Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]

2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]

AC quantity: An AC quantity is defined  An e.m.f. is induced into the rotating
as the one which changes its value as well conductors and current flows through
as direction (polarity) with respect to the external resistance R.
time as shown in fig. below.

DC quantity: A dc quantity is defined as

the one which changes its value with
respect to time, but direction (polarity)
remains same as shown in fig. below. The magnitude of induced emf is given
as,

𝑬 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Where B = Flux density in the air gap, l =

length of each conductor, v = velocity of
Advantages of AC: The advantage of the conductor, θ = angle makes by the
using AC quantity over DC quantity. coil with the horizontal.

 It is possible to use a transformer on ac. The above equation can be written as,
 Distribution efficiency is high. 𝑬 = 𝑬𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝑬𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕
 Generation is easy.
Here ω is the angular speed and t is time.
 Design of ac machines is easy.
The graphical representation of induced
 Installation is less costly.
emf is shown in fig. below.
Generation of Sinusoidal (AC) Voltage
Waveform:
The operation of an ac generator based
on the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction.
It states that “Whenever a conductor is
moves in a magnetic field, the flux linking
to that conductor changes, and an e.m.f. 2𝜋
The radian frequency, ω = 2πf = ,
gets induced in the conductor.” 𝑇
Where f is the frequency and T is time
The generator in figure consists of a
period.
permanent magnet with two poles N and
𝟐𝝅
S, and a single turn rectangular coil. 𝑬 = 𝑬𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒕 = 𝑬𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
𝑻
 The coil rotates around its axis in
Some terminology:
anticlockwise direction.
 Due to rotation the conductor A and b  Instantaneous value: The value of the
cut the magnetic lines of flux produced alternating quantity at any instant is
by permanent magnet. called the instantaneous value.

BEEE [Unit-2] 1
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
 Maximum or Peak value: The (i) Write down the equation for the
maximum value attained by the instantaneous value.
alternating quantity in a cycle is called (ii) Reckoning time from the instant the
maximum value or peak value. current is zero and becoming positive,
 Alternation or cycle: When a periodic find the instantaneous value after 1/360
wave goes through one complete set of second.
positive and negative values. It is said (iii) Time taken to reach 96 A for the first
have completed one cycle. time.

Sol. Max. value of current, im = 120A &

Frequency, f = 60 Hz.
(i) The instantaneous value of current is
given by; i = im sin ωt
i = im sin 2πft
 Time period: The time taken by an i = 120 sin 2π. 60. t
alternating quantity to complete one i = 120 sin 120πt
cycle is known as time-period and is (ii) When t = 1/360 second,
denoted by T. 1
i = 120 sin 120π. ( )
 Frequency: The number of cycle 360
π
completed per second by an i = 120 sin ( ) = 103.92A
3
alternating quantity is known as
(iii) The current becomes 96A for the
frequency f. the frequency is expressed
first time after t second.
in hertz (Hz). 96 = 120 sin 120πt
96
Q.1: An alternating current i is given by ; sin 120πt = = 0.8
120
i = 141.4 sin 314t 120πt = 0.927
Find (i) the maximum value (ii) t = 0.00246s = 2.46ms
frequency (iii) time-period and (iv) the
instantaneous value when t is 3 ms. Average value of an alternating
quantity:
Sol. Comparing the given equation of The average value Iav of any alternating
with the standard form 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡, current is that steady state current,
(i) Maximum value, Im = 141·4 A which transfers across any circuit the
(ii) Frequency, f = w/2p = 314/2p = 50 same charge as is transferred by that
Hz alternating current during the same
(iii) Time period, T = 1/f = 1/50 = 0·02 s time.
(iv) When 𝑡 = 3𝑚𝑠 = 3 × 10−3 𝑠𝑒𝑐,
𝑖 = 141.4 sin(314 × 3 × 10−3 ) Mathematically, Average value of any
= 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟓 𝑨 alternating quantity waveform can be
given by,
Q.2: An alternating current of frequency 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝑰𝒂𝒗 =
60 Hz has a maximum value of 120 A. 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞

BEEE [Unit-2] 2
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
In the case of symmetrical waveform (i.e.
whose two half cycle are exactly similar)
the average value over a complete cycle
is zero. Hence for symmetrical waveform
the average value is defined for half cycle
as,
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐟 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝑰𝒂𝒗 =
𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐟 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞
Root mean square (rms) value
of an alternating quantity: The average value is defined for half
The rms value Irms of any alternating cycle only and is given as,
current is that steady state Current, Area of half cycle
𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
which when flowing through a circuit for base of half cycle
a given time produces the same amount π π
∫0 i(t) dωt ∫0 𝑖m sin ωt dωt
of heat as produced by alternating 𝐼𝑎𝑣 = =
π π
current when flowing through the same π
𝑖m ∫0 sin ωt dωt
circuit and for same time. 𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
π
Mathematically, RMS value of any 𝑖m (cos π − cos 0)
alternating quantity waveform can be 𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
π
given by, 𝟐𝒊𝐦
𝑰𝒂𝒗 =
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝛑
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐟 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞
=√ The RMS value is given as,
𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐟 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐞
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
Area of half cycle of squared wave
Peak Factor: The peak factor KP of an =√
base of half cycle
alternating quantity is the ratio of
maximum value to the rms value. π
∫0 𝑖2 (t) dωt
Maximum value Im 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =√
𝑲𝒑 = π
Rms value Irms
π
∫ 𝑖2𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ωt dωt
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =√ 0
Form Factor: The Form factor KF of π
an alternating quantity is the ratio of π
rms value to the average value. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ωt dωt
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑖m √ 0
Rms value Irms π
𝑲𝒇 =
Average value Iav π
∫ (1 − cos 2ωt) dωt
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑖m √ 0
2π
Average Value, RMS Value, Form
Factor & Peak Factor of Sinusoidal (π − 0) − (0 − 0)
Current: The instantaneous equation of 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑖m √
2π
the waveform can be given as, 𝒊𝐦
i (t) = 𝑖m sin ωt 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
√𝟐

BEEE [Unit-2] 3
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
The Peak factor is defined as, The RMS value is given as,
Maximum value im 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐾𝑃 =
Rms value Irms
Area of half cycle of squared wave
𝑖m =√
𝐾𝑃 = 𝑖 = √2 base of half cycle
m
√2 2π
𝑲𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒 ∫ 𝑖2 (t) dωt
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =√ 0
The Form factor is defined as, 2π
Rms value Irms π 2 2π
𝐾𝐹 = ∫ 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ωt dωt + ∫π 0 dωt
Average value Iav 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =√ 0
2π
𝑖m
𝜋 π
𝐾𝐹 = √2 = √
∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ωt dωt
2𝑖m 2√2 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑖m
𝜋 2π
𝑲𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 π
∫ (1 − cos 2ωt) dωt
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑖m √ 0
4π
Average Value, RMS Value, Form
Factor & Peak Factor of Half wave (π − 0) − (0 − 0)
rectified alternating Current: The 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑖m √
4π
instantaneous equation of the waveform 𝒊𝐦
can be given as, 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝟐
𝑖 sin ωt 0 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝜋
i (t) = { m
0 𝜋 < 𝜔𝑡 < 2𝜋
The Peak factor is defined as,
Maximum value im
𝐾𝑃 =
Rms value Irms
𝑖m
𝐾𝑃 = 𝑖
m
2
𝑲𝒑 = 𝟐
The Form factor is defined as,
The average value is defined for one Rms value Irms
𝐾𝐹 =
cycle only and is given as, Average value Iav
Area of one cycle 𝑖m
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 𝜋
base of one cycle 𝐾𝐹 = 𝑖2 =
2π
m 2
∫0 i(t) dωt 𝜋
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 𝑲𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕
π
π 2π
∫0 𝑖m sin ωt dωt + ∫π 0 dωt
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = Q.3: Determine (i) the average value (ii)
2π
π
𝑖m ∫0 sin ωt dωt r.m.s. value of triangular wave. Also find
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = the form factor and peak factor.
2π
𝑖m (cos π − cos 0) Sol: Consider a triangular current wave
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = of maximum value im as shown in fig.
2π
𝒊𝐦 below.
𝑰𝒂𝒗 =
𝛑

BEEE [Unit-2] 4
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
The Peak factor is defined as,
Maximum value im
𝐾𝑃 =
Rms value Irms
𝑖m
𝐾𝑃 = 𝑖
m
√3
𝑲𝒑 = √𝟑
The Form factor is defined as,
Rms value Irms
The area under curve from 0 to 𝜋 is equal 𝐾𝐹 =
Average value Iav
to the are under curve from 𝜋 to 2𝜋. Hence 𝑖m
the average value may be calculated by 2
𝐾𝐹 = √3
𝑖m
=
considering half cycle. √3
2
The instantaneous value of current is
𝑲𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟓
given by,
𝒊𝒎 𝒊𝒎
𝒊(𝒕) =
𝝅
𝜽=
𝝅
ωt 0 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝜋 Phasor Representation of
The average value is defined for one Sinusoidal Quantities:
cycle only and is given as,  Phase of a quantity: Phase of a
Area of half cycle particular value of an alternating
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = quantity is the fractional part of time
base of half cycle
π period or cycle through which the
∫0 i(t) dωt quantity has advanced from the
𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
π selected zero position of reference.
π 𝑖𝑚
∫0 𝜋 ωt dωt 𝑖𝑚 π
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = 2 ∫ ωt dωt  Phase difference: when two
π 𝜋 0 alternating quantities of the same
2
𝑖𝑚 𝜋 − 0 frequency have different zero points,
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 2 [ ] they are said to have a phase
𝜋 2
𝒊𝐦 difference.
𝑰𝒂𝒗 = In the following waveforms voltage
𝟐
and current have phase difference ϕ.
The RMS value is given as,
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
Area of half cycle of squared wave
=√
base of half cycle

2
π 𝑖𝑚
∫
√0 𝜋( ωt) dωt
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
π
π  Phasor: A sinusoidal alternating
𝑖𝑚 √∫0 (ωt)2 dωt 𝑖𝑚 π3 − 0 voltage or current can be represented
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = √
𝜋 π 𝜋 3π by a vector of definite length rotating
𝒊𝐦 in anticlockwise direction at a
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = constant angular velocity (w), Such a
√𝟑
rotating vector is called a phasor.

BEEE [Unit-2] 5
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
The length of the phasor is taken equal
to the maximum value (on a suitable
scale) of the alternating quantity and
angular velocity equal to the angular
velocity of the alternating quantity. As
we shall see presently, this phasor (i.e.
rotating line) will generate a sine
wave. The difference between phases of two
alternating quantity is called the phase
difference φ i.e.
𝜙 = 𝜙2 − 𝜙1

Mathematical representation of
Phasor: If a quantity is given by the
Hence the projection of the phasor
equation,
OP on the Y-axis at any instant gives
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
the value of current at that instant.
Thus, when θ = 90o, the projection on This quantity can mathematically
Y-axis is OP (=Im) itself. represented in two ways as polar and
rectangular form.
 If any quantity is given by E = Em sinωt,
then the phasor of this quantity is on
the reference line,

 If the quantity is E = Em sin(ωt + φ), (i)Polar form: In polar form the phasor
then the phasor of this quantity will is represented as r∠θ, where r is the
lead from reference line, magnitude and θ is the angle with
respect to x axis. Hence
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 ∠ θ
(ii)Rectangular form: In this form,
phasor is divided into x & y component
 If the quantity is E = Em sin(ωt - φ),
i.e. real and imaginary component
then the phasor of this quantity will
(X+jY), Here X = Im cos φ and Y = Im sin φ.
lag from reference line,
So,
I = Im cos φ + j Im sin φ

Analysis of AC Series Circuit:

1. Purely Resistive Circuit
Consider two alternating quantity, 2. Purely Inductive Circuit
𝐸1 = 𝐸𝑚1 sin(ωt + 𝜙1 ) 3. Purely Capacitive Circuit
𝐸2 = 𝐸𝑚2 sin(ωt + 𝜙2 ) 4. Series RL Circuit
The phasor diagram of these quantities 5. Series RC Circuit
are shown in fig. below. 6. Series RLC Circuit

BEEE [Unit-2] 6
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚
AC analysis of purely resistive Pav = av. of – 𝑎𝑣. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜔𝑡
2 2
circuit: The second term is a sinusoidal function
Consider a simple circuit consisting of a so average value for the second term will
resistor of resistance R, connected to an be zero over a period.
AC source as shown in fig. 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = = .
2 √2 √2
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝑉𝐼
Here V & I are the rms values of voltage
& current.

Let voltage source is, AC analysis of purely inductive

𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 circuit:
According to ohm’s law, Consider a simple circuit consisting of a
𝑣(𝑡) inductor of inductance L, connected to an
𝑖(𝑡) =
𝑅 AC source as shown in fig.
𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) =
𝑅
𝑣𝑚
𝑖(𝑡) = sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑅
𝑣
Let 𝑖𝑚 = 𝑅𝑚, maximum current.
Hence
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 Let voltage source is,
Here the phase difference between 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
voltage and current ϕ = 0. i.e. the current When an alternating current i flows
in purely resistive circuit are in phase through the inductor L, its sets up an
with voltage. alternating magnetic field around
inductor due to this an emf gets induced
in the coil, which oppose the applied
Power Factor: It is the cosine of phase voltage.
difference between voltage and current. The self-induced emf e is given by,
𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜙 = cos 0 = 1 𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
𝑒(𝑡) = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
Power: Power in purely resistive circuit if this voltage opposes the applied
is given by, voltage v, therefore
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡). 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑣(𝑡) = −𝑒(𝑡)
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑖𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐿
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 sin2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 − cos 2𝜔𝑡 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 [ ] 𝑑𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡
2 𝐿
𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 𝑣𝑚
𝑝(𝑡) = − cos 2𝜔𝑡 ∫ 𝑑𝑖(𝑡) = ∫ sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 2 𝐿
Now Average Power, 𝑣𝑚 (− cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝑖(𝑡) =
𝐿 𝜔

BEEE [Unit-2] 7
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
𝑣𝑚 Consider a simple circuit consisting of a
𝑖(𝑡) = − cos 𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝐿 capacitor of capacitance C, connected to
𝑣𝑚 𝑜
𝑖(𝑡) = sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90 ) an AC source as shown in fig.
𝜔𝐿
Here,
𝑋𝐿 ≜ 𝜔𝐿 (inductive reactance )
𝑣𝑚
𝑖(𝑡) = sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90𝑜 )
𝑋𝐿
𝑣
Let 𝑖𝑚 = 𝑋𝑚, maximum current.
𝐿
Let voltage source is,
Hence
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90𝑜 )
The alternating current flows through
Here the phase difference between
the capacitor charges the capacitor. The
voltage and current 𝛟 = 𝟗𝟎𝒐 . i.e. the
instantaneous charge on Capacitor,
current in purely resistive circuit lags
𝑞(𝑡) = 𝐶. 𝑣(𝑡)
behind the applied voltage by 90𝑜 .
𝑞(𝑡) = 𝐶. 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
Now current is the rate of change of
charge,
𝑑
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑞(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
Power Factor: It is the cosine of phase 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐶. 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
difference between voltage and current. 𝑑
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐶. 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜙 = cos 90𝑜 = 0 (𝑙𝑎𝑔) 𝑑𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐶. 𝑣𝑚 (𝜔. cos 𝜔𝑡)
Power: Power in purely inductive circuit 𝑣𝑚
𝑖(𝑡) = cos 𝜔𝑡
is given by, 1/𝜔𝐶
𝑣𝑚
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡). 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑖(𝑡) = sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90𝑜 )
1/𝜔𝐶
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑖𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90𝑜 )
Here,
𝑝(𝑡) = −𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚
1
𝑋𝐶 ≜ (capacitive reactance )
𝑝(𝑡) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡 𝜔𝐶
2 𝑣𝑚
Now Average Power, 𝑖(𝑡) = sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90𝑜 )
𝑋𝐶
𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 𝑣
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝐴𝑣. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡 Let 𝑖𝑚 = 𝑋𝑚, maximum current.
2 𝐶
The average value for the sinusoidal Hence
function will be zero over a period. 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90𝑜 )
Hence, Here the phase difference between
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 0 voltage and current 𝛟 = 𝟗𝟎𝒐 .
i.e. a pure inductor never consumes
power. It is an energy storing element.

AC analysis of purely capacitive

circuit:

BEEE [Unit-2] 8
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
i.e. the current in purely resistive circuit Let the rms value voltage is V.
leads behind the applied voltage by 90 . 𝑜
Circuit draws a current of I (rms), then,
Voltage across the resister,
Power Factor: It is the cosine of phase 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
difference between voltage and current. Voltage across the Inductor,
𝑜
𝑝𝑓 = cos 𝜙 = cos 90 = 0 (𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑) 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿
Where VR & VL are the rms values of
Power: Power in purely capacitive voltage drop.
circuit is given by,  To draw the phasor current should be
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡). 𝑖(𝑡) taken as reference phasor.
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑖𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90 )𝑜
 Voltage VR will be in phase with
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 current.
𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚  Voltage VL will lead the current by
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡
2 angle 90O.
Now Average Power,
𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝐴𝑣. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡
2
The average value for the sinusoidal
function will be zero over a period.
Hence,
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 0
Now from the circuit, the resultant
i.e. a pure capacitor never consumes
voltage,
power. It is an energy storing element.
𝑉̅ = ̅̅̅
𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉̅𝐿
Magnitude of Voltage is ,
AC analysis of Series RL circuit:
Consider a series circuit consisting of a 𝑉 = √𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝐿2
pure resistor R in series with pure
𝑉 = √(𝐼𝑅)2 + (𝐼𝑋𝐿 )2
inductor L, connected to an ac source as
shown in fig. 𝑉 = 𝐼√𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝑉 = 𝐼. 𝑍
Here,
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 (impedance of series RL
circuit)
The angle between net voltage V and
current I is called phase angle of the
circuit.

BEEE [Unit-2] 9
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
The triangle OAB is called voltage 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)
𝑝= −
triangle. From this triangle, 2 2
𝑉𝐿 In the above expression, the second term
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑉𝑅 is a time dependent sinusoidal function,
𝐼𝑋𝐿 for which the average value over a period
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝐼𝑅 will be zero.
𝑿 𝑳 Therefore, Average Power,
𝜙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝑹 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑃𝑎𝑣 =
2
Power Factor: From the voltage 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚
𝑝𝑎𝑣 = . . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
triangle, √2 √2
𝑉𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 =
𝑉 𝑷𝒂𝒗 = 𝑽. 𝑰. 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 watts
𝐼𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 = If in the voltage triangle we multiply each
𝐼𝑍 quantity by current, it became power
𝑹
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 = triangle as shown in fig. below.
𝒁
If in voltage triangle all the three-
quantity divided by current I, then it
became impedance triangle.

In this power triangle,

(i) Apparent Power: The total power

Power: In the phasor diagram, if voltage that appears to be transferred between
is taken as reference i.e. the source and load is called apparent
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 power. It is equal to the product of
then the current lag the voltage by an applied voltage (V) and circuit current (I)
angle of ϕ. So, 𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 (Unit: VA)
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)
Therefore power, 𝑝 = 𝑣. 𝑖 (ii) Active Power or True Power: The
𝑝 = [𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡]. [ 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)] power which is actually consumed in the
circuit is called true power or active
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 . [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)] power.
𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 (Unit: Watt)
1
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 [ {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)}
2 (iii) Reactive Power: The component of
− {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)}] apparent power which is neither
consumed nor does any useful work in
the circuit is called reactive power.
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙) −𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 [ ] 𝑄 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ф (Unit: VAR)
2

BEEE [Unit-2] 10
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
Q-factor of a Coil: The ratio of the AC analysis of Series RC circuit:
inductive reactance (XL) of a coil to its Consider a series circuit consisting of a
resistance (R) at a given frequency is pure resistor R in series with a capacitor
known as Q-factor of the coil at that C, connected to an ac source as shown in
frequency. fig.
𝑋𝐿 𝜔𝐿
𝑄= =
𝑅 𝑅
Q.4: A coil having a resistance of 7Ω and
an inductance of 31·8 mH is connected to
230 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate,
(i) circuit current
(ii) phase angle
(iii) power factor
(iv) power consumed and
(v) voltage across resistor & inductor.
Sol:
(i) Inductive reactance,
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 31.8 × 10−3 = 𝟏𝟎𝛀
Impedance of coil, Let the rms value voltage is V.
Circuit draws a current of I (rms), then,
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 Voltage across the resister,
𝑍 = √72 + 102 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝛀 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
Circuit current, Voltage across the capacitor,
𝑉 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶
𝐼=
𝑍 Where VR & VC are the rms values of
230
𝐼= = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝑨 voltage drop.
12.2
(ii) Phase angle,  To draw the phasor current should be
𝑋𝐿 taken as reference phasor.
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅  Voltage VR will be in phase with
10 current.
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝟓𝟓𝒐
7  Voltage VC will lag behind the current
(iii) Power Factor, by angle 90O.
𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 =
𝑍
7
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟑 (𝒍𝒂𝒈)
12.2
(iv) Power consumed,
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑃 = 230 × 18.85 × 0.573 = 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟒𝑾
Now from the circuit, the resultant
voltage,
(v) Voltage across Inductor,
𝑉̅ = ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅
𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉 𝐶
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿 = 18.85 × 10 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝑽
Magnitude of Voltage is ,
Voltage across Resistor,
𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 = 18.85 × 7 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝑽 𝑉 = √𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝐶2

BEEE [Unit-2] 11
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
𝑉 = √(𝐼𝑅)2 + (𝐼𝑋𝐶 )2 𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
Therefore power, 𝑝 = 𝑣. 𝑖
𝑉 = 𝐼√𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2 𝑝 = [𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡]. [ 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)]
𝑉 = 𝐼. 𝑍
Here, 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 . [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)]
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2 (impedance of series RC
1
circuit) 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 [ {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙)}
2
The angle between net voltage V and
current I is called phase angle of the − {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)}]
circuit.
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙) −𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 [ ]
2
𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝑝= −
2 2
The triangle OAB is called voltage In the above expression, the second term
triangle. From this triangle, is a time dependent sinusoidal function,
𝑉𝐶 for which the average value over a period
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑉𝑅 will be zero.
𝐼𝑋 𝐶 Therefore, Average Power,
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣𝑚 . 𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝐼𝑅
𝑿𝑪 𝑃𝑎𝑣 =
2
𝜙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚
𝑹
𝑝𝑎𝑣 = . . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
√2 √2
Power Factor: From the voltage
triangle, 𝑷𝒂𝒗 = 𝑽. 𝑰. 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 watts
𝑉𝑅 If in the voltage triangle we multiply each
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 =
𝑉 quantity by current, it became power
𝐼𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 = triangle as shown in fig. below.
𝐼𝑍
𝑹
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 =
𝒁
If in voltage triangle all the three-
quantity divided by current I, then it
became impedance triangle.
In this power triangle,

(i) Apparent Power: The total power

that appears to be transferred between
Power: In the phasor diagram, if voltage the source and load is called apparent
is taken as reference i.e. power. It is equal to the product of
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 applied voltage (V) and circuit current (I)
then the current lead the voltage by an 𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 (Unit: VA)
angle of ϕ. So,

BEEE [Unit-2] 12
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
(ii) Active Power or True Power: The 30
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 = = 𝟎. 𝟔 (𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅)
power which is actually consumed in the 50
circuit is called true power or active (v) Power consumed,
power. 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 (Unit: Watt) 𝑃 = 100 × 2 × 0.6 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑾

(iii) Reactive Power: The component of (vi) Voltage across Capacitor,

apparent power which is neither 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶 = 2 × 40 = 𝟖𝟎𝑽
consumed nor does any useful work in Voltage across Resistor,
the circuit is called reactive power. 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 = 2 × 30 = 𝟔𝟎𝑽
𝑄 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ф (Unit: VAR)
AC analysis of Series RLC
Q.5: A capacitor of capacitance 79·5µF is circuit:
connected in series with a non-inductive
Consider a series circuit consisting of a
resistance of 30Ω across 100 V, 50 Hz
supply. Find pure resistor R in series with a capacitor
(i) impedance C, connected to an ac source as shown in
(ii) current fig.
(iii) phase angle
(iv) power factor
(v) power consumed and
(vi) voltage across resistor & capacitor.
Sol:
(i) Capacitive reactance,
1 1
𝑋𝐶 = =
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1 Let the rms value voltage is V.
𝑋𝐶 = = 𝟒𝟎𝛀 Circuit draws a current of I (rms), then,
2𝜋 × 50 × 79.5 × 10−6
Impedance, Voltage across the resister,
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶2 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
Voltage across the Inductor,
𝑍 = √302 + 402 = 𝟓𝟎𝛀 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿
(ii) Circuit current, Voltage across the capacitor,
𝑉
𝐼= 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶
𝑍
100 Where VR, VL & VC are the rms values of
𝐼= = 𝟐𝑨 voltage drop.
50
(ii) Phase angle,  To draw the phasor current should be
𝑋𝐶
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 taken as reference phasor.
𝑅  Voltage VR will be in phase with
40
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝟓𝟑𝒐 current.
30
(iii) Power Factor,  Voltage VL will lead from the current
𝑅 by angle 90O.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 =  Voltage VC will lag behind the current
𝑍
by angle 90O.

BEEE [Unit-2] 13
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑉𝑅
𝐼𝑋𝐿 − 𝐼𝑋𝐶
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝐼𝑅
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
𝜙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝑹

Power Factor: From the voltage

triangle,
𝑉𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 =
Now from the circuit, the resultant 𝑉
𝐼𝑅
voltage, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 =
𝐼𝑍
𝑉̅ = ̅̅̅
𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉̅𝐿 + 𝑉
̅̅̅𝐶 𝑹
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 =
𝒁
Case-I: If Inductive reactance XL is Case-II: If Inductive reactance XL is less
greater than capacitive reactance XC. i.e. than capacitive reactance XC. i.e.
𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝐿
Hence, Hence,
𝑉𝐿 > 𝑉𝐶 𝑉𝐶 > 𝑉𝐿
The phasor diagram in this case became
as shown in fig

Magnitude of Voltage is ,

𝑉 = √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐿 )2
Magnitude of Voltage is ,
𝑉 = √(𝐼𝑅)2 + (𝐼𝑋𝐶 − 𝐼𝑋𝐿 )2
𝑉 = √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 )2
𝑉 = 𝐼√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 )2
𝑉 = √(𝐼𝑅)2 + (𝐼𝑋𝐿 − 𝐼𝑋𝐶 )2 𝑉 = 𝐼. 𝑍
𝑉 = 𝐼√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 Here,
𝑉 = 𝐼. 𝑍 𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 )2 (impedance of
Here, series RLC circuit, if 𝑋𝐶 > 𝑋𝐿 )
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 (impedance of 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑉𝐿
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
series RLC circuit, if 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶 ) 𝑉𝑅
The angle between net voltage V and 𝐼𝑋𝐶 − 𝐼𝑋𝐿
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
current I is called phase angle of the 𝐼𝑅
𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿
circuit. 𝜙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝑹

BEEE [Unit-2] 14
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
Case-III: If Inductive reactance XL is Sol:
equal to capacitive reactance XC. i.e. (i) Inductive reactance,
𝑋𝐶 = 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.06 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝛀
Hence,
Capacitive reactance,
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐿 1 1
𝑋𝐶 = =
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 = = 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝛀
2𝜋 × 50 × 6.8 × 10−6
Impedance,
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑍 = √2.52 + (18.85 − 468)2 = 𝟒𝟒𝟗. 𝟐𝛀
(ii) Circuit current,
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑍
Magnitude of Voltage is , 230
𝐼= = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝑨
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 449.2
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 (ii) Phase angle,
𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍 𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅
Here, 468 − 18.85
𝑍 = 𝑅 (impedance of series RLC circuit, if 𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟔𝟔𝒐
2.5
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 ) (iii) Power Factor,
𝑜
𝜙=0 𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 =
𝑍
(i) Apparent Power: 2.5
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟕 (𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅)
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 (Unit: VA) 449.2
(v) Power consumed,
(ii) Active Power or True Power: 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
𝑃 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 (Unit: Watt) 𝑃 = 230 × 0.512 × 0.00557 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝑾

(iii) Reactive Power: Analysis of AC Parallel Circuit:

𝑄 = 𝑉. 𝐼. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ф (Unit: VAR) In parallel circuit the impedance are
connected in parallel across the
alternating Supply.
Q.5: 230 V, 50 Hz a.c. supply is applied to There are three methods to solve the ac
a coil of 0.06 H inductance and 2.5 Ω parallel circuit.
resistance connected in series with a
6·8µF capacitor. Calculate, (i) Phasor diagram method
(i) impedance (ii) Equivalent impedance method
(ii) current (iii) Equivalent admittance method
(iii) phase angle
(iv) power factor and (i)Phasor diagram method:
(v) power consumed. In parallel circuit the voltage remains
constant and is taken on the reference

BEEE [Unit-2] 15
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
axis, and the circuit current is the vector The net current I will be the vector sum
sum of branch current as shown in fig. of I1 and I2.
below. Method:1 Resolve the vectors I1 & I2
𝑰̅ = 𝑰̅𝟏 + 𝑰̅𝟐 along horizontal & vertical axes.
𝐼𝐻 = 𝐼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙1 + 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2
&
𝐼𝑉 = 𝐼1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙1 − 𝐼2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙2
The magnitude of I will be,

𝐼 = √𝐼𝐻2 + 𝐼𝑉2

= √(𝐼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙1 + 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2 )2 + (𝐼1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙1 − 𝐼2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙2 )2

For Branch-I (RC branch):
Impedance, The phase angle of the resultant current,
𝑍1 = 𝑅1 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶 𝐼𝑉
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
|𝑍1 | = √(𝑅1 )2 + (𝑋𝐶 )2 𝐼𝐻
𝐼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙1 + 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2
Current, 𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑉 𝐼1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙1 − 𝐼2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙2
𝐼1 =
𝑍1
Method:2 The Resultant current &
Phase angle,
𝑋𝑐 their phase can also be calculated by
𝜙1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 using phasor algebra as follows.
𝑅1
It is a capacitive circuit & current I1 leads Current in branch 1 & 2 are given as,
the applied voltage V by an angle ϕ1. 𝐼1 = |𝐼1 |∠𝜙1
For Branch-II (RL branch): &
Impedance, 𝐼2 = |𝐼2 |∠ − 𝜙2
𝑍2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 Total current,
𝐼 ̅ = 𝐼̅1 + 𝐼̅2
|𝑍2 | = √(𝑅2 )2 + (𝑋𝐿 )2 ̅𝐼 = |𝐼1 |∠𝜙 + |𝐼2 |∠ − 𝜙
1 2
Current,
To add the above function, convert both
𝑉
𝐼2 = current in rectangular form and after
𝑍2
adding convert the result in Polar form.
Phase angle,
𝑰̅ = |𝐈|  𝚽
𝑋𝐿
𝜙2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 Here |I| is the magnitude of the net
𝑅2
current and Φ is the phase angle of the
It is an inductive circuit &current I2 lags
circuit.
behind the voltage V by an angle ϕ2.

Q.6: A capacitor of 50 µF is connected in

parallel with a coil that has a resistance
of 20Ω and inductance of 0·05H. If this
parallel combination is connected across
200V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (i) the
current (ii) power factor and (iii) power
consumed.

BEEE [Unit-2] 16
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]

(ii)Equivalent impedance The line current is equal to the applied

voltage divided by the equivalent
method:
impedance. Consider several
In this method, we find the equivalent or
impedances connected in parallel as
total impedance of the parallel circuit.
shown in fig. below.

BEEE [Unit-2] 17
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]

Admittance of branch 1,
1 1
𝑌1 = =
𝑍1 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿

where ZT is the total or equivalent

impedance of the parallel circuit.
Now total current,
𝑽
𝑰=
𝒁𝑻
Note that Here each impedance is in Similarly, Impedance of branch2,
𝑍2 = 𝑅2 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶
complex form and takes care of
Admittance of branch 1,
magnitude as well as impedance angle.
1 1
𝑌2 = =
𝑍2 𝑅2 − 𝑗𝑋𝐶
Therefore, all algebraic operations (e.g.
Now, Equivalent admittance of the
addition, division, subtraction etc.) must
circuit is,
be in complex form.
𝒀𝑻 = 𝒀𝟏 + 𝒀𝟐
The resultant current
No attempt should be made to carry out
𝐈 = 𝐕. 𝒀𝑻
these operations arithmetically.

Note: Just as impedance has two

(iii)Equivalent admittance component, resister R and reactance X.
method: Similarly, the admittance has two
The admittance of an a.c. circuit is Component, conductance G and
defined as the reciprocal of its susceptance B respectively.
impedance i.e. i.e.
𝟏 𝑌 = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐵
𝒀=
𝒁
The unit of admittance is siemen (S).
In the given circuit, Impedance of
branch1,
𝑍1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿

BEEE [Unit-2] 18
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
Q.7: Three impedances of (70.7 + j 70.7) Ω, (120 + j 160) Ω and (120 + j 90) Ω
are connected in parallel across a 250 V supply. Determine (i) admittance of the circuit
(ii) supply current and (iii) circuit power factor

Q.8: Three loads are placed across 230V, 50Hz supply. The loads are 10∠– 30° Ω;
20 ∠ 60° Ω and 40 ∠ 0° Ω. Determine (i) the admittance (ii) equivalent impedance (iii)
power consumed and (iv) power factor.

BEEE [Unit-2] 19
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
Resonance in AC Circuits: Starting at a very low frequency, XC is
high and XL is low. As the frequency is
An a.c. circuit containing reactive
increased, XC decreases and XL increases
elements (L and C) is said to be in until a value is reached (point P) where
resonance when the circuit power XL=XC. This condition is series
factor is unity. resonance.

If this condition exists in a series a.c.

circuit, it is called series resonance. On
the other hand, if this condition exists in
a parallel a.c. circuit. it is called parallel
resonance.

Resonance in Series A.C.

Circuit (Series Resonance)
A series R-L-C a.c. circuit is said to be in
As frequency is increased further (i.e.
resonance when circuit power factor is
beyond fr), XL becomes greater than XC.
unity.
Note that at series resonance, the circuit
Consider a series R-L-C circuit connected
impedance is minimum and is equal to
to a.c. supply of V volts (r.m.s.).
circuit resistance R.

Resonant frequency: The frequency at

which resonance occurs is called
resonant frequency (fr).
In series resonant circuit, at resonance,
The circuit impedance (Z) is, 𝑿𝑳 = 𝑿𝑪
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 1
2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐿 =
and circuit power factor is given by, 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐶
𝑅 𝑅 1
cos 𝜙 = = 𝑓𝑟2 =
𝑍 √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 (2𝜋)2 𝐿𝐶
Hence resonant frequency,
At resonance, power factor
𝟏
cos 𝜙 = 1 𝒇𝒓 = (𝑯𝒛)
𝟐𝝅√𝑳𝑪
Hence,
Also angular resonant frequency,
𝑅
=1 𝟏
√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 𝝎𝒓 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒓 = (𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄. )
√𝑳𝑪
√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = 𝑅
𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = 𝑅 2 Effects of series resonance. The key
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 = 0 points concerning series resonance are:
𝑿𝑳 = 𝑿𝑪 (i) inductive reactance is equal to
The above relation shows the condition capacitive reactance
for series resonance. 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
(ii) resonant frequency,

BEEE [Unit-2] 20
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
1
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 𝑄= = =
(iii) impedance is at its minimum value, 𝑉 𝐼𝑅 𝑅
𝑍 = 𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅
(iv) current is at its maximum value, 𝜔𝑟 𝐿 𝐿
𝑄= = 𝜔𝑟
𝑉 𝑉 𝑅 𝑅
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 1 𝐿
𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝑄= .
(v) Power factor is unity, √𝐿𝐶 𝑅
𝑅 𝑅 𝟏 𝑳
cos 𝜙 = = = 1 𝑸= √
𝑍 𝑅 𝑹 𝑪
(vi) Power is maximum,
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝑅
Cut-off frequencies and Bandwidth:
Resonance Curve: The curve between The frequencies at which the current in
current and frequency is known as the circuit becomes 1/√2 or 0.707 times
resonance curve. Note that current of the maximum value at resonance, are
reaches its maximum value at the known as cut-off frequencies.
resonant frequency (fr), falling off In the following figure, f1 and f2 are lower
rapidly on either side at that point. cut-off frequency and upper cut-off
frequency respectively.
The cut-off frequencies are also known
as half power frequencies, because at
these frequencies, power consumed
becomes half of the maximum value at
resonance.

It is because if the frequency is below fr,

XC > XL and the net reactance is no
longer zero. If the frequency is above fr,
then XL > XC and the net reactance
is again not zero.
In both cases, the circuit impedance will
be more than the impedance Zr (= R) at The range of frequencies between lower
resonance. cut-off frequency and upper cut-off
frequency is known as bandwidth of the
Q-Factor of Series Resonant Circuit: resonant circuit.
At series resonance, the voltage across 𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝟐 − 𝒇𝟏
inductor builds up to a value many times Key points about Cut-off frequencies:
greater than the applied voltage. (i) Circuit current
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐼=
The ratio voltage across inductor to the √2
net applied voltage at resonance is a (ii) Impedance of circuit,
measure of the quality of a series 𝑍 = √2 . 𝑍𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √2. 𝑅
resonant circuit. This is called the Q- (iii) power factor,
factor of the circuit. It is also known as 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 =
the voltage magnification factor. √2

BEEE [Unit-2] 21
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
Expression for Cut-off frequencies
and Bandwidth: 𝑅 𝑅 2 1
𝜔2 = √
+ ( ) + … … … . (𝑣)
The impedance of series RLC Circuit is, 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 Now from equation (iv) & (v),
We know that, at cut-off frequencies, the
impedance of the circuit becomes, Bandwidth,
𝑍 = √2 𝑅 𝑩𝑾 = 𝝎𝟐 − 𝝎𝟏
Therefore,
𝑅 𝑅 2 1 𝑅 𝑅 2 1
√𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = √2 𝑅 𝐵𝑊 = (
2𝐿
+ √( ) + ) − (− + √( ) + )
2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = 2𝑅 2
(𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = 𝑅 2 𝑹
𝑩𝑾 = 𝝎𝟐 − 𝝎𝟏 = (𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬𝐞𝐜. )
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 = ±𝑅 𝑳
1 Also,
𝜔𝐿 − = ±𝑅 … … … (𝑖)
𝜔𝐶 𝑹
In the above equation, 𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝟐 − 𝒇𝟏 = (𝑯𝒛)
𝟐𝝅𝑳
for lower cut-off frequency 𝜔1,
By using above relations, the bandwidth
1
𝜔1 𝐿 − = −𝑅 … … … (𝑖𝑖) can be determined.
𝜔1 𝐶
And for lower cut-off frequency 𝜔2 The lower cut-off frequency,
1
𝜔2 𝐿 − = +𝑅 … … … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑩𝑾
𝜔2 𝐶 𝒇𝟏 = 𝒇𝒓 −
𝟐
𝑹
from equation (ii), 𝒇𝟏 = 𝒇𝒓 −
𝟒𝝅𝑳
𝜔1 2 𝐿𝐶 − 1 = − 𝜔1 𝐶𝑅
The upper cut-off frequency,
𝜔1 2 𝐿𝐶 + 𝜔1 𝐶𝑅 − 1 = 0
𝑩𝑾
𝑅 1 𝒇𝟐 = 𝒇𝒓 +
𝜔1 2 + 𝜔1 − =0 𝟐
𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝑹
𝒇𝟐 = 𝒇𝒓 +
𝑅 𝑅 2 4 𝟒𝝅𝑳
− 𝐿 ± √( 𝐿 ) + 𝐿𝐶
𝜔1 =
2

𝑅 𝑅 2 1
𝜔1 = − + √( ) + … … … . (𝑖𝑣)
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 Q.9: A series R-L-C circuit has R = 5 ohm,
from equation (iii), L = 0.2 H and C = 50 µF. The applied
𝜔2 2 𝐿𝐶 − 1 = 𝜔2 𝐶𝑅
voltage is 200 V. Find (i) resonant
2
𝜔2 𝐿𝐶 − 𝜔2 𝐶𝑅 − 1 = 0
frequency (ii) Q-factor (iii) bandwidth
𝑅 1
𝜔2 2 − 𝜔2 − =0 (iv) upper and lower half-power
𝐿 𝐿𝐶
frequencies (v) current at resonance (vi)
𝑅 √ 𝑅 2 4
± ( ) + current at half power points (vii) voltage
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿𝐶
𝜔2 =
2 across inductance at resonance.

BEEE [Unit-2] 22
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]

Q.9: Determine the parameters of a R-L-C series circuit that will resonate at 10,000 Hz,
has a bandwidth of 1000 Hz and draws 15.3 W from a 200 V generator operating at the
resonant frequency of the circuit.

BEEE [Unit-2] 23
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
Resonance in Parallel A.C. 𝑉 𝑉 𝑋𝐿
= .
𝑋𝐶 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐿
Circuit (Parallel Resonance)
A parallel R-L-C a.c. circuit is said to be in 𝑿𝑳 . 𝑿𝑪 = 𝒁𝑳 𝟐
resonance when circuit power factor is The above relation shows the condition
unity.
for parallel resonance.
Consider the most practical parallel
circuit consisting of a coil in parallel with Resonant frequency: The frequency at
a capacitor, connected across a variable which resonance occurs is called
frequency alternating voltage source of V resonant frequency (fr).
volts (r.m.s.). In parallel resonant circuit, at resonance,
𝑋𝐿 . 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑍𝐿 2
𝑋𝐿 . 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
1
𝜔𝒓 𝐿. = 𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝒓 𝐿)2
𝜔𝒓 𝑪
𝐿
= 𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝑟 𝐿)2
𝐶
𝐿
(𝜔𝑟 𝐿)2 = − 𝑅 2
𝐶
In the above circuit,
Impedance of coil, 1 𝑅 2
𝜔𝑟2 = −( )
𝐿𝐶 𝐿
𝑍𝐿 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2
Angular resonant frequency,
Current through the coil,
𝑉 𝟏 𝑹 𝟐
𝐼𝐿 = 𝝎𝒓 = √ −( ) 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑍𝐿 𝑳𝑪 𝑳
The phasor diagram of the above circuit
Now,
is shown in figure below.
1 𝑅 2
2𝜋𝑓𝑟 = √ − ( )
𝐿𝐶 𝐿

Resonant frequency,

𝟏 𝟏 𝑹 𝟐
𝒇𝒓 = √ −( ) 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝑳𝑪 𝑳

The circuit will be in resonance when

Effects of parallel resonance. The key
current through capacitor IC is equal to points concerning parallel resonance
are:
the reactive component of current
(i) impedance:
through coil IL. At resonance, net current from the
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝐿 sin 𝜙𝐿 source,
𝐼𝑟 = 𝐼𝐿 cos 𝜙𝐿

BEEE [Unit-2] 24
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]
If 𝑍𝑟 is impedance of the circuit at Q-Factor of Parallel Resonant Circuit:
resonance,
Then, from the above relation, The ratio current through capacitor to
𝑉 𝑉 𝑅 the net supplied current at resonance is
= . a measure of the quality of a parallel
𝑍𝑟 𝑍𝐿 𝑍𝐿
resonant circuit. This is called the Q-
𝑍𝐿2 factor of the circuit. It is also known as
𝑍𝑟 =
𝑅 the current magnification factor.
𝑋𝐿 . 𝑋𝐶
𝑍𝑟 =
𝑅 𝐼𝐶 𝑉/𝑋𝐶 𝑍𝑟
1 𝑄= = =
𝜔𝒓 𝐿. 𝜔 𝑪 𝐼𝑟 𝑉/𝑍𝑟 𝑋𝐶
𝒓
𝑍𝑟 =
𝑅 𝐿/𝐶𝑅
𝑳 𝑄=
𝒁𝒓 = 1/𝜔𝒓 𝑪
𝑪𝑹 𝐿
The above relation shows impedance at 𝑄 = 𝜔𝒓
𝑅
resonance, which is at its maximum If R is negligible, 𝑅 ≈ 0
value at resonance. 1
𝜔𝒓 =
Impedance at resonance is also known as √𝐿𝐶
dynamic impedance. Hence,
𝐿 1
𝑄=
𝑅 √𝐿𝐶
(ii) current: the current at resonance,
𝑉 𝟏 𝑳
𝐼𝑟 = 𝑸= √
𝑍𝑟 𝑹 𝑪
𝑽
𝑰𝒓 =
𝑳
(𝑪𝑹) Comparison of series & parallel
resonance:
Impedance-frequency curve. If we plot
impedance-frequency graph for a
parallel circuit, the shape of the curve
will be as shown in Fig below.

Q. 10: The dynamic impedance of a

parallel resonant circuit is 500 kW. The
circuit consists of a 250pF capacitor in
parallel with a coil of resistance 10 ohm.
Calculate (i) the coil inductance (ii) the
resonant frequency and (iii) the Q-factor
of the circuit.

BEEE [Unit-2] 25
Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-A [Single Phase AC Circuit]

BEEE [Unit-2] 26
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-B [Three Phase AC Circuit]
Three phase system: A Three Generation of Three Phase
phase system is essentially a Voltages: For the generation of three
combination of three single phase phase voltages, three windings, with
voltages having same magnitude, same equal no. of turns in each one, are used.
frequency but displaced from one Also, to obtain a balanced three phase
another by equal angle (120O). voltages, the windings are to be placed at
an angle of 120O.
Advantages of Three Phase
System:
The following are the advantages of 3-
phase system over the single-phase
system:
1. Constant power: In a single-phase
circuit the power delivered is pulsating  Consider three identical coils RR1, YY1
but in the case of three phase system the and BB1 as shown below mounted on
total power delivered is constant if loads the same axis but displaced from each
are balanced. other by 120O rotating in counter-
2. Greater output: For the same size of clockwise direction.
machine, the output of the three phase  Here R, Y and B are the start terminals
machines is always higher than that of and R1, Y1 and B1 are the finish
single-phase machine. terminals.
3. Cheaper: The three-phase motors are  For the position in figure emf in RR1= 0.
much smaller and less expensive than  When RR1 moves by 90O, the emf
single-phase induced in RR1 become maximum.
motors because less material (copper,  Similarly, again after 120O revolution
iron, insulation) is required. coil YY1 attains maximum value, and
4. Self-starting: The three-phase ac after next 120O revolution coil BB1 get
motor is self-starting whereas the single- maximum value.
phase motor needs to use an additional  All the voltages displaced from each
starter winding. other by 120O.
5. Power transmission economics:  Suppose eR is assumed to be the
Transmission of electric power by 3- reference,
phase system is cheaper than that of eR = Em sin ωt
single-phase system. Also, it is possible eY = Em sin(ωt − 120O )
to transmit more power using a three- eB = Em sin(ωt − 240O )
phase system.
6. Power factor: Power factor of a
single-phase motor is lower than that of
single-phase motor.
7. Miscellaneous: Three phase system is
more capable and reliable than single-
phase system.

BEEE [Unit-2] 27
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-B [Three Phase AC Circuit]

 The phasor diagram of these voltages

can be as shown in fig: 3. As phasor
rotates in anticlockwise direction. We
can say that eY lags eR by an angle of
120O and eB lags eY by an angle of 120O.

 Delta or Mesh connected system:

When the starting end of one coil is
connected to the finishing end of
another coil, the delta or mesh
connection is obtained.

 The real axis is usually made to coincide

with the emf (or voltage) of coil RR1.
Then the effective values of the
symmetrical system are given in
complex numbers as,
Line quantity & Phase quantity:
eR = EP  0O
eY = EP  −120O (i) Line Voltage VL and Phase Voltage
eB = EP  − 240O VPH: The Potential difference between
any two lines of supply is called line
Connection of three phase voltage VL and voltage across any phase
system: There are two type of winding is called phase voltage VPH.
configuration in which the three phase
systems are connected.
 Star or Wye connected system
 Delta or Mesh connected system

 Star or Wye connected system: The

system is obtained by joining together
similar ends, either the start or the
finish, the other ends are joined to the
line wire. The common point N at
which the similar ends are connected
is called the neutral point.

BEEE [Unit-2] 28
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-B [Three Phase AC Circuit]
(ii)Line Current IL and Phase Current VLRY = VPHR + (−VPHY )
IPH: The current passing through any line The phasor diagram to get VLRY is shown
or supply is called Line current IL and in fig. below.
current in any phase winding is called
phase current IPH.

We know that the resultant of two vector

X & Y is,
R = √X 2 + Y 2 + 2XY cos θ
Form phasor diagram,
VLRY = √VPHR 2 + VPHY 2 + 2VPHR VPHY cos 60O

Relations between Line quantity

For a balanced three-phase system, Line
& Phase quantity for star voltages,
connected three phase system: VLRY = VLYB = VLBR = VL (say)
Consider a balanced star connected load And phase voltages,
as shown in fig. below. VPHR = VPHY = VPHB = VPH (say)

Hence,
VL = √VPH 2 + VPH 2 + 2VPH VPH cos 60O

1
VL = √VPH 2 + VPH 2 + 2VPH VPH .
2

VL = √3VPH 2

𝐕𝐋 = √𝟑 . 𝐕𝐏𝐇
Thus, the line voltage is √3 times the
phase voltage in star connection.

Now, from the circuit diagram,

As, we know that all the phase voltage ILR = IPHR
are equal and have a phase difference of
ILY = IPHY
120o to each other. From circuit diagram,
ILB = IPHB
VLRY = VPHR − VPHY

BEEE [Unit-2] 29
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-B [Three Phase AC Circuit]
For a balanced three-phase system, (iii) Apparent Power: Apparent Power
Line Currents, of each phase i.e.
ILR = ILY = ILB = IL (say) S1ϕ = VPH IPH
And phase Currents,
The Apparent power in all the three
IPHR = IPHY = IPHB = IPH (say)
phases will be same. Then total apparent
Hence,
power,
𝐈𝐋 = 𝐈𝐏𝐇
Now, here impedance per phase ZPH S3ϕ = 3 VPH IPH
relates IPH andVPH . Hence phase angle ɸ We know that, for star connection,
is always between IPH & VPH . VL
VPH = & IPH = IL
𝐕𝐏𝐇 √3
𝐙𝐏𝐇 = Therefore, Apparent power,
𝐈𝐏𝐇
VL
S3ϕ = 3 . . IL
(i) Active Power: Active Power of each √3
phase i.e. S3ϕ = √𝟑 . 𝐕𝐋 . 𝐈𝐋 (VA)
P1ϕ = VPH IPH cos ɸ
The active power of all the three phases Q.11: Three coils, each having a
will be same. Then total active power, resistance of 20Ω and an inductive
P3ϕ = 3 VPH IPH cos ɸ reactance of 15Ω, are connected in star to
We know that, for star connection, a 400 V, 3-phase, 50 Hz supply. Calculate
VL (i) phase voltage
VPH = & IPH = IL (ii) phase current
√3
Therefore, Active power, (iii) line current
VL (iv) Power factor
P3ϕ = 3 . . IL cos ɸ
√3 (v) Active power
P3ϕ = √𝟑 . 𝐕𝐋 . 𝐈𝐋 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ɸ watt (W) (vi) Reactive power
(vii) Apparent power
(ii) Reactive Power: Reactive Power of
each phase i.e. Sol: It is given that,
Q1ϕ = VPH IPH sin ɸ Line voltage,
𝑉𝐿 = 400 𝑉
The reactive power in all the three
Resistance of each phase,
phases will be same. Then total reactive
𝑅𝑝ℎ = 20𝛺
power,
Q3ϕ = 3 VPH IPH sin ɸ Inductive reactance of each phase,
𝑋𝐿𝑝ℎ = 15𝛺
We know that, for star connection,
VL (i) for star connection, phase voltage,
VPH = & IPH = IL 𝑉𝐿 400
√3 𝑉𝑝ℎ = = = 231 𝑉
Therefore, Reactive power, √3 √3
VL (ii) Phase impedance,
Q3ϕ = 3 . . IL sin ɸ
√3 𝑍𝑝ℎ = √𝑅𝑝ℎ 2 + 𝑋𝐿𝑝ℎ 2
Q3ϕ = √𝟑 . 𝐕𝐋 . 𝐈𝐋 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ɸ (VAR)
𝑍𝑝ℎ = √202 + 152 = 25𝛺

BEEE [Unit-2] 30
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-B [Three Phase AC Circuit]
Phase current, ILR = IPHR − IPHB
𝑉𝑝ℎ 231 ILR = IPHR + (−IPHB )
𝐼𝑝ℎ = = = 9.24 𝐴
𝑍𝑝ℎ 25 The phasor diagram to get ILR is shown
(iii) for star connection, Line current, in fig. below.
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ = 9.24 𝐴
(iv) Power factor,
𝑅𝑝ℎ 20
cos ɸ = = = 0.8 (𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑍𝑝ℎ 25
(v) Active power,
P3ϕ = √3 . VL . IL . cos ɸ
P3ϕ = √3 × 400 × 9.24 × 0.8
P3ϕ = 5121 𝑊
(vi) sin ɸ = 0.6
Reactive power,
Q3ϕ = √3 . VL . IL . sin ɸ We know that the resultant of two vector
X & Y is,
Q3ϕ = √3 × 400 × 9.24 × 0.6
Q3ϕ = 3840.75 𝑉𝐴𝑅 R = √X 2 + Y 2 + 2XY cos θ
Form phasor diagram,
(vii) Apparent power,
S3ϕ = √3 . VL . IL ILR = √IPHR 2 + IPHB 2 + 2IPHR IPHB cos 60O
S3ϕ = √3 × 400 × 9.24
S3ϕ = 6401.25 𝑉𝐴 For a balanced three-phase system,
Line Currents,
ILR = ILY = ILB = IL (say)
Relations between Line quantity And phase Currents,
& Phase quantity for delta IPHR = IPHY = IPHB = IPH (say)
connected three phase system:
Hence,
Consider a balanced delta connected
load as shown in fig. below. IL = √IPH 2 + IPH 2 + 2IPH IPH cos 60O

1
IL = √IPH 2 + IPH 2 + 2IPH IPH .
2

IL = √3IPH 2

𝐈𝐋 = √𝟑 . 𝐈𝐏𝐇
Thus, the line current is √3 times the
phase current in delta connection.
Now, from the circuit diagram,
As, we know that all the phase current VLRY = VPHR
are equal and have a phase difference of VLYB = VPHY
120o to each other. From circuit diagram, VLBR = VPHB

BEEE [Unit-2] 31
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-B [Three Phase AC Circuit]
For a balanced three-phase system, Line (iii) Apparent Power: Apparent Power
voltages, of each phase i.e.
VLRY = VLYB = VLBR = VL (say) S1ϕ = VPH IPH
And phase voltages,
The Apparent power in all the three
VPHR = VPHY = VPHB = VPH (say)
phases will be same. Then total apparent
Hence,
power,
𝐕𝐋 = 𝐕𝐏𝐇
Now, here impedance per phase ZPH S3ϕ = 3 VPH IPH
relates IPH andVPH . Hence phase angle ɸ We know that, for delta connection,
is always between IPH & VPH . IL
VPH = VL & IPH =
𝐕𝐏𝐇 √3
𝐙𝐏𝐇 = Therefore, Apparent power,
𝐈𝐏𝐇
IL
S3ϕ = 3 . VL .
(i) Active Power: Active Power of each √3
phase i.e. S3ϕ = √𝟑 . 𝐕𝐋 . 𝐈𝐋 (VA)
P1ϕ = VPH IPH cos ɸ
The active power of all the three phases Q.12: Three similar coils each having a
will be same. Then total active power, resistance of 5Ω and an inductance of
P3ϕ = 3 VPH IPH cos ɸ 0.02H are connected in delta to a 440V,
We know that, for delta connection, 3-phase, 50Hz supply. Calculate:
IL (i) phase voltage
VPH = VL & IPH = (ii) phase current
√3
Therefore, Active power, (iii) line current
IL (iv) Power factor
P3ϕ = 3 . VL . . cos ɸ
√3 (v) Active power
P3ϕ = √𝟑 . 𝐕𝐋 . 𝐈𝐋 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ɸ watt (W) (vi) Reactive power
(vii) Apparent power
(ii) Reactive Power: Reactive Power of
each phase i.e. Sol: It is given that,
Q1ϕ = VPH IPH sin ɸ Line voltage,
𝑉𝐿 = 440 𝑉
The reactive power in all the three
Resistance of each phase,
phases will be same. Then total reactive
𝑅𝑝ℎ = 5𝛺
power,
Q3ϕ = 3 VPH IPH sin ɸ Inductive reactance of each phase,
𝑋𝐿𝑝ℎ = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋 × 50 × 0.02 = 6.28𝛺
We know that, for delta connection,
IL (i) for delta connection, phase voltage,
VPH = VL & IPH = 𝑉𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝐿 = 440 𝑉
√3
Therefore, Reactive power, (ii) Phase impedance,
IL
Q3ϕ = 3 . VL . . sin ɸ 𝑍𝑝ℎ = √𝑅𝑝ℎ 2 + 𝑋𝐿𝑝ℎ 2
√3
Q3ϕ = √𝟑 . 𝐕𝐋 . 𝐈𝐋 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ɸ (VAR) 𝑍𝑝ℎ = √52 + 6.282 = 8.05𝛺

BEEE [Unit-2] 32
 Unit-2 [STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUIT]
2-B [Three Phase AC Circuit]
Phase current, (iii) In star connection, we can get 3-
𝑉𝑝ℎ 440 phase, 4-wire system. This permits to use
𝐼𝑝ℎ = = = 54.6 𝐴
𝑍𝑝ℎ 8.05 two voltages viz, phase voltages as well
(iii) for delta connection, Line current, as line voltages.
𝐼𝐿 = √3. 𝐼𝑝ℎ = √3 × 54.6 = 94.8 𝐴
(iv) Power factor, Advantages of Delta Connection:
𝑅𝑝ℎ 5
cos ɸ = = = 0.622 (𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔) (i) Most of the 3-phase loads are delta
𝑍𝑝ℎ 8.05
(v) Active power, connected rather than Y-connected. One
reason for this, atleast for the case of an
P3ϕ = √3 . VL . IL . cos ɸ
unbalanced load, is the flexibility with
P3ϕ = √3 × 440 × 94.8 × 0.622 which loads may be added
P3ϕ = 45000 𝑊 or removed on a single phase. This is
(vi) sin ɸ = 0.783 difficult (or impossible) to do with a Y-
Reactive power, connected 3-wire load.
Q3ϕ = √3 . VL . IL . sin ɸ
Q3ϕ = √3 × 440 × 94.8 × 0.783 (iii) Most of 3-phase induction motors
Q3ϕ = 56570 𝑉𝐴𝑅 are delta-connected.
(vii) Apparent power,
S3ϕ = √3 . VL . IL
S3ϕ = √3 × 440 × 94.8
S3ϕ = 72247 𝑉𝐴

Advantages of Star and Delta

Connected Systems:

Advantages of Star Connection:

(i) In star connection, phase voltage,

VL = √3 . VPH Since the induced e.m.f. in
the phase winding of an alternator is
directly proportional to the number of
turns, a star-connected alternator will
require a smaller number of turns than a
delta-connected alternator for the same
line voltage.

(ii) A star-connected alternator requires

less insulation than a delta connected
alternator.

BEEE [Unit-2] 33