
 A = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆−λ𝒕 , E= 𝑬𝟎 𝒆−2λ𝒕 𝜔= 𝜔02 − 𝜆2 = +𝑖𝑣𝑒
Over damped Oscillation
Resistive force is non zero (b ≠ 0) and λ > 𝜔0
 Amplitude and Energy decreases
 A= 𝐴 𝑒 −λ𝑡 , E= 𝐸 𝑒 −2λ𝑡
0 0

As 𝝎𝟎 < λ ⇒ 𝝎 = 𝝎𝟐𝟎 − 𝝀𝟐

is an imaginary number
 Particle finally come to rest without performing any Oscillatory motion
𝑨

λ𝟐
λ𝟐 >λ𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 λ𝟏 , λ𝟐 > 𝝎𝟎
λ𝟏
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
Over Damped Oscillation
Critical Damped Oscillation
Resistive force is non zero (b ≠ 0) and λ = 𝜔0
As 𝝎𝟎 = λ ⇒ 𝝎 = 𝟎
 Particle finally come to rest without performing any Oscillatory motion
 But It is fastest over damped Oscillation (Particle take smallest time to
come to rest)
Also A = 𝐴 𝑒 −λ𝑡 , E = 𝐸 𝑒 −2λ𝑡
0 0

λ𝟐
λ𝟏 λ𝟐 >λ𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 λ𝟏 , λ𝟐 > 𝝎𝟎
λ = 𝝎𝟎 (Critical damping)
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
 Types of Oscillations
X
𝐴0

Time

Undamped by Green color Under-damped by Black color

Over damped by Blue color Critical damped by Red color
Types of Oscillations
Types of Oscillations

Under-damping Critical-damping Over-damping

 Types of Oscillations

Forced Oscillation

All free oscillations eventually die out because of ever present damping
force, However, A force can maintain these oscillations. These are called
forced or driven oscillations.
Like in swing you have to add energy to swing by your self or by some one
else to encounter energy loss due to damping .
Forced Oscillation
We are going to study forced oscillation with external periodic force
which is always acting on the system.
An external force F(t) of amplitude F0 that varies periodically with time is
applied to a damped oscillator.
F(t) = F0 cos(dt + ø’)

𝒌 Net force on block

𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = mg + F0 cos(dt + ø’) –kx – bv
𝒌𝒙 𝑭𝒗

𝑎
𝑿
𝒎

𝑚𝑔 F(t)
Forced Oscillation
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = ma = mg + F0cos(dt+ø’) –kx –bv
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
m + b 𝒅𝒕 + kx = mg + F0cos(dt+ø’)
𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒌
Solution of this differential equation is
𝒌𝒙 𝑭𝒗
X(t) = A cos(𝛚𝐝 t + )
𝑎
𝑿
X(t) is Position of block at time t is
𝒎
A is Amplitude of motion of block

𝑚𝑔 F(t) 𝜔𝑑 is Angular frequency of external force

𝜙 is Initial phase angle of motion

Forced Oscillation

X(t) = A cos(𝛚𝐝 t + )
𝑭𝟎 Τ𝒎
Amplitude of motion block is 𝑨 =
𝟐 𝒃𝝎 𝟐
𝝎𝟐𝒅 −𝝎𝟐𝟎 + 𝒎𝟎

𝜔0 is natural angular frequency of system

Under Force F(t) = F0 cos(wd + ø’)
1. System does not oscillate with its natural frequency (w) but with
driven frequency (wd).
2. Motion of Block is Simple Harmonic Motion
3. Amplitude of motion of Block is depend on 𝐹0 , 𝜔𝑑 , 𝜔0 , 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
Resonance condition in Forced Oscillation
𝑭𝟎 Τ𝒎
Amplitude of motion block is 𝑨 =
𝟐 𝒃𝝎𝟎 𝟐
𝝎𝟐𝒅 −𝝎𝟐𝟎 +
𝒎

For given values of m, b and 𝐹0 Amplitude of motion of Block is Maximum

when 𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔0
This is Known as Forced Oscillation in Resonance condition.
A
𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙

𝐅𝟎
𝐀𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
𝐛𝛚𝟎

𝝎𝒅
𝝎𝒅 = 𝝎𝟎
Resonance Curves

A
Very light damping (low value
of b high value of Q)

Light damping

𝐀𝐦𝐚𝐱
More dampind (High
value of b Low value of Q)

𝛚𝐝 = 𝛚𝟎 𝛚𝐝
Quality Factor(Q) measures Sharpness of curve
Example
If the differential equation given by describes the oscillatory motion of body in
dissipative medium under the influence of a periodic force, then the state of maxim
amplitude of the oscillation is a measure of
(A) Free vibration (B) Damped vibration
07
(C) Forced vibration (D) Resonance

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

In Resonance condition amplitude of forced oscillation is maximum

Example
When an automobile move over an uneven path, it experience jerks. To minimize
effect of the jerks the suspensions used in should satisfy the condition of
(A) Undamped Oscillation (B) Over-damped Oscillation
08
(C) Under-damped Oscillation (D) Critical damped Oscillation

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

When an automobile move over an uneven path, it experience jerks. To

minimize the effect of the jerks the suspensions used in should satisfy the
condition of Critical damped Oscillation, Because Automobile require to come
its natural state as soon as possible
Example
A simple pendulum of length 1m (consider π2 = g) has a time period T when there is
air resistance. If a small air resistance is present during oscillation than
(A) The time period will be initially more than 2s and decreases with time.
09 (B) The time period will be less than 4s initially and increases with time
(C) The time period will be greater than 4s and decrease with time
(D) The time period will be more than 2s and remains constant.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example
A spring supports a mass of 5g which perform damped oscillations. It is found
to have successive maxima of 2.1 cm and 1.3 cm. If the damping coefficient b is
10g s–1 , find the stiffness of the spring.
10
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example
A simple pendulum is losing energy due to damping. At t = 0 energy of
pendulum is 100J and amplitude is θ0. If at t = 5 sec energy of pendulum
become 25J then amplitude of pendulum at t = 10 sec. is :

11 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example
A 3 kg sphere dropped through air has a terminal speed of 25 m/s. (Assume
that the drag force is –bv.) Now suppose the sphere is attached to a spring of
force constant k = 300N/m, and that it oscillates with an initial amplitude of
12 20 cm. What is the angular frequency of its damped SHM ?

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example
A damped oscillator has a frequency ω' that is 0.8 times its undamped
frequency. By what factor is the amplitude of the oscillator decreased during
each oscillation :-

13 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example
A 500 g mass on a 50 cm long string oscillates as a pendulum. The amplitude of
the pendulum is observed to decay to ½ of its initial value after 35 s.
(a) What is the time constant t of the damped oscillator ?
14
(b) At what time t1/2 will the energy of the system have decayed to ½ of its
initial value?

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

At t = 0, xmax = A, and at t = 35, xmax = AΤ2

𝐱 𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐀𝐞𝐭Τ𝟐 = 𝐀Τ𝟐 t/2 = ln2 L

= t/2 ln2 = (35s)/ 2ln2 = 25.2 s

𝐄𝟎 𝐞–𝐭𝟏Τ𝟐 Τ𝐫 = 𝐄𝟎 Τ𝟐 ⇒ 𝐭 𝟏Τ𝟐 Τ𝛕 = 𝐥𝐧𝟐

m
t 1Τ2 = τln2 = 25.2s ln2 = 17.5s
S
O