Vibrations and Waves - 1-2
Vibrations and Waves - 1-2
Vibrations and Waves - 1-2
– Definition and Characteristics: Exploring the basic principles and behaviours of SHM, including its
periodic nature and restoring forces.
– Potential and Kinetic Energy: Understanding the interplay between potential and kinetic energy in
oscillatory systems, focusing on spring oscillations.
– Periodic Behaviour: Investigating the time-related aspects of SHM, including the period and frequency, is
crucial for understanding oscillatory motion.
– Sinusoidal Representation: Analysing SHM through sinusoidal functions, highlighting the relationship
between displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
Simple Harmonic Motion—Spring Oscillations
• Periodic Motion:
• Model: Mass and spring systems provide a valuable model for understanding periodic
behaviour.
• Example: A mass attached to a spring oscillating back and forth is a classic example of
SHM, often termed a simple harmonic oscillator.
Simple Harmonic Motion—Spring Oscillations
• There is a point where the spring is neither stretched nor compressed; this is the equilibrium position.
𝑭𝒓 = −𝒌𝒙
• The minus sign on the force indicates that it is a restoring force— it is directed to restore the mass to its
equilibrium position.
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝐦𝐯 + 𝐤𝐱 = 𝐤𝐀
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝐤𝐀 = 𝐦𝐯 𝐦𝐚𝐱 + 𝐤(𝟎)𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝐤𝐀 = 𝐦𝐯 𝟐 𝐦𝐚𝐱
𝟐 𝟐
𝐤
𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 = ±𝐀
𝐦
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐦𝐯 𝟐 + 𝐤𝐱 𝟐 = 𝐤𝐀𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐦𝐯 𝟐 + 𝐤𝐱 𝟐 = 𝐤𝐀𝟐
𝐦𝐯 𝟐 = 𝐤𝐀𝟐 − 𝐤𝐱 𝟐
𝐦𝐯 𝟐 = 𝐤 (𝐀𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 )
𝟐
𝐤 (𝐀𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟐 )
𝐯 =
𝐦
𝐤 𝟐 𝐱𝟐
𝐯𝟐 = 𝐀 𝟏− 𝟐
𝐦 𝐀
𝐤 𝟐 𝐱𝟐
𝐯= 𝐀 𝟏− 𝟐
𝐦 𝐀
𝐤 𝐱𝟐
𝐯=𝐀 𝟏−
𝐦 𝐀𝟐
𝐱𝟐
𝐯 = ±𝐯𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟏−
𝐀𝟐
The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM
The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑻=
𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟐𝝅𝑨
𝑻=
𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒌
𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ±𝑨
𝒎
𝟐𝝅𝑨 𝒎
𝑻= = 𝟐𝝅
𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒌
𝟏 𝒌
𝒇=
𝟐𝝅 𝒎
The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM
𝒍
𝛉= where l is the arc length
𝒓
𝟐𝛑𝑹
𝛉= = 𝟐𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐬
𝐫
𝟐𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐬 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
Angular displacement
∆𝜽 = 𝜽𝟐 − 𝜽𝟏 For 1 revolution
average angular velocity 𝟐𝛑
𝛚=
𝐓
∆𝛉 𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐬
𝛚= = 𝟐𝛑 𝟏
∆𝐭 𝐬 𝐟= × = 𝐬 −𝟏
𝐓 𝟐𝛑
𝜽 = 𝝎𝒕 𝛚
𝐟=
𝟐𝛑
𝛚 = 𝟐𝛑 𝐟
Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
𝒙
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝑨
𝒙 = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM
Damped harmonic motion
Damped harmonic motion is harmonic motion with a frictional or drag force.