Date : 20th June 2023

Lesson plan :1

Subject : Biology

Periods : 1

Topic The Seed

A: Cognitive Domain:
1. The student will be able to identify the type of seed
2. The student will be able to explain the germination of the seed
B: Affective Domain:
Learning 1. The student will be able to notice the radicle emerging from the
Outcomes seed
C: Psychomotor Domain:
1. The student will be able to sow the seed
2. The student will be able to draw the stages of germination of
the seed by themselves
Did you ever think how is everything in this world is born?
How beautiful is it to know that a big tree is grown from a small seed?
Engage
How is a plant grown?
How do you think Farmers grow vegetables in large fields?
You must have observed the farmers spraying seed across the fields.
That is called “sowing”. Now let us understand how the seed sown, grows into a plant and
Explore
then a tree. We will first study the structure of seed and then its process of germination.
Also the types of seeds. We will also know what is required for the seed to germinate.
Seeds differ greatly in their size, shape and their appearance. There may be one seed per
fruit like mango or many seeds like in a dragon fruit. The largest seed in the world is born
in Lodicea Maldivia, which is also called as sea coconut. They are found in Seychelles. This
single seed may be 12 inches long nearly 3 feet in Circumference and weighs about 20
kilograms. It takes 6-7 years to mature and about 2 years to germinate.
Explain
This coconut is used by the Chinese as a medicine to free cough.
Seeds are extracted and are stored in cold places like freezer or refrigerator. There are few
seeds that are required to be stored in a particular temperature. But how do these seeds
look like?
Let’s study the structure of the seed.
Elaborate :
A typical seed consists of three main parts: 1) seed coat, 2) endosperm, and 3) embryo.
1) Seed Coat
They are the protective outer covering of a seed that is usually hard, thick, and brownish in
color. The seed coat is formed from the outer covering of the ovule called the integument.
It usually contains two layers: i) testa – the thick outer layer, and ii) tegmen – the delicate
inner layer.
A seed coat has the following four parts: a) Micropyle – the small opening present at one
end of the seed coat, b) Funiculus – the seed stalk with which the seed is attached to the
fruit body, the integument, c) Hilum – the region from which the seed breaks off from the

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fruit, leaving a scar, and d) Raphe – the base of the funiculus that is fused with the
integument.
Functions
1. Protecting the seed from physical and mechanical damage
2. Preventing the seed from germination even under favorable conditions of
growth (seed dormancy)
3. Preventing the excessive loss of water from the seeds
4. Acting as a physical barrier against the entry of parasites
2) Endosperm
It is a tissue that is rich in oil, starch, and protein. Depending on the presence or absence of
endosperm, seeds are of two types:
i) Non-endospermic or exalbuminous seeds – Characterized by the complete absence of
the endosperm, such as the seeds of the pea plant, groundnut, and gram.
ii) Endospermic or albuminous seeds – Characterized by the presence of the endosperm,
such as the seeds of millets, palms, and lilies.
Functions
1. Storing of reserve foods that provide nourishment to the developing plant
2. Protecting the embryo, the next part of the seed, by acting as the mechanical
barrier
3) Embryo
They are the young plant that is developing inside the seed coat. An embryo contains the
underdeveloped tissues of leaves, stem, and roots of a plant.
What are the Parts of an Embryo of a Seed
Epicotyl – The tiny shoot of an embryo, from which the entire shoot system develops. The
tip of the epicotyl is called plumule.
Hypocotyl – The stage of transition for the growing shoot and root of the embryo
Radicle – The tiny root of the embryo
Cotyledons – They are the leaves of the embryo that provide nourishment to the
developing plant.
There are two types of cotyledons present in flowering plants:
i) monocotyledonous or monocots – embryo with one cotyledon and
ii) Dicotyledonous or dicots – embryo with two cotyledons.
Functions
1. Giving rise to a new complete new plant
2. Storing food and nourishing the baby plant

Factor Affecting Seed Germination

1. Water
2. Oxygen
3. Temperature
4. Light or Darkness
1. Water
It is required for germination. Mature seeds are often dehydrated. They need to take in
significant amounts of water relative to the dry weight of the seed before growth can
resume. The uptake of water by seeds is called imbibition, which leads to the swelling and
the breaking of the seed coat.
When seeds are formed, most plants store a food reserve with the seed, such as starch,
proteins, or oils. This food reserve provides nourishment to the growing embryo. When
the seed imbibes water, hydrolytic enzymes are activated, which break down these stored

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 food resources into metabolically useful chemicals. After the seedling emerges from the
seed coat and starts growing roots and leaves, the food reserves are typically exhausted; at
this point, photosynthesis provides the energy needed for continued growth, and it now
requires a continuous supply of water, nutrients, and light.
2. Oxygen
It is required by the germinating seed for metabolism. Oxygen is used in aerobic
respiration, the main source of the seedling’s energy until it grows leaves. Oxygen is an
atmospheric gas found in soil pore spaces; if a seed is buried too deeply within the soil or
the soil is waterlogged, the seed can be oxygen-starved. Some seeds have impermeable
seed coats that prevent oxygen from entering the seed, causing a type of physical
dormancy which is broken when the seed coat is worn away enough to allow gas exchange
and water up take from the environment.
3. Temperature
Many seeds germinate at temperatures slightly above room-temperature while others
germinate just above freezing, and others germinate only in response to alternations in
temperature between warm and cool. Some seeds germinate when the soil is cool and
some when the soil is warm. Some seeds require exposure to cold temperatures to break
dormancy. Some seeds in a dormant state will not germinate even if conditions are
favorable.

Seeds will only germinate after hot temperatures during a forest fire that cracks their seed
coats; this is a type of physical dormancy. Most common annual vegetables have optimal
germination temperatures. Radishes or spinach can germinate at significantly lower
temperatures, as low as 40 ⁰F (4⁰C), thus allowing them to be grown from seeds in cooler
climates. Suboptimal temperatures lead to lower success rates and longer germination
periods.

4. Light or darkness
Most seeds are not affected by light or darkness, but many seeds, including species found
in forest settings, will not germinate until an opening in the canopy allows sufficient light
for the seedling growth.
Scarification mimics natural processes that weaken the seed coat before germination. In
nature, some seeds require particular conditions to germinate, such as the heat of a fire
(e.g., many Australian native plants) or soaking in a body of water for a long period. Others
need to be passed through an animal’s digestive tract to weaken the seed coat enough to
allow the seedling to emerge.
Types of germination:
Epigeal
Hypogeal
“Epi” means “above”
“Hypo” means “Below”
“Geal” means “Soil”
Activity: Students to conduct seed germination of different seeds ( Mono and Dicot) and observe different
types of Germination ( Epi or Hypo geal). Observe favourable conditions of germination of the seed. Discuss
the same with the peers and demonstrate the entire process through presentation.
Evaluate :
1. Evaluate the presentations given by the students by observing and asking
questions.

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 2. Quiz can be conducted too in the next class to understand their Knowledge level
about the explained class.
Board, AV, Powerpoint Presentation
Videos:
Teaching
Videos\Biology\Bean Time-Lapse - 25 days _ Soil cross section.mp4
Resources
Videos\Biology\Seeds and Germination Explained.mp4
PPTs\Biology\Seed.ppt

Teaching
Interactive, Demonstrative and Explanatory Approach
Approach

Homework Write the Hypothesis of the seed germination with the available seeds at home.

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