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CREATIVE
PYOLUTION
BY
HENRI BERGSON
AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY
Harvarp University.
1 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, vols. ix. and x., and Hibbert
Fournal for July 1910.
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION , 4 i r , ; ‘ 1X
CHAPTER I
Tue Evo.tution oF Lire—MeEcuanism anp TELEOLOGY
CHAPTER II
Tue Divercent Direcrions oF THE EvoLurion oF LIFE
—Torpor, INTELLIGENCE, INSTINCT
General idea of the evolutionary process—Growth—Divergent
and complementary tendencies—The meaning of bea and
of adaptation . 103
The relation of the areal to ms ee ny nana of
animal life—The development of animal life . : a SEES
The main directions of the evolution of life: torpor, intelligence,
instinct , ? , ; : 142
The nature of the intellect . ‘ d : + EGS
The nature of instinct ' : A ; Se
Life and consciousness—The apparent place of man in nature <b <aee
Vil
vill CREATIVE EVOLUTION
CHAPTER iif
On THE Meaninc oF Lire—THE Orper or Nature
AND THE ForM OF INTELLIGENCE
PAGE
Relation of the problem of life to the problem of knowledge—The
method of philosophy—Apparent vicious circle of the method
proposed—Real vicious circle of the opposite method ,
Simultaneous genesis of matter and intelligence—Geometry in-
herent in matter—Geometrical tendency of the intellect—
Geometry and deduction—Geometry and induction—Physical
laws ; ‘ ; : ‘ : ; 210
CHAPTER
IV
Tue CINEMATOGRAPHICAL MECHANISM OF [THOUGHT AND THE
Mecuanistic ILLustion—A GLANCE AT THE HisTorY OF
SysrEMs—RegEaL Becominc anp Fatse EvoLuTionisM
INDEX 393
INTRODUCTION
|
4 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
merging into each other, it perceives distinct and,
so to speak, sod colours, set side by side like
the beads of a necklace; it must perforce then
suppose a thread, also itself solid, to hold the beads
together. But if this colourless substratum is per-
petually coloured by that which covers it, it is for
us, in its indeterminateness, as if it did not exist,
since we only perceive what is coloured, or, in other
words, psychic states. As a matter of fact, this sub-
stratum has no reality ; it is merely a symbol intended
to recall unceasingly to our consciousness the artificial
character of the process by which the attention places
clean-cut states side by side, where actually there
is a continuity which unfolds. If our existence were
composed of separate states with an impassive ego
to unite them, for us there would be no duration.
For an ego which does not change does not exdure,
and a psychic state which remains the same so long
as it is not replaced by the following state does not
endure either. Vain, therefore, is the attempt to range
such states beside each other on the ego supposed to
sustain them: never can these solids strung upon a solid
make up that duration which flows. What we actually
obtain in this way is an artificial imitation of the
internal life, a static equivalent which will lend itself
better to the requirements of logic and language, just
because we have eliminated from it the element of
real time. But, as regards the psychical life unfolding
beneath the symbols which conceal it, we readily per-
ceive that time is just the stuff it is made of.
There is, moreover, no stuff more resistant nor
more substantial. For our duration is not merely one
instant replacing another ; if it were, there would never
be anything but the present—no prolonging of the
DURATION F
past into the actual, no evolution, no concrete duration.
Duration iis the continuous progress of the past which
gnaws into the future and which swells as it advances.
And as the past grows without ceasing, so also there is
no limit to its preservation. Memory, as we have tried
to prove,' is not a faculty of putting away recollections
in a drawer, or of inscribing them in a register. There
is no register, no drawer ; there is not even, properly
speaking, a faculty, for a faculty works intermittently,
when it will or when it can, whilst the piling up of
the past upon the past goes on without relaxation. In
reality, the past is preserved by itself, automatically.
In its entirety, probably, it follows us at every instant ;
all that we have felt, thought and willed from our
earliest infancy is there, leaning over the present which
is about to join it, pressing against the portals of con-
sciousness that would fain leave it outside. The cerebral
mechanism is arranged just so as to drive back into the
unconscious almost the whole of this past, and to admit
beyond the threshold only that which can cast light
on the present situation or further the action now
being prepared—in short, only that which can give
useful work. At the most, a few superfluous recollec-
tions may succeed in smuggling themselves through
the half-open door. These memories, messengers
from the unconscious, remind us of what we are
drageing behind us unawares. But, even though we
may have no distinct idea of it, we feel vaguely that our
past remains present to us. What are we, in fact, what
is our character, if not the condensation of the history
that we have ae from our birth—nay, even before
our birth, since we bring with us prenatal dispositions ?
Doubtless we think with only a small part of our past,
1 Matiere et mémoire, Paris, 1896, chaps. ii. and iii.
6 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
but it is with our entire past, including the original
bent of our soul, that we desire, will and act. Our
past, then, as a whole, is made manifest to us in its
impulse; it is felt in the form of tendency, although
a small part of it only is known in the form of idea.
From this survival of the past it follows that
consciousness cannot go through the same state twice.
The circumstances may still be the same, but they will
act no longer on the same person, since they find him
at a new moment of his history. Our personality,
which is being built up each instant with its accumulated
experience, changes without ceasing. By changing, it
prevents any state, although superficially identical with
another, from ever repeating itinits very depth. That
is why our duration is irreversible. We could not live
over again a single moment, for we should have to
begin by effacing the memory of all that had followed.
Even could we erase this memory from our intellect,
we could not from our will.
Thus our personality shoots, grows and ripens with-
out ceasing. Each of its moments is something new
added to what was before. We may go further : it is
not only something new, but something unforeseeable.
Doubtless, my present state is explained by what was
in me and by what was acting on me a moment ago.
In analysing it I should find no other elements. But
even a superhuman intelligence would not have been
able to foresee the simple indivisible form which gives
to these purely abstract elements their concrete organiza-
tion. For to foresee consists of projecting into the
future what has been perceived in the past, or of
imagining for a later time a new grouping, in a new
order, of elements already perceived. But that which
has never been perceived, and which is at the same
DURATION 4
time simple, is necessarily unforeseeable. Now such
is the case with each of our states, regarded as a
moment in a history that is gradually unfolding : it is
simple, and it cannot have been already perceived, since
it concentrates in its indivisibility all that has been
perceived and what the present is adding to it besides.
It is an original moment of a no less original history.
The finished portrait is explained by the features of
the model, by the nature of the artist, by the colours
spread out on the palette ; but, even with the know-
ledge of what explains it, no one, not even the artist,
could have foreseen exactly what the portrait would be,
for to predict it would have been to produce it before
it was produced—an absurd hypothesis which is its
own refutation. Even so with regard to the moments
of our life, of which we are the artisans. Each of
them is a kind of creation. And just as the talent of
the painter is formed or deformed—in any case, is
modified—under the very influence of the works he
produces, so each of our states, at the moment of its
issue, modifies our personality, being indeed the new
form that we are just assuming. It is then right
to say that what we do depends on what we are;
but it is necessary to add also that we are, to a certain
extent, what we do, and that we are creating our-
selves continually. This creation of self by self is
the more complete, the more one reasons on what
one does. For reason does not proceed in such
matters as in geometry, where impersonal premisses
are given once for all, and an impersonal conclusion
must perforce be drawn. Here, on the contrary, the
same reasons may dictate to different persons, or to
the same person at different moments, acts profoundly
different, although equally reasonable. The truth is
8 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
that they are not quite the same reasons, since they are
not those of the same person, nor of the same moment.
That is why we cannot deal with them in the abstract,
from outside, as in geometry, nor solve for another
the problems by which he is faced in life. Each
must solve them from within, on his own account.
But we need not go more deeply into this. We are
seeking only the precise meaning that our conscious-
ness gives to this word “ exist,” and we find that, for
a conscious being, to exist is to change, to change is
to mature, to mature is to go on creating oneself
endlessly. Should the same be said of existence in
general ?
I ORGANIZED BODIES 15
the date of its manufacture. Generally speaking, un-
organized bodies, which are what we have need of in
order that we may act, and on which we have modelled
our fashion of thinking, are regulated by this simple
law : the present contains nothing more than the past, and |
what is found in the effect was already in the cause. But
suppose that the distinctive feature of the organized body
is that it grows and changes without ceasing, as indeed
_ the most superficial observation testifies, there would be
nothing astonishing in the fact that it was ove in the first
instance, and afterwards many. The reproduction of uni-
cellular organisms consists in just this—the living being
divides into two halves, of which each is a complete
individual. True, in the more complex animals, nature
localises in the almost independent sexual cells the
power of producing the whole anew. But something
of this power may remain diffused in the rest of the
organism, as the facts of regeneration prove, and it is
conceivable that in certain privileged cases the faculty
may persist integrally in a latent condition and manifest
itself on the first opportunity. In truth, that I may
have the right to speak of individuality, it is not
necessary that the organism should be without the
power to divide into fragments that are able to live.
It is sufficient that it should have presented a certain
systematisation of parts before the division, and that
the same systematisation tend to be reproduced in each
separate portion afterwards. Now, that is precisely
what we observe in the organic world. We may con-
clude, then, that individuality is never perfect, and that
it is often difficult, sometimes impossible, to tell what is
an individual and what is not, but that life nevertheless
manifests a search for individuality, as if it strove to
constitute systems naturally isolated, naturally closed.
16 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP,
these partial views put end to end, you will not make
even a beginning of the reconstruction of the whole,
any more than, by multiplying photographs of an object
in a thousand different aspects, you will reproduce the
object itself. So of life and of the physico-chemical
phenomena to which you endeavour to reduce it.
Analysis will undoubtedly resolve the process of organic
creation into an ever-growing number of physico-
chemical phenomena, and chemists and physicists will
have to do, of course, with nothing but these. But
it does not follow that chemistry and physics will ever
give us the key to life.
A very small element of a curve is very near being
a straight line. And the smaller it is, the nearer. In
the limit, it may be termed a part of the curve or a
part of the straight line, as you please, for in each
of its points a curve coincides with its tangent. So
likewise “ vitality’ is tangent, at any and every point,
to physical and chemical forces ; but such points are,
as a fact, only views taken by a mind which imagines
stops at various moments of the movement that
generates the curve. In reality, life is no more made
of physico-chemical elements than a curve is composed
of straight lines.
In a general way, the most radical progress a science
can achieve is the working of the completed results into
a new scheme of the whole, by relation to which they
become instantaneous and motionless views taken at in-
tervals along the continuity of a movement. Such, for
example, is the relation of modern to ancient geometry.
The latter, purely static, worked with figures drawn
once for all; the former studies the varying of a
function—that is, the continuous movement by which
the figure is described. No doubt, for greater strict-
D
34 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP,
ness, all considerations of motion may be eliminated
from mathematical processes ; but the introduction of
motion into the genesis of figures is nevertheless the
origin of modern mathematics. We believe that it
biology could ever get as close to its object as mathe-
matics does to its own, it would become, to the physics
and chemistry of organized bodies, what the mathematics
of the moderns has proved to be in relation to ancient
geometry. The wholly superficial displacements of
masses and molecules studied in physics and chemistry
would become, by relation to that inner vital move-
ment (which is transformation and not translation) what
the position of a moving object is to the movement
of that object in space. And, so far as we can see, the
procedure by which we should then pass from the
definition of a certain vital action to the system of
physico-chemical facts which it implies would be like
passing from the function to its derivative, from the
equation of the curve (i.e. the law of the continuous
movement by which the curve is generated) to the
equation of the tangent giving its instantaneous
direction. Such a science would be a mechanics of
transformation, of which our mechanics of translation
would become a particular case, a simplification, a pro-
jection on the plane of pure quantity. And just as an
infinity of functions have the same differential, these
functions differing from each other by a constant, so
perhaps the integration of the physico-chemical elements
of properly vital action might determine that action only
in part—a part would be left to indetermination. But
such an integration can be no more than dreamed of ;
we do not pretend that the dream will ever be realised.
We are only trying, by carrying a certain comparison as
far as possible, to show up to what point our theory
1 BIOLOGY, PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 35
goes along with pure mechanism, and where they part
company.
Imitation of the living by the unorganized may,
however, go a good way. Not only does chemistry
make organic syntheses, but we have succeeded in
reproducing artificially the external appearance of certain
facts of organization, such as indirect cell-division and
protoplasmic circulation. It is well known that the
protoplasm of the cell effects various movements within
its envelope ; on the other hand, indirect cell-division
is the outcome of very complex operations, some in-
volving the nucleus and others the cytoplasm. These
latter commence by the doubling of the centrosome, a
small spherical body alongside the nucleus. The two
centrosomes thus obtained draw apart, attract the broken
and doubled ends of the filament of which the original
nucleus mainly consisted, and join them to form two
fresh nuclei about which the two new cells are con-
structed which will succeed the first. Now, in their
broad lines and in their external appearance, some at least
of these operations have been successfully imitated. If
some sugar or table salt is pulverized and some very old
oil is added, and a drop of the mixture is observed under
the microscope, a froth of alveolar structure is seen
whose configuration is like that of protoplasm, according
to certain theories, and in which movements take
place which are decidedly like those of protoplasmic
circulation.’ If, in a froth of the same kind, the air is
extracted from an alveolus, a cone of attraction is seen
to form, like those about the centrosomes which result
in the division of the nucleus.? Even the external
1 Batschli, Untersuchungen iiber mikroskopische Schaume und das Proto
plasma, Leipzig, 1892, First Part.
2 Rhumbler, “Versuch einer mechanischen Erklaérung der indirekten
Zell- und Kernteilung” (Rouwx’s Archiv, 1896).
36 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
motions of a unicellular organism—of an amoeba, at any
rate—are sometimes explained mechanically. The dis-
placements of an amoeba in a drop of water would be
comparable to the motion to and fro of a grain of dust
in a draughty room. Its mass is all the time absorbing
certain soluble matters contained in the surrounding
water, and giving back to it certain others; these
continual exchanges, like those between two vessels
separated by a porous partition, would create an ever-
changing vortex around the little organism. As for
the temporary prolongations or pseudopodia which the
amoeba seems to make, they would be not so much
given out by it as attracted from it by a kind of
inhalation or suction of the surrounding medium.’
In the same way we may perhaps come to explain the
more complex movements which the Infusorian makes
with its vibratory cilia, which, moreover, are probably
only fixed pseudopodia.
But scientists are far from agreed on the value of
explanations and schemas of this sort. Chemists have
pointed out that even in the organic—not to go
so far as the organized—science has reconstructed
hitherto nothing but waste products of vital activity;
the peculiarly active plastic substances obstinately defy
synthesis. One of the most notable naturalists of our
time has insisted on the opposition of two orders of
phenomena observed in living tissues, anagenesis and
katagenesis. The rdle of the anagenetic energies is to
raise the inferior energies to their own level by
assimilating inorganic substances. They construct the
tissues. On the other hand, the actual functioning of
)
PAG CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
the same word for practice, but which does not authorize
us at all, in the speculative domain, to confuse them in
the same definition.
The ancients, indeed, did not ask why nature
submits to laws, but why it is ordered according to
genera. The idea of genus corresponds more especially
to an objective reality in the domain of life, where it
expresses an unquestionable fact, heredity. Indeed,
there can only be genera where there are individual
objects ; now, while the organized being is cut out from
the general mass of matter by his very organization,
that is to say naturally, it is our perception which cuts
inert matter into distinct bodies. It is guided in this
by the interests of action, by the nascent reactions that
our body indicates—that is, as we have shown else-
where,’ by the potential genera that are trying to gain
existence. In this, then, genera and _ individuals
determine one another by a semi-artificial operation
entirely relative to our future action on things. Never-
theless the ancients did not hesitate to put all genera
in the same rank, to attribute the same absolute
existence to all of them. Reality thus being a system
of genera, it is to the generality of the genera (that is,
in effect, to the generality expressive of the vital order)
that the generality of laws itself had to be brought. It
is interesting, in this respect, to compare the Aristotelian
theory of the fall of bodies with the explanation
furnished by Galileo. Aristotle is concerned solely
with the concepts “ high” and “low,” ‘ own proper
place” as distinguished from “place occupied,” “natural
movement’ and “ forced movement” ;? the physical
ees.
258 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
Ree
264 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP,
aggregate of molecules and aggregate of facts. The
reason of this lies in the structure of our intellect, which
is formed to act on matter from without, and which
succeeds by making, in the flux of the real, instantaneous
cuts, each of which becomes, in its fixity, endlessly
decomposable. Perceiving, in an organism, only parts
external to parts, the understanding has the choice
between two systems of explanation only: either to
regard the infinitely complex (and thereby infinitely
well-contrived) organization as a fortuitous concatena-
tion of atoms, or to relate it to the incomprehensible
influence of an external force that has grouped its
elements together. But this complexity is the work of
the understanding ; this incomprehensibility is also its
work. Let us try to see, no longer with the eyes of
the intellect alone, which grasps only the already made
and which looks from the outside, but with the spirit,
I mean with that faculty of seeing which is immanent
in the faculty of acting and which springs up, somehow,
by the twisting of the will on itself, when action is turned
into knowledge, like heat, so to say, into light. To
movement, then, everything will be restored, and into
movement everything will be resolved. Where the
understanding, working on the image supposed to be
fixed of the progressing action, shows us parts infinitely
manifold and an order infinitely well contrived, we catch
a glimpse of a simple process, an action which is making
itself across an action of the same kind which is
unmaking itself, like the fiery path torn by the last
rocket of a fireworks display through the black cinders
of the spent rockets that are falling dead.
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270 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
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22 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP,
individuality is distributed. But, if | make it distinctly
manifold, my consciousness rebels quite as strongly; it
affirms that my sensations, my feelings, my thoughts
are abstractions which I effect on myself, and that each
of my states implies all the others. I am then (we
must adopt the language of the understanding, since
only the understanding has a language) a unity that is
multiple and a multiplicity that is one ;* but unity
and multiplicity are only views of my personality taken
by an understanding that directs its categories at me ;
I enter neither into one nor into the other nor into
both at once, although both, united, may give a fair
imitation of the mutual interpenetration and con-
tinuity that I find at the base of my own self. Such
is my inner life, and such also is life in general.
While, in its contact with matter, life is comparable
to an impulsion or an impetus, regarded in itself it
is an immensity of potentiality, a mutual encroach-
ment of thousands and thousands of tendencies which
nevertheless are “thousands and thousands” only
when once regarded as outside of each other, that is,
when spatialized. Contact with matter is what de-
termines this dissociation. Matter divides actually
what was but potentially manifold; and, in this
sense, individuation is in part the work of matter,
in part the result of life's own inclination. Thus, a
poetic sentiment, which bursts into distinct verses,
lines and words, may be said to have already con-
tained this multiplicity of individuated elements, and
yet, in fact, it is the materiality of language that
creates it.
But through the words, lines and verses runs the
1 We have dwelt on this point in an article entitled ‘Introduction a la
métaphysique ” (Revue de métaphysique et de morale, January 1903, pp. 1-25).
ut THE MEANING OF EVOLUTION 273
simple inspiration which is the whole poem. So, among
the dissociated individuals, one life goes on moving :
everywhere the tendency to individualize is opposed
and at the same time completed by an antagonistic and
complementary tendency to associate, as if the manifold
unity of life, drawn in the direction of multiplicity,
made so much the more effort to withdraw itself on to
itself. A part is no sooner detached than it tends to
reunite itself, if not to all the rest, at least to what is
nearest to it. Hence, throughout the whole realm of
life, a balancing between individuation and association.
Individuals join together into a society; but the
society, as soon as formed, tends to melt the associated
individuals into a new organism, so as to become itself
an individual, able in its turn to be part and parcel
of a new association. At the lowest degree of the
scale of organisms we already find veritable associa-
tions, microbial colonies, and in these associations,
according to a recent work, a tendency to individuate
by the constitution of a nucleus.’ The same tendency
is met with again at a higher stage, in the protophytes,
which, once having quitted the parent cell by way of
division, remain united to each other by the gelatinous
substance that surrounds them,—also in those protozoa
which begin by mingling their pseudopodia and end by
welding themselves together. The “colonial” theory
of the genesis of higher organisms is well known.
The protozoa, consisting of one single cell, are supposed
to have formed, by assemblage, aggregates which,
relating themselves together in their turn, have given
rise to aggregates of aggregates ; so organisms more and
more complicated, and also more and more differentiated,
1 Cf. a paper written (in Russian) by Serkovski, and reviewed in the
Année biologique, 1898, p. 317.
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274 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP
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278 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
is unlimited. Now, from the limited to the unlimited
there is all the distance between the closed and the open.
It is not a difference of degree, but of kind.
Radical therefore, also, is the difference between
animal consciousness, even the most intelligent, and
human consciousness. For consciousness corresponds
exactly to the living being’s power of choice; it is
co-extensive with the fringe of possible action that
surrounds the real action: consciousness 1s synonymous
with invention and with freedom. Now, in the animal,
invention is never anything but a variation on the theme
of routine. Shut up in the habits of the species, it
succeeds, no doubt, in enlarging them by its individual
initiative ; but it escapes automatism only for an instant,
for just the time to create a new automatism. The
gates of its prison close as soon as they are opened;
by pulling at its chain it succeeds only in stretching
it. With man, consciousness breaks the chain. In
man, and in man alone, it sets itself free. The whole
history of life until man has been that of the effort of
consciousness to raise matter, and of the more or less com-
plete overwhelming of consciousness by the matter which
has fallen back on it. The enterprise was paradoxical,
if,indeed, we may speak here otherwise than by metaphor
of enterprise and of effort. It was to create with matter,
which is necessity itself, an instrument of freedom, to
make a machine which should triumph over mechanism,
and to use the determinism of nature to pass through
the meshes of the net which this very determinism had
spread. But, everywhere except in man, consciousness
has let itself be caught in the net whose meshes it
tried to pass through: it has remained the captive of
the mechanisms it has set up. Automatism, which it
tries to draw in the direction of freedom, winds about
Ww THE MEANING OF EVOLUTION = 279
it and drags it down. It has not the power to escape,
because the energy it has provided for acts is almost
all employed in maintaining the infinitely subtle and
essentially unstable equilibrium into which it has
brought matter. But man not only maintains his
machine, he succeeds in using it as he pleases.
Doubtless he owes this to the superiority of his brain,
which enables him to build an unlimited number
of motor mechanisms, to oppose new habits to the old
ones unceasingly, and, by dividing automatism against
itself, to rule it. He owes it to his language, which
furnishes consciousness with an immaterial body in
which to incarnate itself and thus exempts it from
dwelling exclusively on material bodies, whose flux
would soon drag it along and finally swallow it up.
He owes it to social life, which stores and preserves
efforts as language stores thought, fixes thereby a
mean level to which individuals must raise them-
selves at the outset, and by this initial stimulation
prevents the average man from slumbering and drives
the superior man to mount still higher. But our
brain, our society, and our language are only the
external and various signs of one and the same internal
superiority. They tell, each after its manner, the
unique, exceptional success which life has won at a
given moment of its evolution. They express the
difference of kind, and not only of degree, which
separates man from the rest of the animal world.
They let us guess that, while at the end of the vast
spring-board from which life has taken its leap, all
the others have stepped down, finding the cord stretched
too high, man alone has cleared the obstacle.
It is in this quite special sense that man is the
“term” and the “end” of evolution. Life, we have
280 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP
~~
cone
a
tes
body just where it really is, on the road that leads to the
life of the spirit. But it will then no longer have to
do with definite living beings. Life as a whole, from
the initial impulsion that thrust it into the world, will
appear as a wave which rises, and which is opposed by
the descending movement of matter. On the greater
part of its surface, at different heights, the current is
converted by matter into a vortex. At one point alone
it passes freely, dragging with it the obstacle which will
weigh on its progress but will not stop it. At this
point is humanity ; it is our privileged situation. On
the other hand, this rising wave is consciousness,
and, like all consciousness, it includes potentialities
without number which interpenetrate and to which
consequently neither the category of unity nor that of
multiplicity is appropriate, made as they both are for
inert matter. The matter that it bears along with it,
and in the interstices of which it inserts itself, alone can
divide it into distinct individualities. On flows the
current, running through human generations, sub-
dividing itself into individuals. This subdivision was
vaguely indicated in it, but could not have been made
clear without matter. Thus souls are continually being
created, which, nevertheless, in a certain sense pre-
existed. They are nothing else than the little rills into
which the great river of life divides itself, flowing
through the body of humanity. The movement of
the stream is distinct from the river bed, although it
must adopt its winding course. Consciousness is
distinct from the organism it animates, although it
must undergo its vicissitudes. As the possible actions
which a state of consciousness indicates are at every
instant beginning to be carried out in the nervous
centres, the brain underlines at every instant the motor
8 THE MEANING OF EVOLUTION 285
indications of the state of consciousness ; but the inter-
dependence of consciousness and brain is limited to
this; the destiny of consciousness is not bound up
on that account with the destiny of cerebral matter.
Finally, consciousness is essentially free ; it is freedom
itself ; but it cannot pass through matter without
settling on it, without adapting itself to it: this
adaptation is what we call intellectuality ; and the
intellect, turning itself back toward active, that is to
say free, consciousness, naturally makes it enter into
the conceptual forms into which it is accustomed to
see matter fit. It will therefore always perceive free-
dom in the form of necessity ; it will always neglect
the part of novelty or of creation inherent in the free
act; it will always substitute for action itself an imita-
tion artificial, approximative, obtained by compounding
the old with the old and the same with the same.
Thus, to the eyes of a philosophy that attempts to re-
absorb intellect in intuition, many difficulties vanish
or become light. But such a doctrine does not only
facilitate speculation ; it gives us also more power to
act and to live. For, with it, we feel ourselves no
longer isolated in humanity, humanity no longer seems
isolated in the nature that it dominates. As the smallest
grain of dust is bound up with our entire solar system,
drawn along with it in that undivided movement of
descent which is materiality itself, so all organized
beings, from the humblest to the highest, from the
first origins of life to the time in which we are, and
in all places as in all times, do but evidence a single
impulsion, the inverse of the movement of matter, and
in itself indivisible. All the living hold together, and
all yield to the same tremendous push. The animal
takes its stand on the plant, man bestrides animality,
pe
cane
a
me
286 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP, III
ae
ee
ee
a
ee
312 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP,
a
Iv PLATO AND ARISTOTLE 331
is obscure, all is contradictory when we try, with states,
to build up a transition. The obscurity is cleared up,
the contradiction vanishes, as soon as we place ourselves
along the transition, in order to distinguish states in it
by making cross cuts therein in thought. The reason
is that there is more in the transition than the series of
states, that is to say, the possible cuts,—more in the
movement than the series of positions, that is to say,
the possible stops. Only, the first way of looking at
things is conformable to the processes of the human
mind ; the second requires, on the contrary, that we
reverse the bent of our intellectual habits. No wonder,
then, if philosophy at first recoiled before such an
effort. The Greeks trusted to nature, trusted the
natural propensity of the mind, trusted language above
all, in so far as it naturally externalizes thought.
Rather than lay blame on the attitude of thought
and language toward the course of things, they pre-
ferred to pronounce the course of things itself to be
wrong.
Such, indeed, was the sentence passed by the philo-
sophers of the Eleatic school. And they passed it with-
out any reservation whatever. As becoming shocks |
the habits of thought and fits ill into the moulds of |
language, they declared it unreal. In spatial movement |
and in change in general they saw only pure illusion.
This conclusion could be softened down without chang-
ing the premisses, by saying that the reality changes,
but that it ought not to change. ' Experience confronts
us with becoming: that is sensible reality. But the
intelligible reality, that which ought to be, is more real
still, and that reality does not change. Beneath the
qualitative becoming, beneath the evolutionary becom-
ing, beneath the extensive becoming, the mind must
332 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAR.
seek that which defies change, the definable quality, the
form or essence, the end. Such was the fundamental
principle of the philosophy which developed throughout
the classic age, the philosophy of Forms, or, to use a
term more akin to the Greek, the philosophy of Ideas.
The word eiSos, which we translate here by “ Idea,”
has, in fact, this threefold meaning. It denotes (1) the
quality, (2) the form or essence, (3) the end or design
(in the sense of intention) of the act being performed,
that is to say, at bottom, the design (in the sense of
drawing) of the act supposed accomplished. These
three aspects are those of the adjective, substantive and
verb, and correspond to the three essential categories of
language. After the explanations we have given
above, we might, and perhaps we ought to, translate
eldos by “view” or rather by “ moment.” For ei8os
is the stable view taken of the instability of things:
the guality, which is a moment of becoming ; the form,
which is a moment of evolution ; the essence, which is
the mean form above and below which the other forms
are arranged as alterations of the mean; finally, the
intention or mental design which presides over the
action being accomplished, and which is nothing else,
we said, than the material design, traced out and con-
templated beforehand, of the action accomplished. To
reduce things to Ideas is therefore to resolve becoming
into its principal moments, each of these being, more-
~~ over, by the hypothesis, screened from the laws of
t}
j
“time and, as it were, plucked out of eternity. That
"4 | is to say that we end in the philosophy of Ideas
_ when we apply the cinematographical mechanism of
_the intellect to the analysis of the real.
}
é
{
\
en
et
350 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
For this, indeed, signs far more precise than those
of language are required.
We may say, then, that our physics differs from
that of the ancients chiefly in the indefinite breaking up
of time. For the ancients, time comprises as many
undivided periods as our natural perception and our
language cut out in it successive facts, each presenting
a kind of individuality. For that reason, each of
these facts admits, in their view, of only a fsotal
definition or description. If, in describing it, we are
led to distinguish phases in it, we have several facts
instead of a single one, several undivided periods
instead of a single period ; but time is always supposed
to be divided into determinate periods, and the mode
of division to be forced on the mind by apparent
crises of the real, comparable to that of puberty, by
the apparent release of a new form.—For a Kepler or
a Galileo, on the contrary, time is not divided objec-
tively in one way or another by the matter that fills it.
It has no natural articulations. We can, we ought to,
divide it as we please. All moments count. None
of them has the right to set itself up as a moment
that represents or dominates the others. And, conse-
quently, we know a change only when we are able
to determine what it is about at anyone of its
moments.—— nei a
The difference is profound. In fact, in a certain —
aspect it is radical. But, from the point of view from
which we are regarding it, it is a difference of degree
rather_than_of kind. The human mind has passed~
~ from the first kind of knowledge to the second through ———
~ gradual perfecting, simply by See
There is the same relation between these two sciences
as between the noting of the phases of a movement by
tv MODERN SCIENCE 351
the eye and the much more complete recording of
these phases by instantaneous photography. It is the
same cinematographical mechanism in both cases, Dit
reaches a precision in the second that itcannot~havesie=—~
“the first. Of thé gallop of a horse our eye perceives
‘chiefly a characteristic, essential or rather schematic
attitude, a form that appears to radiate over a whole
period and so time-of paltop.— It is this attitude —
that sculpture has fixed on the frieze of the Parthenon.
~But instantaneous photography isolates any moment;
it puts them all in the same rank, and thus theegallop
of a horse spreads out for it into as many successive
attitudes as it wishes, instead of massing itself into a
single attitude, which 1s_supposed—te—flash—eut—ina___
privileged moment and to illuminate a whole period,
~—~From—thts~original—differénce flow all the others.
A science that considers, one after the other, undivided
periods of duration, sees nothing but phases succeeding
phases, forms replacing forms; it is content with a
qualitative description of objects, which it likens to
organized beings. But when we seek to know what
happens within one of these periods, at any moment of
time, we are aiming at something entirely different.
The changes which are produced from one moment to
another are no longer, by the hypothesis, changes of
quality ; they are quantitative variations, it may be of the
phenomenon itself, it may be of its elementary parts. We
were right then to say that modern science is distinguish-
able from the ancient.in that itapplies to magnitudes
__and proposes first and foremosttomeasure them. ~The
ancients did indeed-try-experiments;-amd on the other
hand Kepler tried no experiment, in the proper sense
of the word, in order to discover a law which is the
very type of scientific knowledge as we understand it.
352 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
What distinguishes modern science is not that it is
experimental, but that it experiments and, more
generally, works only with a view to measure.
For that reason it 1s right, again, to say that ancient
science applied to concepts, while modern science seeks
laws,—constant relations between variable magnitudes.
The concept of circularity was sufficient to Aristotle
to define the movement of the heavenly bodies. But,
€ven with the more accurate concept of elliptical
form, Kepler did not think he had accounted for
the movement of planets. He had to get a law, that
is to say, a constant relation between the quantitative
variations of two or several elements of the planetary
movement.
/ Yet these are only consequences,—differences that
{follow-from the fundamental difference. It did happen
to the ancients accidentally to experiment with a view
to measuring, as also to discover a law expressing a
constant relation between magnitudes. The principle
of Archimedes is a true experimental law. It takes
into account three variable magnitudes: the volume
of a body, the density of the liquid in which the body
is immersed, the vertical pressure that is being exerted.
And it states indeed that one of these three terms is a
function of the other two.
The essential, original difference must therefore be
sought elsewhere. It is the same that we noticed first.
The_ science
—_—
of the.ancients—is—static. Either it
considers in block the change that it studies, or, if
it divides the change into periods, it makes of each of
these periods a block in its turn: which amounts to
saying that it takes no account of time. But modern
science has been built up around the discoveries of
Galileo and of Kepler, which immediately furnished it
Iv MODERN SCIENCE EK
with a model. Now, what do the laws of Kepler say ?
They lay down a relation between the areas described
by the heliocentric radius-vector of a planet and the
time employed in describing them, a relation between
the longer axis of the orbit and the “me taken up by
the course. And what was the principle discovered by
Galileo? A law which connected the space traversed
by a falling body with the time occupied by the fall.
Furthermore, in what did the first of the great
transformations of geometry in modern times consist,
if not in introducing—in a veiled form, it is true—time
and movement even in the consideration of figures?
For the ancients, geometry was a purely static science.
Figures were given to it at once, completely finished,
like the Platonic Ideas. But the essence of the
Cartesian geometry (although Descartes did not give
it this form) was to regard every plane curve as de-
scribed by the movement of a point on a movable
straight line which is displaced, parallel to itself, along
the axis of the abscissae,—the displacement of the
movable straight line being supposed to be uniform and
the abscissa thus becoming representative of the time.
The curve is then defined if we can state the relation
connecting the space traversed on the movable straight
line to the time employed in traversing it, that is, if
we are able to indicate the position of the movable
point, on the straight line which it traverses, at any
moment whatever of its course. This relation is just
what we call the equation of the curve. To substitute :
an equation for a figure consists, therefore, in seeing es
the actual position of the moving points in “the,tracing
of the _curveeat “any-moment whatever, instead of re-
Sat ‘ding this,tracing all atorAce; Satheredupin theunique:
f momentiewen the curve has reached its finished state.
so 28M 7% waka
XEN SOY
eee RE TEAS SAE oA MORSE My
Fo ae ead
ype eT
354 CREATIVE EVOLUTION CHAP.
te
-P has
anes
R
INDEX 399
current of, penetrating matter, 191,284 Cortical mechanism, 265, 266,276. See
as deficiency of instinct, 1§2 Cerebral mechanism
in dog and man, 190 Cosmogony and genesis of matter, 198.°
double form of, 189 See Genesis of matter and of intel-
function of, 219 lect, Spencer
as hesitation or choice, 151, 152 Cosmology, the, that follows from the
imprisonment of, 190, 193-4, 278 philosophy of Ideas, 332, 346-7
as invention and freedom, 278, 285 as reversed psychology, 220
in man as distinguished from, in lower Counterweight, representation as, to
forms of life, 190, 277, 278, 281, action, 152
282 Counting simultaneities, the measure-
and matter, 189, 191, 191-2 ment of time is, 356-7, 360-61
as motive principle of evolution, 191-2 Creation, xi,7, 11-13, 24, 30, 31, 48, 57,
nullified, as distinguished from the 995. 105, 106, IOS; 210, 2.53, 127,
absence of consciousness, 151 135-7) 170, 172, 187, 210, 229,
and the organism, 284 230, 235, 238, 243, 252-4, 275,
in plants, 137, 142-3, 150, 151 285, 291, 358-9
as world principle, 250, 275 in Descartes’s philosophy, 365
Conservation of energy, 255, 256 of intellect, 260-62
Construction, 146-9, 158-9, 161, 164, of matter, 252, 253, 260, 261, 262.
166, 191-2. See Manufacture, See Materiality the inversion of
Solid spirituality
the characteristic work of intellect, of present by past, 5, 21-4, 28, 176,
172 210-13
as the method of Kant’s successors, the vital order as, 243
384-5 Creative evolution, 7, 16, 22, 28, 31, 38,
Contingency, 102, 269, 282. See Acci- 39, 69, 105, 110, 170, 172, 235-6,
dent, Chance 24.3, 251, 278, 283
the, of order, 244, 248 Creativeness of free action, 203, 261
Continuation of vital process in instinct, of invention, 263
$46, “847, (175, 376, 250;. See Creeping plants in illustration of vege-
Variations, Vital process table mobility, 114
Continuity, 1, 27, 31, 39, 146, 147, Cricket victim of paralysing instinct of
162, 170-72, 272, 318-19, 323-4, sphex, 182
328-9, 339) 343-4, 347-8, 366 Criterion, quest of a, 56 ff.
of becoming, 323-4, 328-9, 337-8 of evolutionary rank, 140, 279
of change, 343-4 Criticism, Kantian, 216, 303 mote, 376,
of evolution, 19, 20 380, 382
of extension, 162 of knowledge, 204-5
of germinative plasma, 27, 39 Cross-cuts through becoming by in-
of instinct with vital process, 146, tellect, 330-31. See Views of reality
147, 175-6, 259 through matter by perception, 218
Of life, 1-12, 31,°171,.172, 272 Cross-roads of vital tendency, 54, 55,
of living substance, 171 575 116, 133
of psychic life, 1, 3% Crustacea, 20, 117, 136-7, 137
of the real, 318-19, 347-8 Crystal illustrating (by contrast) in-
of sensible intuition with ultra-intel- dividuation, 13
lectual, 381 Cuénot, 83-4 note
of sensible universe, 366 Culminating points of evolutionary pro-
Conventionality of science, 218 gress, 53, 140-2. See Evolutionary
“Conversion” and “procession” in superiority
Alexandrian philosophy, 341 Current, 27, 28, 54, 195,250, 252, 263,
Cook, Plato’s comparison of the, and 280, 284
the dialectician, 164 Currents, antagonistic, 263
Cope, 37 xote, 81-2, 117 of existence, 195
Correlation, law of, 70, 71 of life penetrating matter, 27, 28,
Correspondence between mind and 280, 234
matter in Spencer, 388. See vital, 27, 28, 54, 252, 280, 284
Simultaneity of will penetrating matter, 250
4.00 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
Curves, as symbol of life, 32, 95, 96, Deposit, instinct and intelligence as de-
225 posits, emanations, issues, or
Cuts through becoming by the intellect, aspects of life, x, xii, xiii, 52, 108,
330-31. See Views of reality, Snap- 110, 143, 387
shots in illustration, etc. De Saporta, 113 note
through matter by perception, 218 rae 2955 353, 365, 366, 373, 376,
Cuvier, 131 note 37
becoming, 365
Dantec (Le), 19 note, 36 note creation, 366
Darwin 66-8, 70, 76, 114, 179 note determinism, 365
Darwinism, 59, 89-99, go-91 duration, 366
Dastre, 38 note freedom, 365, 366
Dead, the, is the object of intellect, geometry, 352-3
174 God, 365, 366
Dead-locks in speculation, 163, 164, image and idea or concept, 295
329, 330 indeterminism, 365
Death, 260 note, 286 mechanism, 365, 366
Declivity descended by matter, 220, motion, 366
259, 270, 358-9. See Descending vacillation between abstract time and
movement real duration, 365
Decomposing and recomposing powers Descending movement of existence, 12,
characteristic of intellect, 165, 264 213, 214, 220, 285, 291, 391
Deduction, analogy between, related to Design, motionless, of action the object
moral sphere and tangent to curve, of intellect, 163, 315-16, 318-19,
225 319-20
in animals, 224 Detension in the dream state, 213
and astronomy, 226 of intuition in intellect, 251
duration refractory to, 226 Determination, 81-2, 136-7, 235-6, 259
geometry the ideal limit of, 226-38, Determinism, 230, 278, 365, 369. See
382 Mathematical order, Geometry
inverse to positive spiritual effort, in Descartes, 365
Development, 140, 141-2, 149. See
nature of, 223 Progress, Evolution, Superiority
physics and, 225 Deviation from type, 87, 88-9
weakness of, in psychology and moral Dialectic and intuition in philosophy,
science, 224 251
Defence and attack in evolution, 138 Dichotomy of the real in modern
Deficiency of will the negative condition philosophy, 370
of mathematical order and com- Differentiation of parts in an organism,
plexity, 221 266, 274
Definition in the realm of life, 14, 111, Dilemma of any systematic meta-
112 physics, 206, 208, 243
Degenerates, 140-2 Diminution, derivation of becoming
Dégénérescence sénile (La), by Metchni- from being by, in ancient phil-
koff, 19 note osophy, 334, 335, 339, 341-2,
Degradation of energy, 255, 256, 259 345-75 362-4, 372
of the extra-spatial into the spatial, geometrical order as, or lower com-
219 plication of the vital order, 249
of the ideas into the sensible flux in Dionaea illustrating certain animal
ancient philosophy, 334-6, 341-2, characteristics in plants, 112-14
345-7, 349, 362, 364, 372-3 Discontinuity of action, 162, 323-4
Degrees of being in the successors of of attention, 2
Kant, 383 of extension relative to action, 162,
Degrees of reality in Greek philosophy, 171
341-2, 345 of knowledge, 323-4
Delage, 63 note, 85 note, 274 note of living substance, 171
Delamare, 85, 86 note a positive idea, 162
Deliberation, 152 Discontinuous the object of intellect,
De Manacéine, 130 note 163
INDEX 401
Discord in nature, 133, 134, 269, 281 Duhem, 255 ote
Disorder, 43, 109, 234-5, 238, 244- Dunan, Ch., xv note
48, 289, 332-3. See Expectation, Duration, xv note, 2, 4-6, 9-12, 16, 18,
Order of mathematics, Orders of 22, 23, 39, 41, 48, 54, 210, 212,
reality, two 217, 225, 228, 254, 287, 288, 291,
Disproportion between an invention and 314-15, 325-6, 334-5, 337 role, 342,
its consequences, 191, 192 346, 351,358, 361, 362, 365, 374,
Dissociation as a cosmic principle op- 382, 384-5
posed to association, 274 absoluteness of, 217
of tendencies, 57, 94, 141-2, 268, and deduction, 225
269, 271,272. See Divergent lines in Descartes’s philosophy, 365
of evolution gnawing of, 5, 9, 4
Distance, extension as the, between what indivisibility of, 7, 325-6
is and what ought to be, 336-7 and induction, 228
345» 349 and the inert, 362-3
Distinct multiplicity in the dream state, in the philosophy of the Ideas, 334,
223,221 337 note, 341-2, 345, 346-7
of the inert, 271 rhythm of, 12, 134-5, 366
Distinctness characteristic of the in- See Creation, Evolution, Invention,
tellect, 169, 250, 263 Time, Unforeseeableness, Unique-
characteristic of perception, 239-40, ness
263
as spatiality, 214, 219, 257, 263 Echinoderms in reference to animal
Divergent lines of evolution, xii, 57, mobility, 136, 138
58, 92-3, 102-6, 109, 112, 113, Efficient cause in conception of chance,
TES, 019, 199; 122, 325-6,: 136-7, 247
139, 141-2, 149, 157, 158, 177, Spinoza and, 283
183, 191, 268, 269,280, 281. See Effort in evolution, 179, 180
Dissociation of tendencies, comple- eldos, 331-2
mentarity, etc., Schisms in the Eimer, 58, 76, 78, 91
primitive impulsion of life Elaborateness of the mathematical order,
Diversity, sensible, 217, 232-3, 244, 220-22, 229, 264
248, 249 Eleatic philosophy, 325, 331-2
Divination, instinct as, 185-6. See Emanation, logical thought an, issue,
Sympathy, etc. aspect or deposit of life, x, xii, xiii,
Divisibility of extension, 162, 171 2
Division as function of intellect, 160, dvrordeitde “something” on the canvas
162, 171, 199 of “ nothing,” 313
of labour, 104, 116, 124, 166, 175, Embroidery by descendants on the canvas
274 handed down by ancestors, 24
of labour in cells, 175 Embryo, 19, 20, 27, 28, 79, 85-6, 94,
Dog and man, consciousness in, 190 106, 175
Dogmatism of the ancient epistemology Embryogeny, comparative, and trans-
contrasted with the relativism of formism, 26
the modern, 243 Embryonic life, 28, 175
of Leibniz and Spinoza, 376, 377 Empirical study of evolution the centre
scepticism, and relativism, 207-8, 243 of the theory of knowledge and of
Dogs and the law of correlation, 70 the theory of life, 189
Domestication of animals and heredity, theories of knowledge, 216
84-5) Empty, thinking the full by means of the
Dominants of Reinke, 44 note empty, 288-90
Dorfmeister, 77 End in Eleatic philosophy, 331-2
Dreain,. 451, 190-91; 213; °221,. 271. of science is practical utility, 347-8
See Interpenetration, Relaxation, Energy, 121-3, 125, 128-9, 255, 256,
Detension, Recollections 258, 259, 265-8, 269, 279, 276
as relaxation, 213 conservation of, 255, 256
Driesch, 45 note degradation of, 255, 256, 259
Drosera, 112-14 solar, stored by plants, released by
Dufourt, 130 note animals, 258, 267
2D
402 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
Enneadae of Plotinus, 222 zote and duration, 21, 24, 39, 48-9
Entelechy of Driesch, 44 note empirical study of, the centre of the
Entropy, 256 theory of knowledge and of life, 189
Environment in evolution, 135, 140,145, and environment, 107, 108, 135, 140,
149, 158, 176, 177, 180, 203, 204, 145, 149, 158, 176, 177, 179, 180,
265, 270, 271 203, 204, 265, 270, 271
and special instincts, 145, 177, 203, of instinct, 179, 180, 184. See
204 Divergent lines, etc., Culminating
Epiphenomenalism, 276 points, etc., Evolution and environ-
Essence and accidents in Aristotle’s phil- ment
osophy, 373 of intellect, x-xli, 161, 196, 200, 203,
or form in Eleatic philosophy, 331-2 209, 219, 379, 380. See Divergent
the meaning of, 318-19 lines, etc., Culminating points, etc.,
Essences (or forms), qualities and acts, Genesis of matter and of intellect
the three kinds of representation, as invention, 364
319-20 of man, 278, 280,282. See Culminat-
Eternity, 41, 314, 331, 334) 337, 342, ing points, etc.
346, 365, 366, 372, 374 motive principle of, is consciousness,
in the philosophy of Ideas, 334, 337, Igl
342, 346 of species product of the vital impetus
in Spinoza’s philosophy, 373 opposed by matter, 261, 268
Euglena, 122 and transformism, 26
Evellin, 328 nore unforeseeable, 50, 51, 55, 91, 236
Eventual actions, 12, 162. See Possible variation in, 25, $8, 67, 72, 77 mote,
actions go, 138, 145, 176, 178, 181, 278
Evolution, ix-xv, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, Evolutionary, qualitative, and extensive
28, 39, 49-58, 67, 72, 84 note, Motion, 319, 320, 328, 329
89-93, 102-10, 113, 119, 122, 133, superiority, 140-42, 183, 184. See
134, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 145- Success, Criterion of evolutionary
7, 149, 161, 170, 175, 176, 178- rank, Culminating points, etc.
81, 183, 184, 189, 191, 192, 195, Evolutionism, x-xii, xiv, 82, 89, 385
196, 200, 203, 209, 219, 236, 243, Exhaustion of the mutability of the
255 note, 259, 261, 262, 264, 265, universe, 356-7
268, 278-80, 282, 288, 318, 328, Existence, logical, as contrasted with
364, 379, 380, 387 psychical and physical, 292, 382
accident in, 110, 178, 180, 183, 184, of matter tends toward instantaneity,
264, 265 212
animal, a progress toward mobility, of self means change, 1 ff,
138 superaddition of, upon nothingness,
antagonistic tendencies in, 109, 119, 291
195 Expectation, 226-8, 233, 234, 238, 245,
automatic and determinate, is action 248, 289, 297, 308
being undone, 262 in conception of disorder, 233, 234,
blind alleys of, 136 238, 245, 247, 248, 289
circularity of each special, 134 in conception of void or naught, 297,
complementarity of the divergent lines 308
of, 102-6, 109, 122 Experience, 145, 155, 187, 208, 2165,
conceptually inexpressible, §2, 53, 55, 242, 339, 375, 380, 384, 389
§6, 133, 191, 288 Explosion, illustrating cause by release,
continuity of, 19, 20, 28, 39, 49, 288, 77
318, 329, 364 Explosive character of animal energy,
creative, 7,16, 22, 28, 31, 38, 39, 69, 122, 124, 126,256
406,310, .176,:372,; 235,263, 251, of organization, 97
278, 283 Explosives, manufacture of, by plants and
culminating points of, §3, 140, 141, use by animals, 259, 267
184, 195, 279, 280, 282 Extension, 157, °162, 170, 213; 2S;
development by, 140, 141, 149 219, 222, 235, 249, 258, 335-75 ee
divergent lines of, xii, 56, 57, 92, 102- 341, 345, 371, 372
6, 109, 113, 183-4,
259 continuity of, 162
S
a
e
INDEX 403
discontinuity of, relative to action, Fauna, menace of torpor in primitive,
£62,372 136-7
as the distance between what is and Feeling in the conception of chance,
what ought to be, 335 218
divisibility of, 162, 171 and instinct, 151, 184-5
_the most general property of matter, Fencing-master, illustrating hereditary
162, 263, 264 transmission, 84
the inverse movement to tension, 249, Ferments, certain characteristics of, 112
258 Fertilisation of orchids by insects, by
of knowledge, 157-8 Darwin, 179 note
in Leibniz’s philosophy, 371, 372 Fichte’s conception of the intellect, 200,
of matter in space, 215, 222 201, 378
in the philosophy of Ideas, 335-6, Filings, iron, in illustration of the rela-
341-2, 345 tion of structure to function, 99,
and relaxation, 213, 219, 221, 222, 100
224,230,236, 258 Film, cinematographic, figure of abstract
in Spinoza’s philosophy, 371 motion, 321-2
in the Transcendental Aesthetic, 215 Final cause, 42, 47, 247, 342
unity of, 167 conception of, involves conception of
as weakening of the essence of being, mechanical cause, 47
in Plotinus, 222 note God as, in Aristotle, 341-2
Extensive, evolutionary and qualitative Finalism, 41-55, 61, 78, 93-102, 107
motion, 319, 320, 328, 329 _ 309.1334
External conditions in evolution, 135, Finality, 43, 173, 187-8, 194-5, 235-6,
140, 145, 149, 158-9, 176, 177, 236-7, 280
180, 203, 204, 265, 270, 271 external and internal, 43
finality, 43 misfit for the vital, 187-8, 235-6,
“Externality of concepts, 169, 177, 184, 236-7, 280
186, 210, 264, 322, 328-31 and the unforeseeableness of life, 173,
the most general property of matter, 194-5
162, 263, 264 Fischel, 80 note
Externalized action in distinction from in- Fish in illustration of animal tendency
ternalized, 154,174. See Somnam- to mobility, 136, 138
bulism, etc., Automatic activity, etc. Fixation of nutritive elements, 113-15,
Eye of mollusc and vertebrate compared, 120, 123, 259, 260, 267
63, 79, 81, 88, 91, 92 Fixity, 114-19, 124, 125, 136, 137, 163.
See Torpor
Fabre, 182 xote apparent or relative, 163
Fabrication. See Construction cellulose envelope and the, of plants,
Fallacies, two fundamental, 287, 288 114, 117, 137
Fallacy of thinking being by not-being, of extension, 163
291, 292, 299, 314-15 of plants, 114-19, 124, 125, 136-7
of thinking the full by the empty, of torpid animals, 137
288-90 Flint hatchets and human intelligence,
of thinking motion by the motionless, 144
287, 288, 314-15, 324-5, 326-31 Fluidity of life, 160-61, 174, 204
Fallibility of instinct, 182-3 of matter as a whole, 196, 389
Falling back of matter upon conscious- Flux of material bodies, 279
ness, 278 of reality, 263, 264, 355, 356, 361,
bodies, comparison of Aristotle and 364
Galileo, 239, 349-50, 352-3 Flying arrow of Zeno, 324, 325, 326
weight, figure of material world, 258, Focalization of personality, 212
260 Food, 142-15, 120, 423, 120, 127,259,
Familiar, the, is the object of intellect, 260, 267
F722, 173; 210, 255 Foraminifera, failure of certain, to
Faraday, 214 evolve, 107
Fasting, in reference to primacy of ner- Force, 133-4, 149, 156, 158, 184, 259,
vous system over the other physio- 268, 358-9
logical systems, 130-31 life a, inverse to matter, 259
404 CREATIVE EVOLUTION Le
ee
a
172, 205-7, 234-5, 252, 263, 268, 280. See Imprisonment of con-
269, 318-19, 320, 331, 334, 336, sciousness
340, 348, 378, 380, 381, 382 and novelty, 12, 172, 173, 210, 230,
complementarity of forms evolved, 243, 252, 262, 285, 358-61
Xil, 54, 106, 109, 119, 122-4, 142, order in, 235-6
143, 268, 269 property of every organism, 136-7
expansion of the forms of conscious- relaxation of, into necessity, 230
ness, Xill, XiV tendency of, to self-negation in habit,
(or essences), qualities and acts the 133-4
three kinds of representation, 319- tension of, 210, 212, 213, 219, 235s
20 250, 252, 317-18
God as pure form in Aristotle, 207, transformed by the understanding into
er necessity, 285
or idea in ancient philosophy, 334, See Spontancity
335, 348-9 Fringe of intelligence around instinct,
of intelligence, xv, 51, 155, 156, 174, 142-3
200, 206, 207, 209, 219, 232, 271- of intuition around intellect, xiii, 49
3, 280, 379, 382. See Concept of possible action around real action,
and matter in creation, 252, 263 189, 278 F
e
a
ees
e
and matter in knowl ledge, 205, 382 Froth, alveolar, in imitation of organic
a snapshot view of transition, 318 phenomena, 35-6
Formal knowledge, 160 Full, fallacy of thinking the, by the a
regen
INDEX 405
illumination of action, of perception, of vegetable organism: accumulation
5, 218, 323-4 of energy, 267, 269
of intelligence: action, ix, 13, 46, 49, Functions of life, the two: storage and
99, 169, 171, 196-8, 218, 264, expenditure of energy, 267-70
288, 323-4
-of intelligence: concept-making, x, 52 Galileo, homogeneity of time in, 350
of intelligence: construction, 168, his influence on metaphysics, 22, 241
172, IgI-2 his influence on modern science, 352,
of intelligence: division, 160, 162, 354
171, 199 extension of Galileo’s physics, 377,
of intelligence: illumination of action 39%
by perception, 5, 218, 314 his theory ofthe fall of bodies compared
of intelligence: repetition, 173, 210, with Aristotle’s, 240, 349, 350,
226-28 352
of intelligence : retrospection, 50, 250 Ganoid breastplate of ancient fishes, in
of intelligence : connecting same with reference to animal mobility, 137,
same, 210, 246, 285 138.
of intelligence: scanning the rhythm Gaudry, 137 note
of the universe, 366 Genera, relation of, to individuals, 239
of intelligence: tactualizing all per- relation of, to laws, 238, 239, 348
ception, 177 potential, 239-40
of intelligence: unification, 160, 162, and signs, 167
377 Generality, ambiguity of the idea of,
of the nervous system: action, 276, in philosophy, 238, 242-4
277 Generalization dependent on repetition,
and organ, 93-6, 99, 100, 139, 147, 243, 244
148, 166. See Function and distinguished from transference of
structure sign, 167
and organ, in arthropods, vertebrates in the vital and mathematical orders,
and man, 139 237, 238, 243
of the organism, 99, 112-16, 119, Generic, type of the: similarity of
$20; 023; 126, 1275. 194): 182-4, structure between generating and
259, 260, 267-70 generated, 236, 237
of the organism, alimentation, 112,113, Genesis, xiv, xv, 161, 196-210, 219, 379,
$26,127,350; 267 380
of the organism, animal: canalization of intellect, xiv, xv, 161, 196, 197,
of energy, 99, 116, 133, 269, 270 200, 203, 204, 206-7, 219, 279,
of the organism, carbon in, 113, 119, 380
£20,424, 267, 269 of knowledge, 201
of the organism, chlorophyllian of matter, xiv, xv, 161, 196, 198, 200,
function, 113-15, 120, 123, 259, 203, 210, 219, 380
260, 267 Genius and the willed order, 236, 252
of the organism, primary functions of Genus. See Genera
life: storage and expenditure of Geometrical, the, is the object of the in-
energy, 267-70 tellect, 201
of the organism, vegetable : accumula- Geometrical order as a diminution or
tion of energy, 267, 269 lower complication of the vital, 235,
of philosophy: adoption of the evolu- 238, 249, 348. See Genera, Rela-
tionary movement of life and con- tion of, to laws
sciousness, 391 mutual contingency of, and vital order,
of science, 177, 366 248
sketching movements the, of con- See Mathematical order
sciousness, 219 space, relation of, to the spatiality of
and structure, 58, 65, 70, 73, 78, 79, things, 214
81, 91, 93-6, 99, 100, 102, 125, Geometrism, the latent, of intellect, 205,
139, 147, 148, 166, 171, 263, 265, 222-4
270 Geometry, fitness of, to matter, 11
tactualizing all perception the, of goal of intellectual operations, 222,
science, 177 225, 230
406 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
ideal limit of induction and deduction, Harmony between instinct and life, and
226-30, 382. See Space, Descend- between intelligence and the inert,
ing movement of existence 196, 205, 209
modern, compared with ancient, 38, of the organic world is complemen-
169, 352-3 tarity due to a common original
natural, 205, 222-4 impulse, §3, 54, 108, 109, 122,
perception impregnated with, 216, 124
243 pre-established, 217, 218
reasoning in, contrasted with reason- in radical finalism, 133-4. See Discord
ing concerning life, 7, 8 Hartog, 63 note
scientific, 170, 223 Hatchets, ancient flint, and human in-
Germ, accidental predisposition of, in tellect, 144
Neo-Darwinism, 178, 179, 180 Heliocentric radius-vector in Kepler’s
Germ-plasm, continuity of, 28, 39, 83-8 laws, 352-3
Giard, 88 Hereditary transmission, 80-88, 92, 178,
Glucogen in organic function, 128-9 179, 182, 238, 243
Glucose in organic function, 128, 130 domestication of animals and, 84-5
God, as activity, 262 habit and, 83, 88, 178, 179, 182
of Aristotle,
207, 340, 343, 369, 373; Hesitation or choice, consciousness as,
376-7 cet, 15%
ascent toward, in Aristotle’s plil- Heteroblastia and identical structures on
osophy, 340-41 divergent lines of evolution, 78
circularity of God’s thought, in Heymons, 77 note
Aristotle’s philosophy, 342, 343 History as creative evolution, 7, 16, 22,
in Descartes’s philosophy, 365, 366 28, 33,38, 39, 66, 16§, 110, 272,
as efficient cause in Aristotle’s phil- 278, 283
osophy, 342 of philosophy, 251
as hypostasis of the unity of nature, Hive as an organism, 175
207, 349, 377 Homo faber, designation of human
in Leibniz’s philosophy, 371, 372, species, 146
376-7 Homogeneity of space, 165, 224
as eternal matter, 207-8 the sphere of intellect, 172
as pure form, 207-8, 340 of time in Galileo, 350
in Spinoza’s philosophy, 370, 377 Horse-fly illustrating the object of ine
Greek philosophy. See Ancient phil- stinct, 158
osophy Houssay, 115 note
Green parts of plants, 113-15, 120, 123, Human and animal attention, 194
259, 260, 267 and animal brain, 193, 194, 277-9
Growing old, 16 and animal consciousness, 146-50,
Growth, creation is, 254, 291 190, 193, 194, 197, 198, 202, 224,
and novelty, 243 277-82
of the powers of life, 139, 141-2 and animal instruments of action,
reality is, 252 146-50, 158
of the universe, 362, 364 and animal intelligence, 145, 197,
Guérin, P., 63 note 198, 202, 224
Guinea-pig, in illustration of hereditary and animal invention, relation of, to
transmission, 84, 85 habit, 278, 279
intellect and language, 166
Habit and consciousness annulled, 151 intellect and manufacture, 144, 145
form of knowledge a habit or bent of Humanity in evolution, 141, 144-6, 150,
attention, 156 154, 166, 191, 194, 195, 278-86,
and heredity, 83, 88, 178, 179, 182. See Culminating points, ete.
See Acquired characters, inheri- goal of evolution, 280, 281
tance of Huxley, 40
instinct as an intelligent, 183-4 Hydra and individuality, 14
and invention in animals, 278 try of Aristotle, 373
and invention in man, 279 Hymenoptera, the culmination ofarthro-
tendency of freedom to self-negation pod and instinctive evolution, 140,
in, 133-4 141, 184-5
INDEX 407
as entomologists, 153, 182-3 Implement, the animal, is natural: the
organization and instinct in, 147 human, artificial, 146-50
paralysing instinct of, 153, 180, 184-5 artificial, 144-8, 158-9
social instincts of, 106 constructing, function of intelligence,
Hypostasis of the unity of nature, God 168, 191
as, 206-8, 34°, 377 life known to intelligence only as,
Hypothetical propositions characteristic 171
of intellectual knowledge, 157-8 matter known to intelligence only as,
170, 209
Idea or form in ancient philosophy, 51, natural, 148, 152, 158
331, 334, 336, 348 organized, 148, 152, 158
in ancient philosophy, eldos, 331-2 unorganized, 144-6, 148, 158-9
in ancient philosophy, Platonic, 51 Implicit knowledge, 154
and image in Descartes, 295 Impotence of intellect and perception to
Idealism, 244 grasp life, 186-7
Idealists and realists alike assume the Imprisonment of consciousness, 190-93,
possibility of an absence of order, 278-80
232, 244 Impulse of life, divergence of, 27, 28,
Identical structures in divergent lines of 54-8, 102-10, 116, 125, 133, 138,
evolution, 58, 65, 66, 73, 78-81, 141-3, 271, 272, 280, 284, 285
QI, 125 limitedness of, 133, 134, 149, 156,
Illumination of action the function of 157, 268
perception, 5, 218, 323-4 loaded with matter, 252
Image and idea in Descartes, 295 tendency to mobility, 138, 139
distinguished from concept, 169, 295 as necessity for creation, 265, 275
Imitation of being in Greek philosophy, negates itself, 260, 261
3425 345 prolonged in evolution, 259
of instinct by science, 178, 183-4 prolonged in our will, 252
of life in intellectual representation, 4, transmitted through generations of
34-5, 94, 106, 186, 220, 221, 225, organisms, 27, 28, 84, 90, 92, 93,
238, 273, 361, 386 243, 244
of life by the unorganized, 35, 37, unity of, 213, 263, 285
8 Impulsion and _ attraction in’ Greek
of Tare by intelligence, 322, 324, philosophy, 341-2
329, 330, 347. See Imitation of release and unwinding, the three kinds
the real, etc. of cause, 77
of the physical order by the vital, 243 given to mind by matter, 213
of the real by intelligence, 272, 285, Inadequacy of act to representation,
4 consciousness as, ISI
Immobility of extension, 163 Inadequate and adequate in Spinoza,
and plants, 114-19, 124, 125, 136, 374
137 Inanition, illustrating primacy of ner-
of chavs and torpid animals, 137 vous system, 130 note
relative and apparent ; mobility real, Incoherence, 249. See Absence of order,
163 Chance, Chaos
Impatience, duration as, 10, 358-9 in nature, 110
Impelling cause, 77 Incommensurability of free act with
Impetus, vital, divergence of, 27, 28, 54- conceptual idea, 50, 212
o,. 803-50, 130, 125,: 193, 238; of instinct and intelligence, 177, 184
14%-3, 271, 272; 280, 284, 285 Incompatibility of developed tendencies,
vital, limitedness of, 133, 149, 156, 109, 177 :
157, 268 Independent variable, time as, 21, 354
vital, loaded with matter, 252 Indetermination, 91, 121, 133, 265,
vital, as necessity for creation, 265, 269, 344. See Accident in evolution
275 Indeterminism in Descartes, 365
vital, transmission of, through organ- Individual, viewed by intelligence as
isms, 27, 28, 84, 90, 92, 93, 243, aggregate of molecules and of facts,
244, 263, 264 264.
vital, See Impulse of life and division of labour, 147
408 CREATIVE EVOLUTION —oe
in insects in general, 178, 184-5 525 54, 91, 93-6, 99, 100, 109,
and intelligence, xill, 54, 106, 109, 119, 122-4, 136, 139, 140, 142,
119, 122-4, 139-44, 148-50, 153, 143, 147-50, 153, 166, 170, 177-
158, 160, 167, 177-9, 182-9, 194-5, 89, 191, 194, 195, 196, 200-215,
106, 206,951, 260, 268, 269,'273, 219-24, 228-30, 233, 235, 238,
281, 282, 362, 364, 387 243-5, 248, 249, 251, 258-65,
and intuition, 187, 188-9, 191 268-73, 278, 281-7, 291, 293, 330,
object of, 153-60, 174, 177, 181-9, 348, 358, 361-4, 382, 391
196, 199, 205, 246, 268 and language, 4, 155, 166-8, 272, 270,
and organization, 25, 145-7, 153, 308, 319, 322, 329, 330, 344
$7G=7, 151, 182, 183, 186, 203, and matter, Introd., 11, 12, 51, 98,
204, 278 142, 143, 148, 149, 160-62, 164,
paralysing, in certain hymenoptera, 169, 170, 174, 177, 185, 189,
147, 153, 181, 184-5 IQ1, 192, 195-7, 200, 203, 205,
in plants, 179, 180 206, 208, 209, 212-15, 217-21,
social, of insects, 106, 166, 181 225, 227, 230-32, 236, 238-43,
Instinctive knowledge, 157, 176, 177, 253-5, 258, 259, 261-5, 267,
182-3 269-73, 278, 284, 285, 287, 288,
learning, 203 291, 313-14, 323, 3372 339 347»
metaphysics, 202, 283, 284, 293 358, 360-62, 366-8, 375, 379-81,
Instrument, action as, of consciousness, 389, 391
190 mechanism of the, Introd. 4, 32,
Sieur is natural ;human artificial, 34, 49-52, 75, 89, 94, 106, 145,
146-50 158-63, 165, 169, 170, 173, 174,
410 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
177, 175, 483, 184; 286, 183: in Kant’s philosophy, 377-8
197, 198, 201-3, 205-31, 236-53, and laws, 242-3
S57, 200, 262-4, 267, 260, 29%, limitations of, 160
272, 280, 285, 288, 292, 308, 317- and matter, 160, 168, 170, 185, 189,
39, 343, 347, 348, 35°, 355, 357, 191, 196, 199, 205-9, 243, 252,
358, 360-67, 371, 379, 382, 384, 263, 390, 391
386, 388 mechanism of, 160, 161, 173,
object of the, Introd. 7, 8, 11, 174
18, 21, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, and motion, 161, 168, 289, 320-24,
49-52, 55, 75, 78, 80, 93-7, 995 329, 33% 347
101, 107, 108, 147, 148, 157, 160- object of, 153-64, 170, 171, 185,
74, 177, 183, 185-9, 190, 191, 189, 263
197, 201, 204-23, 225, 228
- 32, practical nature of, Introd., 144-6,
235, 236, 238, 241-3, 246, 250, 148, 158-9, 261, 288, 322, 323,
251, 253, 258, 262-4, 267, 269, 346-7
271-3, 275, 278, 280, 284, 285, and reality, Introd., 170, 187, 250,
288, 289, 314-31, 336-40, 344, 264, 272, 283, 285, 324
346, 347, 350-56, 361, 364-9, 371, and science, 185, 186, 204, 205-6
372-7, 379-81, 384, 376, 390, 391 and signs, 166, 167, 168, 169
and perception, 5, 12, 13, 99, 170, and space, 216
177, 186, 198, 199, 216, 218, 230, See Intellect, Understanding, Reason
241, 243, 251, 262-4, 288, 316, Intelligent, the, contrasted with the
317, 323, 380 merely intelligible, 185
and rhythm, 316, 317, 323, 347, Intelligible reality in ancient philosophy,
356, 366 334
and science, 9-13, 33, 98, 160, 161, world, 169
166, 167, 169, 171, 177, 183-6, Intelligibles of Plotinus, 374
197, 204-9, 213, 215, 218-20, Intension of knowledge, 157-8
230-32, 233, 238, 241, 254, 264, Intensity of consciousness varies with
285, 288, 313-14, 323, 339) 349, ratio of possible to real action,
347s 352-4, 364, 366-8,374, 376, 152
377, 380, 383, 391 Intention as contrasted with mechanism,
and space, 11, 162, 165, 169-71, 184, 246. See Automatic order, Willed
186, 199, 213-15, 219-24, 227, order
230, 235, 257, 258, 263, 264, 271, of life the object of instinct, 186,
272, 382 246
and time, 4, 9, 18, 19, 21-3, 38, 41, Interaction, universal, 198, 199
48, 49, 54, 172, 316, 317, 350, Interest as cause of variation, 138
354-6, 360 in representation of “nought,” 310,
possibility of transcending the, 311. See Affection, réle of, etc.
Xil, Xill, §1, 160, 187, 204, 209- Internal finality, 43
II, 217, 219, 280, 381. See Internality of instinct, 177, 184, 186
Philosophy of Ideas, Intelligence of subject in object the condition of
Intellectualism, hesitation of Descartes knowledge of reality, 324, 334,
between, and intuitionism, 365 379
Intelligence and action, 144-8, 158, Interpenetration, 170, 171, 184, 187,
163, 170, I71, 191, 199, 209, 194 note, 198, 199, 212-14, 219,
323 271, 272, 284, 337, 360, 372
animal, 145, 197, 198, 224 Interruption, materiality an, of positivity,
categories of, x, 51, 206-7 231, 259, 261, 337-8. See In-
of the child, 155-6 verse relation, etc.
and consciousness, 196 Interval of time, 9, 23, 24
culmination of, 140, 147, 184-5. between what is done and what might
See Superiority be done covered by consciousness,
genesis of, 143, 187-8, 387 189
and the individual, 264 Intuition, continuity between sensible and
and instinct, 115, 142, 143, 149, 150, ultra-intellectual, 381
177-9, 183-6, 189, 196, 208, 221, dialectic and, in philosophy, 251. See
251, 273, 201 Intellect as inversion of intuition
ee
a
INDEX 411
fringe of, around the nucleus of intel- degrees of being in Kant’s successors,
lect, xili, 49, 52, 203 383
and instinct, 186-8, 192 duration in Kant’s successors, 383
and intellect in theoretical know- intelligence in Kant’s philosophy,
ledge, 186-8, 285, 361-3 242, 378
Intuitional cosmology as reversed ontological argument in Kant’s phil-
psychology, 219-20 osophy, 300
metaphysics contrasted with intel- space and time in Kant’s philosophy,
lectual or systematic, 202, 282-4, 215-17
293 and Spencer, 385
method of philosophy, apparent vicious See Mind and _ things, Sensuous
circle of, 202-4, 206-8 manifold, Thing-in-itself
Intuitionism in Spinoza, 367 Kantianism, 379, 385
and intellectualism in Descartes, 365 Katagenesis, 36
Invention, consciousness as, and freedom, Kepler, 241, 350-53
278, 285 Knowledge and action, 158, 204, 207,
creativeness of, 173, 252, 359, 360 208, 218, 219, 230
‘ disproportion between, and its conse- criticism of, 204
quences, 191, 192-3 discontinuity of, 323
duration as, 11 extension of, 157
evolution as, 108, 269, 364 form of, 156, 205, 378-82
fervour of, 173 formal, 160
indivisibility of, 173 genesis of, 201
inference a beginning of, 145 innate or natural, 154-8
mechanical, 150, 205 instinct in, 150, 151, 157, 175-8,
of steam engine as epoch-marking, 132; 187; 20%, 20g, 252
146 intellect in, Introd., 51, 157, 170-73,
time as, 360 187, 189, 204, 207-10, 218, 219,
unforeseeableness of, 173 230, 250, 251, 264, 235, 3287422,
upspringing of, 173 329, 339, 332, 334, 343, 350, 361,
See Novelty 362, 367, 380, 381
Inverse relation of the physical and intension of, 157-8
psychical, 133, 151, 152, 183, 187, of reality viewed as the internality of
214,255, 214, 220, 229,224, 226; subject in object, 324, 334, 379
230, 234, 235, 249, 253, 258, 259, intuition and intellect in theoretical
261, 262, 270, 271, 275, 278, 279, knowledge, 184-7, 189, 251, 285,
285, 337-8 361-3
Irreversibility of duration. See Repeti- matter of, 205, 378, 380-82
tion of matter, xi, 51, 218, 381
Isolated systems of matter, 215, 225, object of, Introd., 1, 51, 155, 156,
2275 254, 255, 360, 361, 366, 367, 168, 172, 173, 208-10, 285, 361,
368. See Bodies 380
fundamental problem of, 288-go
Janet, Paul, 64 note as relative to certain requirements of
Jennings, 37 note the mind, 160, 201, 243
Jourdain and the two kinds of order, scientific, 204, 207-9, 218, ATO;
233 230
Juxtaposition, 219, 357, 358, 360. Cf. theory of, xiii, 187, 189, 208, 216,
Succession 219, 241, 244
unconscious, 150-53, 154, 158, 174,
Kaleidoscopic variation, 78 175
Kant, antinomies of, 216, 217 alleged unknowableness of the thing-
becoming in Kant’s successors, 383 in-itself, 216, 217
coincidence of matter with space in Kunstler, 274 note
Kant’s philosophy, 217, 219, 257
construction the method of Kant’s Labbé, 274 note
successors, 384-5 Labour, division of, 104, 116, 124, 147
his criticism of pure reason, 216, 303 166, 175, 274
note, 376-82, 385 Lalande, André, 260 note
412 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
Lamarck, 80 and finality, 46, 94, 173, 194, 235
Lamarckism, 80-81, 89-92 fluidity of, 161, 174, 202, 204
Language, 4, 155, 166-8, 272, 279, as free, 136-7
308, 319, 322, 329-31, 344 function of, 99, 112-16, 119, 120,
Laplace, 40 ¥23, 326, 127, 193; 382-4, 266,
Lapsed intelligence, instinct as, 178, 260, 267-70
185 harmony of the realm of, 53, 54, 108,
Larvae, 20, 147, 153-75, 182 509,122, 124, 133
Latent geometrism of intellect, 205, imitation of the inert by, 243
222-4 imitation of, by the inert, 35-8
Law of correlation, 70, 71 impulse of, prolonged in our will,
and genera, 238-42, 348 253
heliocentric radius-vector in Kepler’s and individuation, 13-15, 27, 28, 84,
laws, 352 90, 92, 93, 134, 157, 206, 243,
imprint of relations and laws upon 244, 263, 273, 275, 284, 317, 318-
consciousness in Spencer’s phil- 19. See Individuality
osophy, 198 indivisibility of, 238, 285
and intuitional philosophy, 186 and instinct, 143-7, 153, 174-7, 179,
physical, contrasted with the laws of 181, 182, 185-9, 196, 203-8, 246,
our codes, 230-31 278, 387
physical, expression of the negative and inteilect, Introd., 14, 34-7, 47-52,
movement, 230 94, 106, 108, 110, 134, 143, 160,
physical, mathematical form of, 230, 169-74, 177, 183, 186-9, 191, 202-
231, 242, 254 22, 227, 218, 22%, 242, Se 8,
relation as, 241, 242-3 238, 271-5, 280, 284, 317, 361,
Learning, instinctive, 203, 204 375) 379-81, 381, 386, 387
Le Dantec, 19 note and interpenetration, 271
Leibniz, cause in, 292 as inversion of the inert, 7, 8, 186,
dogmatism of, 377, 378 187, 196, 200, 201, 207, 208, 212,
extension in, 371, 372 21%, 218, 220, 222, 224,228, 320
God in, 371, 372, 377 230, 235, 238, 245, 248, 249, 252,
mechanism in, 368, 371, 375, 376 253, 258-63, 278, 345-9
his philosophy a systematization of is)limited force, 133, 134, 149, 156.
physics, 367 157, 268
space in, 371-2 and memory, 176
teleology in, 41, 42 penetrating matter, 27, 28, 54, 189,
time in, 372, 333 I9I, 192, 250, 252, 280, 284, 285,
Lepidoptera, 120 ncte, 141 as tendency to mobility, 134, 138, 139
Le Roy, Ed., 230 note and physics and chemistry, 33, 35, 375
Liberation of consciousness, 194, 279, 38, 238
280 in other planets, 270
Liberty. See Freedom as potentiality, 272
Life as activity, 135-6, 259 repetition in, and in the inert, 237,
cause in the realm of, 100, 173 238, 243, 244
complementarity of the powers of, sinuousness of, 75, 103, 104, 107,
Introd., 27, 28, 54-8, 102-10, 118, 119, 122, 136, 224
116, 119, 122-5, 133, 138-43, social, 145, 147, 166, 279
148-50, 186, 187, 194, 195, 260, in other solar systems, 270
268-71, 280, 284, 362, 364 and evolution of species, 261, 268,
consciousness co-extensive with, 196, 283
271, 284, 383 theory of, and theory of knowledge,
mutual contingency of the orders of xiil, 187, 189, 208
life and matter, 248 unforeseeableness ot, 6, 9, 21, 28, 30,
continuity of, 1-12, 31, 32, 171, 172, 31, 39, 48, 50, 51, 55, 91, 102,
272 stig 173, 194, 236, 262, 358,
as creation, 61, 170, 235, 243, 261, fe)
265, 268, 269 unity of, 263, 282, 285
symbolized by a curve, 32, 95, 96 as a wave flowing over matter, 264,
embryonic, 175 280
INDEX 413
See Impulse of, Organic substance, intelligence, 140, 144-6, 150, 164,
Organism, Organization, Vital 184, 197, 198, 224, 280, 281
impetus, Vital order, Vital prin- language, 166
ciple, Vitalism, Willed order Manacéine (de), 130 xote
Limitations of instinct and of intelli- Manufacture, the aim of intellect, 144,
_ gence, 160 145, 1§2, 160-62, 168-74, 191, 201,
Limitedness of the scope of Galileo’s 202, 210, 264, 314
physics, 378, 391 and organization, 97, 98, 133, 146-50,
of the vital impetus, 133, 134, 149, 158
156, 157, 268 and repetition, 47, 48, 164-6
Linden, Maria von, 120 note See Construction, Solid, Utility
Lingulae illustrating failure to evolve, Many and one, categories inapplicable to
107 Hie; x, 471, 487, 271; 27%, 282
Lizards, colour variation in, 76-8 in the idea of individuality, 272
Locomotion and consciousness, 114, 117, See Multiplicity
121,275. See Mobility, Movement Marin, J., 107 note
Logic and action, ix, 47, 49, 171, 189 Marion, 113 note
formal, 308 Material knowledge, 160
genesis of, xi, xiv, §2, 108, 110, 143, Materialists, 253
202, 203, 317, 379, 387 Mathematical order. See Inert matter,
and geometry, ix, 169, 170, 186, 224 Order
impotent to grasp life, x, 14, 34, 36, Matter. See Inert matter
37, 49-52, 94, 106, 160, 171-4, Maturation as creative evolution, 50,
177, 183, 186-9, 205-12, 217, 218, 243
2255:2 35,228, 235,276,235; 27 1- Maupas, 37 note
§, 280, 284, 330, 375, 381, 386 Measurement a human convention, 230,
natural, 170, 205-6 255
of number, 220 of real time an illusion, 355-9
and physics, 337, 339 Mechanical account of action after the
and time, 4, 292 fact, 50
See Intellect, Intelligence, Under- cause, x, 36, 37, 42, 47, 187, 246,
standing, Mathematical order 247
Logical existence contrasted with psychi- procedure of intellect, 174
cal and physical, 292, 314, 346, invention, 145, 147, 205-6
382 necessity, 50, 227, 228, 230, 249, 265,
categories, x, 51, 206, 207 278, 285, 345
and physical contrasted, 292 Mechanics of transformation, 34
Logik, by Sigwart, 303 nore Mechanism, cerebral, 5, 265, 266, 276,
Aoyos in Plotinus, 222 nore 277,279,387. See Cerebral activity
Looking backward, the attitude of intel- and consciousness
lect, 49, 250 of the eye, 93
Lumbriculus, 14 instinct as, 185-6
of intellect. See Intellect, mechanism
Machinery and intelligence, 148 of
Machines, natural and artificial, 146. and intention, 246. See Automatic
See Implement, Instrument order, Willed order
organisms, for action, 266, 268, 316- life more than, x, xv note, 78-9
I Mechanistic philosophy, xii, xv, 18, 31,
heveuteuae certainty of induction ap- 32, 39, 78, 93-101, 107, 108, 205,
proached as factors approach pure 230, 235, 278, 365, 366, 368, 369,
magnitudes, 227, 228 371, 375» 376, 383
and modern science, 351, 354 Medical philosophers of the eighteenth
Man in evolution, attention, 194 century, 376
brain, 193, 194, 277-9 science, 174
consciousness, 146-50, 190, IQI, 193, Medullary bulb in the development of
195, 197, 198, 202, 224, 277-82 the nervous system, 266
goal, 141, 184, 195, 280, 281, 283, and consciousness, 116
284 Memory, 5;, 18, 23, 22; 176, 177, 190,
habit and invention, 279 1Ol, 25s
414 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
Menopause in illustration of crisis of science compared with ancient, 347-
evolution, 20 55, 361-4, 377
Mental life, unity of, 282 science, Galileo’s influence on, 352,
Metamorphoses of larvae, 147, 154, 353
175 science, Kepler’s influence on, 352
Metaphysics and duration, 291 science, magnitudes the object of, 351,
and epistomology, 187, 189, 195, 208, 354
220 science, time an independent variable
Galileo’s influence on, 22, 241 in, 21, 354
instinctive, 202, 283, 284, 293 Molecules, 264
and intellect, 200 Molluscs, illustrating animal tendency to
and matter, 205 mobility, 136-8
natural, 22, 343 perception in, 199
and science, 185, 205, 209, 220, 364, vision in, 63, 79, 81, 88, 91, 92
374 39% Monads of Leibniz, 371-4
systematic, 201, 202, 204, 206, 251, Monera, 133
283, 284, 367, 393 Monism, 376 |
Metchnikoff, 19 note Moral sciences, weakness of deduction
Method of philosophy, 202 in, 224
Microbes, illustrating divergence of Morat, 130 note
tendency, 123 Morgan, L., 84 note, 85
Microbial colonies, 273 Motion, abstract, 321
Mind, individual, in philosophy, 201 articulations of, 327-8
and intellect, 51, 217 an animal characteristic, 265
knowledge as relative to certain re- and the cinematograph, 321-2
quirements of the mind, 160, 201, continuity of, 327
243 in Descartes, 366
and matter, 199, 212, 213, 214, 217, evolutionary, extensive and qualita-
278, 283, 284, 370, 386-90 tive, 319, 320, 328, 329
See Psychic, Psycho-physiological in general (f.e. abstract), 321
parallelism, Psychology and Phil- indivisibility of, 323, 328, 355,
osophy, ux} 356-7
Minot, Sedgwick, 18 note and instinct, 147, 350-51
Mobility, tendency toward, characterises and intellect, 75, 163, 164, 168, 172,
animals, 115, 116, 119, 136-9, 288, 289, 314, 335, 339s 3475 350,
142, 190 357, 364
and consciousness, 114, 117, 122, 275 organization of, 327-8
and intellect, 163, 170, 172, 316, track laid by motion along its course,
3445 3455 355 325-8, 355, 356
of intelligent signs, 167, 168 See Mobility, Movement
life as tendency toward, 134, 138, Motive principle of evolution: con-
139 sciousness, Ig1-2
in plants, 118, 142 Motor mechanisms, cerebral, 265, 266,
See Motion 277, 279
Mibius, 63 note Moulin-Quignon, quarry of, 144
Model necessary to the constructive work Moussu, 86
of intellect, 173, 186 Movement and animal life, 114, 138,
Modern astronomy compared with 139
ancient science, 353, 354 ascending, 12, 106, 109, I10, 195,
geometry compared with ancient 220, 222, 391... Gee Vital. im-
science, 33, 169, 352 petus
idealism, 244 consciousness and, 117, 124, 152,
philosophy compared with ancient, 219
238-41, 244, 346, 364, 365, 369- descending, 12, 213-15, 219-21, 224,
71, 374, 377 259, 265, 270, 285, 291, 358, 382,
philosophy: parallelism of body and 39%
mind in, 190, 370, 371, 375, 376 goal of, the object of the intellect,
science ; cinematographical character 163, 315-16, 318, 319, 320
of, 347, 348, 355, 360, 361, 365-7 intellect unable to grasp, 330
s
isHat
ot
1
INDEX 415
mutual inversion of cosmic move- cosmic principle, 133, 151, 152, 183-
ments, 133, I51, 152, 183, 186, 4, 186-7, 221, 224, 230, 235-36,
E87, 22%, 224, 229; 230, 235, 249, 258-64, 275, 278, 279, 287,
249, 258-64, 275, 278, 279, 287, 362-3. See Inert matter, Opposi-
362-3 tion of the two ultimate cosmic
life as, 175, 186-7, 268 movements, etc.
and the nervous system, 116, 139, Neo-Darwinism, 58, 59, 90, 91, 178,
141, 190, 276, 277 179
of plants, 115, 142-3 Neo-Lamarckism, 80-81, 89, g1-2, 179
See Mobility, Motion, Locomotion, Neo-vitalism, 44 note
Current, Tendency, Impetus, Im- Nervous system a centre of action,
pulse, Impulsion 115, 136-7, 139, 141-2, 190, 266,
Movements, antagonistic cosmic, 135- 275-7
0, $42, 291,195, 263, 273.. See of the plant, 120
Movement, Mutual inversion of primacy of, 126-7, 133, 265
cosmic Neurone and indetermination, 133
Multiplicity, abstract, 271, 273 New, freedom and the, 12, 172, 173,
distinct, 213, 221, 271. See Inter- 210-11, 230, 243, 252, 262, 285,
penetration 358-61
does not apply to life, x, 171, 187, Newcomen, 194
271, 275, 284 Newton, 354
Mutability, exhaustion of, of the uni- Nitrogen and the function of organisms,
verse, 257, 258 I14, 119, 120, 123, 269
Mutations, sudden, 29, 66, 68-72 vorjaews vonas of Aristotle, 376
theory of, 90-91 Non-existence, See Nought
Nothing. See Nought
Natural geometry, 205-6, 222-4 Nought, conception of the, 288-95,
instrument, 14.8, 152, 158-9 297-9, 305, 306, 308-14, 334,
or innate knowledge, 154, 58-9 345. See Negation, Pseudo-ideas,
logic, 170, 205-6 etc.
metaphysic, 22, 343-4 vovs mointixds of Aristotle, 340
selection, 57, 60, 63, 65-9, 72, 101, Novelty. See New
178, 179 Nucleus, intelligence as the luminous,
Nature, Aristotelian theory of, 142, enveloped by instinct, 186-7
184 in microbial colonies, 273
discord in, 133, 134, 269, 281 intelligence as the solid, bathed by a
facts and relations in, 389 mist of instinct, 203, 204
incoherence in, 110 of Stentor, 274
as inert matter, 170, 230, 231, 241- Number illustrating degrees of reality,
S, 28S, 258, 276,296, 322,> 376, 341-2, 345
380, 388 logic of, 220
as life, 105, 145, 147, 149, 150, 152, Nuptial flight, 153, 154
158, 162, 164, 239, 254, 274, 283, Nutritive elements, fixation of, 113-15,
285, 317-18 120; 123,;259, 206,:267
order of, 238 Nymph (Zool.), 147, 154
as ordered diversity, 244, 246
unity of, 110, 200, 201, 206, 207-10, Object of this book, ix-xv
340, 372-7, 378 of instinct, 153-60, 172, 185-8
Nebula, cosmic, 262, 271 of intellect, 153-60, 161-4, 170-74,
Necessity for creation, vital impetus as, 185, 189,201, 210-21, 290, 263,
265,.275 265, 285, 288, 314-20, 324-5, 328-
and death of individuals, 260 zote 9, 339) 347-8, 374) 379 >
and freedom, 230, 249, 285 internality of subject in, the condition
in Greek philosophy, 344-5 of knowledge of reality, 324-5,
in induction, 227, 228 334-5, 379
and matter, 265, 278 of knowledge, 155, 156-7, 168
Negation, 290, 301-13. See Nought idea of, contrasted with that of uni-
Negative cause of mathematical order, versal interaction, 12, 198, 199,
229. See Inverse relation, etc. 219
416 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
of philosophy as contrasted with object complementarity of intelligence and —
of science, 206-7, 232-3, 238, 239, instinct in the, 149, 158, 191, 194,
252, 264, 285, 288, 313-15, 323- 196
4, 367 complexity of the, 171, 263, 265,
of science, 347, 351-2, 354-5 — 266, 274
Obliteration of outlines in the real, 12, consciousness and the, 117, 152, 189,
198, 199, 219 190, 276, 284
Oenothera Lamarckiana, 67, 90-91 contingency of the actual chemical
Old, growing. See Age nature of the, 269, 271
the, is the object of the intellect, differentiation of parts in, 266, 274.
$72, £73,210, 285 See Organism, complexity of
One and many in the idea of individu- extension of, by artificial instruments,
ality, x, 272. See Unity 148, 170
Ontological argument in Kant, 300 freedom the property of every, 136-7,
Opposition of the two ultimate cosmic 252
movements, 135-6, 185-6, 189, 196, function of, 27, 28, 84, go, 92, 93,
Rit, B14, 251, 261, 268, 273, 276, 99, 112-16, 119, 120, 123, 126,
281. See Inverse relation of the 127, 133, 134, 143, 182-5, 243,
physical and psychical 244, 259, 260, 263, 264, 267, 269,
Orchids, instincts of, 179 270, 273, 284
Order and action, 238-9 function and structure, 58, 65, 66, 73,
complementarity of the two orders, 78, 79s 81, 91, 93-6, 99, 100, 102,
153, 182-3, 233-4. See Order, 125, 139, 147, 148, 166, 171, 263,
Mutual inversion of the two orders 265, 270
mutual contingency of the two orders, generality typified by similarity among
244, 248 organisms, 236, 237, 241, 243
and disorder, 43, 109, 232-4, 238, hive as, 175
244-9, 259 and individuation, x, 13, 14, 16-
mutual inversion of the two orders, 24, 28, 45, 157, 206-7, 238, 241,
196, 212, 213, 218-20, 222, 224, 273, 274, 275, 285
228-30, 231-3, 235, 238-9, 243, mutual interpenetration of organisms,
245, 248, 249, 251, 253, 258-61, 187-8
270, 271, 272, 278, 285, 289, 430, mechanism of the, 32, 98, 99
348-9 philosophy and the, 206-7
mathematical, 161, 220-22, 229-31, unity of the, 186-7
235-8, 243-6, 249, 258, 264, 235, Organization of action, 149, 153, 155,
348-9 158, 191, 194, 195
of nature, 238, 244, 246 of duration, 6, 16, 26, 27
as satisfaction, 234, 235, 289 explosive character of, 97
vital, 100, 173, 235-9, 243, 248, and instinct, 25, 145-53, 1§8, 174-
249, 252, 345-9 6, 181, 182, 183, 186, 203, 204,
willed, 236, 252 278
Organ and function, 93-6, 99, 100, and intellect, 170
139, 147, 148, 166, 170 and manufacture, 97, 98, 100, 101,
Organic destruction and physico - 133-4
chemistry, 238 is the modus vivendi between the an-
substance, 137, 147, 149, 157, 171, tagonistic cosmic currents, 191,
206, 260 note, 269, 281 263, 268
world, cleft between, and the in- of motion, 327
organic, 200, 201, 207, 208-9 and perception, 239
world, harmony of, 53, 54, 108, 109, Originality of the willed order, 236
122, 124, 133-4 Orthogenesis, 73, 91-2
world, instinct the procedure of, 174 Oscillation between association and in-
Organism and action, 130, 131, 183, dividuation, 273,275. See Societies.
266, 268, 316-17 of ether, 317-18
ambiguity of primitive, 104, 118, 119, of instinct and intelligence about a
P22, 436, 537 mean position, 143
association of organisms, 274 of pendulum, illustrating space and
change and the, 317, 318-19 time in ancient philosophy, 336-7
ee
Gyen
a,
——wp
ee
aee
2
|
Sw
Sos
os
Pass
Se
pe
e
INDEX 417
between representation of inner and Phantom ideas and problems, 187, 293,
outer reality, 295 299, 312
of sensible reality in ancient philosophy Philosophical explanation contrasted
about being, 334-5 with scientific explanation, 177
Outlines of perception the plan of action, Philosophy and art, 186-7
5, 12, 13, 99, 198, 199, 216, 218, and biology, 46, 204-6
239, 241, 243, 263,, 316, 323 and experience, 208-9
Oxygen, 120, 267, 269 function of 31, 89, 99, 177, 183, 204-
Fy 209; 282; 283,367
Paleontology, 25-6, 136, 146 history of, 251
Paleozoic era, 107 incompletely conscious of itself, 219,
Parallelism, psycho -physiological, 190, 220
37°, 371, 375, 376 individual mind in, 201
Paralysing instinct in hymenoptera, 147, and intellect, ix-xv
153, 181, 184-5 intellect and intuition in, 251
Parasites, 112, 114, 415, 417-19, of intuition, 186-7, 202-4, 207-8, 293
141-2 method of, 202, 204, 205, 252
Parasitism, 139 object of, 252
Passivity, 235-6 and the organism, 206-7
Past, subsistence of, in present, 5, 21-4, and physics, 205, 220
28, 114, 210-13 and psychology, 204, 206
Peckham, 182 note and science, 185, 207-8, 220, 364, 391
Pecten, illustrating identical structures See Ancient philosophy, Cosmology,
in divergent lines of evolution, 66, Finalism, Mechanistic philosophy,
67,79 Metaphysics, Modern philosophy,
Pedagogical and social nature of nega- Post-Kantian philosophy, Teleology
tion, 303-13 Phonograph illustrating ‘“ unwinding”
Pedagogy and the function of the intel- cause, 77
lect, 174 Phosphorescence, consciousness com-
Penetration, reciprocal, 170. Sce Inter- pared to, 276
penetration Photograph, illustrating the nature of
Perception and action, 5, 12, 13, 99, the intellectual view of reality, 32,
198, 199, 218, 239, 240-41, 316- 321-2
573-3434 Photography, instantaneous, illustrating
and becoming, 186, 320-23 the mechanism of the intellec,
cinematographical character of, 218, 350-51
262, 264, 350 Physical existence, as contr «sted with
cistinctness of, 239, 263 logical, 292, 314, 346, 382
and geometry, 216, 243 laws, their precise form artificial,
in molluscs, 199 230,231, 244, 244
and organization, 239 laws and the negative cosmic move-
prolonged in intellect, 170, 288 ment, 230
reaction in, 278 operations the objec:t of intelligence,
and recollection, 190, 191 185, 263
refracts reality, 216, 251, 380 order, imitation of, by the vital, 243
rhythm of, 316, 317 science, 186-7.’
and science, 177 Physico-chemistry and organic destruc-
Permanence an illusion, 316-17 tion, 238
Peron, 85 and biology, 27, 3.1, 36, 37, 38, 58,
Perrier, Ed., 274 note 76, 78, 103, 204, 375
Personality, absolute reality of, 283 Physics, ancient, “ logic spoiled,” 337,
concentration of, 212, 213 339
and matter, 283, 284 of ancient philosophy, 332, 337, 339,
the object of intuition, 282 375
tension of, 210, 211, 2i2 of Aristotle, 2.40 note, 342 note, 349,
Perthes, Boucher de, 144 St —4
Phaedrus, 164 note and deduction, 225
Phagocytes and external finality, 44 of Galileo, 377, 391
Phagocytosis and growing old, 19 and individuality of bodies, 198, 219
Z2E
418 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
as inverted psychics, 213 Possible activity as a factor in con-
and logic,
337, 339 sciousness, 12, 13, 162, 25%, 262,
and metaphysics, 205, 21g 154, 167, 174, 189, 190, 191, 199,
and mutability, 258 278, 389
success of, 230, 231 existence, 306, 311
Pigment-spot and adaptation, 63, 64, Post-Kantian philosophy, 383, 384
74-6, 81 Potential activity. See Possible activity
and heredity, 88-9 genera, 239
Pinguicula, certain animal characteristics knowledge, 150-55, 158, 175
of, 112 Potentiality, life as an immense, 272,
Plan, motionless, of action the object 284
Of; intellect, 163, 346, 918, zone of, surrounding acts, 189, 190,
3*9 191, 278. See Possible activity
Planets, life in other, 270 Powers of life, complementarity of,
Plants and animals in evolution, 111-46, xil, xill, 27, 28, 54-8, 102-10, 116,
150, 151, 153, 154, 177, 179, 191, 119, 122-4, 125, 133, 138-3,
192, 194, 195, 267, 281 148-50, 186, 187, 194, 195, 260,
complementarity of, to animals, 194, 268, 269, 271, 280, 284, 362, 364
195, 281 Practical nature of perception and its
consciousness of, 115, 117, 119, 126, prolongation in intellect and science,
135-42, 150, E51, 191, 192, 308. xi, 144-8, 158, 204, 207, 208, 218,
See Torpor, Sleep 219, 230, 261, 288, 297, 322, 323,
function of, 113-15, 119, 120, 123, 346, 347
259, 260, 267, 269 Pre-established harmony, 217, 218
function and structure in, 71, 82-3 Present, creation of, by past, 5, 21-4,
individuation in, 13 28, 176, 210-13
instinct in, 179, 180 Prevision. See Foreseeing
and mobility, 114, 115, 117-19, 124, Primacy of nervous system, 126-33, 265
125, 136, 142-3 Primary instinct, 146, 177
parallelism of evolution with animals, Primitive organisms, ambiguous form of,
62-3, 112-14, 122 104, 118, 119, 122, 136, 137
supporters of all life, 286 “Procession” in Alexandrian phil-
variation of, go, gI osophy, 341
Plasma, continuity of germinative, 27, Progress, adaptation and, 107 ff,
44, 33-8 evolutionary, 53, 140, I41, 145, 149,
Plastic- substances, 269 183, 184, 195, 279, 280
Plato, §1, 164, 201, 222 note, 333, 334, Prose and verse, illustrating the two
335. 3.39 342, 341, 345, 349, 366, kinds of orders, 233, 245
399 Protophytes, colonizing of, 273
Platonic ideas;, 51, 332-4, 336, 339, 340, Protoplasm, circulation of, 34, 114
345, 349, 372 and senescence, 19, 20
Plotinus, 222 :2fe, 331-2, 341, 343 nofe, imitation of, 34, 37
369, 372, 3.74 primitive, and the nervous system,
Plurality, confused, of life, 271. See 131, 133
Interpenetrati on of primitive organisms, 104, 114,
Poem, sounds of, distinct to perception ; 115
the sense indivisible to intuition, and the vital principle, 45
221 Protozoa, association of, 273-5
illustrating creation of matter, 253, ageing of, 17
337-8 of ambiguous form, 118
roinTiKos, vous, of Arristotle, 340 and individuation, 15, 273-5
Polymorphism of amts, bees, and wasps, mechanical explanation of movements
147 of, 35
of insect societies, 166 and nervous system, 133
Polyzoism, 274 reproduction of, 15
Positive reality, 220, 2.24. See Reality Pseudo-ideas and problems, 187, 293,
Positivity, materiality’ an inversion or 299, 312
interruption of, 231, 259, 261, Pseudoneuroptera, division of labour
337 among, 147
INDEX 419
Yuxh of Aristotle, 369 obliteration of outlines in the, 12,
of Plotinus, 222 xote 198-9, 219
Psychic activity, two-fold nature of, 143, representation of the, by science, 215
148, 150 Realism, ancient, 244
life, continuity of, 1-12, 31 Realists and idealists alike assume possi-
Psychical existence contrasted with bility of absence of order, 232, 244
logical, 292, 314, 346, 382 Reality, absolute, 209, 241, 242, 283,
nature of life, 271 379, 381
Psychics inverted physics, 212, 213. See as action, 50, 202, 205, 262
Inverse relation of the physical and degrees of, 341, 345
psychical in dogmatic metaphysics, 207
Psychology and deduction, 224 double form of, 189, 228, 243, 249
and the genesis of intellect, 197, 204, as duration, 12, 229, 287
206-7 as flux, 174, 263, 264, 310, 355, 356,
intuitional cosmology as_ reversed, 361, 364
220 and the frames of the intellect, 384-5.
Psycho-physiological parallelism, 190, See Frames of the understanding
379, 371, 3755 376 as freedom, 261
Puberty, illustrating crises in evolution, of genera in ancient philosophy,
20, 349 238-9
is growth, 252
Qualitative, evolutionary and extensive imitation of, by the intellect, 95, 386
becoming, 331 and the intellect, 55, 95, 161, 201,
motion, 319, 320, 328 202, 332, 386
Qualities, acts, forms, the classes of re- intelligible, in ancient philosophy, 334
presentation, 319, 331 knowledge of, 324, 334, 379
bodies as bundles of, 317 and mechanism, 371, 375
coincidence of, 326 as movement, 96, 163, 318, 329
and movements, 316 and not-being, 291, 295, 301
and natural geometry, 223 of the person, 283
superimposition of, in induction, refraction of, through the forms of
228 perception, 216, 251, 380
Quality is change, 316 and science, 204, 206, 208, 209, 215,
in Eleatic philosophy, 331-2 218-20,
374, 377
and quantity in ancient philosophy, sensible, in ancient philosophy, 331,
341-2 334, 339» 345s 346, 372
and quantity in modern philosophy, symbol of, xi, 32, 75, 94, 99, 206-7,
37° 221, 253, 361, 381, 390
and rhythm, 317-18 undefinable conceptually, 14, 51
Quaternary substances, 127-8 unknowable in Kant, 216
Quinton, René, 141 note unknowable in Spencer, xi
views of, 32, 75, 89, 94, 210, 212,
Radius-vector, Heliocentric, in Kepler’s RIS, £36, 2625.07%, 285; 437-29,
laws, 353 328, 331, 350, 361, 371, 372
Rank, evolutionary, 53, 140-42, 183, Reason and life, 7, 8, 51, 170
184, 279 cannot transcend itself, 204
Reaction, réle of, in perception, 239 Reasoning and acting, 203
Ready-made categories, x, xiv, 51, 250, and experience, 215
263, 264, 288, 328, 339, 347, 374 and matter, 216, 220
on matter and life, 7, 8
Real ‘ Lily as distinguished from Recollection, dependence of, on special
possible, 152 circumstances, 176, 190
common sense is continuous ex - in the dream, 213, 219
perience of the, 225 and perception, 190, 191
continuity of the, 318, 347 Recommencing, continual, of the present
dichotomy of the, in modern phil- in the state of relaxation, 212
osophy, 370 Recomposing, decomposing and, the
imitation of the, by intelligence, 95, characteristic powers of intellect,
215, 272, 285, 324, 386 165, 264
ie
_
pee
*
Re
420 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
Record, false comparison of memory Reservoir, organism a, of energy, 121
with, 5 122, 131-2, 258, 260, 267 e
a
Reflection, 167 Rest and motion in Zeno, 324-9
Reflex activity, 116 Retrogression in evolution, 140, 141
compound, 183, 185 Retrospection the function of intellect,
Refraction of the idea through matter of 50, 250
non-being, 334 Reversed psychology: intuitional cos-
of reality through forms of percep- mology, 220
tion, 216, 251, 380 Rhizocephala and animal mobility, 117
Regeneration and individuality, 14, 15 Rhumbler, 35 xote
Register of time, 17, 21, 39 Rhythm of duration, 12, 134, 317, 365-6
Reinke, 44 note intelligence adopts the, of action, 323
Relation, imprint of relations and laws of perception, 316, 317
upon consciousness, 198 and quality, 317
as law, 241, 242-3 scanning the, of the universe the
and thing, 155-60, 165, 168, 169, function of science, 366
197, 213, 372, 377 of science must coincide with that of
Relativism, epistemological, 207, 208, action, 348
243 of the universe untranslatable into
Relativity of immobility, 163 scientific formulae, 356
of the intellect, xi, 51, 160, 161,
206, 208, 209, 231, 288, 323,
197,
381
Rings of arthropods, 139 ja
}%
Ripening, creative evolution as, 50,
of knowledge, 160, 201, 243 359-60
of perception, 239, 241, 316-17 Romanes, 146
Relaxation in the dream state, 213,
and extension, 213, 219, 221,
221
222,
Roule, 28 nore
Roy (Le), Ed., 130 note
;
224, 230, 235, 258 a
and, intellect, 212, 219, 222, 224, Salamandra maculata, vision in, 30 1%
Repetition and generalization, 243, 244 life, 268, 271. See Divergent lines
and fabrication, 47, 48, 164-6 of evolution
and intellect, 165, 210, 226-8 _ Scholasticism, 391
of states, 6, 8, 30, 31, 38, 48, 49 Science and action, 98, 206, 209, 347
in the vital and in the mathematical ancient, and modern, 347-55, 361-4
order, 237, 238, 243, 244 377
Representation and action, ISI, 152, astronomy, ancient and modern, 3535
190 354
classes of : qualities, forms, acts, 319, cartesian geometry and ancient geo-
8 Le metry, 352
and consciousness, 151 cinematographical character of modern,
of motion, 168, 320, 321, 323, 324, 347, 348, 355, 360, 361, 365-7
330, 332, 364 conventionality of a certain aspect of,
of the Nought, 288-95, 297-9, 305- 218
14, 3345 345 } } : and deduction, 224
Represented or internalized action dis- and discontinuity, 171
tinguished from externalized action, function of, 97, 177, 183, 186, 204
152-4, 167, 174 206, 209, 347, 366
Reproduction and individuation, 14, 15 Galileo’s influence on modern, 352,
Resemblance. See Similarity 353
INDEX 421
and instinct, 477, 178, 183, 184, Sensuous manifold, 216, 233, 245, 248,
204-5 249
and intelligence, 185, 186, 204, 205-6 Sentiment, poetic, in illustration of in-
Kepler’s influence on modern, 352 dividuation, 272, 273
and matter, 205, 218, 219 Serkovski, 273 note
modern. See Modern science Serpula, in illustration of identical evolu-
object. of, 206,292, 338, 239,264, tion in divergent lines, 101
285, 288, 313-14, 323, 347, 351, Sexual cells, 15, 27, 28, 85-6
354, 367 Sexuality parallel in plants and animals,
and perception, 177 62-3, 125-6
and philosophy, 185, 207, 220, 364, Shaler, N.S., 140 note, 194. note
39° Sheath, calcareous, in illustration of
physical. See Physics animal tendency to mobility, 137-8
and reality. See Reality and science Signs, function of, 166, 167, 168
and time, 9-13, 21, 354 the instrument of science, 347-8
unity of, 206, 207, 241, 242, 339, Sigwart, 303 xote
3401 304, 367, 308, 3741 378, 380, Silurian epoch, failure of certain species
393 to evolve since, 107
Scientific concepts, 357-8 Similarity among individuals of same
explanation and _ philosophical ex- species the type of generality, 236-
planation, 177 8, 241, 243
formulae, 356 and mechanical causality, 47, 48
geometry, 170, 223 Simultaneity, to measure time is merely
knowledge, 204, 207, 208, 209, 218, to count simultaneities, 9, 355, 356,
219, 230 360
Sclerosis and ageing, 20 Sinuousness of evolution, 75, 103, 107,
Scolia, paralysing instinct in, 181 224
Scope of action indefinitely extended by Sitaris, unconscious knowledge of, 153,
intelligent instruments, 148 154
of Galileo’s physics, 377, 391 Situation and magnitude, problems of,
Scott, 67 note 223
Sea-urchin and individuality, 14 Sketching movements, function of con-
Séailles, 30 note sciousness, 219
Secondary instincts, 146, 177 Sleep, 135-7, 142, 191
Sectioning of becoming in the philosophy Snapshot, in illustration of intellectual
of Ideas, 335 representation of motion, 321, 323,
of matter by perception, 218, 262, 330, 332, 364. See View of reality,
264 Cinematographical character, etc.
Sedgwick, 274 note form defined as a, of transition, 318
Seeing and willing, coincidence of, in in- 334, 335» 339, 364
tuition, 250 Social instinct, 106, 147, 166, 181
Selection, natural, 57, 60, 63, 65, 66, life, 145, 147, 166, 279
68, 69, 72, 101, 178, 179 and pedagogical character of negation,
Self, coincidence of, with, 210 303-1
existence of, means change, 1 ff, Societies, 106, 138, 166, 181, 273
knowledge of, 1 ff. Society and the individual, 274, 279
Senescence, 16-24, 28, 45 Solar energy stored by plants, released
Sensation and space, 213 by animals, 259, 267
Sense-perception. See Perception systems, 254-7, 260 nore, 270, 285
Sensible flux, 334, 335, 339 341, 342, systems, life in other, 270
345, 362, 364 Solid, concepts analogous to solids, ix
intuition and ultra-intellectual, 381 intellect as a solid nucleus, 203, 204
object, apogee of, 362, 364, 369 the material of construction and the
reality, 331, 334, 339» 345, 346, 372 object of the intellect, 161, 162
Sensibility, forms of, 381 169, 170, 174, 264
Sensitive plant, in illustration of mobility Solidarity between brain and conscious-
in plants, 114 ness, 190, 276
Sensori-motor system. See Nervous of the parts of matter, 214, 219, 254
system 285
422 CREATIVE EVOLUTION
Solidification operated by the under- matter in, 386, 388
standing, 262 mind in, 386, 388
o@pua in Aristotle, 369 Spheres, concentric, in Aristotle’s philo-
Somnambulism and consciousness, 151, sophy, 346
152, 167 Sphex, paralysing instinct in, 182-5
Soul and body, 369 Spiders and paralysing hymenoptera, 182
and cell, 283 Spinal cord, 116
creation of, 284 Spinoza, the adequate and the inadequate,
Space and action, 214 373
in ancient philosophy, 335, 336 cause, 293
and concepts, 169, 171, 184, 186, dogmatism, 376, 377
199, 271-3 eternity, 374 Le
AE
270, 273, 284 340 364, 367) 368: 3741 376, 380,
Trigger-action of motor mechanisms,
287 Universal interaction, 198, 19g
Triton, Regeneration in, 80 life, consciousness coextensive with,
Tropism and psychical activity, 37 mote 196, 271, 284
Truth seized in intuition, 336-7 Universe, continuity ot, 365
Descartes’s, 365
Unconscious effort, 179 physical, and the idea of disorder, 246,
instinct, 150, 1§1, 153, 154, 175 290
knowledge, 153-5, 158-9 duration of, 11, 12, 254
Unconsciousness, two kinds of, 1§1 evolution of, 254, 260 note
Undefinable, reality, 14, 51 growth of, 362, 364
Understanding, absoluteness of, 160, 201, movement of, in Aristotle, 341
208, 209, 210 mutability of, 257, 258
and action, ix, xi, 189 as organism, 32, 254
genesis of the, Introd., 52, 200, 219, as realization of plan, 42
271-3, 379, 382 rhythm of, 356, 358, 366
and geometry, ix, xll states of, considered by science, 355,
and innateness of categories, 155, 356
156-7 as unification of physics, 368, 377
and intuition, 49 Unknowable, the, of evolutionism, xi
and life, Introd., 14, 34, 49-52, 94, the, in Kant,'225,.216,.217
106, 155, 156, 160, 171-4, 183, Unmaking, the nature of the process of
$36, £57; 206-82, 225, 242, 235, materiality, 258, 261, 262, 264, 287,
236, 238, 271-3, 275, 280, 284, 362-3
235, 330, 382, 386 Unorganized bodies, 8, 15, 21, 22, 196.
and inert matter, 174, 177, 189, 205, See inert matter
S05, 217, 248,231,375 instruments, 144-6, 148, 158-9
and the ready-made, xiv, 51, 250, matter, cleft between, and the or-
263, 264, 288, 328, 339, 347, 374, ganized, 200, 201, 207, 208-9
379 matter, imitation of the organized by,
and the solid, ix 35-6, 37, 38
INDEX 425
matter and science, 205-6 order, generalization in the, and in the
matter. See inert matter mathematical order contrasted, 237,
Unwinding cause, 77 238, 243
of immutability in Greek philosophy, order, and the geometrical order, 235,
343, 372 237,238,
243, 244, 248, 249, 348-9
Upspringing of invention, 173 order, imitation of physical order
Utility, 5, 158, 160, 163, 167, 168, 177, by vital, 243
197, 206, 261, 314, 347-8 principle, 44, 45, 237, 238
order, repetition in the vital and the
Vanessa levana and Vanessa prorsa, mathematical orders contrasted, 237,
transformation of, 76 _ 238, 243, 244
Variable, time as an independent, 21, Vitalism, 44, 45
4 Void, representation of, 288, 290, 291,
Variation, accidental, 58, 67, 72, 90, 178 293, 297,299,
305, 306, 308, 310,
of colour, in lizards, 76, 78 , 314; 314
by deviation, 87, 88 Voisin, 85
of evolutionary type, 25, 77 note, 138, Volition and cerebral mechanism, 266
145, 176, 178, 181, 278 Voluntary activity, 116, 265
insensible, 66, 72 Vries (De), 11, 26, 66, 67 note, go-g1
interest as cause of, 138
in plants, go, g1 Wasps, instinct in, 147, 181
Vegetable kingdom. See Plants Weapons and intellect, 144
Verb, relation expressed by, 155 Weismann, 27, 83, 85-6
Verbs, substantives and adjectives, 319 Will and caprice, 50
Verse and prose, in illustration of the and cerebral mechanism, 266
two kinds of order, 233, 245 current of, penetrating matter, 250
Vertebrate, ix, 133, 136, 138-41, 149 insertion of, into reality, 322-3
Vibrations, matter analysed into ele- and relaxation, 212, 219
mentary, 212 and mechanism in disorder, 246
Vice, consciousness compressed in a, tension of, 210, 212, 219
18 Willed order, mutual contingency of
icc bei paiens of intuitionism, willed order and mathematical order,
202-4, 207 244-6
of intellectualism, 204, 207, 336-7 unforeseeability in the, 236, 262
View, intellectual, of becoming, 4, 96, Willing, coincidence of seeing and, in
288, 315, 321, 322, 327, 344-5 intuition, 250
intellectual, of matter, 214, 253, 263, Wilson, E.B., 37
267, 269 Wolff, 80 note
Vignon, P., 37 note Words and states, 4, 319
Virtual actions, 13. See Possible action three classes of, corresponding to
geometry, 224 three classes of representation, 319,
Vision of God, in Alexandrian phil- a3
osophy, 340 World, intelligible, 169
in molluscs. See Eye of molluscs, etc. principle: consciousness, 250, 275
in Salamandra maculata, 80 Worms, in illustration of ambiguity of
Vital activity, 141-3, 146, 147, 175- primitive organisms, 136
7, 259, 261
current, 27, 28, 56-8, 85, 90, 92, Yellow-winged sphex, paralysing instinct
93, 102-10, 125-6, 243, 244, 252, in, 182
271, 280, 284
impetus, 53, 56-8, 90, 92, 93, 103-10, Zeno on motion, 325-30
125, 133, 134, 138, 149, 156, 157, Zone of potentialities surrounding acts,
230, 243, 244, 261; 263, 265, 268, 189, 190, 191, 278
275 Zoology, 135-6
order, cause in, 36, 37, 100, 173 Zoospores of algae, in illustration of
order, finality and, 236-7, 238 mobility in plants, 118
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