Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 7 views

    Basic Statistics

    Uploaded by

    Chandrani Basu
    This document discusses key concepts in basic statistics including: 1. Measures of central tendency such as the mean, median, quartiles, and percentiles are introduced to summarize data. 2. Moments including raw moments and central moments are defined to characterize the shape of a distribution. Variance and standard deviation are central moments. 3. Correlation between two variables is measured using the correlation coefficient and regression lines are used to model the relationship between variables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Basic Statistics

    Uploaded by

    Chandrani Basu
    7 views4 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in basic statistics including: 1. Measures of central tendency such as the mean, median, quartiles, and percentiles are introduced to summarize data. 2. Moments including raw moments and central moments are defined to characterize the shape of a distribution. Variance and standard deviation are central moments. 3. Correlation between two variables is measured using the correlation coefficient and regression lines are used to model the relationship between variables.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses key concepts in basic statistics including: 1. Measures of central tendency such as the mean, median, quartiles, and percentiles are introduced to summarize data. 2. Moments including raw moments and central moments are defined to characterize the shape of a distribution. Variance and standard deviation are central moments. 3. Correlation between two variables is measured using the correlation coefficient and regression lines are used to model the relationship between variables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    7 views4 pages

    Basic Statistics

    Uploaded by

    Chandrani Basu
    This document discusses key concepts in basic statistics including: 1. Measures of central tendency such as the mean, median, quartiles, and percentiles are introduced to summarize data. 2. Moments including raw moments and central moments are defined to characterize the shape of a distribution. Variance and standard deviation are central moments. 3. Correlation between two variables is measured using the correlation coefficient and regression lines are used to model the relationship between variables.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Basic Statistics

    Moments and Central Tendencies and Correlation

    1. If are the n observations, then Mean: .

    2. For Discrete series: .

    3. Median: It is the value of the variable which divides the series into two equal parts, one part
    containing values less and the other part having values greater than the median.

    4. Steps to calculate the median of an ungrouped data:

    a) Arrange the observations in ascending order.

    b) If the no. of observation n is odd, .

    c) If the no. of observation n is even,

    5. For grouped frequency distribution:


    a) Prepare ‘less than’ cumulative frequency distribution.

    b) Find , where n is the total frequency.

    c) Find the median class, i.e. the class in which lies.

    d) where,

    = lower limit of the median class,


    = frequency of median class,
    = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class,
    = class interval of median class.

    6. Quartiles: They are the values of the variable which divide the given data into four equal parts.

    where,

    = lower limit of the ith quartile,


    = frequency of Qi,
    = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the Qi class,
    = class interval of Qi class.
    7. Percentiles: They are the values of the variable which divide the given data into hundred equal
    parts.

    where,

    = lower limit of the kth percentile,


    = frequency of Pk,
    = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the Pk class,
    = class interval of Pk class.

    8. Semi-Inter-quartile range = , coefficient of quartile deviation = .

    9. where,

    = lower limit of the modal class,


    = frequency of modal class,
    = frequency of the class preceding the modal class,
    = frequency of the class following the modal class.
    10. Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean.

    11. Moments about an arbitrary point (Raw Moments):


    The rth moment, r being a non-negative integer, of a random variable X about any arbitrary point
    is usually denoted by and is defined as

    a) For , .

    b) For ,

    c) For ,

    d) For ,

    e) For ,

    12. Moments about the Mean (Central Moments):


    The rth moment of a random variable X about mean is usually denoted by and is defined

    as

    a) For , .
    b) For ,

    c) For , This is the Variance of the data and denoted

    by . Standard Deviation = .

    d) For ,

    e) For ,

    f) Beta-coefficients to measure skewness and kurtosis:

    g) Gamma coefficients are:

    h) Coefficient of skewness: It measures the extent to which the distribution is distorted


    from the symmetrical distribution.

    Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of skewness = .

    This coefficient is dimensionless and is zero for a symmetrical distribution. It lies


    between -3 and 3.
    i) The relative flatness of the top of distribution curve is called ‘Kurtosis’or Convexity of
    curve. Curves with less than 3 are called Platykurtic, while value of greater than 3
    are called Leptokurtic. If is equal to 3, the curve is called Mesokurtic.

    13. Correlation:
    a) Correlation coefficient

    b) Regression line of Y on X : .

    c) Regression line of X on Y : .

    d) .

    e) The two regression lines intersect at the point .

    You might also like