Flashcards - Topic 2 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table - Edexcel IAL Chemistry A-Level

Edexcel IAL Chemistry
A-Level
Topic 2 - Atomic Structure and the
Periodic Table
Flashcards
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What are the three subatomic particles in
an atom?
What are the three subatomic particles in an atom?
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Describe the structure of an atom
Describe the structure of an atom
- A small central nucleus made up of

protons and neutrons (positively charged)
- Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells
(negatively charged)
Where is the mass of the atom
concentrated?
Where is the mass of the atom concentrated?
In the nucleus
What are the relative masses of a
proton, neutron and electron?
What are the relative masses of a proton, neutron
and electron?
Proton: 1
Neutron: 1
Electron: 1/1836
What are the relative charges of a
proton, neutron and electron?
What are the relative charges of a proton, neutron
and electron?
Proton: +1
Neutron: 0
Electron: -1
What does the atomic number tell you
about an element?
What does the atomic number tell you about an
element?
The atomic number is unique to each
element and tells you the number of
protons an element has.
What is the mass number?
What is the mass number?
The combined total of the number of

protons and neutrons in an atom of an
element.
What are isotopes?
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with the

same number of protons but a different
number of neutrons.
How does the atomic number and mass
number differ between isotopes of the
same element?
How does the atomic number and mass number
differ between isotopes of the same element?
Atomic number is the same as an element
always has the same number of protons.
Mass number is different as there are
different numbers of neutrons.
Why do atoms contain equal numbers of
protons and electrons?
Why do atoms contain equal numbers of protons and
electrons?
Atoms have a stable overall charge of 0.
Protons are positively charged and electrons are
negatively charged so they must be present in
equal numbers for charges to balance.
How can you calculate the number of
neutrons, given the mass number and
atomic number of an element?
How can you calculate the number of neutrons,
given the mass number and atomic number of an
element?
Number of neutrons =
mass number - atomic number
Boron has the atomic number 5 and
mass number 11. How many protons,
electrons and neutrons does boron
have?
Boron has the atomic number 5 and mass number
11. How many protons, electrons and neutrons does
boron have?
5 protons
5 electrons
6 neutrons
Sodium has the atomic number 11 and
mass number 23. How many protons,
+
electrons and neutrons does the Na ion
have?
Sodium has the atomic number 11 and mass number
23. How many protons, electrons and neutrons does
the Na+ ion have?
11 protons
10 electrons (one has been lost to form the positive
ion)
12 neutrons
Use the graph to calculate the relative
atomic mass of this substance
Use the graph to calculate the relative atomic mass
of this substance
[(79.2 x 17) + (80.1 x 83)]

÷ 100
= 79.95 g mol-1
How can you use a mass spectrum to
deduce the relative molecular mass of a
sample of a compound?
How can you use a mass spectrum to deduce the
relative molecular mass of a sample of a compound?
The peak with the highest m/z value (the

molecular ion peak, M+) is caused by the
whole molecule, therefore that m/z value
= molecular mass.
‘Ions in a mass spectrometer can have a
2+ charge’
True or False?
‘Ions in a mass spectrometer can have a 2+ charge’
True or False?
TRUE
Ions in a mass spectrometer can have a
2+ charge, but the 1+ charge is more
common.
35
Chlorine has two possible isotopes, Cl
with a 75% abundance and Cl37 with a
25% abundance. Predict what the mass
spectrum would look like for the diatomic
molecule
Chlorine has two possible isotopes, Cl35 with a 75%
abundance and Cl37 with a 25% abundance. Predict
what the mass spectrum would look like for the
diatomic molecule
Possible combinations of the Cl2+ :
● 35+35=70
● 35+37=72
● 37+37=74
The 70:72:74 is in the ratio 9:6:1.

Some fragmentation occurs so there are also peaks at m/z 35 and 37.
What is first ionisation energy?
What is first ionisation energy?
First ionisation energy is the energy

required to remove one electron from
from one mole of gaseous atoms to form
one mole of gaseous ions.
What is second ionisation energy?
What is second ionisation energy?
Second ionisation energy is the energy

required to remove one electron from
from one mole of gaseous 1+ ions to
form one mole of gaseous 2+ ions.
Is ionisation energy exothermic or
endothermic?
Is ionisation energy exothermic or endothermic?
Endothermic
What factors influence ionisation
energy?
What factors influence ionisation energy?
● The number of protons in the nucleus

● The subshell from which the electron
is removed
● Electron shielding
How do successive ionisation energies
tell you which group an element belongs
to?
How do successive ionisation energies tell you which
group an element belongs to?
A large increase between two different successive ionisation
energies i.e. between 7th and 8th ionisation energy suggests
the 8th electron is being taken from a new, full, stable shell
(and hence this requires more energy to remove).
There is therefore 7 electrons in its outer shell so the element

belongs to group 7.
What does first ionisation energy of
successive elements provide evidence
for?
What does first ionisation energy of successive
elements provide evidence for?
Electron subshells.
What do s and p orbitals look like?
What do s and p orbitals look like?
s-orbital p-orbital
What is an orbital?
What is an orbital?
The space in which up to two electrons

with opposite spins are likely to be found.
What is a subshell?
What is a subshell?
A division of electron shells separated by

orbitals.
Subshells are called s, p, d, and f.
What rules do electrons follow when
filling up orbitals?
What rules do electrons follow when filling up
orbitals?
● Electrons always enter the lowest energy
orbital available
● Electrons prefer to occupy orbitals on their
own and will only pair up if there is no
empty orbital of the same energy available
How many orbitals (and therefore the
maximum number of electrons) are there
in each type of subshell?
How many orbitals (and therefore the maximum
number of electrons) are there in each type of
subshell?
● s-subshell: 1 orbital (2 electrons)
● p-subshell: 3 orbitals (6 electrons)
● d-subshell: 5 orbitals (10 electrons)
● f-subshell: 7 orbitals (14 electrons)
What subshells do the shells from 1-4
contain?
What subshells do the shells from 1-4 contain?
Shell Subshell(s) Total number of electrons
present (if full)
1 s 2
2 s, p 8
3 s, p, d 18
4 s, p, d, f 32
Why are the 4s orbitals generally filled
before the 3p orbitals?
Why are the 4s orbitals generally filled before the 3p
orbitals?
The 4s orbitals are at a lower energy

level so they are filled first.
What is the electron configuration of
calcium?
What is the electron configuration of calcium?
A calcium atom has 20 electrons.
What is box notation? How do you write
the electron configuration of calcium in
box notation?
What is box notation? How do you write the electron
configuration of calcium in box notation?
Each arrow is an electron:
Which two elements in the periodic table
are exceptions to the rule that the 4s
orbital is filled before the 3p orbital?
Which two elements in the periodic table are
exceptions to the rule that the 4s orbital is filled
before the 3p orbital?
Chromium and copper. The 4s orbital only fills with one
electron as this gives them a more stable configuration in the
3d orbital.
Chromium: [Ar]4s13d5
Copper: [Ar]4s13d10
What determines the chemical properties
of an element?
What determines the chemical properties of an
element?
Electron configuration
How is the periodic table divided up, in
terms of subshells?
How is the periodic table divided up, in terms of
subshells?
● Into s, p, d and f
blocks.
● The block denotes
the subshell the
elements’ valence
electrons are in.
Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0
What is a periodic property?
What is a periodic property?
Recurring trends in physical and

chemical characteristics across a period.
What is the general trend in first
ionisation energy across Period 2 and
Period 3?
What is the general trend in first ionisation energy
across Period 2 and Period 3?
As you go along the period first

ionisation energy increases.
Explain the reason for the drop in
ionisation energy between nitrogen and
oxygen
Explain the reason for the drop in ionisation energy
between nitrogen and oxygen
The electron being removed from oxygen is
removed from an electron pair so is removed
more easily due to repulsion between the two
electrons.
Explain the reason behind the drop in
ionisation energy between magnesium
and aluminium
Explain the reason behind the drop in ionisation
energy between magnesium and aluminium
The electron being removed from aluminium is in the 3p
orbital rather than 3s. The 3p orbital is at a slightly higher
energy level and the electron is found further from the
nucleus. Aluminium has a lower ionisation energy as the
electron is less attracted to the nucleus due to the increased
distance and shielding from the 3s orbital.
Why does first ionisation energy increase
across a period?
Why does first ionisation energy increase across a
period?
- Nuclear charge increases
- Atomic radius decreases
- Shielding remains the same
Explain the trend in ionisation energy
down a group in the periodic table
Explain the trend in ionisation energy down a group
in the periodic table
Ionisation energy decreases down the group. This is
because the amount of shielding increases along
with atomic radius, so the outer electron is attracted
more weakly to the nucleus, making it easier to
remove.

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Edexcel IAL Chemistry

- A small central nucleus made up of

The combined total of the number of

Atoms of the same element with the

[(79.2 x 17) + (80.1 x 83)]

The peak with the highest m/z value (the

The 70:72:74 is in the ratio 9:6:1.

First ionisation energy is the energy

Second ionisation energy is the energy

● The number of protons in the nucleus

There is therefore 7 electrons in its outer shell so the element

The space in which up to two electrons

A division of electron shells separated by

The 4s orbitals are at a lower energy

A calcium atom has 20 electrons.

Each arrow is an electron:

Recurring trends in physical and

As you go along the period first

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