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6.641 Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Spring 2009

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 6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 12: Electroquasistatic Forces

I. EQS Energy Method of Forces

a) Circuit Point of View

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

q = C ( ξ ) v

dq d dv dC ( ξ )

i= = ⎡⎣C ( ξ ) v ⎤⎦ = C ( ξ ) +v
dt dt dt dt

dv dC dξ

= C (ξ) +v
dt dξ dt

d dv dC dξ
Pin = vi = v ⎡⎣C ( ξ ) v ⎤⎦ = C ( ξ ) v + v2
dt dt dξ dt

d ⎛1 2⎞ 2 dC dξ
= C (ξ) ⎜ 2 v ⎟ + v dξ dt
dt ⎝ ⎠

d ⎡1 2⎤ 1 2 dC dξ
=
dt ⎢ 2 C ( ξ ) v ⎥ + 2 v dξ dt
⎣ ⎦

dW dξ
= + fξ
dt dt
W= energy mechanical power
storage (force × velocity)

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 12

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 1 of 9
 1 1 dC
W= C ( ξ ) v2 , fξ = v2
2 2 dξ

1 q2 dC 1 d ⎛ 1 ⎞
= = − q2 ⎜ ⎟
2 C ( ξ ) dξ
2 2 dξ ⎜⎝ C ( ξ ) ⎟⎠

b) Energy Point of View

dq dWe dξ
vi = v = + fξ
dt dt dt

vdq = dWe + fξ dξ ⇒ dWe = vdq − fξ dξ

∂We ∂We
fξ = − ;v=
∂ξ q= cons tan t
∂q ξ = cons tan t

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

We = − ∫
q=0
fξ dξ + ∫
ξ = cons tan t
vdq

q
v=
C (ξ)

q 1 q2
We = ∫
ξ =cons tan t
C (ξ)
dq =
2 C (ξ)

∂We 1 2 d ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 q2 dC ( ξ )
f=− =− q ⎜ ⎟=
∂ξ q = cons tan t
2 dξ ⎜⎝ C ( ξ ) ⎟⎠ 2 C2 ( ξ ) dξ

1 2 dC ( ξ )
= v
2 dξ

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 12

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 2 of 9
 II. Forces In Capacitors

V0
Ex =
x

+εv
σs = +εEx = (Lower electrode)
x

εvA
q = σs A = εEx A = = C ( x ) v

εA
C (x) =
x

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 12

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 3 of 9
 a) Coulombic force method on upper electrode:
1 1 1 εv2
fx = σsEx A = − εE2x A = − A
2 2 2 x2

1
because E in electrode=0, E outside electrode = Ex
2

Take average

εA

Energy method: C ( x ) =
x

1 2 dC 1 2 d ⎛ 1
⎞ 1 v2εA
fx = v = v εA ⎜ ⎟=−
2 dx 2 dx ⎝ x ⎠ 2 x2

q qx 1 ε A q2 x2 1 q2
v= = ⇒ fx = − =−
C (x) εA 2 x2 ε 2 A 2 2 εA

b)

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

1 1 1 ε A εA
= + ; Ca = 0 , Cb =
C ( ξ ) Ca Cb ξ b

ξ b

= +
ε0 A εA

ε ξ + ε0b

=
ε ε0 A

1
− q2
1 2 d ⎛ 1 ⎞ d 1 q2
f ξ = − q ⎜ ⎟= 2 ( ε ξ + ε b) = −
dξ ⎝⎜ C ( ξ ) ⎠⎟
0
2 ε ε0 A dξ 2 ε0 A

1 2 d 1 d ⎡ ε ε0 A ⎤ 1 v2ε2ε0 A
f ξ = v ( )
C ( ξ ) = v2 ⎢ ⎥=−
dξ ⎣ ε ξ + ε0b ⎦ ( ε ξ + ε0b )
2 dξ 2 2 2

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 12

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 4 of 9
III. Energy Conversion Cycles

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 12

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 5 of 9

∫ vdq = ∫ dW + ∫ f dξ e ξ

∫ vdq = ∫ f dξ ξ

∫ vdq, ∫ f dξ > 0ξ

Electric energy in, mechanical energy out.

∫ vdq, ∫ f dξ < 0ξ

Electric power out, mechanical energy in.

B D
1 1
∫ vdq = ∫ vdq + ∫ vdq = 2 C (0) V C (L ) V 2
2
0 −
2
A C

C ( 0 ) V0 = C (L ) V

1
⎡ C (L ) C ( 0 ) ⎤ 1 ⎡ C (0) ⎤
∫ vdq = C ( 0 ) V02 ⎢1 − ⎥ = C ( 0 ) V2 ⎢1 − ⎥
C (L ) ⎥⎦
0
2 ⎢ C 2 (L ) ⎥ 2 ⎢⎣
⎣ ⎦

⎛ ε0 ⎞
ε A ⎜L + b
C (0) ⎝ ε ⎟⎠
=
C (L ) b (ε A )
0

⎡ ⎛ ε0 ⎞ ⎤

⎢ ⎜L + b ε
1 ⎝ ε ⎟⎠ ⎥⎥
1 ε L
∫ vdq = C ( 0 ) V02 ⎢1 − = − C ( 0 ) V02 < 0 (electric energy out)
2 ⎢ ε0b ⎥ 2 ε0 b
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

∫ fdξ = −f L 0

1 C ( 0 ) V0
2 2
1 q2 1 ⎡ εA ⎤
f0 = + =+ = + C ( 0 ) V02 ⎢ ⎥
2 ε0 A 2 ε0 A 2 ⎣⎢ bε0 A ⎥⎦

1 εL
∫ fdξ = − 2 C (0) V ∫ vdq
2
0 =
ε0b

∫ fdξ < 0 ⇒ mechanical energy out is negative means mechanical energy is put
in

Mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 12

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 6 of 9
IV. Force on a Dielectric Material

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

ε0 (b − ξ ) c εξc
C (ξ) = +
a a

1 2 dC ( ξ )
fξ = v
2 dξ

1 2c
=
2
v
a
( ε − ε0 )

In equilibrium:
Mass density

1 2c
fξ = v
2 a
( ε − ε0 ) = ρ g ξ a c

fluid weight

1 v ( ε − ε0 )
2
ξ=
2 ρga2

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 12

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 7 of 9
 Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

a → α r

1 v ( ε − ε0 )

2
ξ=
2 ρgα2r2

V. Physical Model of Forces on Dielectrics

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

(
f dipole = q ⎡⎢E r + d − E r ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦) ()
() () ()
= q ⎡⎢E r + d i ∇ E r − E r ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦

=q ( i∇ E )
(
= pi∇ E ) Kelvin force

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 12

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 8 of 9
 v
+ ­

-
Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 12

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 9 of 9