Homework 2

september 14, 2020

Deven Ridino
 PHYS 301
Homework Set 2
Due Monday, September 14, 2020.
Problem 1 (10 points): Text, problem 2.4
Problem 2 (10 points): Text, problem 2.6
Problem 3 (10 points): Text, problem 2.9
Problem 4 (10 points): Text, problem 2.12
Problem 5 (10 points): Text, problem 2.19
Problem 6 (10 points): Text, problem 2.31
Problem 7 (15 points):
An object is released from rest far above the ground. The object experiences a force due to the
air drag that is proportional to the object's speed f =−bv . In this problem let's define the y-axis to
point down.
(a) Your friend, who is also taking Classical Mechanics, has calculated v y t . He/she knows that
the terminal velocity of the object is 40 m/s, and has found a solution, v y ( t )=40 ( 1−e (−t / 2 ) ),
but isn't confident that it is right. In physics we often want to check our answers by picking
situations where you independently know what the answer should be without using your
formula, and then checking that your proposed formula gives these answers. In this case, you
know v y ( t ) for t = 0 and t → ∞ from your basic understanding of physics. Check your friend's
solution at these two points. How is his/her equation looking so far?
(b) Given that the drag force on this object is f =−bv , the drag force is not very significant for
small times. What is the formula for v y ( t ) in the case of no drag?
(c) Given the above, check your friend's solution by finding an approximation that is valid for
small t. If you find that it is incorrect, can you suggest to your friend what term(s) in the equation
he/she might want to double check?

Problem 8 (25 points):

In your textbook (section 2.4), Taylor solves for the case of a baseball being dropped from a high
tower using quadratic air resistance, f =−c v 2 v^ . Let us look at the case of a ball being shot up at
an initial speed v 0.
(a) Draw a free body diagram for a ball moving vertically upwards, subject to quadratic air drag.
Write down a differential equation for this situation, and solve this differential equation for v(t).
Make a rough sketch of v(t) vs. t, and briefly discuss any key features.
(b) Using your result from the previous part, find an expression for the time it takes to reach the
top of the trajectory. It will look simpler if you write it in terms of terminal velocity, which
2 mg
satisfies v ter= .
c
(c) Download the PhET simulation http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/projectile-motion. On
−1 2
the top right, switch the object to “baseball”. This sim uses quadratic drag: f = c A ρair v ^v
2 0
where c 0 is called the drag-coefficient, A is the cross-sectional area of the object being shot, and
ρair is the density of air = 1.3 kg /m3. (The sim shows you the value of c0 and diameter it has
picked for a baseball, on the right side of the simulation.) Use your formula in part (b) for "time
to top" with these numbers to deduce what numerical initial velocity v0 you need to get the ball to
reach the top of its trajectory at precisely t = 2 sec. Now test it, you can input v0 into the sim and
fire the cannon. Aim the cannon at 90̊ (or 88-89̊ if it is easier to see the trajectory) and switch on
air resistance. The little + and - glasses let you zoom in or out. Does the ball reach the top at t=2
sec? (It should!)
(d) When you fired the ball on the PhET sim, did it take longer for the ball to go from the ground
to the top of the trajectory or from the top of the trajectory to the ground? Explain why this is the
case.
(e) Now let's look at another interesting feature of shooting an object up in the air. Start
increasing the value of v0 in the sim. Double it from what you had before, then increase it by 10,
and then by 100. What is happening to the time to reach the top? Use your formal mathematical
results from above to explain what is happening!
Problem 2.4:

(a)
dm
Prove =ϱAv
dt
dr
=v
dt
dV =A dr
v dt=dr
dV =Avdt
dm
ϱ=
dV
dm
dV =
ϱ
dm
= Avdt
ϱ
dm
=ϱAv
dt
(b)

Prove: f quad =ϱA v 2

dp dm
f= = v
dt dt
dm
=ϱAv
dt
dp
=ϱAv ( v )
dt
dp 2
f quad = =ϱA v
dt
(c)
2
Ns
Prove: γ =0.25 4
m
2
f quad =κϱA v

c¿ γ D2
2
f (quad )=c v =γD
2
A=π r
D
=r
2
2
2 D
r=
4
2
πD
A=
4
2
πD 2 2 2 2
f quad =ϱκ ν =c v =γ D v
4
κϱπ
γ=
4
1 kg
π 1.29 3
4 m Ns
2
γ= =0.25 4
4 m
Problem 2.6

(a)
Prove: v y =¿

(1−e( ))
−t
τ
v y =v ter

m
τ=
b

(1−e m ))
( −bt

v y =v ter

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 4
−bt 1 −bt 1 −bt 1 −bt
1+ + + + …
m 2! m 3! m 4! m

(
v y =v ter 1−1+ ( btm ))
v y =v ter ( btm )
mg
v ter=
b

v y=
mg bt
b m ( )
v y =¿

(b)

( )
Prove: v ter t + ( v y 0−v ter ) τ 1−e ( τ ) = 1 g t 2
−t

(( ))
−bt
m m
v ter t + ( v y 0−v ter ) 1−e
b

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 4
−bt 1 −bt 1 −bt 1 −bt
1+ + + + …
m 2! m 3! m 4! m
 ( ( ( ) ( ) ))
2
m −bt 1 −bt
v ter t + ( v y 0−v ter ) 1− 1+ +
b m 2! m

( ) (( ) ( ) )
2
mg mg m bt 1 bt
t+ 0− −
b b b m 2! m

( )(( ) ( ) )
2 2
mg −m g bt 1 bt
t+ 2
−
b b m 2! m

( )( ) ( )( )
2 2 2
mg m g bt 1 m g bt
t− 2 +
b b m 2 b2 m

mg
b
t−
mg
b
1
( )
t + gt2
2
1 2
gt
2
Problem 2.9

vy
mⅆ v y t −t
Prove: ∫ =∫ −bt ≡v y =v ter +(v y 0−v ter )e τ
v
v
y0
y −v ter 0

mⅆ v y
=−bⅆt
v y −v ter
vy
mⅆ v y t
∫ v −v =∫−bt
v y
y0
ter 0

m ln
( v y −v ter
v y0 −v ter)=−bt

ln
( v y −v ter
v y 0−v ter)=
−bt
m
−bt
v y −v ter
=e m
v y 0−v ter
−bt
m
v y −v ter =(v y 0−v ter )e
−bt
m
v y =v ter +(v y 0−v ter )e

m
τ=
b
−t
τ
v y =v ter +(v y 0−v ter )e
Problem 2.12

dv
v̇=
dt
dv dx
¿
dt dx
dv dx
¿
dx dt
dv
v̇=v
dx
2
1 ⅆv
¿
2 ⅆx

2
1 dv ⃗( )
∴m =F x
2 dx

mⅆ ⃗v 2=2 ⃗
F ( x ) ⅆx
v x

∫ ⅆ v = m2 ∫ F ( x ) ⅆ x '
2
'

ν0 x 0

Left side
v
v 2|v ¿ v 2−v 20
0

Together
 x
2
v =v + ∫ ⃗
F(x )ⅆ x
2 2 ' '
0
mx 0

Given form
Right side
F ( x−x 0 )

2 2 2
v =v 0 + F ( x−x 0 )
m
1
m ( v −v 0 ) =F ( x−x 0 )
2 2
2
1 2
mΔ v =FΔx
2
This is basically the equation for Kinetic energy and work. With Left side being kinetic energy
and right side is work.
Problem 2.19

(a)
x (t )=v x t 0

1 2
y (t )=v y t− g t
2 0

x (t )
t=
vx 0

( ) ( )
2
x (t ) 1 x ( t )
y ( t ) =v y 0 − g
vx 0 2 v x0

vy
( )
2
1 x
y= x− g
0

vx 0 2 vx0

(b)

( )
v y 0+ v ter x
y= x + v ter τ ln 1−
vx 0
vx 0 τ

x
When no air drag τ → ∞ and =0
v x0 τ

[ ( ) ( ) ]
2 3
x
1 x 1 x
− ++ …
v x 0 τ 2 vx 0 τ 3 vx 0 τ

( ) ( )
2
x x 1 x
ln 1− ≈− +
v x 0τ v x0 τ 2 vx 0 τ

( ( ))
v y + v ter −x 1 x
2
y= 0
x + v ter τ −
vx 0
v x0 τ 2 v x 0 τ
2
vy0 v ter v ter 1 v ter x
x+ x− x−
vx 0 v x0 vx 0 2 v 2x 0 τ

( )
vy 1 gτ x
2
0
−
vx 0
2 τ v 2x0
Problem 2.31

(a)
' 2
m v =mg−c v

v ter=
√ mg
c
m=.6 kg
m
g=9.8 2
s
2
c=γ D
2
Ns
γ =0.25 4
m

v ter=
√ mg
γ D2

√ ( ms )
( .6 kg ) 9.8 2

v ter= v

( )
2
Ns
0.25 4 ( 0.24 m )
m

m
v ter=20.2
S
(b)
2

[ ( )]
v t ⅇr
y= ln cosh ¿
g v ter

[ ( )]
yg
=ln cosh ¿
2
v tⅇr v ter
yg

ⅇ =cosh ¿
(v )
v ter

ter

( )( vg )¿
yg
2
( v ter ) ter
−¿ 1 ⅇ
t=chos h
 [ ( )
]( )
M m
( 30 m ) 9 . 8 2 9.8 2
−1 s s
t=cosh
( 20.2 ) m
2
m

ⅇ s 2O . 2
s

t=2.78 s

v=v ter tanh

( v¿ ) te r

(
( )
9.8 )( 278 s )
m
2
m s
20.2 tanh
s m
20.2
s

m
v=17.65
S
1 2
Δy =v y t + g t
2 0

t vac =
√ 2y
g

√
2 ( 30 m )
t vac =
m
9.8 2
s
t vac =2.47 s

v 2y =v 2y + ( 2 gΔy )
0

v y vac =√ 2 gΔ y

v y vac = 2 9.8
√( m
s2 )
(30 m )

m
v y v =24.2
ac
s
Problem 7:
An object is released from rest far above the ground. The object experiences a force due to the
air drag that is proportional to the object's speed f =−bv . In this problem let's define the y-axis to
point down.
(a) Your friend, who is also taking Classical Mechanics, has calculated v y t . He/she knows that
the terminal velocity of the object is 40 m/s, and has found a solution, v y ( t )=40 ( 1−e (−t / 2 ) ), but
isn't confident that it is right. In physics we often want to check our answers by picking
situations where you independently know what the answer should be without using your formula,
and then checking that your proposed formula gives these answers. In this case, you know v y ( t )
for t = 0 and t → ∞ from your basic understanding of physics. Check your friend's solution at
these two points. How is his/her equation looking so far?
(b) Given that the drag force on this object is f =−bv , the drag force is not very significant for
small times. What is the formula for v y ( t ) in the case of no drag?
(c) Given the above, check your friend's solution by finding an approximation that is valid for
small t. If you find that it is incorrect, can you suggest to your friend what term(s) in the equation
he/she might want to double check?
(a)

v ( t )=40 ( 1−ⅇ )
( )
−t
2
y

For the case where t = 0

v ( 0 )=40 (1−ⅇ )
( )−0
2

v ( 0 )=40 ( 1−1 )=0

This makes scense since the object would most likely be released from rest at t = 0
For the case where t=∞

(
v ( ∞ ) =40 1−ⅇ
(−∞2 ))
v ( ∞ ) =40 ( 1−0 )=0
m
This a great check for the equation since this confirms that v ter=40
S
(b)
2
⃗ ⅆ y
F =m =mg−bv
ⅆt2
Because there is no drag force −bv=0

ⅆ2 y
m =mg
ⅆt2
ⅆ2 y
=g
ⅆ t2
ⅆv
=g
ⅆt
ⅆv =gⅆt

∫ ⅆν =∫ gⅆt
v+C=¿+C
C=0 since the added constant would be the drag force with is assumed to be 0 for this case.
⃗v =⃗g t
(c)

v ( t )=40 ( 1−ⅇ )
( ) −t
2
y

First I’m just going to take the tailor series of ⅇ( 2 )

−t

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 4
−t 1 −t 1 −t 1 −t
1+ + + + …
2 2! 2 3! 2 4! 2

( 2 ))
(
v y ( t )=40 1− 1+
−t

v ( t )=40 (1−1+ )
t
y
2

v ( t )=40 ( )
t
y
2
Problem 8:
In your textbook (section 2.4), Taylor solves for the case of a baseball being dropped from a high
tower using quadratic air resistance, f =−c v 2 v^ . Let us look at the case of a ball being shot up at
an initial speed v 0.
(a) Draw a free body diagram for a ball moving vertically upwards, subject to quadratic air drag.
Write down a differential equation for this situation, and solve this differential equation for v(t).
Make a rough sketch of v(t) vs. t, and briefly discuss any key features.
(b) Using your result from the previous part, find an expression for the time it takes to reach the
top of the trajectory. It will look simpler if you write it in terms of terminal velocity, which
2 mg
satisfies v ter= .
c
(c) Download the PhET simulation http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/projectile-motion. On
−1 2
the top right, switch the object to “baseball”. This sim uses quadratic drag: f = c A ρair v ^v
2 0
where c 0 is called the drag-coefficient, A is the cross-sectional area of the object being shot, and
ρair is the density of air = 1.3 kg /m3. (The sim shows you the value of c0 and diameter it has
picked for a baseball, on the right side of the simulation.) Use your formula in part (b) for "time
to top" with these numbers to deduce what numerical initial velocity v0 you need to get the ball to
reach the top of its trajectory at precisely t = 2 sec. Now test it, you can input v0 into the sim and
fire the cannon. Aim the cannon at 90̊ (or 88-89̊ if it is easier to see the trajectory) and switch on
air resistance. The little + and - glasses let you zoom in or out. Does the ball reach the top at t=2
sec? (It should!)
(d) When you fired the ball on the PhET sim, did it take longer for the ball to go from the ground
to the top of the trajectory or from the top of the trajectory to the ground? Explain why this is the
case.
(e) Now let's look at another interesting feature of shooting an object up in the air. Start
increasing the value of v0 in the sim. Double it from what you had before, then increase it by 10,
and then by 100. What is happening to the time to reach the top? Use your formal mathematical
results from above to explain what is happening!
(a)

⃗
F

−c v
2
m ⃗g

2
⃗ ⅆ y 2
F =m 2
=mg−c v
ⅆt
Type equation here .