Data Presentation-Print

Data may be presented in various ways namely :
Data • textual
• graphical
Presentation • tabular
Pie charts Tabular presentation is the use of tables, one

of which is the frequency distribution table.
After the data have been gathered, they have to
Bar graph/charts
be put into a form that will make them easier to
handle and to interpret.
The Ogive Graph / Cumulative Frequency Polygon How to draw an ogive graph?
Example: Draw an ogive graph based on the provided table below.
An ogive (oh-jive), sometimes called a
cumulative frequency polygon, is a graphical
representation that shows the cumulative
frequency of a dataset. It helps visualize how
many data points are equal to or below a
certain value in the dataset. An ogive graph
plots cumulative frequency on the 𝑦-axis and
class boundaries along the 𝑥-axis.
Guides in Forming an Ogive graph
1.) Set up a Cumulative Relative FDT or Cumulative FDT from the data. Relative frequency is the proportion of each
2.) Make a relative frequency and a cumulative frequency columns. frequency to the total frequency. The formula of
3.) Create a cumulative relative frequency column.
4.) Draw a Cartesian 𝑥 & 𝑦 plane with percent cumulative relative frequency on relative frequency is, RF = . The relative frequency
the 𝑦-axis (from 0 to 100%, or as a decimal, 0 to 1). Mark the 𝑥-axis with the maybe expressed in decimal or in percentage,
class limits/boundaries.
5.) Plot the points. Note: Each point should be plotted on the upper limit of the %RF = x 100.
class boundary.
6.) Connect the dots with straight lines.
Cumulative frequency, is a concept in statistics that provides a

Relative frequency distribution table is a
running total of frequencies in a dataset. It helps to understand the
tabular arrangement of data showing the cumulative or overall distribution of values up to a certain point.of
each score is its frequency plus the sum of the frequencies below or
proportion of each frequency to the total
above it.
frequency. The relative frequency maybe NOTE: If the data are arranged in descending order, the total
frequency should be taken downwards, but if the data are arranged in
expressed in decimal or in percentage.
ascending order, the total frequency should be taken upwards
Frequency Distribution Table for Ungrouped Data

A frequency distribution table for ungrouped data is a
way to organize and summarize individual values or raw
data points in a dataset. It helps to understand how often
each unique value occurs and provides a clear summary
of the distribution of the data.
Frequency Distribution Table for Ungrouped Data
Frequency Distribution Table for Grouped Data is a
Example: The following are the scores of 20 midshipmen
way to organize and summarize a dataset that has
in Math NGEC4 COA-1 of 35 points. Create an FDT based
on the given data below. been grouped into intervals or classes. It provides a
structured presentation of how the values are
30, 35, 28, 26, 32, 32, 29, 32, 33, 31, 28, 29, 29, 32, 33, distributed across these intervals.
29, 29, 27, 31, 31
The range is a measure of the spread or dispersion of a set Finding the Number of Class Intervals for a frequency distribution
of Grouped Data
of values in a dataset. Specifically, it represents the To determine the number of class intervals, Daniel(1999) cited the
difference between the maximum and minimum values in Sturges’ rule (1926) as a guide in the matter of deciding how
many class intervals are needed.
the dataset. Mathematically, the range (R) is calculated The Sturges' rule :
using the following formula: k = 1 + 3.322(log N)
Where:
Range = Maximum Value − Minimum Value k = represents the number of class intervals
N = the number of values or observations in the data set.
Class interval refers to the range of values that The class width, also known as the class size, in a
frequency distribution table for grouped data is the
is covered by each group or category. The class
range or width of each interval or class. It represents
interval is typically expressed in the form
the difference between the upper and lower class
(Lower Class Limit, Upper Class Limit)
limits of each interval.
Class limits are the actual lower and upper values that define the Guides in constructing the class limits of an FDT for grouped data
boundaries of a class interval. 1.) Solve for its range.
Range = Maximum value – Minimum value
Class boundaries are the values that separate one class interval from
the next. They are calculated by taking the average of the upper limit 2.) Find the number of classes or class intervals.
of one class interval and the lower limit of the next. If not given in the problem, use k = 1 + 3.322(log N)
Formula: 3.) Determine its class width.

Class Boundary = (Upper Limit of Previous Interval + Lower Limit of Class width = Range/No. of class intervals
(round off to the nearest higher value whenever necessary)
Next Interval) / 2
Example: Plant scientists developed different varieties of corns

that have a rich content of lysine which is a nutritious animal Practice item:
feed. A group of chicks were given this food to test the quality. Instruction: From the data given, answer the
Weight gains in grams of these chicks after 21 days are as
question about frequency distribution table.
recorded: 380, 321, 366, 356, 349, 337, 399, 384, 410, 329, 350,
340, 324, 396, 412, 420, 382, 318, 344, 438. By constructing a Write your answer on a clean sheet of paper.
frequency distribution table for 7 classes, find the class interval in
which the weight increase is maximum.
With the given data of learner’s grades in the 3rd quarter period, Answer:
construct a frequency distribution table using 6 classes with Class Frequency Cumulative Relative Cumulative
relative frequency, cumulative relative frequency and cumulative Interval frequency Frequency relative
frequency columns. frequency
91 90 80 73 88 81 72 93 91 97 95 – 99 3 60 0.05 0.99999 ≈ 1
92 88 90 80 87 93 97 91 87 93 90 – 94 21 57 0.35 0.94999
92 91 83 88 76 85 90 85 90 71 85 – 89 14 36 0.23333 0.59999
80 – 84 14 22 0.23333 0.36666
84 83 80 82 72 89 92 88 98 94
75 – 79 3 8 0.05 0.13333
83 70 93 79 88 91 82 77 83 86
70 – 74 5 5 0.08333 0.08333
87 86 84 93 80 90 92 86 83 91 N = 60

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Data may be presented in various ways namely :

Pie charts Tabular presentation is the use of tables, one

Cumulative frequency, is a concept in statistics that provides a

Frequency Distribution Table for Ungrouped Data

Formula: 3.) Determine its class width.

Example: Plant scientists developed different varieties of corns

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