Electroquasistatic Forces
Electroquasistatic Forces
Electroquasistatic Forces
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6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 12: Electroquasistatic Forces
q = C ( ξ ) v
dq d dv dC ( ξ )
i= = ⎡⎣C ( ξ ) v ⎤⎦ = C ( ξ ) +v
dt dt dt dt
dv dC dξ
= C (ξ) +v
dt dξ dt
d dv dC dξ
Pin = vi = v ⎡⎣C ( ξ ) v ⎤⎦ = C ( ξ ) v + v2
dt dt dξ dt
d ⎛1 2⎞ 2 dC dξ
= C (ξ) ⎜ 2 v ⎟ + v dξ dt
dt ⎝ ⎠
d ⎡1 2⎤ 1 2 dC dξ
=
dt ⎢ 2 C ( ξ ) v ⎥ + 2 v dξ dt
⎣ ⎦
dW dξ
= + fξ
dt dt
W= energy mechanical power
storage (force × velocity)
1 q2 dC 1 d ⎛ 1 ⎞
= = − q2 ⎜ ⎟
2 C ( ξ ) dξ
2 2 dξ ⎜⎝ C ( ξ ) ⎟⎠
dq dWe dξ
vi = v = + fξ
dt dt dt
∂We ∂We
fξ = − ;v=
∂ξ q= cons tan t
∂q ξ = cons tan t
We = − ∫
q=0
fξ dξ + ∫
ξ = cons tan t
vdq
q
v=
C (ξ)
q 1 q2
We = ∫
ξ =cons tan t
C (ξ)
dq =
2 C (ξ)
∂We 1 2 d ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 q2 dC ( ξ )
f=− =− q ⎜ ⎟=
∂ξ q = cons tan t
2 dξ ⎜⎝ C ( ξ ) ⎟⎠ 2 C2 ( ξ ) dξ
1 2 dC ( ξ )
= v
2 dξ
V0
Ex =
x
+εv
σs = +εEx = (Lower electrode)
x
εvA
q = σs A = εEx A = = C ( x ) v
εA
C (x) =
x
1
because E in electrode=0, E outside electrode = Ex
2
Take average
εA
Energy method: C ( x ) =
x
1 2 dC 1 2 d ⎛ 1
⎞ 1 v2εA
fx = v = v εA ⎜ ⎟=−
2 dx 2 dx ⎝ x ⎠ 2 x2
q qx 1 ε A q2 x2 1 q2
v= = ⇒ fx = − =−
C (x) εA 2 x2 ε 2 A 2 2 εA
b)
1 1 1 ε A εA
= + ; Ca = 0 , Cb =
C ( ξ ) Ca Cb ξ b
ξ b
= +
ε0 A εA
ε ξ + ε0b
=
ε ε0 A
1
− q2
1 2 d ⎛ 1 ⎞ d 1 q2
f ξ = − q ⎜ ⎟= 2 ( ε ξ + ε b) = −
dξ ⎝⎜ C ( ξ ) ⎠⎟
0
2 ε ε0 A dξ 2 ε0 A
1 2 d 1 d ⎡ ε ε0 A ⎤ 1 v2ε2ε0 A
f ξ = v ( )
C ( ξ ) = v2 ⎢ ⎥=−
dξ ⎣ ε ξ + ε0b ⎦ ( ε ξ + ε0b )
2 dξ 2 2 2
∫ vdq = ∫ dW + ∫ f dξ e ξ
∫ vdq = ∫ f dξ ξ
∫ vdq, ∫ f dξ > 0ξ
∫ vdq, ∫ f dξ < 0ξ
B D
1 1
∫ vdq = ∫ vdq + ∫ vdq = 2 C (0) V C (L ) V 2
2
0 −
2
A C
C ( 0 ) V0 = C (L ) V
1
⎡ C (L ) C ( 0 ) ⎤ 1 ⎡ C (0) ⎤
∫ vdq = C ( 0 ) V02 ⎢1 − ⎥ = C ( 0 ) V2 ⎢1 − ⎥
C (L ) ⎥⎦
0
2 ⎢ C 2 (L ) ⎥ 2 ⎢⎣
⎣ ⎦
⎛ ε0 ⎞
ε A ⎜L + b
C (0) ⎝ ε ⎟⎠
=
C (L ) b (ε A )
0
⎡ ⎛ ε0 ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜L + b ε
1 ⎝ ε ⎟⎠ ⎥⎥
1 ε L
∫ vdq = C ( 0 ) V02 ⎢1 − = − C ( 0 ) V02 < 0 (electric energy out)
2 ⎢ ε0b ⎥ 2 ε0 b
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
∫ fdξ = −f L 0
1 C ( 0 ) V0
2 2
1 q2 1 ⎡ εA ⎤
f0 = + =+ = + C ( 0 ) V02 ⎢ ⎥
2 ε0 A 2 ε0 A 2 ⎣⎢ bε0 A ⎥⎦
1 εL
∫ fdξ = − 2 C (0) V ∫ vdq
2
0 =
ε0b
∫ fdξ < 0 ⇒ mechanical energy out is negative means mechanical energy is put
in
ε0 (b − ξ ) c εξc
C (ξ) = +
a a
1 2 dC ( ξ )
fξ = v
2 dξ
1 2c
=
2
v
a
( ε − ε0 )
In equilibrium:
Mass density
1 2c
fξ = v
2 a
( ε − ε0 ) = ρ g ξ a c
fluid weight
1 v ( ε − ε0 )
2
ξ=
2 ρga2
a → α r
1 v ( ε − ε0 )
2
ξ=
2 ρgα2r2
(
f dipole = q ⎡⎢E r + d − E r ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦) ()
() () ()
= q ⎡⎢E r + d i ∇ E r − E r ⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦
=q ( i∇ E )
(
= pi∇ E ) Kelvin force
-
Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.