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    Chemistry Salt Analysis Manual by Savitri

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    Aadya Harichandan
    This document outlines procedures for identifying the anions and cations present in a salt sample. Anions are first grouped based on their reactions with dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid. Tests are then described to confirm the presence of specific anions like carbonate, acetate, chloride, nitrate and sulfate using their reactions with reagents. Cations are grouped into 6 groups based on their reactions with reagents like hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide. Specific tests are listed to identify cations like lead, copper, aluminum, zinc, barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium.

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    Chemistry Salt Analysis Manual by Savitri

    Uploaded by

    Aadya Harichandan
    67 views6 pages
    This document outlines procedures for identifying the anions and cations present in a salt sample. Anions are first grouped based on their reactions with dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid. Tests are then described to confirm the presence of specific anions like carbonate, acetate, chloride, nitrate and sulfate using their reactions with reagents. Cations are grouped into 6 groups based on their reactions with reagents like hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide. Specific tests are listed to identify cations like lead, copper, aluminum, zinc, barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium.

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    This document outlines procedures for identifying the anions and cations present in a salt sample. Anions are first grouped based on their reactions with dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid. Tests are then described to confirm the presence of specific anions like carbonate, acetate, chloride, nitrate and sulfate using their reactions with reagents. Cations are grouped into 6 groups based on their reactions with reagents like hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide. Specific tests are listed to identify cations like lead, copper, aluminum, zinc, barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    67 views6 pages

    Chemistry Salt Analysis Manual by Savitri

    Uploaded by

    Aadya Harichandan
    This document outlines procedures for identifying the anions and cations present in a salt sample. Anions are first grouped based on their reactions with dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid. Tests are then described to confirm the presence of specific anions like carbonate, acetate, chloride, nitrate and sulfate using their reactions with reagents. Cations are grouped into 6 groups based on their reactions with reagents like hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide. Specific tests are listed to identify cations like lead, copper, aluminum, zinc, barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Chemistry Salt analysis

    Estimation of acid radicals (anions)


    Classification of anions
    Radicals Reaction with dil.H2SO4 Reaction with conc.
    H2SO4
    Group 1 No reaction
    Carbonate CO32- Evolve gas
    Acetate CH3COO-
    Group 2 Evolve a gas
    Chloride Cl- No reaction
    Nitrate NO32-
    Group 3 No reaction No reaction
    Sulphate SO42-

    Dil H2SO4

    Test Observation Inference


    Take about 0.5 g of salt in a Brisk effervescence and Carbonate CO32- may be
    clean dry test tube and add evolution of colourless present
    dil.H2SO4. odourless gas (CO2)
    Take about 0.5 g of salt in a Evolution of acetic acid Acetate CH3COO- may be
    clean dry testtube and add dil. vapours with characteristic present
    H2SO4. warm the contents if vinegar like odour
    no evolution of gas.

    Conc. H2SO4

    Test Observation Inference


    Take about 0.5 g of salt in a Dense white fumes seen Chloride Cl- may be present
    clean dry test tube and add
    conc.. H2SO4.
    Bring a glass rod dipped in
    NH4OH near the mouth of
    testtube.
    Take about 0.5 g of salt in a Evolution of brown fumes. Nitrate NO3- may be present
    clean dry test tube and add
    conc. H2SO4. add copper
    turnings and heat

    If no anions are detected with dil. H2SO4 and conc. H2SO4 then the anion is SO4 2-
    Salt analysis/savitri/ 2021
    Wet test for anions (confirmatory test for anions )
    Preparation of sodium carbonate extract
    Mix 1 spatula of salt with 2 spatula of solid sodium carbonate in an evaporating dish. To this add
    one test tube of water and boil for 10 mins. Cool then filter. This filtrate is sodium carbonate
    extract.
    Confirmatory Test for CO32-
    Test Observation
    Take small quantity of salt. To this add dil. Lime water turns milky
    H2SO4 pass the gas evolved through lime
    water

    Confirmatory Test for CH3COO-


    Test Observation
    Ferric chloride test : Reddish brown ppt seen.
    Sodium carbonate extract is acidified with dil
    H2SO4and then add freshly prepared neutral
    FeCl3 solution and heat if required

    Confirmatory Test for Cl-


    Test Observation
    Silver nitrate test: White ppt which is insoluble in nitric acid and
    Neutralize the sodium carbonate extract with soluble in NH4OH
    dil. HNO3 till no effervescence is seen. Add
    AgNO3 solution.

    Confirmatory Test for NO3-


    Test Observation
    Neutralize the sodium carbonate extract with Brown ring forms just above heavier
    dil. H2SO4 till no effervescence is seen. Add sulphuric acid
    freshly prepared neutral FeCl3 solution. Pour
    conc. H2SO4 gently along the sides of testtube

    Salt analysis/savitri/ 2021


    Confirmatory Test for SO42-
    Test Observation
    Neutralize the sodium carbonate extract with White ppt formed which is insoluble in HCl
    dil. HCl till no effervescence is seen. Add and HNO3
    barium chloride solution to this

    Identification of cations
    Preparation of original solution (OS)
    To maximum quantity of salt add minimum quantity of water to make OS

    Classification of cations into groups


    Group 0
    Salt + NaOH. Pass the gas evolved through Nesslers reagent : Reddish brown ppt seen

    Cation group Cation Group reagent Colour of ppt with


    group reagent
    Group 0 NH4+
    Group 1 Pb2+ Dil. HCl PbCl2 (white)
    Group 2 Cu2+ H2S in presence of Black (Cu2S)
    dil.HCl
    Group 3 Al3+ Solid NH4Cl + excess Dirty white
    NH4OH (Al(OH)3)
    Group 4 Zn2+ H2S in presence of Dirty white (ZnS)
    Solid NH4Cl + excess
    NH4OH
    Group 5 Ba2+ (NH4)2CO3 Solid BaCO3 (White)
    Sr2+ NH4Cl + excess SrCO3 (white)
    Ca2+ NH4OH CaCO3 (white)

    Group 6 Mg2+ Na3(PO4)/ (NH4)3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 (white)


    Solid NH4Cl + excess
    NH4OH

    Salt analysis/savitri/ 2021


    Group 1
    Test Observation Inference
    To the OS add dil.HCl White ppt Group 1 present

    Filter the solution to obtain


    ppt.
    Dissolve the ppt in hot water
    and divide into 3 parts White crystalline ppt Pb2+ present and confirmed
    Part 1: cool under tap water Yellow ppt
    Part 2: add potassium Yellow ppt
    chromate
    Part 3: add potassium iodide

    If the salt is insoluble in dil HCl check for Pb2+


    Group 2
    Test Observation Inference
    To the OS add dil.HCl. pass Black ppt Group 2 present
    H2S gas.
    Filter the solution to obtain Bluish green solution
    ppt.
    Dissolve the ppt in 50%
    HNO3and divide into 2 parts Blue colour or ppt Cu2+ present and confirmed
    Part 1: add excess conc.
    NH4OH Reddish brown ppt
    Part 2: add potassium
    ferrocyanide solution

    Group 3
    Test Observation Inference
    To the OS add solid NH4Cl White ppt Group 3 present
    and excess NH4OH
    Filter the solution to obtain
    ppt. Blue lake obtained
    Dissolve the ppt in dil.HCl
    and then add few drops of Al3+ present and confirmed
    blue litmus solution. To this
    add excess NH4OH solution.

    Salt analysis/savitri/ 2021


    Group 4
    Test Observation Inference
    To the OS add solid NH4Cl Dirty White ppt Group 4 present
    and excess NH4OH. Pass H2S
    gas
    Filter the solution to obtain
    ppt.
    Dissolve the ppt in dil.HCl
    and divide the solution in two Zn2+ present and confirmed
    parts
    Part 1: add NaOH dropwise White ppt formed which
    dissolves in excess NaOH

    Part 2: add potassium


    ferrocyanide solution Bluish white ppt formed

    Group 5
    Test Observation Inference
    To the OS add solid NH4Cl White ppt Group 5 present
    ,excess NH4OH and
    (NH4)2CO3
    Filter the solution to obtain
    ppt.
    Dissolve the ppt in acetic acid
    to obtain clear solution.
    Divide it into 3 parts

    Test for Ba2+ :


    Add potassium chromate Yellow ppt Ba2+ present and confirmed

    If Ba2+ is absent then


    Test for Sr2+
    Add (NH4)2SO4 White ppt Sr2+ present and confirmed

    If Ba2+ and Sr2+ is absent


    then
    Test for Ca2+
    Add ammonium oxalate and White ppt Ca2+ present and confirmed
    allow it to stand for some
    time

    Salt analysis/savitri/ 2021


    Group 6
    Test Observation Inference
    To the OS add solid NH4Cl White ppt Group 6 present
    ,excess NH4OH and Mg2+ confirmed
    ammonium phosphate or
    disodium hydrogen
    phosphate. Scratch the inner
    side of the testtube
    To the OS add few drops of Blue colour or ppt Mg2+ confirmed
    magneson reagent and few
    drops of NaOH

    Salt analysis/savitri/ 2021

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