Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 27 views

    Factors Affecting Rate of Penetration

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad shahbaz
    The document discusses many factors that can influence the rate of penetration during drilling, including bit type, formation characteristics, drilling fluid properties, bit operating conditions like weight on bit and rotation speed, and bit wear over time. Both mechanical factors like compressive strength of the formation and hydraulic factors like fluid density and solids content are examined. Maintaining efficient hole cleaning through jetting action and nozzle design is also covered as important for maximizing penetration rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Factors Affecting Rate of Penetration

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad shahbaz
    27 views20 pages
    The document discusses many factors that can influence the rate of penetration during drilling, including bit type, formation characteristics, drilling fluid properties, bit operating conditions like weight on bit and rotation speed, and bit wear over time. Both mechanical factors like compressive strength of the formation and hydraulic factors like fluid density and solids content are examined. Maintaining efficient hole cleaning through jetting action and nozzle design is also covered as important for maximizing penetration rates.

    Original Description:

    ROP

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses many factors that can influence the rate of penetration during drilling, including bit type, formation characteristics, drilling fluid properties, bit operating conditions like weight on bit and rotation speed, and bit wear over time. Both mechanical factors like compressive strength of the formation and hydraulic factors like fluid density and solids content are examined. Maintaining efficient hole cleaning through jetting action and nozzle design is also covered as important for maximizing penetration rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views20 pages

    Factors Affecting Rate of Penetration

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad shahbaz
    The document discusses many factors that can influence the rate of penetration during drilling, including bit type, formation characteristics, drilling fluid properties, bit operating conditions like weight on bit and rotation speed, and bit wear over time. Both mechanical factors like compressive strength of the formation and hydraulic factors like fluid density and solids content are examined. Maintaining efficient hole cleaning through jetting action and nozzle design is also covered as important for maximizing penetration rates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    Pet.

    E-323 : Drilling Engineering

    Instructor: Engr. Azam khan


    Teaching Assistant : Engr. Muhammad Awais Qureshi
     Footage drilled per unit time is ROP
    or
     The speed at which drill bit breaks the rock under it to deepens the borehole.
    or
     The speed of a drill bit or a clean-out nozzle in penetrating a formation or a
    wellbore deposit.

     Usually reported in (ft/hr) or (m/hr)

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 2


    Bit Type

    Formation characteristics

    Drilling Fluid Properties

    Bit Operating Condition

    Bit Tooth Wear

    Bit Hydraulic

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 3


    Rolling cutter bits
     The initial penetration rates for shallow depths
    are often highest when using bits with long
    teeth and a large cone offset angle.
     Soft Formations - These bits are practical only in soft
    formations
     Hard Formations- Rapid tooth wear and sudden decline in
    penetration rate.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 4


    Diamond and PDC bits
     Drag bits are designed to obtain given penetration
    rate.
    selection of the size and number of diamonds or PDC
    blades.
    The width and number of cutters can be used to compute
    the effective number of blades
     The PDC bits perform best in soft, firm, and medium-
    hard, nonabrasive formations that are not “gummy”.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 5


     Compressive strength
     Hardness and/or abrasiveness
     State of underground stress (overburden pressure, etc.)
     Elasticity
     Stickiness or balling tendency
     Permeability
     Fluid content and interstitial pressure
     Porosity

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 6


     Hard Abrasives Mineral- Rocks containing hard abrasive
    minerals can cause rapid dulling of the bit teeth.

     Gummy clay minerals – Rocks containing gummy clay


    minerals can cause the bit to ball up and drill in very
    inefficient manner

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 7


     In permeable rocks, the drilling fluid filtrate can move into the rock ahead of the
    bit and equalize the pressure differential acting on the chips formed beneath each
    tooth.

     The nature of the fluid contained in the pore space of the rock also affects this
    mechanism since more filtrate volume would be required to equalize the pressure in
    a rock containing gas than in a rock containing liquid.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 8


     When drilling is initiated, a threshold
    force or bit weight W has to be
    overcome.
     Threshold force can be found when
    plotting drilling rates as a function of
    bit weight per diameter ( W/dt) and
    then extrapolated back to zero drilling
    rate.
     The laboratory correlation obtained in
    this manner is shown in Fig.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 9


     Drilling fluid density,
     Rheological flow properties,
     Filtration characteristics,
     Solids content and distribution,
     Chemical composition.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 10


    Penetration rate decreases with
    increasing fluid density, viscosity and
    solids content.

    Penetration rate increases with increasing


    filtration rate.
    Better Cleansing of the bottom hole
    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 11
     The content of solids particles with a size less than 1 [µm] influence the ROP
    dramatically since they are plugging off filtration below the bit.
     Effecting the Bottom hole cleaning and resulting in decreasing ROP.

     The chemical composition of the fluid has an effect on penetration rate is that
    the hydration rate and bit balling tendency of some clays are affected by the
    chemical composition of the fluid.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 12


     The penetration rate is largely dependent on the
    differential pressure.
     The effective differential pressure at the bottom of the
    hole does not only have an influence to the cutting
    action, it also influences the chip removal and
    therefore the cleaning of the bottom hole.
     It should be noted that a change in differential pressure
    when it is low causes a large change in ROP, when the
    differential pressure is high, a change of it influences
    the penetration rate only slightly.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 13


     A typical plot of penetration rate versus bit weight
    obtained experimentally with all other drilling
    variables held constant is shown in Fig.
    Point a:
     No significant penetration rate is obtained
    until the threshold bit weight is applied.
    Segment (a-b) :
     Penetration rate increases with increasing
    values of bit weight.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 14


    (Segment b-c):
     As the weight on bit values are increased, a higher increase in ROP is
    observed.
    Segment c-d:
     after a certain value of bit weight, subsequent increase in bit weight
    causes only slight improvements in penetration rate.
    Segment d-e:
     In some cases, a decrease in penetration rate is observed at extremely
    high values of bit weight. This type of behavior often is called bit
    floundering.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 15


     A typical plot of penetration rate versus
    rotary speed obtained with all other
    drilling variables held constant is shown
    in Fig.
     Segment a-b :
     Penetration rate usually increases linearly
    with an increase in rotary speed.

     Segment b-c:
     After a certain rotary speed value, the
    increase in ROP decelerates as rotation speed
    is increased.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 16


     Most bits tend to drill slower as the drilling time elapses because of
    tooth wear.
     Rolling Cutter Bits
     The tooth length of milled tooth rolling cutter bits is reduced continually by
    abrasion and chipping.
     Tungsten Carbide insert Type -Bits
     The teeth of tungsten carbide insert-type rolling cutter bits and PDC bits fail by
    breaking rather than by abrasion. Often, the entire tooth is lost when breakage
    occurs.
     The reduction of ROP is generally less severe for insert bits as for
    milled tooth bits unless a large number of teeth are broken during
    the bit run.
    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 17
     Significant improvements in penetration rate could be achieved by
    a proper jetting action at the bit.
     The impact force (the force striking against the bottom of the
    borehole) developed by jetting the drilling-fluid through the bit
    nozzles is important in the cleaning of the cutting (crushed rock
    debris) at the bottom of the borehole.
     The improved jetting action promoted better cleaning of the bit
    face as well as the hole bottom.
     To improve the cleaning capacity of the bit extended nozzles are
    often applied where the discharging nozzle ends are closer to the
    hole bottom.
     Extended nozzles are mounted on the drilling bit, a center jet
    must also be used to prevent bit balling in soft formations.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 18


     When a low WOB is applied and drilling rates are low, the required hydraulics for
    efficient hole cleaning is small.
     When the WOB is increased and the well is drilled faster, efficient hydraulic
    programs have to be followed to realize the higher penetration rates.

    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 19


    Factors Affecting ROP 6/24/2021 20

    You might also like