TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS

Thesis No: 076/MArch/017

Accessibility in Public Spaces for People with Disability:

Prospects for a Barrier-Free Public Built Environment

By

Sebi Nakarmi

A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN
ARCHITECTURE (M. Arch.)

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
LALITPUR, NEPAL

SEPTEMBER, 2022
 Copyright

The author has agreed that the library, Department of Architecture, Pulchowk Campus,
Institute of Engineering may take this report freely available for inspection. Moreover,
the author has agreed that permission for extensive copying of this project report for
scholarly purpose may be granted by the professor who supervised the project work
recorded herein or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department wherein the project
report was done. It is understood that the recognition will be given to the author of this
report and to the Department of Architecture, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of
Engineering in any use of the material of this thesis report. Copying or publication or
the other use of this report for financial gain without approval of the Department of
Architecture, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering and author’s written
permission is prohibited.

Request for permission to copy or make any other use of the material in this report in
whole or in part should be addressed to:

……………………………
Head of Department
Department of Architecture
Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering
Lalitpur, Nepal

i
 Declaration

I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Accessibility in Public Spaces for People
with Disability: Prospects for a Barrier-Free Public Built Environment” which is
submitted to the Department of Architecture, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of
Engineering, Tribhuvan University. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Masters in Architecture (M.Arch.) is a research work carried out by me, under
the supervision of Prof. Dr. Sudha Shrestha, between March, 2022 to September, 2022.
I declare that the work is my own and has not been submitted for a degree of another
University.

Sebi Nakarmi
PUL076/M.Arch./017

ii
 CERTIFICATE

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
PULCHOWK CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommended to the Institute of
Engineering for acceptance, a thesis entitled "Accessibility in Public Spaces for
People with Disability: Prospects for a Barrier-Free Public Built Environment”
submitted by Sebi Nakarmi (076/M.Arch./017) in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Masters in Architecture.

………………………………………………
Supervisor:
Dr. Sudha Shrestha
Professor, Head of Department
Department of Architecture, Pulchowk Campus

...……………………………………………
External Examiner:
Dr. Subik Kumar Shrestha
Architect

……………………………………………
Program Coordinator:
Dr. Ashim Ratna Bajracharya
Associate Professor
Department of Architecture, Pulchowk Campus

Date: September, 2022

iii
 ABSTRACT

Disability is a massive global phenomenon that is causing increasing local, national,

and global concern. Over six hundred million people worldwide are disabled in some
way. As a result, accessibility in built environments is crucial for a variety of reasons.
Most of the time, planners and architects do not view accessibility as a fundamental
requirement. Through accessible, functional design, the barrier-free concept
encourages freedom.
Additionally, the focus on ensuring universal accessibility has been rising in order to
facilitate everyone’s participation in social and communal activities. It is evident that
accessibility for everyone grows every day throughout the world. Accessibility is
undoubtedly a crucial component of social sustainability. Numerous studies have
shown that excluding people from the built environment leads to discrimination and
the loss of opportunities for social integration. Accessibility is thus the ability to engage
in social interaction. From a practical standpoint, accessibility is a significant issue that
won't ever truly go away, but it can be improved with the help of awareness on the part
of everyone involved. Accessibility has grown beyond its initial narrow use because
we now have greater knowledge of the architectural restrictions that exist in the world
than we had at the start of the twentieth century. It should not be overlooked that
ensuring everyone's accessibility will raise people's quality of life.
The objectives of the study are to investigate the current status of public spaces and
built environment in the historic urban core of Patan, Nepal, through field visits,
surveys & interviews. It aims at assessing accessibility features in public built spaces
in the urban area of Patan, Nepal. It is based upon comprehensive observations of
infrastructures through site analysis and photography with a focus on the access audit
of old and new public open spaces and buildings. It shall also incorporate interviews
with experts in the subjects, authorities and building managers to understand the
scenario and mindset of the people in-charge. The study's conclusions may serve as a
guide for engineers, architects, planners and managers in creating a built environment
that is secure and inclusive to all.

Keywords: Accessibility, Universal design, Public space, Urban design, Social

inclusion

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my profound gratitude to my academic supervisor, Prof. Dr. SUDHA
SHRESTHA, for her unwavering guidance, invaluable insight, support, and encouragement
throughout the thesis duration at the Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus. Her thought-
provoking ideas, insightful observations, and counsel helped me develop a thorough
comprehension of the subject that led to the creation of this thesis. I want to extend my sincere
thankfulness to Prof. Dr. Sushil Bahadur Bajracharya, Prof. Dr. Sanjaya Uprety, and Assoc.
Prof. Dr. Ashim Ratna Bajracharya for their constructive criticism, which significantly
improved my study. My heartfelt appreciation to the department's teachers for always
providing helpful guidance, assistance, and cooperation.
I want to express my sincerest thanks to the experts who agreed to be interviewed for my
research. I would like to mention a special thanks to all the PwD and architect respondents for
their co-operation and willingness to spend some time to fill in the questionnaires during
the survey. I feel indebted to my batch-mates, who were incredibly encouraging all through
the duration of this thesis. Above all, I am thankful to my parents for the invaluable
moral strength, inspiration, and emotional support they gave me during my time as a student.

SEBI NAKARMI
PUL076/ M.Arch. /017

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright .................................................................................................................................. i
Declaration............................................................................................................................... ii
Certificate ............................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ................................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... v
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... x
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ xii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................. xvi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 The Importance of Functionality, Accessibility, and Safety............................. 2
1.1.2 Accessibility and Universal Design Debate ...................................................... 3

1.2 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................. 4

1.3 Rationale of the Research ............................................................................................. 5

1.4 Need of Research .......................................................................................................... 6

1.5 Importance of Research ................................................................................................ 6

1.6 Research Objectives ...................................................................................................... 8

1.7 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 8

1.8 Research Paradigm........................................................................................................ 9

1.9 Research Methodology ............................................................................................... 10

1.10 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................. 11

1.10.1 Collection of Data, Literature Review and Case Studies ................................ 11
1.10.2 Field Study ...................................................................................................... 11
1.10.3 Main Constructs of Questionnaire and Field Study ........................................ 13
1.10.4 Research variables and operational definition ................................................ 14
1.10.5 Analysis, Discussion and Results ................................................................... 14

1.11 Scope and Limitations................................................................................................. 15

1.12 Study Area .................................................................................................................. 15

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 17

vi
2.1 Disability ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.1.1 Classifications of Disability ............................................................................ 17
2.1.2 Disability in Nepal .......................................................................................... 18
2.1.3 National Policies on Disability ....................................................................... 21
2.1.4 International Policies on Disability................................................................. 22
2.1.5 Sustainable Development Goals ..................................................................... 24
2.1.6 Participation in Planning and Design .............................................................. 24

2.2 Importance Urban Public Built Environment ............................................................. 25

2.3 What is Accessibility?................................................................................................. 26

2.4 Accessible Design ....................................................................................................... 27

2.5 The Principles of Universal Design ............................................................................ 28

2.5.1 Principle One: Equitable Use .......................................................................... 28
2.5.2 Principle Two: Flexibility in Use .................................................................... 29
2.5.3 Principle Three: Simple and Intuitive Use ...................................................... 29
2.5.4 Principle Four: Perceptible Information ......................................................... 29
2.5.5 Principle Five: Tolerance for Error ................................................................. 30
2.5.6 Principle Six: Low Physical Effort ................................................................. 30
2.5.7 Principle Seven: Size and Space for Approach and Use................................. 30

2.6 Urban Design Considerations ..................................................................................... 31

2.6.1 Obstructions .................................................................................................... 31
2.6.2 Signage............................................................................................................ 34
2.6.3 Street Furniture ............................................................................................... 37
2.6.4 Pathways ......................................................................................................... 39
2.6.5 Curb Ramps .................................................................................................... 43
2.6.6 Pedestrian Crossings ....................................................................................... 46
2.6.7 Parking ............................................................................................................ 48

2.7 Architectural Design Considerations .......................................................................... 52

2.7.1 Ramps ............................................................................................................. 52
2.7.2 Elevators ......................................................................................................... 55
2.7.3 Stairs ............................................................................................................... 57
2.7.4 Railings And Handrails ................................................................................... 60
2.7.5 Entrances ......................................................................................................... 63

vii
 2.7.6 Doors ............................................................................................................... 65
2.7.7 Corridors ......................................................................................................... 69
2.7.8 Rest Rooms ..................................................................................................... 70

2.8 Research Case Studies ................................................................................................ 77

2.8.1 Accessibility and Utilization of Public Spaces in Famagusta ......................... 77
2.8.2 Accessibility for People with Disabilities in Urban Spaces: A Case Study of
Ankara, Turkey ........................................................................................................... 81
2.8.3 Inferences from case studies ........................................................................... 84
CHAPTER 3. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...................................................... 87

3.1 Access Audit: Open Spaces ........................................................................................ 87

3.1.1 Mangalbazar .................................................................................................... 90
3.1.2 Lagankhel ........................................................................................................ 96
3.1.3 Jawalakhel ..................................................................................................... 101

3.2 Questionnaire Survey: Open Spaces ......................................................................... 106

3.2.1 Mangalbazar .................................................................................................. 110
3.2.2 Lagankhel ...................................................................................................... 113
3.2.3 Jawalakhel ..................................................................................................... 116

3.3 Access Audit: Public Buildings ................................................................................ 119

3.3.1 District Court, Lagankhel.............................................................................. 123
3.3.2 Lalitpur Land Revenue Office, Lagankhel ................................................... 125
3.3.3 Nepal Bank, Gabahal .................................................................................... 128
3.3.4 Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office, Pulchowk ............................................... 130
3.3.5 Namuna Machhindra School, Lagankhel ...................................................... 132
3.3.6 Patan Hospital, Lagankhel ............................................................................ 134
3.3.7 Labim Mall, Pulchowk.................................................................................. 137
3.3.8 Pulchowk Campus ........................................................................................ 139
3.3.9 Nepal Telecom Office, Jawalakhel ............................................................... 141
3.3.10 Lalitpur District Administration Office, Thasikhel ...................................... 143

3.4 Interviews with Building Managers/ Officers........................................................... 146

3.4.1 District Court, Lagankhel.............................................................................. 146
3.4.2 Land Revenue Office, Lagankhel ................................................................. 147
3.4.3 Nepal Bank, Gabahal .................................................................................... 148

viii
 3.4.4 Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office, Pulchowk ............................................... 151
3.4.5 Namuna Machhindra School, Lagankhel ...................................................... 152
3.4.6 Patan Hospital ............................................................................................... 154
3.4.7 Labim Mall.................................................................................................... 155
3.4.8 Pulchowk Campus ........................................................................................ 156
3.4.9 Nepal Telecom Office, Jawalakhel ............................................................... 157
3.4.10 Lalitpur District Administration Office ........................................................ 159

3.5 Questionnaire Survey: Public Buildings ................................................................... 160

3.5.1 Labim Mall.................................................................................................... 162
3.5.2 Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office ................................................................. 163
3.5.3 Patan Hospital ............................................................................................... 164
3.5.4 District Administration Office ...................................................................... 165
3.5.5 Nepal Bank, Gabahal .................................................................................... 166
3.5.6 District Court ................................................................................................ 166
3.5.7 Land Revenue Office .................................................................................... 166
3.5.8 Pulchowk Campus ........................................................................................ 167
3.5.9 Namuna Machhhindra School....................................................................... 167
3.5.10 Nepal Telecom Office ................................................................................... 167

3.6 Questionnaire Survey: Architects' Perception of Accessibility in Built-Environment

168

3.7 Interviews with Experts ............................................................................................ 172

3.7.1 Prof. Deepak Pant ......................................................................................... 172
3.7.2 Er. Ananta Baidya ......................................................................................... 175
3.7.3 Mr. Kiran Shilpakar ...................................................................................... 179
3.7.4 Ms. Tika Dahal.............................................................................................. 181
3.7.5 Er. Indra Bahadur Shrestha ........................................................................... 182
CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 184

4.1 Key Research Findings: Access Audits .................................................................... 184

4.2 Main Problems Faced by PWDs in Public Open Spaces .......................................... 186

4.3 PwDs’ Satisfaction with Buildings’ Accessibility .................................................... 188

4.4 The Perspectives of Building Managers and Authorities on Accessibility............... 188

4.5 Architects' Perception of Accessibility in Built-Environment .................................. 189

ix
 4.6 Analysis Interviews with Experts ............................................................................. 190
4.6.1 In-Vivo Codes ............................................................................................... 191
4.6.2 Key Findings from Interviews with Experts ................................................. 193

4.7 Accessibility in Historic Spaces................................................................................ 194

4.8 Participation of PwDs ............................................................................................... 196

4.9 Public Awareness: Perceptions on Accessibility ...................................................... 198

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 200
CHAPTER 6. RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................ 204

6.1 Specific Recommendations (based on physical character) ....................................... 204

6.2 Design Recommendations: Open Spaces.................................................................. 205

6.2.1 Mangalbazar .................................................................................................. 206
6.2.2 Lagankhel ...................................................................................................... 207
6.2.3 Jawalakhel ..................................................................................................... 208

6.3 Design Recommendation: Public Buildings ............................................................. 209

6.4 General Recommendations ....................................................................................... 212

6.5 Barrier-free Design Certification .............................................................................. 212

REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 215
APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................... 219
APPENDIX 1: SAMPLE OF QUESTIONNAIRE .......................................................... 220
APPENDIX 2: Plagiarism Report ..................................................................................... 223
APPENDIX 3: Acceptance Letter ..................................................................................... 224
APPENDIX 4: Accepted Paper for Publication ............................................................... 225

x
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1 Classification of Disability ......................................................................... 19

Table 2-2 Statistics of PwDs in Nepal ........................................................................ 19
Table 2-3 District-wise Population of PWDs ............................................................. 20
Table 2-4 Additional Theories of Design ................................................................... 28
Table 2-5 User Characteristics .................................................................................... 78
Table 2-6 Assessment of Accessibility ....................................................................... 79
Table 2-7 Assessment of Utilization ........................................................................... 80
Table 2-8 Evaluation criteria for field survey ............................................................. 82
Table 3-1 Access Audit: Public Open Spaces............................................................. 89
Table 3-2 Compliance Score Chart: Open Spaces .................................................... 105
Table 3-3 Access Audit: Public Buildings ................................................................ 120
Table 3-4 Compliance Score Chart: Public Buildings .............................................. 145
Table 13 Location details of sampling areas: Public Buildings ................................ 185
Table 6 Location details of sampling areas: Open Spaces ........................................ 186
Table 4-7 Thematic analysis of interview transcripts ............................................... 194
Table 6-1 Barrier-free Certification Criteria ............................................................. 214

xi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Method of Study ........................................................................................ 13

Figure 1-2 The Historic Core of Patan, Nepal ............................................................ 16
Figure 2-1 Disability types in Nepal ........................................................................... 20
Figure 2-2 Relationship between accessible, adaptable, transgenerational, universal
design .......................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 2-3 The Principles of Universal Design .......................................................... 29
Figure 2-4 Obstructions on the pathway surface ........................................................ 32
Figure 2-5 Overhanging Obstructions ........................................................................ 32
Figure 2-6 Roadworks................................................................................................. 33
Figure 2-7 International symbol of accessibility ........................................................ 35
Figure 2-8 Installations ............................................................................................... 36
Figure 2-9 Lettering .................................................................................................... 37
Figure 2-10 Location of Street Furniture .................................................................... 38
Figure 2-11 Resting Facilities ..................................................................................... 38
Figure 2-12 Existing Conditions ................................................................................. 39
Figure 2-13 Guide Strips ............................................................................................. 40
Figure 2-14 Tactile Marking ....................................................................................... 41
Figure 2-15 Existing Conditions ................................................................................. 43
Figure 2-16 Curb Ramps ............................................................................................. 44
Figure 2-17 Application of Curb Ramps .................................................................... 44
Figure 2-18 Curb Ramps at Intersections ................................................................... 45
Figure 2-19 Width of Curb Ramp ............................................................................... 45
Figure 2-20 Pedestrian Crossings ............................................................................... 47
Figure 2-21 Parking Dimensions ................................................................................ 49
Figure 2-22 Parking Curb ........................................................................................... 50
Figure 2-23 Parking .................................................................................................... 51
Figure 2-24 Ramp Configuration ................................................................................ 53
Figure 2-25 Slope of Ramp ......................................................................................... 54
Figure 2-26 Elevator Cab ............................................................................................ 56
Figure 2-27 Call buttons and floor identifiers............................................................. 56
Figure 2-28 Stairwidth, landing and handrail ............................................................. 58
Figure 2-29 Recommended nosing types .................................................................... 59
Figure 2-30 Railings and Handrails ............................................................................ 61
Figure 2-31 Handrail forms ........................................................................................ 62
Figure 2-32 Wall-mounted Handrails ......................................................................... 62

xii
Figure 2-33 Signage at Entrances ............................................................................... 63
Figure 2-34 Entrance Landing .................................................................................... 64
Figure 2-35 Door Types .............................................................................................. 66
Figure 2-36 Door opening ........................................................................................... 67
Figure 2-37 Width of Corridors .................................................................................. 69
Figure 2-38 Unobstructed Corridors ........................................................................... 70
Figure 2-39 Restroom Layout Approaches ................................................................. 71
Figure 2-41 Restroom Layout Approaches ................................................................. 72
Figure 2-41 Restroom Fixtures ................................................................................... 72
Figure 2-42 Bathtubs................................................................................................... 73
Figure 2-43 Showers ................................................................................................... 74
Figure 2-44 Urinals ..................................................................................................... 75
Figure 2-45 Wash Basin.............................................................................................. 75
Figure 2-46 Measuring Accessibility .......................................................................... 77
Figure 2-47 Measuring Utilization.............................................................................. 78
Figure 2-48 Building entrances in the survey area ..................................................... 83
Figure 3-1 Approaching the infrastructure ................................................................. 90
Figure 3-2 Unclear separation between footpath and roadways ................................. 91
Figure 3-3 Obstructions in the Pathways .................................................................... 91
Figure 3-4 Street Furniture.......................................................................................... 92
Figure 3-5 Inaccessible Steps without Ramps ............................................................ 93
Figure 3-6 Pathways in dire need of maintenance ...................................................... 93
Figure 3-7 Accessible Public Toilet ............................................................................ 94
Figure 3-8 The Study Area at Different Hours of the Day ......................................... 94
Figure 3-9 Inaccessible drinking water facility .......................................................... 96
Figure 3-10 Lack of maintenance of Pedestrian paths ................................................ 97
Figure 3-11 Obstructions in Pathways ........................................................................ 97
Figure 3-12 Central Park of Lagankhel at different hours of the day ......................... 97
Figure 3-13 No guides on the crosswalk..................................................................... 98
Figure 3-14 Footpaths encroached by vendors ........................................................... 98
Figure 3-15 Curb Ramps ............................................................................................. 99
Figure 3-16 Inaccessible entrance to public open space ............................................. 99
Figure 3-17 No designated space for parking ............................................................. 99
Figure 3-18 Inaccessible Public Toilet ..................................................................... 100
Figure 3-19 Lagankhel Bus Park .............................................................................. 100
Figure 3-20 Jawalakhel Park at different hours of the day ....................................... 102

xiii
Figure 3-21 Tactile Paving........................................................................................ 102
Figure 3-22 Street Furniture...................................................................................... 102
Figure 3-23 Seating Area .......................................................................................... 103
Figure 3-24 Inaccessible Platform ............................................................................ 103
Figure 3-25 Jawalakhel in the evening ..................................................................... 103
Figure 3-26 Assessment of Accessibility for Mangalbazar ...................................... 110
Figure 3-27 Assessment of Utilization for Mangalbazar .......................................... 111
Figure 3-28 Assessment of Accessibility for Lagankhel ........................................ 113
Figure 3-29 Assessment of Utilization for Lagankhel .............................................. 114
Figure 3-30 Assessment of Accessibility for Jawalakhel ......................................... 116
Figure 3-31 Assessment of Utilization for Jawalakhel ............................................. 117
Figure 3-32 Components of an accessible public building ....................................... 119
Figure 3-33 District Court, Lagankhel ...................................................................... 123
Figure 3-34 Lalitpur Land Revenue Office, Lagankhel............................................ 125
Figure 3-35 Nepal Bank, Gabahal ............................................................................ 128
Figure 3-36 Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office, Pulchowk ....................................... 130
Figure 3-37 Namuna Machhindra School, Lagankhel .............................................. 132
Figure 3-38 Patan Hospital, Lagankhel .................................................................... 134
Figure 3-39 Entrance to Hospital Block ................................................................... 135
Figure 3-40 Ramp Connecting All Floors ................................................................ 136
Figure 3-41 Labim Mall, Pulchowk .......................................................................... 137
Figure 3-42 Ramp at one of the entrances ................................................................ 138
Figure 3-43 Accessible signage and tactile markings ............................................... 138
Figure 3-44 Pulchowk Campus ................................................................................. 139
Figure 3-45 Inaccessible Entrance at Admin Block ................................................. 140
Figure 3-46 Inaccessible Entrance ............................................................................ 140
Figure 3-47 Inaccessible Upper Floors and Thresholds ........................................... 140
Figure 3-48 Nepal Telecom Office, Jawalakhel ....................................................... 141
Figure 3-4 District Administration Office ................................................................ 143
Figure 3-50 Inaccessible Upper Floors ..................................................................... 144
Figure 3-51 Location Map: District Court, Lagankhel ............................................. 147
Figure 3-52 Interview with the Section Officer ........................................................ 147
Figure 3-54 Interview with the Officer ..................................................................... 148
Figure 3-53 Location Map: Lalitpur Land Revenue Office ...................................... 148
Figure 3-55 Location Map: Nepal Bank, Gabahal .................................................... 150
Figure 3-56 Interview with the Branch Manager ...................................................... 150

xiv
Figure 3-57 Location Map: Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office ................................ 151
Figure 3-58 Interview with the Teachers .................................................................. 153
Figure 3-59 Location Map: Namuna Machhindra School ........................................ 153
Figure 3-61 Interview with the Administrative Officer ............................................ 154
Figure 3-60 Location Map: Patan Hospital ............................................................... 154
Figure 3-62 Interview with the Operations Manager ................................................ 155
Figure 3-63 Location Map: Labim Mall ................................................................... 155
Figure 3-64 Location Map: Pulchowk Campus ........................................................ 156
Figure 3-65 Location Map: NTC Office ................................................................... 158
Figure 3-66 Interview with the Officer ..................................................................... 158
Figure 3-67 Location Map: Lalitpur District Administration Office ........................ 159
Figure 3-68 Interview with the Assistant Chief District Officer .............................. 159
Figure 3-69 User Profile ........................................................................................... 161
Figure 3-70 Virtual Interview with Er. Baidya ......................................................... 176
Figure 3-71 Interview with the Chairperson ............................................................. 180
Figure 3-72 Interview with Ms. Dahal ...................................................................... 182
Figure 4-1 Word Cloud Generated through In-Vivo Coding Analysis .................... 191
Figure 4-2 The relation between human rights, poverty, vulnerability, disability ... 197
Figure 4-3 Impact of Barriers in PwD Participation ................................................. 198
Figure 6-1 Ramps to access different levels ............................................................. 206
Figure 6-2 Ramps at different positions in Patan Durbar square .............................. 206
Figure 6-3 Tactile markings at pedestrian crossing .................................................. 207
Figure 6-4 3D view of an accessible toilet................................................................ 207
Figure 6-5 Accessible Public Toilet Design for Lagankhel ...................................... 207
Figure 6-6 Sidewalk with tactile paving and curb ramp ........................................... 208
Figure 6-7 Ramp to access platform ......................................................................... 208
Figure 6-8 Ramps with proper handrails .................................................................. 209
Figure 6-9 Accessible countertops ............................................................................ 209
Figure 6-10 Waiting Area with tactile tiles and markers around hazardous surface 209
Figure 6-11 Accessible Elevator and Corridors with handrails and tactile markers . 210
Figure 6-12 Accessible signage and elevator buttons ............................................... 210
Figure 6-13 Accessible elevator car and buttons ...................................................... 210
Figure 6-14 Adequately sized doorways................................................................... 211
Figure 6-15 Stairs with handrails on both sides ........................................................ 211

xv
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

PwD Persons with Disability

PwPD Persons with Physical Disability
WwD Women with Disability
UD Urban Design
POS Public Open Spaces
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
WHO World Health Organization

xvi
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Most ideally, the goal is to create the most optimal state possible, where there are no
directional, practical, sensory, auditory, environmental, or navigational obstructions, in
an environment where all things are equal. Many people who we consider to be capable
would unconsciously accept and use design elements that promote the use of nature and
provide greater clarity, security, and utility for everyone in such a world (Shah, Shar,
Khoso, Akhund, & Soomro, 2018).
In addition to attempting to incorporate style into these central considerations, the
general outline was developed from slightly older inclusive concepts, the vaster barrier-
free advancement, and adaptable and utilitarian development. The life expectancy of
people with prominent wounds, illnesses, and genetic defects is improving thanks to
modern medicine and future advancements, which is fueling an increasing enthusiasm
for widespread planning. There are many businesses where people with children,
wagons, moving equipment, pregnancies, baggage, or people with medically
distinguishable ailments are considered for better user-experience, but there are many
others where it has not yet been embraced to any significant degree. Additionally, a
broader framework is being linked to the design of invention, path, facilities, other
products as well as environments (Shah, Shar, Khoso, Akhund, & Soomro, 2018).
Disability is a circumstance, not a wonder. Everybody experiences these phases
occasionally or at some point. The elderly, sick, pregnant, large, young, and people with
gear can be depicted as people experiencing an interval of disability. Even so, the right
to live in dignity during such times is possessed by each and every person. Thus,
planning professionals' commitment to a barrier-free outline doubles as their social
responsibility.
Today, not every person can enter a building or an office successfully. Even for a group
of people—children, the elderly, women, and people with disabilities like those who
use wheelchairs, shopping carts, or child buggies, etc.—finding a place in a developed
environment is occasionally still an incomprehensible problem. The United Nations'
policy that "No piece of the developed condition ought to be defined in a way that
rejects certain groups of individuals based on their incapacity or frailty" is logically
inconsistent with the situation in question. Two terms—"openness" and "portability,"

1
which need to be taken into consideration—are conveyed to us by the standard for
outlining and organizing the developed condition. Here, the word "accessible" refers to
the goal of empowerment (Blackman, et al., 2003).
The concept of universal accessibility refers to access, both structural and attitudinal,
through the removal of barriers and the creation of environments that are practical for
all potential users. Universal accessibility is essential to inclusion because it gives
everyone a sense of autonomy, competence, and independence that enables them to use
all areas of a space and actively engage with friends and family (ALACD, 2008).
1.1.1 The Importance of Functionality, Accessibility, and Safety
The concept of a barrier-free plan is relatively new; it emerged within the last 10 years
as an augmentation of the "framework for the disabled," that primarily addressed the
portability concerns of wheelchair clients. The availability problem has been seen from
a broader perspective, but it is still firmly focused on the needs of those who are
disabled. As a result, it is now understood that many different clients, many of whom
are physically fit, suffer from a variety of regularly unintentional artificial boundaries
as a result of ignorance and lack of information (Evcil A. N., 2012).
Mobility should be a feature of man-made habitat because it is an aspect of fundamental
rule of law and liberty. Mobility is described as "a dominant organizing force in
architectural design" by renowned urban planner Edmund Bacon. "From this
perspective, if the city is accessible to everyone, mobility must be provided." In an
accessible setting, wheelchair users, visually impaired people, or old aged people are
not considered disabled; however, if accessibility is not offered, even a normal person
may become disabled. The situation is described as follows: "They are disabled because
the building's architect failed to foresee their needs or did not care about them" (Evcil
A. N., 2012).
Besides that, there is an increasing growing focus on ensuring universal approachability
and utility, which is necessary for everyone to take part activities in a society or
communitiy. Accessibility is undoubtedly a crucial component of social sustainability.
Numerous studies have shown that discrimination happens and chances for social
integration are lost when people are excluded from the built environment. Accessibility
is therefore the capacity for social interaction (Evcil A. N., 2012).
Wars in various parts of the world contributed to an increase in the population of PwDs.
The World Health Organization (WHO) also noted that around five hundred million

2
people, or ten percent of the world's populace have some kind of physical or mental
affliction. (Esfandfard, Wahab, & Amat, 2020). People with disabilities are given equal
opportunities under United Nations regulations, and policymakers and activists can
address matters related to disability by using the framework of international human
rights to create guidelines for running programs that promote equal access for everyone.
Numerous studies and authors place a strong emphasis on environmental vulnerability
while ignoring the needs of PwDs and the importance of accessible environments
globally.
Thinking about accessibility and urban design philosophies is the best process to create
comfortable built environments. The formation of suitable indoor and outdoor
amenities for the advantage of all societal sectors, which also includes PwDs, is a
requirement for community development. Convenience while using public facilities by
specific demographics of citizens, like the elderly, pregnant women, and people with
disabilities, may be hampered by physical barriers. Designing for people with
disabilities is essential because they frequently face unique and obvious access issues
in urban areas. The needs of people with disabilities must be taken into account, and
obstacles that prevents PwDs from enjoying the available facilities must be removed. It
is believed that by implementing UD standards, people with disabilities could obtain
their rights to a city that is more hospitable and comfortable for them, reducing their
dependence on others (Esfandfard, Wahab, & Amat, 2020).
1.1.2 Accessibility and Universal Design Debate
Everyone should have equal access to everything. People with disabilities will never be
fully integrated into society if they cannot utilize the facilities and services offered by
the community (United Nations, 2007). This definition encompasses the freedom to
choose how to enter, approach, interact with, or utilize a situation. Alignment, freedom,
movement, profession, societal incorporation, financial independence, shift, and
transformation should all be aspects of access. The quality of life for those with
disabilities will undoubtedly improve with flexible and inclusive settings, secure and
unrestricted experience in public open areas and amenities, structures, and other facets
of ling in an urban community. Before planning, designing, and renovating built
environments that allow for simple, independent, and comfortable movement, it stays
crucial to recognize the needs of PwDs and know that they aren’t an unvaried group
and comprise of a variety of physical and mental conditions. Different disability groups

3
not only require different mobility arrangements, but diverse specifications must be into
consideration (Caglayan, 2008).
According to its definition, universal design entails creating environments and products
that are, to the greatest extent possible, usable by everyone (Christophersen, 2002).
Additionally, it has been described as a design for all strategy. This has a lot to do with
conversations about diversity and social inclusion in people. The overall goal remains
the upgrade of physical and societal milieu, which will decrease demand for different
accommodations and special mechanization (Meshur, 2013).
The universal design concept, according to Asmervik (2002), is simply a mindset or
approach of looking at matter where environments, structures are created in a way that
it can be utilized efficiently by everyone. A facility is considered accessible if a
wheelchair user can enter it; however, the location of the entrance in relation to the
accessibility of public transportation was not thought to be a factor. The universal
design idea encompasses accessibility and participation broadly. Additional crucial
aspect of UD is the general requirement included in development and design, making
it affordable as well (Meshur, 2013).
Imrie (2000) states that as the emphasis on an inclusive strategy to create inner and
outer aspects of built and social setting has increased, discussions about the significance
of accessibility have also increased. This has led to the development of accessibility
and universal design (Barnes, 2011).
Regarding PwD involvement in public, technical, occupational, and financial events,
accessibility is unquestionably a crucial issue. From this angle, it makes sense to
consider accessibility to be a fundamental human right. The environment should be free
of all physical and architectural impediments, and spaces that promote communication
should be created for PwDs. PwDs hold the right to demand those liberties as well as
the right to take part in a variety of social, cultural, and amusing activities. Designing
unique areas and structures exclusively for people with disabilities is neither sensible
nor practical. Therefore, when planning a project, the accessibility factor should be
considered, and the necessary preparations should be made (Seyyar, 1999).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Many people today struggle to enter a building or an office. The UN’s policy that "No
piece of the developed condition ought to be defined in a way that rejects certain groups
of individuals based on their incapacity or frailty" is logically inconsistent with the

4
situation in question. Two terms—"openness" and "portability," which need to be taken
into consideration—are conveyed to us by the standard for outlining and organizing the
developed condition. Here, the word "accessible" alludes to the goal of empowerment
(Shah, Shar, Khoso, Akhund, & Soomro, 2018).
Rapid urbanization has an adverse influence on many issues, including access to, use
of, as well as the physical and functional structures of public spaces. Urban settlements'
public spaces fall far short of the modern standards of more affluent cities, especially
in developing economies (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004). In urban areas, there aren't
many disabled people who can move around independently. This clearly demonstrates
how little disabled people participate in urban life and social interactions, and how
limited their opportunities are to move independently (Meshur, 2013).
The research’s aim is to ascertain the issues that people with disabilities face in urban
settings. The main issue is that there is a lack of access for PwDs to the amenities
provided in public areas because of the design-related barriers brought about by the
built environment. The accessibility of physical spaces to people with disabilities, their
use of those spaces, and their exit from those spaces, as well as accessibility restrictions
and issues with urban spaces, are discussed in more detail. To determine if the standards
for accessible design have been implemented, the current state of Patan's public spaces
is observed. The study group consists of orthopedically and visually impaired people
who, when compared to other impairment groups, face more challenges when
navigating urban spaces.

1.3 Rationale of the Research

According to a number of disability studies, there are a number of social barriers that
prevent PwDs from being fully integrated into society, including an inaccessible built
environment (Wiman and Sandhu, 2004), a lack of knowledge about the policy-making
process, deficiency of employment opportunities, and unsatisfactory levels of public
awareness on the rights of people with disabilities as well as their abilities. Public
spaces in Nepal have made very little progress toward accessibility for people with
disabilities because of flaws in the system that implements designs and a lack of
enforcement. There is a knowledge gap that could be bridged by advocates, the
government, and leaders in the field of accessible design practices.

5
This study can fill a void in the literature on the level of satisfaction among PWD and
inaccessible architecture by elucidating the cognitive aspects of accessible design. In a
developing nation like Nepal, examining these elements can serve as a catalyst for the
public and policymakers to move toward accessibility and inclusiveness during the
design, adoption, or implementation phases. This initiative aims to increase awareness
of the need for normative standards for people with disabilities among the PWD
community, local built environment professionals, policy makers, and other
stakeholders.
1.4 Need of Research
This study is essential for soliciting support and providing guidance for the efforts being
made by the world's developing nations to adopt universal accessibility features in the
areas of policies and practices. Authorities, planners, and designers working on the
design of the public built environment will use the study's findings, along with the body
of prior research, as a guide when creating training sessions, seminars, and workshops
with a specific goal in mind. The results of this study may help establish and normalize
the trend toward accessible design, which will eventually result in a beneficial outcome
on both national as well as international levels.
The results of this study will also aid in an improved perception and comprehension of
the standpoints of PwDs and those who are directly impacted by disabilities. This
understanding will help policy makers, business stakeholders, and advocates in
development and implementation of appropriate policies for creating a healthy as well
as livable environment for PWDs. In the end, this study will help the city progressively
transform into a more inclusive community.

1.5 Importance of Research

People frequently perceive the geography of towns and cities as oppressive, and this is
due to both the neglect of their accessibility needs and the positive affirmation of ableist
values developed by developers and engineers. The result has been labelled as an
"architectural apartheid":
Therefore, underground stations are "no-go" areas for people with mobility issues
because they lack elevators. The utilization of mobile stairs in communal facilities also
prevents elderly, frail as well as people with vision impairment from using them
because their ability to judge distance and speed is impaired (Blackman, et al., 2003).

6
Similar language is used to describe the risks posed by modern city environments:
Here, one must negotiate a continuous, complicated flow of traffic that includes
pedestrians, cyclists, and other vehicles, as well as signals. The need for self-control
and alertness cannot be overstated. Losing control can have fatal consequences. It
becomes commonplace and required for someone using public areas to be able to use
their bodies in specific ways for moving through space (Blackman, et al., 2003).
The importance of accessibility has increased as a result of disabled people's advocacy
efforts, the political influence of an aging population, and more accepting attitudes
toward disability in general. The formation of inclusive settings is described as a
conventional issue for planning policy and practice in a recent UK Government Green
Paper. For those deemed to have physical or sensory impairments, specific
developmental standards, design and construction laws intend to avert or diminish the
lack of accessibility in public buildings and transportation (Blackman, et al., 2003).
However, there are still significant issues regarding the limit, viability as well as
application of this system. According to Gant (1997), pedestrianization has
significantly improved the user-friendliness of shopping centers for PwDs over the past
few decades. However, there are still significant issues, such as inadequate restrooms
and a lack of signposting, that need to be addressed. Imrie and Kumar (1998) use the
personal narratives of people with disabilities to show how the architecture exacerbates
their perception of social and economic marginalization. The division of locations into
those that are harmful and dangerous and those that are safe and secure was a recurring
theme in the informants' accounts. The milieu outside one’s residence was frequently
seen as unsafe and hazardous, whereas the home was frequently thought of as safe and
secure. Outside of the home, humiliation was a common occurrence, for example
having to use alternative doors at the rear or side to enter buildings or facing tall
countertops in businesses. Frequently heard was the statement, "No one really cares
about the needs of PwDs, and we experience this every time we come of our houses"
(Imrie & Kumar, 1998).
The 1995 Disability Discrimination Act of the United Kingdom is one example of
legislation designed to combat disability discrimination. The guiding principle behind
this legislation is that sensible modifications must be done to guarantee that individuals
with disabilities aren’t significantly at a disbenefit in comparison to the population
without disabilities. PwDs must not be treated unfavorably because of a reason related

7
to their condition. On both of these counts, the outdoors is probably going lack practical
modifications that has the potential to render public built environments accessible to
people with disabilities (Blackman, et al., 2003). The process of identifying the
necessary changes and translating those into novel development and architectural
specifications for the barrier-free urban setting is just getting started (Blackman, et al.,
2003).

1.6 Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are to evaluate the current status of public spaces and
built environment in the urban context of Patan, Nepal, surveys & interviews. It aims
at evaluating accessibility features in public spaces in the study area. The case studies
are built on in-depth observations of accessible provisions, conducted in old as well as
new public open spaces and buildings. Investigations are undertaken to assess the
degree of authorities' and building managers' familiarity with UD concept and their
views on existing and forthcoming building accessibility strategies.
The study focuses on PwDs and their requirements as well as ascertain the accessibility
of the current architectural and urban design, the complications PwDs encounter in the
city and also considers suggestions and solutions to those problems, which could be
utilized in the planning and creation of inclusive environments. The study's conclusions
may serve as a guide for engineers, architects, planners and managers in creating a built
environment that is secure and inclusive to all.

1.7 Research Questions

The questions outlined below are examined to achieve the study's objectives. The
current study considers four research questions in light of the problems:
1. What attributes do public places have that are universally recognized as
"accessible" for people with vision and mobility impairments?
2. What is the level of compliance to guidelines in existing condition of public
spaces and problems in implementation of the guidelines?
3. What issues do people with disabilities face in public spaces in the study area?
4. What measures could be implemented in the present or future to alleviate the
existing complications in the study area?

8
1.8 Research Paradigm
This research is grounded in applied theory and a mixed-method approach that employs
qualitative and quantitative techniques to evaluate how satisfied people with disabilities
are with the existing condition of built-environment of public spaces as well as the
application of accessible features in accordance with best practices in the study area.
Combining qualitative and quantitative research should have significant advantages,
allowing for the comparison and contrast of results and the development of much deeper
insights, given that both types of research provide essential understanding (the Why
and the What).
This study's methodology is based on non-exact science because it involves a more
individualized approach to data collection and analysis that primarily emphasizes
contextual and social factors. This method emphasizes reality and existence, so the
philosophical paradigm is classified as post-positivism.
The research topic is inter-subjective because different members of the community have
different opinions about how important accessible design is. Therefore, a framework
that combines the various viewpoints is required in order to further examine and
comprehend the opinions held within the community. The goal of this study is to learn
how to efficiently gather opinions on the use of accessible design for Nepal's
development.
Since opinions based on personal experiences may differ among people, this research
adopts a probabilistic approach in which the truth is sought in its most probable form.
This research cannot be interpreted as a 100% truth from an objective standpoint
because different community members may have different views depending on their
knowledge and experience.
Reality's nature, existence, and relationships are described by ontology and the
ontological premises. The research's ontological claim is that people's perceptions of
accessibility may change based on their background knowledge and life experiences.
The sufficiency and legitimacy of the various types of knowledge that are possible serve
as the basis for epistemological assumptions (Blaikie & Priest, 2018). This study aims
to shed light on public perceptions of accessibility and seeks to pinpoint any gaps in
legislation and practical limitations. In light of the fact that people's thoughts are the
best indicator of what they think about the adoption of accessible design, this research
suggests that we examine people's thoughts.

9
1.9 Research Methodology

Structured and unstructured interviews with PWDs, domain experts, authorities and
building managers are used to gather the data. Data collection for this survey was done
using the snowball sampling technique. "Snowball sampling," a non-probability
sampling approach, uses present study respondents to help find new survey
respondents.

In order to better understand the design needs of the PWDs in Patan, questionnaire
surveys are conducted. A thorough assessment of availability and condition of
accessible features in the study area has been conducted through empirical field studies.

The study compares PWDs' and experts' responses to determine whether they agree or
disagree with what should be included in governmental policies and regulations,
educational curricula, and workplace practices to improve accessibility. The
conclusions derived from this research will advance the body of work and research of
universal design, particularly in developing nations.

The information gathered from interviews is assessed using a combination of content

analysis and thematic analysis techniques. The most popular and simple technique for
analyzing qualitative data is content analysis. At its most basic level, In order to find
patterns across several bits of information or communication resources as well as
within one piece of data (such as phrases, words, or graphics), content analysis is
utilized. For instance, a collection of news articles or speeches. We can determine how
frequently a concept is discussed or shared using content analysis (Warren, 2020).

A data set, like a collection of focus group or interview transcripts, can be analyzed
thematically to look for patterns of meaning. Using similarities, or topics, a thematic
analysis divides data sets—which are typically rather large—into groups. These
patterns aid in our comprehension and interpretation of the data (Warren, 2020).

With the use of in vivo coding, a style of qualitative analysis of data that highlights the
participants' original stated remarks., the analysis is carried out using the inductive
coding method (grounded style of coding where codes are derived from data). In the
first cycle coding technique known as "in-vivo coding," which is used in qualitative
analysis, codes are created straight from data. Compared to other approaches where

10
codes are derived by the researcher, in vivo codes use the language and terminology
utilized by the participants. The emotions and actions of participants can therefore be
faithfully represented by codes. Using in vivo coding, researchers can fully comprehend
the direct narratives, ideas, and interpretations that informants actually convey
(delvetool.com, n.d.).

1.10 Thesis Outline

A thorough literature review is required to fulfill the research's goals and objectives by
enlightening the reader on the subject of universal accessibility and related design
specifications. It is accomplished using the following methods:

1.10.1 Collection of Data, Literature Review and Case Studies

The fundamental idea of universal accessibility and its significance are examined in the
study. Therefore, a review of the relevant literature is done in order to understand the
research topic clearly. It is investigated how accessible design is currently practiced in
Nepal, as well as the shortcomings of the current laws and public perceptions of
accessibility in general. The scenarios from other developing nations are also included
in the literature study.

1.10.2 Field Study

A modest but significant quantity of studies have been conducted in the last decade to
help people with disabilities express their experiences on their own. The conversational
methods that have been used in a large portion of this work to explore themes and issues
rely on gentle prompts. The importance of speaking with PwDs directly is emphasized
because they are "experts of their own experience." Different strategies are required for
this kind of research than for focus groups or one-time surveys. Due to the value of
compassion and close associations in gaining access to the perception of PwDs, it must
be conducted informally. Disability research requires a collaborative approach where
PwDs, authorities and researchers jointly explore challenges and solutions.

In this study, a questionnaire survey has been used to investigate how people with
disabilities feel about urban public spaces and how they have improved in relation to
UD. The study is carried out primarily through first-hand interviews, questionnaires,
observations and secondarily through internet sources of files, articles, e-books and

11
published papers. This study involves visits of several public buildings and open spaces
in Patan, questionnaire survey, and unstructured interview with the experts of relevant
fields, authorities and with the users of accessibility features. With the aim of unveiling
the present condition of accessible features, a questionnaire survey is carried out with
local PwDs so that every aspect of the issues can be envisaged from the perspective of
the PwD.

The following data collection methods are used in empirical field studies in the case
study field: Semi-structured interviews with wheelchair users, including those who use
them independently and with assistance, with those who care for them, with people who
are visually impaired. According to Sawyer and Bright (2004), an access audit's goal is
"to assess a particular system's performance in terms of accessibility and usability for a
variety of possible users, including PwDs, and also to propose improvements to
accessibility provisions." The gaps between the urban design intervention and the
experiences of wheelchair users in public spaces are revealed by access audit and users'
responses on some chosen points, including accessibility, internal mobility, activity,
and users' comfort.

PwDs with visual and motor impairments are the participants that were selected through
purposive snowball sampling. Utilizing a method known as purposive sampling, the
researcher can select participants based on how well they relate to the study's questions.

With the participants' consent, the one-on-one interviews are conducted in a semi-
structured method and documented by means of an audio recording device. Throughout
the interview, notes are also taken for additional documentation. Following
transcription, the audio recordings and transcripts are used for analysis of the collected
information. Responses from the interviewees are contrasted with information from
expert interviews and earlier studies.

The survey focuses on two groups of PwDs who are thought to experience more
difficulties when utilizing barrier-free urban public spaces. The categories are
wheelchair users and blind people. The methodology used for this study is category-
based sampling. A five-point Likert scale with the options of highly dissatisfied,
dissatisfied, neutral, satisfied, and highly satisfied is used to evaluate the responses to
the factors. Likert scales give respondents the option to express their opinions in

12
addition to providing a simple yes/no response, and the quantitative data can be easily
analyzed. The research methodology employed is both qualitative and quantitative
assessing the readiness and appropriateness depending on infrastructure and operational
specifications for individuals with impairments..

Figure 1-1 Method of Study

1.10.3 Main Constructs of Questionnaire and Field Study

The statistical descriptive analysis was used to evaluate how comfortable people with
disabilities felt in the research area. According to their perceptions and experiences of
comfort while using public spaces, they were asked to respond to questionnaires.
This study's second goal is to evaluate public spaces in the core area of Patan in terms
of their accessibility for PwDs. To assess accessibility of the physical environments,
the UN Design Manual is referred to monitor employment of urban design standards in
the public realm. This manual was chosen because it has a target audience that includes
people with all kinds of disabilities and because the majority of the advised actions have
been tried out in developed nations. The groups in its manual are as follows:

Urban Design Considerations

1. Obstructions
2. Signage
3. Street Furniture
4. Pathways
5. Curb Ramps
6. Pedestrian Crossings

13
7. Parking

Architectural Design Considerations

1. Ramps
2. Elevators
3. Lifts
4. Stairs
5. Railings and Handrails
6. Entrances
7. Vestibules
8. Doors
9. Corridors
10. Rest Rooms

1.10.4 Research variables and operational definition

In the context of this research, accessibility is the dependent variable, and the
availability, standardization compliance, and convenience of the public built
environment are the independent variables. In relation to these factors, the technical
terminologies are as follows:
i. Accessibility is the availability of a path for everyone, including PwDs, to
achieve equal opportunity in all spheres of life and livelihood.
ii. Availability is defined as having PWD access.
iii. Conformity is the presence of accessible facilities in public areas that adhere to
technical standards and guidelines.
iv. Convenience is disabled facilities in public areas does not affect user
satisfaction.

1.10.5 Analysis, Discussion and Results

To compare the circumstances of other countries to Nepal, information from literature,
national case studies, and international case studies is used. Then, a suitable collection
of strategies and suggestions is created to effectively reduce the obstacles faced by
PwDs in the context of Nepal. Following are the stages of analysis to be carried out:
14
i. Determine whether there are any PWD accessibility features available.

ii. Assess accessibility compliance in light of disability and standardized

guidelines.

iii. Use the knowledge of form, dimension, color, and texture to assess how
convenient accessibility is.

iv. Contrast the findings of the site observation with those of the questionnaire
survey and interview results.

v. Use the findings to generate suggestions for reducing accessibility obstacles.

1.11 Scope and Limitations

The urban areas of modern cities change over time. Public spaces that were previously
single-purpose are now multipurpose and equipped with cutting-edge technology.
Public space includes not only open parks and squares but also the interiors of publicly
accessible buildings like hotels, offices, malls, and places of worship. The current study
has a few limitations that should be mentioned. Due to the broad subject, it has been
restricted to two categories of disabilities: orthopedic impairment and visual
impairment. Selective public buildings and open spaces have been studied while taking
time constraints into account because qualitative analysis is a labor-intensive approach.
Due to their eligibility for the general trend of shaping public space in contemporary
cities, the study areas presented here can be considered to be representative of all public
spaces in Patan. Statistics on the total number of professionally employed architects in
Nepal, particularly in Patan, are lacking. Thus, data for this survey were gathered using
the snowball sampling technique. It is accurate to say that this study provides insight
into design attitudes in Nepal, despite the fact that it is only one and its findings should
not be extrapolated. In order to provide PWDs with UD solutions in urban public
spaces, the study's findings are analyzed.

1.12 Study Area

Public areas serve as the city's living spaces, where residents congregate to socialize,
communicate, and carry out daily activities. They help people feel connected to the city
and define the city's character. Public spaces that are welcoming and convenient
promote the city's vitality and livability. Public spaces need to be maintained and given

15
attention if they are to remain comfortable and livable. WHO estimates that 10% of the
global populace is disabled, and the UN Convention emphasized that PwDs have equal
rights to utilize and benefit from public open spaces and buildings.
The third-most populous city in Nepal, Lalitpur, must increase accessibility and
facilities to fulfill the requirements of PwDs who want to participate fully in society.
The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal estimates that 513,321 people in Nepal are
classified as PWD, 4934 of whom reside in Lalitpur. While 818 people have low vision
or are blind, there are 1669 (or 3.57 per 1000) people who are physically disabled (1.75
per 1000). The research setting, which is the historical core of Patan, is 1.22 sq.km in
area and 5445.57 m in perimeter.
Analyzing the necessity for public spaces and building in Lalitpur for PwDs is one of
the objectives of this study. It assesses how accessible public structures and outdoor
areas are for people with disabilities in Lalitpur, Nepal. A total of 50 PWDs from
Lalitpur have been interviewed through category-based snowball sampling.

Figure 1-2 The Historic Core of Patan, Nepal

16
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Disability
2.1.1 Classifications of Disability

• Physical
o A body part that is damaged, deformed, or disfigured
o Complete or limited damage of a body-part.
o Existence of potential pathogens in the human body.
o The presence of pathogenic organisms within the physique.

• Cognitive
o The loss of all or some of physical or intellectual abilities.
o A condition or fault that causes the person to learn in a different way from
someone who doesn't have it.

• Sensory
o Complete or limited damage of a person's physical or intellectual capabilities.
o Issues with malformation or disfigurement of a body part.

• Social/Emotional
o Ailment, disease, or sickness that impairs the ability to think, perceive
reality, feel, or make decisions, or that causes disturbed behavior.
Disability is a constantly changing notion which arises from the contact of PwDs with
environmental as attitudinal obstacles which prevent complete and equal partaking in
societal activities. These definitions demonstrate that the concept of disability is not
static (Syaodih & Aprilesti, 2019). Disability status is solely influenced by the
impairment and by environmental factors:
▪ Individual factors (sex, age, coping mechanisms, societal status, literacy,
occupation, former and present experience, personality).
▪ Environmental factors (social and legal structures, societal attitudes,
architectural features).
This interaction among human functioning and environment is out of balance, may
result in activity limitations and participation restrictions (Syaodih & Aprilesti, 2019).

17
2.1.2 Disability in Nepal
A person who is physically and/or mentally incapable to live a regular life is considered
to be disabled, according to Nepal's constitution. The World Health Organization
(WHO) defines disability similarly, referring to impairments, activity restrictions, and
participation limitations. The term covers people with restricted mobility as well as
those who have hearing and vision impairments. Seven different categories of disability
were identified in the 2011 Nepalese Census Report (CRN) (Thapaliya, 2016).

1. Physical disability: Partial or complete loss of physical function; issues with nerve
or muscle use or movement; and issues with the structure or function of bones and
joints, including cerebral palsy, arthritis, and amputation.

2. Vision-related disability: Where a person's vision is compromised and cannot be

fixed. An individual is deemed blind if they are unable to see clearly with both eyes at
a distance of 10 feet, whereas someone who is unable to see clearly with both eyes at a
distance of 20 feet is deemed to have "low vision."

3. Hearing-related disability: a condition that prevents a person from hearing sound

or the rise and fall of sound. Anyone who is unable to hear sounds louder than 80
decibels is considered to be deaf. One is said to be hard of hearing if they can hear
sounds between 65 and 80 decibels.

4. Deaf-Blind: a person who suffers from hearing and vision impairments.

5. Voice and speech-related disability: This is distinguished by muddled speech and

pointless word and letter repetition.

6. Mental Disability: where a person exhibits abnormal brain activity. Three groups
are:
• If a person lacks intellectual development before the age of 18 and is unable to perform
tasks appropriate for their age or environment, they are referred to as intellectually
disabled or mentally retarded.
• A person is said to have a chronic mental illness if their mental illness prevents them
from carrying out their daily activities.

18
• Autism is a condition in which a person is unable to exhibit typical behavior and
communication patterns (through the use of language) or when they repeatedly engage
in the same behavior.

7. Multiple disabilities: when a person has two or more impairments. Four broad
categories were developed by the New Educational Research Association (2001) to
categorize disabilities. Communication, mobility, mental, and complex disabilities are
among them. Each category is further defined in the table below:
Table 2-1 Classification of Disability

Source: (Thapaliya, 2016)

Although there are many different categories for describing disabilities, the discussion
in this study is informed by the seven categories from the 2011 CRN that were
mentioned above. The following table and graph show how people with disabilities are
distributed throughout Nepal (CBS, 2011).
Table 2-2 Statistics of PwDs in Nepal

Source: (Thapaliya, 2016)

19
 Figure 2-1 Disability types in Nepal

Source: (Thapaliya, 2016)

As per CRN, 2011, there were 513,321 PwDs in Nepal overall, with 280,086 men and
233,235 women. There were seven different types of disabilities included in this:
physiological, visual, deaf-blind, speech, psychological, and several disabilities.
According to the statistics, there are ten times as many physically disabled people as
there are intellectually disabled people (Thapaliya, 2016). The data on people with
disabilities in each district of Nepal is listed below. Data was obtained from the 2011
CBS National Census (National Federation of the Disabled, Nepal , 2015).
Table 2-3 District-wise Population of PWDs

Source: (National Federation of the Disabled, Nepal , 2015)

District Male Female Population Percentage of

with Disability PwDs

Kathmandu 9,144 7,978 17,122 0.98

Lalitpur 2,621 2,313 4,934 1.05

Bhaktapur 1,652 1,552 3,204 1.05

The number of disabled people worldwide is rising, according to numerous research

reports. This might be due to the usage of better statistics gathering methods, but it
likewise draws attention to a problem. The official 2011 census data for Nepal shows a
disability rate of 1.94%, but many organizations believe the true number to be much
higher. For instance, it is predicted that 10% of the world's populace is currently
20
incapacitated (World Bank, 2000). Furthermore, because of cultural customs, a
deficiency of comprehension on how to define disability, and added social and
economic issues, it is difficult to gather precise figures regarding the occurrence of
disability in Nepal. Hindu religious customs hold that one's sins from a previous life
are to blame for one's current life's advantages and disadvantages. In other words, it is
believed that a person's disability is the result of their past lives' sins. Similar to this,
people frequently conceal their disabilities as a result of various sociocultural norms,
values, and pressures. The actual number of disabled people in Nepal, according to
researchers, policymakers, developers, global and national organizations involved in
the disability fields, is much higher. They blame the recent earthquake, the 10-year
Maoist conflict, poverty, inadequate medical and maternity care facilities, and
geographic variations (Thapaliya, 2016).

2.1.3 National Policies on Disability

The policies regarding disability that are approved in Nepal are examined in this
section. It gives a brief overview of the national policies and laws governing people
with disabilities.

The advent of the Constitution of Nepal in 2015 marked a substantial advancement

since it stated that general legislation cannot be applied inequitably based on a person's
race, ethnicity, creed, clan, sex, sexual orientation, personal features, wellness, physical
impairments, marital status, pregnancy, state of the economy, dialect, or location
(Thapaliya, 2016).

The government of Nepal has provided facilities and rights for the disabled in nine
major areas, according to an examination of its disability rules, laws, and guidelines:

1. Identity cards: Identity cards for people with disabilities are provided, and they
are characterized as per type of impairment (red, blue, yellow and white). The district
office has cards available.
2. Free education: Educational establishments are not allowed to demand
payments for students with disabilities, and some educational accommodations are
created, for example, allowing students with visual impairments to use an assistant
during exams.

21
3. Scholarships: The administration is resolute to make sure that a range of
subsidies, including those for professional and practical training are available for
children with disabilities. As per the kind and level of a person's condition, the
government offers scholarships, with a 2% subsidy set aside for disabled students
finishing their higher education.
4. Medical care: Free medical examination services in healthcare for PwDs and
free medical care for PwDs above 65 years of age.
5. Workforce: The Nepali government has set aside 5% of all positions in the civil
service for people with disabilities.
6. Transportation: Disabled individuals are eligible for a 50% discount on
transportation. Additionally, when a transport automobile has a capacity of 15 or more,
seats must be set aside for people with disabilities.
7. Accessibility: Every public building and location, such as a hospital, school,
campus, or bus, should be handicap-friendly.
8. Income tax and customs: In Nepal, people with disabilities are exempt from
paying income tax. The government has also maintained that disabled people should
have access to vehicles with no restrictions on their use, including 4-wheeled bikes.
9. Social welfare and housing: People with complete disabilities receive NPR
1,000 per month in social welfare benefits, and people with other disabilities receive
nature-dependent benefits. The government has also implemented measures to
guarantee that people with disabilities, including children with mental impairments,
have access to housing (Thapaliya, 2016).

2.1.4 International Policies on Disability

Concern over disabilities increased after the Second World War. Particularly after the
agreement of the UN Charter (1945), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(1948), and the Declaration or Rights for Disabled people in 1975, it aimed to reach
and unleash the potential of disabled people. The UN stated in these documents that
people with disabilities had their own rights to esteem, self-respect, civic liberties,
political rights, financial rights and social security. Similar to this, the UN designated
the years 1983 to 1992 as the decade for people with disabilities and encouraged
governments and organizations to carry out a global "programme of action". The main

22
goals of the world program of action were to improve equal opportunity, disability
prevention, and rehabilitation (Thapaliya, 2016).
The standard rules for equitable opportunities for disabled individuals as established by
the United Nations discuss the need for accessibility to physical environment in Article
5. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a human rights agreement for PwDs
living in cities in the United States, mandates access to the built setting (Polat, 1998).
The ADA created a outline of law for PwDs, and it is considered the best system
currently in place. As a general rule, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) forbids
marginalization of PwDs, particularly in the areas of profession, local, state, and federal
government, communal spaces, and market settings, and also for accessibility in
transport and telecommunications. The ADA's defensive instructions for PwDs are
organized into 4 major categories: profession, local government and state activity, use
of public transport as well as other areas of the community, and telecommunications
services (Shah, Shar, Khoso, Akhund, & Soomro, 2018).
Additionally, the principles of the European Urban Charter are gathered underneath the
heading "underprivileged and incapacitated people in urban areas." Towns and
municipalities must be planned so that all residents can access all locations. Policies for
the underprivileged and the disabled should promote integration rather than
overprotecting them. Collaboration with and among specialized associations that speak
for underrepresented or minority groups is crucial. Making sure that homes, offices and
other places of work are properly modified to the needs of the underprivileged and
impaired is crucial. For all people, communication, travel, and public transportation
must be accessible (Meshur, 2013).
National priorities include encouraging active living and social inclusion, especially for
PwDs. For the purpose of supporting PwDs in leading active, healthy lifestyles,
organizations like the Active Living Alliance for Canadians with Disabilities (ALACD;
2005) or the National Center on Physical Activity and Disability (NCPAD; 2008) are
established. These organizations guarantee indiscriminate accessibility in opportunities
for physical activity for everyone. The definitive objective of these establishments is to
develop physical activity settings and potentials that not only comply with the minimum
requirements for universal accessibility but are practical and serviceable to PwDs as
well (Goldman, 1991).

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2.1.5 Sustainable Development Goals
The need to lessen disability inequality was m-entioned in Sustainable Development
Goal No. 11. Although not yet ideal, this equality exists in urban public spaces. The
accessibility of public spaces for people with disabilities is still insufficient. 2019
(Syaodih & Aprilesti)
One of the declarations that requires consideration of people with disabilities in every
plan is the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The target in Point 11.7 of the
SDGs program on Sustainable Cities and Communities states that by 2030, provision
of worldwide access to secure, inclusionary, and accessible public spaces, particularly
for females and children should, the elderly and PwDs should be made available.
Currently, one of the issues in our cities is the lack of appropriate urban public spaces
for people with physical disabilities. If the areas of our residence, the amenities we
utilize, and our localities are made to be inclusive as well as accessible, the built
environment can help create a society that is more equal, inclusive, and cohesive
(Syaodih & Aprilesti, 2019).
Around a billion individuals, or 15% of the global populace, have an impairment; 80%
of them reside in developing nations. Anywhere from a hundred and ten million and a
hundred ninety million adults struggle significantly to function. Because they have less
access to medical services, people with disabilities often have unmet medical needs.
Several factors, such as:
o Insufficient information or comprehension, with authorities failing to
understand the insinuations of design and the trials and dangers, can be blamed for the
deficiency of accessibility to facilities for PwDs.
o Deficiency of input from PwD users; PwDs were not included in the process of
planning, designing, and implementing.
o Missed Chances, with the potential to lose out on additional value for universal
access (Salha, Jawabrah, Badawy, Jarada, & Alastal, 2020).

2.1.6 Participation in Planning and Design

Physically disabled people frequently complain that planners and designers do not
consult them when making design decisions. Development and engineering
professionals may view accessibility as a topic of making use of the right practical
guidelines, which may cause them to overlook the usability of "accessible"

24
environments and other crucial details like the type of walking surface. It's critical that
PwDs participate in studies as direct contributors as opposed to indirect recipients of
design adjustments if we are to begin to close the knowledge gap regarding how to
make the outdoors further accessible and convenient for PwDs.
One measure of a society's modernity is the inclusion of PwDs in socioeconomic life.
The necessity to give PwDs the equal living environments as everybody else is the main
factor—it even serves as a prerequisite. For people with disabilities to receive the care
they need, the built environment must be properly planned (Maraz, 2009). Due to their
disabilities, people with disabilities lead different lives from those who are able to, and
they meet their requirements through various means. Moreover, it is illogical to assume
that PwDs are only unlike those without disabilities in terms of their organs, and there
may occasionally be a deficiency of essential talents or capabilities. It must not be
disregarded that PwDs might not be capable of carrying out all of the tasks that
everyone else can perform, but they are able to perform several tasks for which their
conditions are not a barrier thanks to their unique capabilities, and they be helpful to
community as well (Meshur, 2013).
The idea that PwDs are different from other individuals in any way besides mobility
issues is flat-out false. PwDs might not be able to perform all jobs that everyone else
can perform, but they can choose works that are suitable for them, making use of their
skills and abilities, and doing so will advantage humanity as a whole. Additionally, it
is a responsibility that should be fulfilled to give PwDs access to every advantage of
social living. Against this background, it is important to conduct research on the factors
that pose challenges for PwDs in urban areas (Meshur, 2013).

2.2 Importance Urban Public Built Environment

Public spaces serve a wide range of functions and are regarded as venues for intergroup
social and cultural interactions. Urban public spaces must be capable of accommodating
a variety of conduct, usages, and actions like errands, walking, talking, utilizing the
amenities to enjoy, relaxing or spending time on a daily basis, as well as periodic
celebrations and events (Meshur, 2013).
Every urban area is important for the interaction between people and their surroundings
and for the development of one's own creativity. Only the basic necessities are
accounted for in the rapid urbanization process. Urban environments and spaces that

25
weren't really suited for people and didn't meet their needs emerged as a result of this
tendency. Designing with universal and barrier-free accessibility in mind is the most
efficient way to create livable urban environments. In this situation, inclusive and
pluralistic urban design principles should be used to promote the inclusion of disabled
people in society. Large portions of cities and their structures, however, are inaccessible
to those with disabilities. PwDs still face many challenges in using urban areas today
(Meshur, 2013).
In general, the convenience of people with disabilities has not been taken into account
when creating public spaces. Due to the absence of accessible public spaces and special
facilities, there continues to be some discrimination against PwDs. Furthermore, the
public's perception that PwDs are second-class citizens who respect their requirements
and civil liberties can only exist if the first-class society (normal society) has thrived
(Aini, Marlina, & Nikmatullah, 2019).

2.3 What is Accessibility?

Accessibility signifies having access to everything. Accessibility does indeed refer to
"an overarching concept for all parameters that affect human functioning in the
environment" according to a technical definition. A well-planned city is thought to be
functional and easily accessible for everyone. Today, creating livable cities is a hot
topic for many urban planners. There is general agreement that accessibility and
people's mobility are important elements in designing livable cities. In light of this, one
of the useful interactions in a public area is accessibility. According to social theorists,
accessibility is a fundamental social right (Kitchen and Law, 2001). In the UN
Conventions, where equal prospects for all are promoted in every spatial structure for
communal use, accessibility is a core value of urban design (Evcil, 2010). Because of
the previously stated justification, accessibility is necessary for all members of society,
irrespective of their stage in life, capability, or position in society, for them to take
advantage of the public facility (Evcil A. N., 2012). Since moving around an urban area
securely, autonomously and expediently is essential to urban life, everyone must be
able to do so. According to this definition, a disability is any limitation or inability to
perform a task that can be remedied by a suitable design. To accomplish this, it is
thought that architects will apply their knowledge of various user needs more
effectively in the real world (Evcil A. N., 2012).

26
2.4 Accessible Design
Design that complies with established
applicable regulations for use by PwDs is
known as accessible design. It can isolate
PwDs from the vast majority of consumers and
make them feel like an outsider because it is
frequently accomplished by offering distinct
specifications for "special" user groups. These
solutions, which are occasionally added to
current designs or new structure at the end of Figure 2-2 Relationship between
accessible, adaptable, transgenerational,
the design process, can be prurient and and universal design
expensive. Accessible features that are later
added show that the designers did not take into account people with impediments until
after the fact, frequently until required to do so by law (M.S., 2010).
Although universal design incorporates accessibility from the start of the design proce
dure, it is less obvious because it is always accessible. Modifications to a standard
design are known as adaptable design features, and they serve to make the design
serviceable for a person as required (Center for Accessible Housing, 1991). Similar to
accessible designs, adaptable design elements can occasionally appear gimmicky,
stigmatizing, and expensive (M.S., 2010). Although adaptable strategies are
occasionally used in universal design to achieve customization, it is best when all
options are equally available.
Transgenerational design, also known as lifespan design, takes aging into account when
creating products. Transgenerational design may not essentially address the full range
of potential conditions or other variables that impact functionality like gender gaps,
social background, and education level, as it doesn’t directly mention hereditary
circumstances or deviations that might occur as a consequence of an accident or disease.
While some aspects of universal design are cross-generational, the strategy includes
disabilities other than those that are age-related (M.S., 2010).
Therefore, universal design is accessible and sometimes adaptable across generations.
The diagram shows how accessible design is divided into three categories: universal
design, adaptable design, and transgenerational design. A design might fall into two of

27
these categories at times, and some designs fit into all three (M.S., 2010). Not every
accessible design is universal. Some users are excluded by designs that are "accessible"
but not "universal,". Of the three accessible design approaches, universal design
addresses all forms of human variation and integrates accessibility into design
solutions, making it the most inclusive and least stigmatizing (M.S., 2010).
Table 2-4 Additional Theories of Design

Source: (Carr, Weir, Azar, & Azar, 2013)

2.5 The Principles of Universal Design

2.5.1 Principle One: Equitable Use
The concept, that is also viable, can be used by people of all abilities.
Guidelines:
(1a) Offer all users the same means of use, either identical or equivalent depending on
the situation.
(1b) Refrain from stigmatizing or grouping users together.
(1c) Ensure that all users have equal access to privacy, security, and safety features.
(1d) Create a design that will appeal to all users.

28
 2.5.2 Principle Two: Flexibility in Use
A broad range of personal preferences
and skills are supported by the design.
Guidelines:
(2b) Allow access and use from either
the right or left hand.
(2c) Aid in the accuracy and precision of
the user.
(2d) Offer flexibility to accommodate
the user's pace.
2.5.3 Principle Three: Simple and
Intuitive Use
No matter the user's level of experience,
knowledge, linguistic proficiency, or
Figure 2-3 The Principles of Universal Design
current level of concentration, the
Source: M.S. (2010)
design is simple to use.
Guidelines:
(3a) Remove superfluous complexity.
(3b) Comply with user intuition and expectations.
(Sc) Take into account a variety of literacy and language abilities.
(3d) Group information according to importance.
(3e) Give prompting and feedback that is useful both during and after the task has been
completed.

2.5.4 Principle Four: Perceptible Information

Regardless of the environment or the user's sensory capabilities, the design effectively
conveys the necessary information to the user.
Guidelines:
(4a) Use various modes (visual, verbal, tactile) to present the same information in
redundant ways.
(4b) Maximize the discernability of critical information

29
(4c) Distinguish between components in ways that are comprehensible
(4d) Make sure that different methods or tools used by individuals with sensory
impairments are compatible with them.

2.5.5 Principle Five: Tolerance for Error

The design reduces risks and the negative effects of mistakes or unintended actions.
5a) Arrange elements to reduce risks and mistakes: make frequently used elements
easily accessible; get rid of, isolate, or shield dangerous elements.
(5b) Issue cautions about risks and mistakes.
(5c) Offer features that can fail.
(5d) Assure conscious action when performing tasks that demand attention.

2.5.6 Principle Six: Low Physical Effort

The design is easy to use, comfortable, and causes little fatigue.
Guidelines:
(Ga) Permit the user to keep their body in a neutral position.
(6b) Employ reasonable operating forces
(6c) Cut back on repetitive actions.
(6d) Reduce sustained physical effort to a minimum.

2.5.7 Principle Seven: Size and Space for Approach and Use
No matter the user's body size, postural control, or mobility, the approach, reach,
manipulation, and use are all accommodated with the proper amount of space and size.
Guidelines:
(7a) Give every user, whether they are standing or sitting, a clear line of sight to crucial
components.
(7b) Ensure that any user—seated or standing—can comfortably reach all components.
(7c) Allow for variations in grip and hand sizes.
(7d) Make room for the use of personal aids or assistive technology (M.S., 2010).

30
2.6 Urban Design Considerations
(UNESCWA, 2004)

2.6.1 Obstructions
1. Problem Identification
• Things that obstruct the way and stick out in the way.
• Overhanging signs that are low to the ground.
• The absence of cautionary signage near obstacles.
2. Planning Principle
To create an unrestricted path devoid of obstacles for independence as well as safety of
PwDS, specially blind people.

3. Design Considerations
General

• Street maps, bollards, traffic, vegetation, sunshades, direction signs, billboards

and street furniture are examples of obstructions.

• Whenever possible, obstacles must be put outside the travel path.

• Pathway obstructions ought to be simple to spot and, if possible, ought to be

arranged in a single, uninterrupted line.

• It's best to stay away from protruding elements.

• A clear, unimpeded path should be at least 0.90 meters wide.

Obstacles on the surface of the roadway

For a blind person using a cane to navigate a pathway, the obstructions should include
one of the three design elements:
(A) A straight line rising from the surface of the route.
(b) A 0.10-meter-high elevated surface.

31
(c) Ground-level tactile warning markers around the obstruction. At least 0.60 meters
of the cautionary markings should be placed outside the estimated area at the foot of
the barrier.

Figure 2-4 Obstructions on the pathway surface

Source: UNESCW (2004)
Overhanging obstructions

• For a blind person to pass safely, overhanging signs in accessible pathways

should be mounted at a minimum clear height of 2.00m.
• Cut back overhanging vegetation to a minimum clear height of 2 meters.
• The maximum distance that undetectable obstacles mounted lower than 2.00 m
may project into the path is 0.10 meters. Otherwise, they ought to be hidden or recessed.

Figure 2-5 Overhanging Obstructions

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Fixed poles
1) To warn pedestrians with limited vision, fixed poles should be equipped with
contrasting durable color marking strips of at least 0.30 m length, positioned with the
center line at a height between 1.40 m and 1.60 m.

Garbage bins

32
2) To reduce collisions, trash cans attached to lampposts should face away from
the path of pedestrian traffic. They should also be painted a bright color that is easy to
see by people with vision impairments.

Spaces below ramps and stairs

3) Spaces beneath ramps and stairs ought to be completely sealed off with safety
rails, raised curbs, or a tactile surface.

Bicycle stands
4) The location of bicycle stands should be on a raised platform.

Wires
5) Wire netting and stabilizing wires must be painted in contrasting colors or
obscured.

Bollards
6) Bollards should be painted in a contrasting color or with colored stripes,
7) There should be about 1.20 meters between guiding posts.

Roadworks
8) Road construction and excavation projects create transient obstructions in the
path of travel. For their safety, continuous barriers, scaffolding, and fences should be
easily visible.
9) To aid those with poor vision, barriers should be marked with striped color
stripes and illuminated at night.
10) The barrier height should range from 0.75 to 0.95 meters. There shouldn't be
more than 0.10 meters between the bottom of the barrier and the surface of the pathway.

Figure 2-6 Roadworks

Source: UNESCW (2004)
33
4. Existing Constructions
11) Current obstructions in the path of travel should be redesigned to meet all the a
forementioned specifications (UNESCWA, 2004)

2.6.2 Signage
1. Problem Identification

• Difficulties with orientation brought on by unclear or absent street names,

numbers, and/or directional signs.
• Pedestrian accidents brought on by incorrectly placed signs.
• risks brought on by a lack of warning signs and traffic lights.
• Lack of mention of accessible facilities and access routes.

2. Planning Principle
To aid disabled people in their orientation.

3. Design Considerations
General

• Directional signs, locality markers, street names and numbers, informational

signs, etc. are all examples of signage.
• All signs must be observable, unambiguous, straightforward, simple to read and
understand, and properly lit at night.
• Signs shouldn't typically be placed behind glass due to potential reflections.
• Signage should be visible because it is considered an obstruction when it is
placed in the path of travel for pedestrians.

International symbol of accessibility

• The universal accessibility symbol should be used to mark accessible areas and
amenities.
• The wheelchair figure forms the basis of the symbol, which also includes a
square border or background.

34
• To distinguish the illustration from the background, use contrasting colors.
White for figure and blue for background are the most frequently used colors.
• Always view the wheelchair figure from a drawing's right side.
• For fully accessible buildings, one interpretive sign at the entrance is sufficient.

Figure 2-7 International symbol of accessibility

Source: UNESCW (2004)
Direction signs

• To make it clear what kind of facility is available where, it should be indicated

clearly with graphics or written directions.
• The number of directional signs does not need to be excessive, but they should
be placed at the main doors and entrances as well as at locations where the level or
direction changes.
Street names

• Street name fixed signs should be erected no higher than 2.50 meters.
House numbers

• House number signs should be fixed at a height of no more than 2 meters.

Maps and information panels

• Maps and information panels should be positioned between 0.90 m and 1.80 m
above ground level at building entrances, alongside streets, and on public structures.
Installation

• Signs can be pole-mounted, suspended, or mounted on a wall..

35
 Figure 2-8 Installations

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Shape of signboards

• Signboards with information should be rectangular.

• Triangles should be used for warning signboards.
• Circular signboards should be used for interdictions.
Colour

• Signs need to stand out from the background in terms of color in order to be
easily recognized.
• Yellow, red, blue, green, black, white, and other colors are frequently used.
• To prevent confusing color-blind people, avoid using the color combinations
red/green and yellow/blue.
Surface

• Glare should be avoided by processing the sign surface.

• Unless they are colored, embossed texts should be avoided. Prints in relief are
recommended.
• Text in Braille or in relief must be present on all key plans, orientation signs,
and push buttons in elevators.
Lettering

36
• Letter size ought to be proportional to reading distance.
• The ratio of the character's width to height should
range from 3:5 and 1:1, and the width to height of the
character's stroke should range from 1:5 and 1:10.
• In order to allow people who are blind to read the
message using the tips of their fingers, it is preferable for the
letters and signs to be elevated at least 1 mm from the
Figure 2-9 Lettering
background. Source: UNESCW (2004)

• Not less than 15 mm should be used for the smallest letter type.
• It is recommended to use standard distance between words and letters.

4. Existing Constructions

• To identify accessible areas and facilities, the universal symbol for accessibility
should be added.
• There should be more directional signage to make it clear where accessible areas
and facilities are located and what they are for.
• Any signs that do not adhere to the aforementioned design specifications should
be changed or removed.

2.6.3 Street Furniture

1. Problem Identification

• Inadequate or missing street furniture.

• Blocked passageways.
• Unreachable street amenities.

2. Planning Principle
Design accessible amenities that are convenient for everyone while allowing pedestria
ns to travel freely along travel routes.

3. Design Considerations
General
37
Bus stops, benches, mailboxes, light poles, hoardings, telephone booths, public
restrooms, newspaper kiosks, planting tubs, rubbish bins, and other items are examples
of street furniture.
Location

• Placement of street furniture should allow for safe passage for everyone while
avoiding hazards.
• Blind people can use surface texture variations on footpaths to locate public

Figure 2-10 Location of Street Furniture

Source: UNESCW (2004)

amenities.
Resting facilities

• All pedestrians benefit from level rest areas with seats, but people with mobility
issues especially so.
• They ought to be positioned wherever they are required, such as in front of
accessible entrances and exits, at pathway crossings, outside the main circulation path,
and in public parks and recreational areas.
• They should be available at regular intervals between 100 and 200 meters.
• There should be some seating near telephones, public restrooms, and other
amenities.
• Rest areas with benches must provide a wheelchair with a minimum of 1.20 m
of adjacent space.

Figure 2-11 Resting Facilities

Source: UNESCW (2004)

38
• With backrests at roughly 0.70 m above floor level, public benches and seats
should be positioned at a height of 0.45 m.
• A table should have a minimum depth of 0.75 m and a maximum height of 0.90
m.
4. Existing Constructions

• Wherever possible, rest areas should be rearranged to make room for a

wheelchair.
• Facilities mounted up to a height of 1.40 m are acceptable; however, structures
higher than that need to be altered (UNESCWA, 2004).

Figure 2-12 Existing Conditions

Source: UNESCW (2004)

2.6.4 Pathways
1. Problem Identification

• Uneven curbs with holes and obstructions.

• Interruptions in the travel path that are uncomfortable or dangerous.
• Not enough width.
• Alterations in level.

2. Planning Principle
To make sure all users, especially the blind and those with mobility issues, have clear,
unobstructed, level, and spacious pathways.

3. Design Considerations
General

• Pathways or ramps include things like sidewalks, walkways through parks and
other public spaces, pedestrian overpasses and underpasses, and pedestrian
underpasses.
39
• In order to deter cyclists, pedestrian paths in parks and other public spaces
should be regularly interrupted by visible barriers like plants or by realigning the path.
Guide strips

• An individual without sight should be able to easily identify the route by using
a long, white cane. Travel routes can be identified with the aid of natural guide lines
and guide strips.
• Orientation for blind pedestrians is made easier with the help of a guide strip,
which is a line constructed in or on the road surface.
(a) To substitute for absent natural laws Fill in gaps in a guide strip greater than 0.00
m.
(b) To direct to crosswalks for pedestrians.

• To prevent confusing blind people, guide strips should be laid out in a clear and
logical manner and placed far from manholes and drains.
• For the benefit of those with vision issues, guide strips should be a color that
contrasts with the surface it is on.
• In order to avoid impeding those with mobility issues, the guide strip ridge
profile must be flush with the top surface of the adjacent road surface and parallel to
the primary direction of movement.
• Where travel routes turn, there must be a gradual shift in the guiding strip's
direction.

Figure 2-13 Guide Strips

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Tactile marking

40
• The following locations on the pedestrian path of travel should have tactile
tiling:
(a) At a junction of guide strips or on a guide strip where alternate routes are available.
(b) At a crosswalk for pedestrians
(c) Around obstacles that the blind find challenging to detect

• At crosswalks where the route splits off into multiple directions, a tactile
guiding area, preferably made of rubber tiles with minimum dimensions of 0.90 m x
0.90 m, must be built in a guide strip.

Figure 2-14 Tactile Marking

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Curbs

• A curb must be between 0.07 and 0.15 meters high.

• It is best to avoid stepped curbs because they are dangerous for all pedestrians,
especially at night.
Curb ramps

• Curbs shouldn't block the passage of people with physical disabilities, especial
ly wheelchair users.
Width

• A clear path should be at least 0.90 meters wide.

• A two-way wheelchair traffic pathway must be at least 1.50 meters wide. The
ideal width is 1.80 meters.
Slope

• A path that is accessible shouldn't have a slope greater than 1:20. Any path that
slopes more than 1:10 ought to be made into a ramp.
• A path's slope shouldn't be greater than 1:50.
Surface

41
• An accessible pathway should have a smooth, continuous, non-slip surface that
is also even.
• For differentiation, pathways that are level and even with surrounding surfaces
should have a varying texture and color finish.
• Crossing paths must merge at a single level.
Gratings

• Gratings can be dangerous for people who use wheelchairs, canes, crutches,
parents pushing strollers, and women wearing high heels.
• Generally speaking, manholes, drains, and gratings should be positioned outside
of the pedestrian pathway.
• Grates should have narrow patterns of no more than 13 mm and must be flush
with the path surface.
• The path of travel for pedestrians should be parallel to elongated grating
openings.
Guards

• Guards, upstands, or other types of barriers must be used when there are
elevation changes of more than 13 mm between the path and the surrounding surface.
• Pathways should be kept clear of planting areas, swimming pools, and other
landscape elements by guards that are at least 0.15 meters high.
• Anywhere there are level changes in between pathway and the surroundings
between 6 mm and 13 mm, the edges of the pathw should be beveled.
Landscaping

• Care should be taken in selecting the plant species and areas along the route.
• Plants that are poisonous or thorny shouldn't be used close to walkways.
• Avoid plantings that drop seeds or leaves that can trip people up.
• Shallow-rooted trees pose a risk because they could push through the path
surface.

4. Existing Constructions

• To prevent slipping and to alert people who are blind, existing pavement can be
covered with rubber adhesive tiles with texture.
• Ramp up any curbs that are currently in the way of pedestrian traffic.

42
• If an alternate accessible route is available, existing paths with steps, stairs, or
steep slopes do not need to be modified.

Figure 2-15 Existing Conditions

Source: UNESCW (2004)

2.6.5 Curb Ramps

1. Problem Identification
At pedestrian crossings and close to building entrances, there is an inadequate transiti
on between the curb and the road or none at all.

2. Planning Principle
To eliminate variations in level on the pavement itself as well as between the paveme
nt and the road surface.

3. Design Considerations
General

• Anytime there is a difference in level on pedestrian paths or cross paths, curb

ramps are used.
• Curb ramps must be placed away from the usual path of pedestrian flow to avoid
confusing blind pedestrians. The pathway's clear width must be at least 0.90 meters
wide.
• Curb ramps ought to be placed far from areas where water collects.
Types
(a) Standard curb ramps: Cut back into the pavement and has flared sides to provide
transition in three directions.

43
(b) Returned curb ramps: These ramps have a single-direction slope. If the sides are
not secured, this could be a risky action.
(c) Built-up curb ramps: with typically flared edges

Figure 2-16 Curb Ramps

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Application

• At each intersection of a street's four corners.

• On opposing sides of the street, at each pedestrian crossing.
• At pick-up locations, close to building entrances.
• between paved paths and accessible parking.

Figure 2-17 Application of Curb Ramps

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Curb ramps at intersections

Curb ramps can be installed at intersections in any of the following methods:
a. Directly across the corner
b. Diagonally across the path of travel

44
c. Consistently wrapped around the corner

Figure 2-18 Curb Ramps at Intersections

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Narrow pavement

• The entire pavement should be lowered, with a maximum slope of 1:12, where
the construction of curb ramps would affect the width of the travel route, to provide the
necessary level transition.
• The tactile tiling depicting the location of the pedestrian crossing could be built
as shown in figure, for narrow pavements that are lowered at a corner.
Width

• A curb ramp must have a minimum width of 0.90 m, not including the sloping
sides. The suggested width is 1.20 meters.

Figure 2-19 Width of Curb Ramp

Source: UNESCW (2004)
Slope

• A curb ramp should have a maximum slope of 1:12.

• Flares should have a maximum slope of 1:12.

45
• The transition from a curb ramp to a pathway's surface should be level. Useful
lips range from 15 mm and under.
Guide strips

• To direct blind and partially sighted pedestrians to the curb ramp, a guide strip
dressed in a contrasting color should be installed.
Surface and color

• To help blind pedestrians, the hue should be distinctive and contrast with the
nearby surfaces.
• To be noticeable and slip-resistant, curb ramps, including flares, must have a
coarse texture or ground pattern.

4. Existing Constructions

• A curb ramp built alongside high sidewalks should not have a slope greater tha
n 1:10.
• The flares must have a maximum slope of 1:10 as well.
• Existing curb ramps should be modified if they don't meet the aforementioned
specifications.
• The pavement could be lowered to the road level to achieve the necessary shift
between the pavement and the road surface for narrow pavements that are more than
0.15 m high in which the construction of curb ramps would obstruct pedestrians' free
passage.

2.6.6 Pedestrian Crossings

1. Problem Identification

• The absence of crossing warning signs.

• Road surface gratings.
• An unevenly paved road.
• Absence of guiding strips
2. PLANNING PRINCIPLE

• To make it easier for disabled people to cross the street safely and independent
ly.
3. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
46
General

• For the safety of all road users, it is suggested that traffic islands be built to
shorten the distance of the crossing.
• Traffic control signals ought to be installed at pedestrian crossings.
• A pedestrian push-button system can be used to control low-traffic crossings
that are frequently used by disabled people.
Guide strips

• For the benefit of those who are blind, a guide strip should lead to pedestrian
light poles with push buttons.
• For the benefit of blind pedestrians, guide strips should be built to show the
location of pedestrian crossings.

Figure 2-20 Pedestrian Crossings

Source: UNESCW (2004)
Traffic signals

• It is not advised to install two nearby acoustic devices, such as bleepers, in order
to prevent disorientation.
• Acoustic devices ought to be mounted on a pole at the starting point of the
crossing rather than the ending point.
• The time interval permitted for crossing should be programmed based on the
individuals who cross the road slowly.
• For the benefit of blind pedestrians, pedestrian traffic lights should have audible
signals that are easily understood.
Push buttons

47
• For the benefit of wheelchair users, push buttons should be placed between 0.9
0 m and 1.20 m off the ground and be simple to find and use.
Traffic islands

• To help blind pedestrians find a traffic island, its beginning and end should be
marked with a colored tactile marking strip that is at least 0.60 meters wide
• The depth of the traffic island must not be below 1.50 meters.
• A traffic island's width shouldn't be under 1.50 meters.
Road hump

• Wheelchair users won't have to adjust to height differences if the road surface
at pedestrian crossings is raised to the same level as the pathway.
Surface

• Firm, well-drained, non-slip, and devoid of construction joints should all

characterize the road surface.

2.6.7 Parking
1. Problem Identification

• Inadequate parking facilities

• Insufficient parking aisle width.
• No designated parking space for people with disabilities.

2. Planning Principle
To offer handicapped parking spaces as closest as possible to the final destination.

3. Design Considerations
General

• At least one level of multi-story indoor parking facilities should be served by an

accessible elevator.
• Both above- and below-ground parking lots must comply with accessible
parking regulations.
Number

48
• At least 8 accessible parking spaces, plus 1 space for every additional 100 cars
over 400, should be available in parking facilities with more than 400 spaces.
• There should be at least 1:50 accessible parking spaces available for parking
facilities with a maximum of 400 spaces (one accessible space for every 50 spaces).
• There should be at least one accessible parking space available in every parking
facility, even those with fewer than 50 vehicles.
Location

• Vans equipped with lifts for wheelchair users are better suited to the ends of
rows.
• Accessible parking spaces for outdoor parking should be placed no more than
50 meters from accessible building entrances. Accessible parking spaces for indoor
parking should be placed as close as possible to exits or right beside the accessible
elevators.
Dimensions

• An accessible parking space must be at least 3.60 meters wide. The suggested
width is 3.90 meters. There is a 1.20 m wide access aisle that can be found between two
regular parking spaces.
• Vans with hydraulic lifts require a 2.40 m minimum height clearance for indoor
parking. In parking lots with angled spaces, the extra room at the end of a row can serve
as an parking aisle for people with disabilities.

Figure 2-21 Parking Dimensions

Source: UNESW (2004)

Parking curb

• The pathway must be separated from the vehicular area by a textured surface at
least 0.60 meters wide if there is no curb; otherwise, bollards should be used. You can
also use pre-cast wheelstops to create a passageway that is at least 0.90 meters wide.

49
• If there is a curb, curb ramps ought to be installed to connect accessible parking
spaces with accessible walkways.
Curbside parking

• Unless it is specifically intended as an accessible drop-

off area, curbside parking is risky for people with disabilities.

Figure 2-22 Parking Curb

Source: UNESW (2004)

Drop-off areas

• Drop-off zones are useful for picking up and delivering PwDs, parents with
young children, people carrying loads, and so on.
• Drop-off zones should be available at bus stops and other public transportation
hubs, and they shouldn't be more than 30 meters from accessible building entrances.
• The drop-off zone should have an aisle that is at least 1.20 m wide and at least
3.60 m wide to enable movement.
• The length ought to fit at least two automobiles.
• To improve circulation over paved surfaces, suitable curb ramps should be
offered.
• In the absence of a curb to demarcate the area for pedestrians and vehicles, a
cue must be installed to direct blind pedestrians
a) Bollards may be used
b) Tactile marking strip at least 0.60 meters wide could be built at the edge of the
pathway to signal the change from a pedestrian area to a vehicular area
• At passenger loading zones, a secure shelter or canopy with seating areas is a
recommended design element.
• A drop-off zone should be marked with signs to make it clear that it is not to be
used as a parking spot.

50
Surface

• A parking lot should have a uniform, smooth surface.

• A parking ramp's slope shouldn't be greater than 1:10.
Signs

• Parking spaces that are accessible should be identified with the universal acces

Figure 2-23 Parking

Source: UNESW (2004)
sibility symbol.
4. Existing Constructions
• A vehicular drop-off zone within 30.00 m of the entrance or a parking space
close to the entrance should be built if the parking space is more than 50.00 m from the
building entrance.
• If there aren't any accessible parking spaces available, one of the following
measures should be used:
a. To create one accessible parking space, block a regular stall on the outskirts
with bollards.
b. To create two accessible parking spaces, block a regular stall in the middle.
c. Two parking lanes that are accessible
• Alternative outdoor parking spaces for vans carrying PwDs must be provided
for indoor parking areas with clear heights less than 2.40 m.

51
2.7 Architectural Design Considerations
(UNESCWA, 2004)

2.7.1 Ramps
1. Problem Identification

• Entrances to buildings that are inaccessible because the indoor and outdoor
elevations differ.
• Level differences on routes that prevent accessibility.
• The absence of ramps or their faulty design.
• Long, extremely steep ramps without any resting landings.

2. Planning Principle
To install ramps wherever stairs prevent pedestrians, particularly those in wheelchairs
and those with mobility issues, from moving freely.

3. Design Considerations
General

• For ramps, an exterior placement is preferred. Ramps inside are not advised
since they take up a lot of space.
• Ideally, a ramp's entrance should be situated right next to a set of stairs.
Ramp configuration

• Ramps may be set up in one of the following ways:

(a) Straight run
(b) 90 turn
(c) Switch back or 180 turn

52
• Ramps that are curved or circular should not be used.

Figure 2-24 Ramp Configuration

Source: UNESW (2004)

Width

• The width varies depending on the use, arrangement, and slope.

• A 0.90m minimum width is required.

Slope

• Ramps should have a maximum recommended slope of 1:20. Depending on the

distance to be covered, steeper slopes could be permitted in special circumstances.

Maximum Maximum Maximum rise

slope length

1:20 i.e., 9% - -

1:16 i.e., 6% 8m 0.50 m

1:14 i.e., 7% 5m 0.35 m

1:12 i.e., 8% 2m 0.15 m

1:10 i.e., 10% 1.25 m 0.12 m

1:08 i.e., 12% 0.5 m 0.06 m

Landings

• The landing should be at least 1.20 meters long and have a ramp-like minimum
width.

53
• Landings should be provided every 10 meters, at every direction change, and at
the top and bottom of every ramp in order to allow for resting, maneuvering, and
avoiding excessive speed.

Figure 2-25 Slope of Ramp

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Handrail

• The entire length of ramps must have a protective handrail that is at least 0.40
m high.

• When both sides are being used for gripping, the space between handrails should
be between 0.90 m and 1.40 m.

• An intermediate handrail could be installed for ramps wider than 3 m.

Surface

• Rugs should not be used.

• The ramp should have a firm, non-slip surface.

Tactile marking

• The marking strip width should not be less than 0.60 m, and it should be placed
at the top and bottom of the ramp to alert people who are blind to its location.
• To prevent the buildup of water, adequate drainage should be offered.
Obstacles

• Ramp clearance requirements are the same as those for pathways.

Mechanical Ramps

• While mechanical ramps are usable in sizable public buildings, people with
physical limitations shouldn't use them.

• If a person in a wheelchair is going to use the ramp, the slope shouldn't be

greater than 1:12.

54
• To prevent slipping, the maximum width should be 1 meter.
4. Existing Constructions

• If the existing building's topography or structure poses limitations, a small

variation in gradient is permitted in relation to ramp length.

• Slippery ramps should have a non-slip surface finish.

2.7.2 Elevators
1. Problem Identification

• Insufficient interior room;

• Control panel, buttons, and switches placed too high.
• Doors at the front.
• Inadequate opening interval.

2. Planning Principle
To provide accessible elevators with the proper dimensions for people with disabilities.
3. Design Considerations
General

• Key-operated elevators should only be used in private facilities or when an

elevator operator is present.

• The accessible elevator should serve all floors typically accessible by the
general public.

• Long elevator cabs are undesirable; wide ones are.

Elevator cab

• The internal elevator must be at least 1.00 m by 1.30 m in size to accommodate

one wheelchair user alone.
• The door opening must be at least 0.80 meters wide.
• A handrail mounted 0.80 to 0.85 m above the floor should be present on three
sides of the elevator's interior.

55
• A 20 mm tolerance should be the absolute maximum for stop precision.

Figure 2-26 Elevator Cab

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Control panel

• The control panel must be mounted 0.90 m to 1.20 m above the floor for ease
of reach. Control buttons ought to be easily reachable and illuminated. They should
have a 20 mm maximum diameter.

• The floor selector buttons' numerals ought to be embossed so that they are
visible to the touch.
Call buttons

• Call buttons must be mounted 0.90 to 1.20

meters above the ground to be easily accessible.
Floor identifiers

• To make it easier for a blind passenger to

determine the floor they have reached, tactile numerals
should be positioned at a height of roughly 1.50 m on
both sides of the door jambs. Figure 2-27 Call buttons and floor
identifiers
Hall signal Source: UNESCW (2004)

• The elevator hall signal must be positioned

roughly 1.80 meters high.
Door re-opening activators

• At least five seconds should pass between door openings. Reopening activators
ought to be available.
Audiovisual signals

56
• The elevator should simultaneously alert passengers who are blind or deaf to
the arrival of each floor with a bell and a light.
Floor surface

• On each floor, there should be a low-pile fixed carpet or a non-skid resilient

surface in front of the elevator and on the elevator floor.
Color

• To be clearly recognizable by people with visual impairments, the color of the

elevator door must contrast with the surface it is on.
4. Existing Constructions

• A current elevator cab must be at least 0.95 m x 1.25 m in size to accommodate

a single wheelchair user. Replace any smaller cabs immediately.

• A door opening for an existing elevator must be 0.75 meters wide to be

considered acceptable.

• The maximum reach of a wheelchair user is 1.40 meters from the floor, so call
buttons and control panels mounted higher than the advised height may be left in place
if they are within this distance.

• It is advisable to replace controls mounted higher than 1.40 m.

• If two control panels are identical, only one needs to be changed.

2.7.3 Stairs
1. Problem Identification

• Spiral staircases
• Steps with poor design that restrict foot movement.
2. Planning Principle
To provide secure, adequately sized staircases for everyone's comfort, particularly those
with mobility issues.
3. Design Considerations
General

• To ensure that people with disabilities are as comfortable as possible, level

differences should be illuminated or reduced to a minimum.

57
• Where there are steps in an otherwise accessible path, a complementary ramped
route, elevator, or lift should be offered.

• Steep landings and circular staircases ought to be avoided.

• It is not advised to use open risers.

Width

• A stairway should have a minimum width of 1.50 m for two-way traffic and
0.90 m for one-way traffic.

• The riser and tread distances for indoor stairs should be 0.28 m and 0.35 m,
respectively.

• The maximum riser and minimum tread sizes for outdoor stairs must be 0.15 m
and 0.30 m, respectively.
Landing

• When the stairs cover a level difference of more than 2.50 m, an intermediate
landing must be provided.

• The landing must be least 1.20 meters long and extend the full width of the
stairs.

Figure 2-28 Stairwidth, landing and handrail

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Nosing

• Sharp edges and overhanging nosing should not be used for treads.

• Nosing should be flush or rounded and should not project more than 40 mm.
Handrails

• Handrails for grabbing must be installed around the landing and on both sides
of the stairs.

58
• The distance between the handrails when both sides are used for gripping should
be between 0.90 m and 1.40 m. One or more intermediate handrails may be provided
for stairs wider than 3.00 m.

• At the top and bottom of the stairs, handrails must extend 0.30 to 0.45 meters.
Tactile marking

• To let blind people know where the stairs are, a textural marking strip should be
placed at the top and bottom of the stairs as well as at intermediate landings. The tactile
marking strip must span the entire width of the stairs and be at least 0.60 meters wide.

• The color of the strip should contrast with the surface it is on to help users with
poor vision.

Figure 2-29 Recommended nosing types

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Surface

• Landings, treads, and nosing ought to be non-protruding and slip-resistant.

• To drain surface water, exterior stairs must be pitched forward at a 10 mm per

meter.

• Carpets on stairs should be fixed with slip-resistant stair nosing.

Emergency stairs

• Tactile markings should be used to indicate emergency stairs.

Mechanical stairs (escalators)

• If mechanical stairs are going to be used by wheelchair-bound individuals, an

adaptable tread at least 1.20 meters long can be provided.
• For the benefit of users with poor vision, escalator edges must be painted in a
contrasting color.

4. Existing Constructions

59
• Slip-resistant strips could be applied to the nosing as an alternative if the
configuration of the nosing cannot be changed.

• The width and height of slip-resistant strips should not be greater than 40 mm
and 1 mm, respectively, above the tread surface.

• The color of the strips should be different from the color of the stairs to help
blind people navigate.

2.7.4 Railings And Handrails

1. Problem Identification

• Dangerous railings.

• Difficult to grasp handrails.

• No handrails or railings.

2. Planning Principle
To install sufficient railing wherever it is required for everyone's safety and comfort,
especially for people with mobility issues.

3. Design Considerations
General

• Around dangerous areas, accessible roofs, mezzanines, galleries, stairs, ramps,

balconies, and raised platforms greater than 0.40 m high, safety guards or railings
should be put in place.

• Railings are required for stairway windows that are less than 1 m from the
landing.

• Handrails should be put in place in restrooms and commodes to help the

disabled.

• For the safety of children, the distance between the vertical and horizontal
railing bars should be small.

• The path of travel shouldn't be obstructed by handrails.

Height

60
• Handrails must be installed between 0.85 m and 0.95 m above the finishing level
to make them easier for elderly and disabled people to use who are ambulant.

• A second handrail could be positioned between 0.70 m and 0.75 m off the
ground for the benefit of wheelchair users.

• A third handrail could be positioned at a height of 0.60 m to make it easier for

children and short people to use.

• A rail or low curb must be placed between 0.10 m and 0.15 m in height to help
the visually impaired navigate the environment with a long cane. Low curbs serve as

Figure 2-30 Railings and Handrails

Source: UNESCW (2004)
wheelstops as well.
Mounting

• To support heavy loads, railings should be firmly fastened to the wall or another
supporting structure.

• In order to avoid endangering blind people, railings should either extend to the
floor or merge into the wall.
Form

• Handrails should be easy and firm to grasp.

• 40 mm diameter circular cross sections are preferred.

• Avoid using edges that are too sharp.

Handrails for ramps and stairs

• Handrails should extend horizontally for a distance of 0.30 m to 0.45 m at the

top and bottom of stairs and ramps, except for in places where extensions could obstruct
pedestrian flow (except for doorways).

• An uninterrupted intermediate handrail may be provided for stairs or ramps

wider than 3.00 m.

61
 Figure 2-31 Handrail forms
Source: UNESCW (2004)

Wall-mounted handrails

• For smooth walls, the distance between the handrail and the wall should range
from 40 mm andto 50 mm, and 60 mm for walls with a rough texture .

• There should be at least 0.15 m between the top of the rail and the top of the
recess where handrails are fully recessed into walls.

Figure 2-32 Wall-mounted Handrails

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Tactile marking

• To help the partially sighted, emergency exit stairs or ramps should have
contrasting tactile strips at least 0.90 meters long implemented to the top and bottom
edges of the handrail.
Color

• To caution those with vision issues, handrails should be a contrasting color.

4. Existing Constructions

• Existing handrails and railings should be replaced or modified if they don't meet
the aforementioned specifications.

62
2.7.5 Entrances
1. Problem Identification

• There is no clear accessible entrance.

• There isn't enough room in front of the door.

2. Planning Principle

• To offer easily accessible and noticeable building entrances.

3. Design Considerations
General

• At least one facility entrance should be wheelchair accessible, and all main
public entrances for newly constructed accessible buildings should be reachable by an
ambulant PwD.

• Every accessible entrance must be linked by accessible paths to accessible

outdoor or indoor parking zones, local public transit stops, and drop-off areas in newly
constructed structures.

• The accessible entrance in multi-story buildings should provide access to a

conveniently situated accessible elevator or lift.
Signs

• Alternative locations for accessible entrances should also be clearly marked

with the international symbol for accessibility.

• If the entire building is accessible, no signs are necessary.

Figure 2-33 Signage at Entrances

Source: UNESCW (2004)
Entrance landing

• The minimum landing proportions must meet the figure where the entry door is
opened outward.
63
• In case, the entry door opens in from the outside, the landing's minimum
dimensions must match the figure.

• For drainage, the landing's surface should have a 2% slope.

• The surface finish material ought to be non-slip.

• Doormats made of jute should be avoided. However, when in use, the mat's top
surface needs to be flush with the flooring.

• Landings that are protected are preferred.

Figure 2-34 Entrance Landing

Source: UNESCW (2004)
Threshold

• Wherever possible, thresholds must be eliminated.

Color

• In order to be distinct, the color must contrast with the surface it faces.
4. Existing Constructions

• A minimum of one accessible entrance should be present in all public buildings.

This should, whenever possible, be the main entrance that the general public uses. An
alternative accessible entrance should be offered if the main entrance cannot be made
accessible for architectural or technical reasons.
a) One of the following options can be modified to make way for an accessible
entrance:
b) Use of ramps, bridges, or mechanical lifts;
c) Modification of the entrance level through earthfill, grade, or landscaping
changes;
d) Conversion of a window or other ground-level door into an accessible entrance.

64
2.7.6 Doors
1. Problem Identification

• Narrow entryways.

• Accessibility hampered by doors with incorrect side hinges.

• Thresholds in doorways that are high.

• Heavy, difficult-to-open doors

2. Planning Principle
To make it easier for a wheelchair user to get through doors.

3. Design Considerations
General

• Accessible doors must be made in a way that allows one person to open them
with little effort.

• Power-operated doors are ideal for handicapped individuals. The activator

system ought to be automatic or put in a convenient location.

• The following elements should be present on an accessible door: signage, door

handle, additional pull handle, glazing, and kick plate.
Door types
(a) Automatic doors:

• They come in sliding or swinging varieties. Sliding doors are generally

preferred to swinging doors.
• When traffic is heavy, automatic doors come in handy.
• Automatic doors need to open and close at regular intervals.
• Guard rails can be placed close to double-swinging doors to mark the area where
the door opens and to shield people from being struck by the door.
(b) Revolving doors:

• People who are disabled or who are pushing strollers should not use revolving
doors.
• Accessible swinging or sliding doors should be placed next to rotating doors
wherever there are revolving doors.
65
• Additional gates should be placed next to turnstiles.
(c) Pivoted doors:

• Pivoted doors should, whenever possible, swing away from the path of travel.
• Series of pivoting doors are referred to as vestibules.
(d) Sliding and folding doors:

• Manual folding and sliding doors are advised for small, sparsely populated

Figure 2-35 Door Types

Source: UNESCW (2004)
areas.
Door opening

• For exterior doors, the minimum opening is 0.90 m when the door is open.

• For interior doors, the minimum opening is 0.80 m when the door is open.

• The minimum door opening can be 0.75 m if the access is straight or if the door
can stay open by itself.

• The minimum door width of rest rooms should be 0.75 m.

• For doors installed in an opening more than 0.60 m in depth, the clear door
opening should be at least 0.90 m.

66
• For double-leaf doors, at least one leaf should have a minimum clear width of

Figure 2-36 Door opening

Source: UNESCW (2004)
0.80 m.
Manual door hardware
All door hardware, including handles, pulls, latches, and locks, should be simple to use
with one hand.
(a) Handles: Because they are simple to open, lever-type handles, push plates, or pull
handles are suggested for swinging doors.
- It is not advisable to use round knobs.
- Door handles should be placed between 0.90 m to 1.00 m from floor's surface, at a
comfortable height.
(b) Locks: Entrance door locks should be mounted between 0.90 m and 1.00 m above
the floor, at a comfortable height.
(c) Extra pull handle: A door with spring closers should have an extra pull handle that
is about 0.30 m long, mounted between 0.90 m and 1.20 m off the floor and placed
between 0.20 m to 0.30 m from the hinged side of the door.

Automatic doors hardware

Methods of activating automatic doors are:
(a) Push buttons at a convenient height of 0.90 to 1.20 meters
(b) Mats that activate and act as a location cue;
(c) Card-insert switch;
(d) Remote control.

Threshold

• When possible, thresholds should be skipped. Instead of thresholds,

weatherstripping is preferred at the bottom of the door.
67
• The threshold shouldn't be greater than the floor finishing level by more than 20
mm.

• To allow a wheelchair to pass, thresholds greater than 6 mm must be beveled or

have sloped edges.
Exit doors landing

• The exit landing shouldn't be more than 20 mm below the finished floor level.
Glazing and glazed doors

• To allow users to see observe oncoming traffic, outward-swinging doors and

entryways in public corridors must have low windows.

• In buildings used frequently by people with visual impairments, completely

glazed doors should be avoided. The bottom edge of the window cannot be greater than
1.00 m from the floor finishing level.

• Glazed doors should be prominently marked with a colored band or mark that
is placed between 1.40 m and 1.60 m in height for the advantage of all users.
Kick plates

• Kick plates are helpful in preserving the door's lower-part finish.

• Kick plates should have a height of 0.30 to 0.40 meters.

Signage

• The room number or it's function should be displayed in public buildings at eye
level, anywhere between 1.40 m and 1.60 m, and include international symbols.

• To ensure that the room number is noticeable even while the door is open, room
numbers should be mounted on door frames rather than the doors themselves.
Color

• To make it easier for people with impaired vision to identify the door, the frame
can be painted in such a color that contrasts with the wall next to it.

4. Existing Constructions

• It is advised that automatic doors take the place of bulky, challenging-to-open

swinging doors.

• Doorways that are less than 0.75 meters wide should be made wider. To slightly
increase the size of an opening, use a swing-clear hinged door.
68
2.7.7 Corridors
1. Problem Identification

• Orientation problems caused by long, narrow hallways.

2. Planning Principle

• To provide spacious hallways that will make it easier for wheelchairs to

navigate.
3. Design Considerations
General

• Wide hallways are advantageous for wheelchair users, maintenance tools, high-
traffic areas, etc.
Width

• A low-traffic passageway should have an unobstructed width of at least 0.90

m. This enables maneuverability in 90-degree turns as well.

• A public corridor must have an unobstructed width of at least 1.50 m. The

suggested width is 1.80 meters.

• The minimum circulation space must be as shown in the figure to allow for
maneuverability in 180 turns.

• The width of the corridor must permit movement through the doors positioned
along it.

Figure 2-37 Width of Corridors

Source: UNESCW (2004)
Obstructions

• Any obstructions that protrude into the corridor, like drinking fountains or
public phones, ought to be placed elsewhere, like in alcoves or cul-de-sacs.

• Obstacles and signs that hang over traffic must be hung at least two meters high.
Surface
69
• Surface level changes greater than 13 mm should be ramped.

• The flooring should be even and non-slip. Rugs need to be firmly fastened.

Figure 2-38 Unobstructed Corridors

Source: UNESCW (2004)
4. Existing Constructions

• If possible, narrow corridors must be made wider along their entire length; if
not, passing areas must be placed at strategic points along the corridor. The passing area
must have a minimum length of 2.40 m and a minimum width of 1.50 m.

• The height of an obstruction or sign can be reduced to 1.95 m in extremely

constrained spaces.

2.7.8 Rest Rooms

1. Problem Identification

• Lack of room inside a restroom;

• Poorly designed and placed fixtures and fittings.

• Taps that are challenging to hold.

2. Planning Principle

• Ensuring that restrooms have enough accessible space and that all fittings and
fixtures are within easy reach.
3. Design Considerations
General

• The convenience of relocating from a wheelchair to a toilet seat or bidet varies

depending on the approach, but turning circles of 1.50 m diameter are advised inside
the restroom to enable full-turn maneuver of a wheelchair. There are generally four
different methods:

70
• The four approaches are as follows:
(a) the frontal approach, which is the most challenging and requires special caution;
(b) the diagonal approach, which is difficult;
(c) the perpendicular approach, that is difficult; and
(d) the parallel approach, that is the easiest.

Figure 2-39 Restroom Layout Approaches

Source: UNESCW (2004)

Public rest rooms

• An ambulant PwD should be able able to access at least one cubicle for each
gender in any public restroom, and a wheelchair user should be able to access at least
one gender neutral compartment in any public restroom. If all restrooms are accessible,
it is not necessary to indicate this.

• If there isn't enough room inside the toilet stall, pivoting doors should open
outward.
Special public rest rooms

• Even if all restrooms are accessible, it is always preferable to install a designated

unisex gender-neutral unit in public buildings so that a disabled person can be helped
by a caretaker of the opposite sex.

• Special restrooms should have a water-closet and a toilet, but they shouldn't be
the sole accessible restrooms. Special restrooms should be identified with the universal
symbol of accessibility.

• Special restroom design and layout should adhere to minimum standards.

Rest room fixtures

1) Water closets:

71
• The size and layout of water closets and toilet stalls must meet the minimum
requirements; and the height of the toilet seat must be between 0.45 m and 0.50 m from
the floor's finishing level.

• If the toilet seat has a grip bar, it

should have a space between its
center line and the adjoining wall of
0.45 to 0.50 meters.

• If the toilet is tankless, grab bars

must be placed on the wall behind it
as well as the side wall closest to it.
They can also be positioned on the
floor at the periphery of the seat.

• Grab bars must be installed

between 0.85 and 0.95 meters above
the ground.

• Toilet paper and flushing

Figure 2-41 Restroom equipment must be positioned within

Figure 2-41 Restroom
Layout Approaches Fixtures at a height of 0.50 m to 1.20 m.
Source: UNESCW (2004) Source: UNESCW (2004)
• It's advised to use flushing
controls that can be operated by hand and are on the open side of the WC.

• Water closets that are mounted on walls are advised.

2) Lavatories:

• The size of restrooms should meet the minimum specifications.

• A wash basin's height should be 0.80 to 0.85 meters above finished floor level.

• There should be at least 0.45 meters between the washbasin's center line and the
adjoining side wall.

• The washbasin can be pulled away from the wall by 0.15 to 0.20 meters.

• Above the sink, there cannot be any shelves.

3)Bath-tubs:

72
• In general bath-tubs are difficult to use by those confined to a wheelchair
without the help of an attendant.
• The dimensions of bath-tubs should comply with the minimum requirements.
• The minimum dimensions of the bath-tub should be 1.60 m x 0.70 m.
• The height of the tub should be between 0.45 m and 0.50 m from finished floor
level.
• An in-tub seat or a seat at the same height of the tub should be provided at the
head side of the tub.
• A grab bar should be mounted on the wall between 0.85 m and 0.95 m from the
finished floor level.
• Tubs with a toe recess are recommended.
4) Showers:

• Shower dimensions should meet the

minimum specifications.

• The shower must have a seat that is

conveniently placed between 0.45 m and 0.50
m above the shower head.

• Rather than being spring-loaded, the

shower seat must have a hinged pull-down or
detachable design.

• A grab bar should be installed at a

height of 0.85 m to 0.95 m on the wall across
from the seat and around the back wall.
Figure 2-42 Bathtubs
• Drain openings ought to be put in the
Source: UNESCW (2004)
stall's corner so that rubber mats that are
nonslip can be used there.

• The shower stall's floor should not be higher than 20 mm below the surrounding
floor area's level.

73
• The threshold of the shower stall must be beveled and not more than 13 mm
above the finishing level.

Figure 2-43 Showers

Source: UNESCW (2004)
5) Bidets:

• Bidet dimensions should meet the minimum specifications.

• There must be least 0.45 m between the bidet's center line and the adjacent wall,
and the upper edge should range from 0.45 m to 0.50 m above finished floor level.

• Bidets that mount to the wall are advised.

74
6) Urinals:

• Public restrooms should include at

least one accessible urinal, and urinals should
have room to spare on both sides.

• The most convenient urinal is one that

is fully extended.
Figure 2-44 Urinals
• Urinals with protruding lips should be Source: UNESCW (2004)

mounted 0.45 m above the floor finishing.

Rest room door

• Doors must be lockable from the inside and releasable from the outside in
emergency situations.

• The clear door opening must be at least 0.75 m when the door is in the open
position.

• No matter the style of door, a handle must be attached to it from the inside in
order make closing easier. On the outside, there should be another handle.
Accessories

• Dispensers for soap, towels, and toilet paper

should all be situated between 0.50 m and 1.20 m above
the finished floor level.
Grab bars

• Grab bars must be installed in showers,

bathtubs, and toilets to make it safer and easier for
people with disabilities to use the facilities.

• The diameter of grab bars should be between 30

and 40 mm.
Figure 2-45 Wash Basin
• Wall-mounted grab bars must protrude 35 to 45
Source: UNESCW (2004)
millimeters from the wall.

• Grab bars must have non-slip surfaces and be firmly attached with stand loads;
knurled surfaces typically prevent slipping.
Mirrors

75
• Mirrors should be usable by both seated and standing people. You can use low
mirrors or mirrors that are tilted downward.

• Mirrors' bottom edges should be placed no higher than 1.00 meters above the
floor finish.
Faucets

• Single-lever mixing-type faucets that can be operated with the hand or an elbow
are advised. Push-button faucets are also practical.

• There must be at least 35 mm of space between the tap's grip and any nearby
vertical surface.

• The left tap needs to be attached to the supply of hot water and there shouldn't
be less than 0.20 meters between two taps.

• For usage in showers and bathtubs, telephone fixtures with cords at least 1.50
m in length are advised. For the convenience of all users, these can either be hand-held
or fixed at a height that can be adjusted between 1.20 m and 1.80 m off the ground.
Flooring

• Doorsteps are not permitted in restrooms. The floor should have the least
amount of slope.

• Avoid using thresholds. When necessary, a 20 mm threshold should be used.

• Floor coverings should be slip-resistant and simple to maintain.

• The floor needs to be adequately waterproofed and well-drained.

Alarms

• Alarm systems should be available in restrooms.

Pipes

• Insulation or covering must be applied to all bare hot water pipes.

• Pipes should ideally be installed in the wall.

76
2.8 Research Case Studies
2.8.1 Accessibility and Utilization of Public Spaces in Famagusta
In this study, the accessibility and use of public spaces are evaluated in relation to how
quickly cities are growing and how that has affected the physical and functional makeup
of these spaces. This study first assesses the importance of public spaces in urban
settings, then identifies the different factors effective in terms of their accessibility and
utilization, then gauges the variables affecting accessibility and utilization of public
spaces through a survey questionnaire on the function of public spaces in social
interaction, and finally evaluates the findings and makes recommendations for further
study (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004).

Figure 2-46 Measuring Accessibility

Source: Pasaogullari & Doratli (2004)

Other Factors Affecting the Use of Public Spaces

Poor accessibility constitutes one of the main obstacles to the use of public spaces, as
many urban theorists have noted. The quality of a public space can be defined and
affected by other factors after it is made accessible, which in turn increases the number
of people who use it. According to various classifications, numerous urban theorists
emphasize factors influencing how people use public spaces. Whyte asserts that "there
are four key characteristics that characterize a successful public space: they are
accessible, people are engaging in activities, the space is comfortable and has a
favorable impression, and they are sociable spaces where people meet each other and
enhanced social interaction is provided." (Whyte, 2000).

77
Erkip (1997) categorizes factors influencing the use of public spaces and the
satisfaction of their users into the following categories: accessibility, congestion levels,
comfort measures, the variety of activities and facilities, quality indicators, security,
attractiveness or preservation like an aesthetic consideration (Hatry and Dunn, 1971;
Massam, 1975). She also makes the case that user characteristics have an impact on
how public spaces are used. Since it is outside the purview of the study, this won't be
taken into account in this instance. The emphasis will then shift to aspects like comfort,
quality, and aesthetics that are primarily connected to the structural and practical
characteristics of the public area itself.

Figure 2-47 Measuring Utilization

Source: Pasaogullari & Doratli (2004)

Measuring Access to and Use of Public Spaces in Famagusta

There were 116 people interviewed in Table 2-5 User Characteristics

total, with 38% men and 62% women.
According to the survey, user
characteristics like sex, age, education
level, or family structure have no bearing
on users' preferences for accessibility or
how they use public spaces. However,
since car ownership is a key factor in
determining accessibility in Famagusta,
income level is also a related variable. Source: Pasaogullari & Doratli (2004)

Users of various ages, genders, educational backgrounds, and family structures have
provided similar responses to the questionnaire in regards to accessibility or utilization.
Famagusta has a low percentage of public transportation, so car ownership (91%) is

78
high. Users, however, disagreed, stating that an increase in public transportation would
create opportunity and enhance accessibility of the public spaces (71%) (Pasaogullari
& Doratli, 2004).

Users and non-users were questioned during the accessibility assessment in accordance
with the variables : dispersion, proximity, and transport environment. As a result, 69%
of users cannot see any public space from their homes, while 50% of the remaining 116
can reach one in more than 15 minutes, demonstrating the disproportionally long
distances between many public spaces and residential areas (Pasaogullari & Doratli,
2004).

Users and non-users were questioned about the sidewalks' sufficiency in Famagusta and
how they affect accessibility to public spaces because sidewalks and street type have
an impact on accessibility. Ninety percent of respondents said the sidewalks currently
in place are insufficient, and nearly all (98.5%) said sidewalks have a positive impact
on people (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004).

97 percent of users said that there aren't Table 2-6 Assessment of Accessibility
enough public spaces and that they aren't
distributed fairly when asked about the
distribution of public spaces. Figure 1
illustrates this contrast between public
spaces in high urban growth areas and those
in the traditional core, which are more
densely populated. This demonstrates how
adverse effects of rapid growth on a city's
physical structure (Pasaogullari & Doratli,
Source: Pasaogullari & Doratli (2004)
2004).

The effect of the predetermined variables —comfort, quality, and aesthetic

consideration—was taken into account when assessing utilization. People were
questioned regarding whether or not safety affected their use in this regard. Ninety-five
percent of respondents said that using any public space safely is crucial. However, there
is a physical or other lack of safety in existing public spaces (58.5%). Furthermore, they
stated that there is no specific staff member in charge of safety in public areas (95.5%).
(Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004).
79
People were asked if the Table 2-7 Assessment of Utilization
availability of different activities in
a public space affects utilization
when public spaces are evaluated
in terms of quality. The majority of
respondents (100%) agreed that
offering a range of amenities or
activities in a public area is
essential for use. However, the
survey's findings show that there
aren't many different activities in Source: Pasaogullari & Doratli (2004)

the public spaces that already exist (75.5%). In addition, the upkeep and cleanliness of
the city's extant public spaces in Famagusta were evaluated, and it was found that these
conditions are also deplorable (72.5%). The majority of respondents (94%) agreed that
a public space's use is reliant on its upkeep or cleanliness. Since local government
employees are the only group specifically tasked with maintaining public spaces, this
is hardly adequate. Sixty percent of respondents agreed that using public spaces
influences social interaction. However, because they are unhappy with how public
spaces are currently maintained, they rarely use them, which results in a lack of social
interaction (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004).

Lack of upkeep or cleanliness has been recognized as the primary cause of

dissatisfaction, followed by a lack of variety in the available activities and an
inadequate amount of public spaces. However, access hasn't been mentioned as much,
even though the majority of participants own private cars and can drive easily to a
remote, well-maintained public space (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004).

According to the questionnaire survey's findings, Famagusta's public spaces are

inaccessible because of- the absence of sidewalks; locations are not evenly distributed;
absence of closeness to residential areas; streets' physical layout not being suitable for
pedestrians; Streets serving as important thoroughfares; There are no other options for
pedestrians (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004). Additionally, public areas in Famagusta are
underutilized because of: a lack of safety, a lack of responsible staff, poor lighting, and
dangerous equipment; a lack of upkeep and cleanliness; limited options for facilities
and activities; inadequate convenience (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004).
80
The survey's results not only show how accessible and used public spaces are, but they
also supported the hypotheses that were developed specifically for this study. High
percentages of respondents and participation in the survey indicate that respondents
with a variety of attributes (age, sex, education level, and family structure) shared many
of the same insights. As was stated in Hypothesis II, the functional or physical
characteristics of public spaces themselves have a greater impact on usage or
accessibility than user characteristics do (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004).

Second, the findings indicate that factors like proximity, dispersed location, travel time,
and aspects of the transportation environment that were previously determined have a
direct impact on accessibility to public spaces. The questionnaire revealed that these
factors have an impact on accessibility, and because Famagusta lacks the
aforementioned factors, the accessibility of its public spaces is low. Since well-
organized public spaces are dispersed throughout Famagusta, access to them requires a
vehicle (Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004).

Third, the questionnaire results support Hypothesis III, which is a claim about how
people use public spaces and how factors like comfort, safety, upkeep, cleanliness, and
the variety of activities and facilities influence that use. The majority of people concur
that these factors have an impact on how people use public spaces. However, because
the surveyed area's public spaces lack these qualities, people don't typically use them
(Pasaogullari & Doratli, 2004).

2.8.2 Accessibility for People with Disabilities in Urban Spaces: A Case Study of
Ankara, Turkey
This article sought to identify the issues that people with disabilities face in urban
settings. The main issue was identified as limited accessibility for disabled people to
the services provided in urban settings as a result of the architectural barriers caused by
the built environment. The accessibility of physical spaces to people with disabilities,
their use of those spaces, and their exit from those spaces, as well as accessibility
restrictions and issues in urban settings, were covered in detail. In order to ascertain if
the accessibility requirements had been implemented in an urban setting, the current
state of affairs on the streets of the Kzlay city center in Ankara was observed. People
with orthopedic conditions and those who are visually impaired may experience more
(Meshur, 2013).

81
Method

Table 2-8 Evaluation criteria for field survey To assess whether the field
areas' physical possibilities
matched the criteria, the
appropriate groups were
formed. The physical
component in the field
receives 2 points if it meets
TSE 12576 standards in
regards to both quality and
quantity; it receives 1 point if
it partially meets the
standards; and it receives 0
points if it does not meet the
standards. The physical
element is denoted with the
symbol "*" if it is not present
in the required state in the
study field (Meshur, 2013).
2: Compliant with the criteria,
Source: Meshur (2013) 1: Comprising only a portion
of the requirements,
0: Does not meet the requirements,
*: No established standards exist.
Total point if in compliance with the standards (A-TT), partial compliance with the
standards (B-TT), and non-compliance with the standards (C-TT).

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Findings and Discussions
Building Entrances

Figure 2-48 Building entrances in the survey area

Source: Meshur (2013)

The research, which was conducted with 8 criteria in the 60 building entrances
examined, determined the highest total appropriateness value that the existing criteria
could receive (15 building entrances were evaluated for each street). The highest overall
appropriateness score is 240 (15x8x2).

• The total appropriateness value of the streets in the case area: Yüksel: 52,
Sakarya: 33, Karanfil: 41, and Konur: 45.
• Suitable for usage by the disabled: 161-240;
• Partially suitable for usage by the disabled: 81-160;
• Unsuitable for usage by the disabled: 0-80.
The study led to the conclusion that the tested building entrances did not meet TS-12576
standards.
Pedestrian Zones
The effectiveness of four major pedestrian routes was examined. Calculations were
made to determine the maximum appropriate values that the pedestrian roads' existing

83
criteria could produce. The study, which was executed with 12 criteria examined for
pedestrian roads, determined the highest overall conformity value that the existing
criteria could receive.

• The most appropriate overall value is: 12x2=24

• Partially accessible to the disabled: 8-15
• Suitable for use by people with disabilities: 8–15;
• Unsuitable for use by people with disabilities: 0–7.
While Konur (4) was unsuitable for use by the disabled, Yüksel (10), Sakarya (13) and
Karanfil (11) were all partially accessible.
It was determined by the evaluation that pedestrian roads did not adhere to TS 12576
standards.

Use of Pavements and Ramps

There were a total of 18 criteria used to evaluate pavements. As per to the extent to
which they met the standards, the field criteria were given points, and these points were
assessed by writing on the charts. There were 112 pavements in total, it could be said
that some of them were partially accessible to people with disabilities.
• Suitable for use by the disabled: 192-288;
• Partially suitable for use by the disabled: 96-191;
• Unsuitable for use by the disabled: 0-95.
• The highest overall appropriateness value is 18x8x2=288.
This assessment indicates that no pavement complies with TS-12576 requirements.

2.8.3 Inferences from case studies

The following are the findings and conclusions which are discussed in relation to the
case study arguments:

• In the field of urban design, optimal and comprehensive satiation of human

needs under the parameters of architectural and planning concept is regarded as a key
design input. The primary goal is the elimination of the issues that affect people with
disabilities in urban settings. A goal that calls for the creation of livable environments
that are accessible should not only apply to buildings but to every area used for living.
To allow disabled people to take advantage of all kinds of environments and to

84
participate in them, all spaces should reflect all aspects of the user. Additionally, all
areas starting from where they live, areas close to where they live, and all areas close
to urban areas must all meet these requirements.

• All public spaces in cities should be made usable, not just those for people with
disabilities. The conduct of new prototype arrangements to include the elderly and
people with disabilities in urban spaces will aid in completely eliminating the problem's
root cause. Future issues will undoubtedly arise if people with disabilities are not
considered in the design of both indoor and outdoor spaces.

• Being aware of the issue is the main challenge in designing spaces for disabled
people. In order for disabled people to be independent, integrated into society, self-
sufficient, and socialized, it is necessary for society to accept that these individuals are
"incapacitated," but they are "individuals who are capable working efficiently." People
with disabilities must be able to independently use all urban spaces without running
into any issues in order to allow for this integration into social life.

• The majority of accessibility design principles take into account the needs of
individuals who aren't disabled but whose mobility is restricted as they age due to
physical limitations. Therefore, these designs benefit a large population of people rather
than just those with disabilities, and they address a broader mass of people.

• Local governments have the primary responsibility for ensuring that urban areas
are usable by people with disabilities. More financial options should be offered to local
government with the intention and ideal of stimulating it to carry out its responsibilities.
The creation of an unhindered environment must be covered by legislation. The absence
of sanctions is the primary flaw in the current legal system. There isn't a provision or
oversight system designed specifically for regional authorities to take decisions
necessary in public open spaces. The issue of there being no enforcement or oversight
mechanism for this matter must be resolved right away.

• Studies and research on the design of public spaces should be conducted in

conjunction with experts from fields like environmental, mechanical, electrical, and
construction engineering as well as urban planning, architecture, and landscape
architecture. The public and private sectors, local government, related professional
chambers, and related ministries should all be involved. Moreover, academic
institutions, non-governmental organizations, foundations, charitable organizations,
and associations ought to support the works and projects (Meshur, 2013).

85
• A neighborhood’s public spaces should be accessible in no more than 10
minutes of commutation. Also, the areas need to be effectively arranged so that an
increased number of visitors are attracted. They need to possess a wide range of
amenities in order to draw visitors with a range of personality types. In addition, they
need to be secure, well-maintained, clean, and meet people's expectations for comfort.
In summary, societies must be able to enhance the well-being of the setting, provide
people with practical, cheaper options to exurban growth, give youth leisure options to
misconduct, endorse activities for all ages, and offer informative prospects by
purposefully incorporating an adequate quantity of essential public zones into the built
environment (UOSF, 2002).

• It is common for people to either be born with a disability or develop one later
in life. Nevertheless, it is deplorable if public areas are constructed in a manner that
prevents those with disabilities from using them. Related research on this subject
emphasizes how the designs exacerbate the disabilities of people with disabilities.
Making urban areas accessible to people with disabilities aims to enable their social
inclusion, freedom of movement outside, integration into community, and most
importantly, to boost their confidence. Therefore, the goal remains maintain an
equilibrium between one‘s psychological and physical health, to allow them to
participate in community, and to give PwDs the opportunity to live their lives in equal
circumstances (Meshur, 2013).

86
CHAPTER 3. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
3.1 Access Audit: Open Spaces
In order to evaluate the accessibility of the current built-environment as well as the
issues people with disabilities face in urban settings, careful findings of accessible
provisions have been made in the study area. The following data collection methods
were used in a field experiment in the case study area: semi-structured interviews with
wheelchair users, both independent and assisted, with and without caregivers,
observation through photography, and site analysis with a focus on the accessibility
audit of the study area. According to Sawyer and Bright (2004), an access audit's goal
is "to assess a particular system's performance in terms of accessibility and usability for
a variety of possible users, including PwDs, and also to propose improvements to
accessibility provisions." The gaps between the implementation of the urban design
guidelines and PWDs' experiences in public spaces will be revealed by an access audit
and responses from users on a few chosen points, including accessibility, mobility,
activity, and comfort. The purpose of this study is to evaluate Patan's open public
spaces' accessibility for people with disabilities and to ascertain the degree of
compliance to standards of the design. The UN Design Manual is utilized to assess the
implementation of urban design elements in various public spaces. The majority of
suggested actions have been evaluated in developed countries, and this manual's target
audience includes people with all kinds of disabilities.

There are four groups on its checklist, which are as follows:

a) Obstructions and signage
b) Street furniture
c) Pathways, curbs, ramps and pedestrian crossing
d) Parking

These four parts were separately assessed under 43 different items (see Table 3-1 for
details of assessment criteria). Accessibility was scored on a 5-point scale namely,
• Not Available (-)
• Not Accessible (NA)
•Partially Accessible (PA)

87
• Accessible (A)
• Fully Accessible (FA) (complete accessibility)

Descriptive scores were utilized to gauge how closely the urban design accessibility
checklist was being followed. The author conducted the research between March and
April 2022. Each public open space's 43 items were assessed for accessibility by PWD
using the standards for the relevant checklist items. The term "partially compliant" was
used to describe a product that was in use but not properly designed. Simple percent
and points were used in categorical variables to show the degree of conformance to the
UN Design Manual. The aggregate percentile and level of conformity for all
assesses items were computed for each public space.

Fully accessible- 1 point

Accessible – 0.75 points
Partially Accessible- 0.5 points
Not Accessible – 0 points
Not Available - 0 points

To calculate the percentage of accessibility compliance, the sum of acquired points was
divided by the over-all sum of items. In order to better understand the activities and
traffic patterns in the public spaces, the sites were observed three times throughout the
day: in the morning, in the afternoon, and in the evening.

Notes: • Not Available (-)

• Not Accessible (NA)
•Partially Accessible (PA)
• Accessible (A)
• Fully Accessible (FA)

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Table 3-1 Access Audit: Public Open Spaces

S.N. Technical guidelines Accessibility compliance

Mangalbazar Lagankhel Jawalakhel

1 Obstructions
Clear unobstructed path - 0.90 m PA PA FA
Obstructions on the pathway surface NA NA FA
Overhanging obstructions FA FA FA
Fixed poles A A FA
Roadworks A - FA
Bicycle stands - - -
Garbage bins FA - -

2 Signage
International symbol of accessibility NA NA NA
Direction signs NA NA NA
Street names NA NA NA
House numbers NA NA NA
Maps and information panels NA NA NA
Shape, Colour, Surface, Lettering NA NA NA

3 Furniture
Location A NA FA
Resting facilities A NA FA

4 Pathways
Guide strips NA NA FA
Tactile marking NA NA FA
Curbs (0.07-0.15.) PA PA FA
Width (0.9m) FA PA FA
Slope (1:20) FA NA FA
Surface NA NA A
Gratings, Manholes, Drainage NA NA PA
Guards - NA -

5 Curb Ramps
Width (0.90m) FA NA FA
Slope (1:12) - NA FA
Guide strips - - PA
Surface and colour PA NA PA

6 Pedestrian Crossings
Guide strips - - NA
Traffic signals - - -
Traffic islands - PA FA
Road hump - - NA
Surface - FA FA
Drains and gratings - FA PA

7 Parking
Number (1:50) NA NA NA
Location A A A
Dimensions (3.60 m) - - -
Drop-off areas (3.6m +1.2m) NA NA NA
Surface A PA PA
Signs - - -

8 Public Toilet
Embossed signs PA NA NA
Space FA NA NA
Hight Closet 45-50 cm FA NA NA
Handrail FA NA NA

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3.1.1 Mangalbazar
The Mangalbazar and Durbar Square area of Patan is among the busiest pedestrian
regions that connects Langankhel bus park to the Palace complex. Tangal is the
pedestrian zone which is between Mangalbazar and Lagankhel. The area is one the most
significant junctions in the city. Here, vehicular traffic and pedestrians share the same
space as there has been as of yet no arrangement for pedestrians.

Analysis of Assessment
Mangalbazar (the region around Durbar Square) is a top-notch public space that ensures
both accessibility and activity. However, the spatial requirement falls short for the
minority group of PWD population, particularly for wheelchair users and people who
are visually impaired. With reference to the preceding normative requirements of public
space—accessibility, activity, and comfort—the particular issue of wheelchair access
and the visually impaired has been examined in the context of Patan Durbar Square and
its surrounding access roads. The main issues with ensuring the PWDs' presence and
involvement in local activities are discussed below.

One of the most important requirements for any space, whether indoors or out, is
accessibility. Accessibility to the space as well as accessibility within the space are
crucial for ensuring the use of public open spaces. Both of these facts are denied in
Patan Durbar Square area to guarantee that PwDs can approach the area. There is a
ramp, entrance, and footpath for access to the space. The discussion of observations
regarding each actor's performance follows.

Approaching the Infrastructure

There are no curb ramps, tactile blocks, or footpaths on the roads to provide access to
the infrastructure.

Figure 3-1 Approaching the infrastructure

90
Figure 3-2 Unclear separation between footpath and roadways

The only ramp available at the entry of the square in frequently dug up for pipeline or
roadwork.

Obstructions

• The surface around the barrier lacks tactile cautionary markers.

• Ragged Surface

• Absence of Signage

• Garbage Bins- in the middle of the pathway

• No contrasting durable color marking strips on fixed poles to warn pedestrians

with limited vision

• Lack of warning signs around obstructions.

Figure 3-3 Obstructions in the Pathways

Street Furniture

• Areas for resting must be available at periodic distances between a hundred and
two hundred meters.

91
• The surface of the pathway does not vary texture in a way that would enable
blind individuals to locate public services.

Figure 3-4 Street Furniture

Pathways

• Frequently varying surface level.

• Curbs with potholes and irregular surfaces.

• Disruptions in the pathway that are uncomfortable or hazardous.

• Inadequate width

• Gratings, manholes, drains placed in the middle the pedestrian pathway.

• No guards or barriers available for elevation variations between the path and the
adjoining surface above 13mm

• Surface quality: The paving and pathways are mostly of brick soling surface or
rubble concrete surface. Sometimes the surface is fragmented, cracked and uneven,
which is challenging for the easy and smooth movement of the wheelchair users

• Lack of appropriate and distinguishable paths.

• Roadblocks on the paths preventing entry.

• Rugged and unsteady paths around the infrastructure.

• Inadequate signage.

• Unusable curb ramps.

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 Figure 3-5 Inaccessible Steps without Ramps

Ramps / Curb ramps

• Inadequate ramps

• Vehicle parking and other barriers are blocking access to the ramp.

• Ramp slope does not match criteria.

• The majority of locations lack handrails. Existing handrails do not match criteria.

• Ramp width not up to code.

Figure 3-6 Pathways in dire need of maintenance

Parking

• Unmanaged and poor parking facilities.

• Lack of accessible signage.

• No parking spaces designated for PwDs.

• Parking on the streets.

The regional authorities' indifference and the lack of restrictions are likely to blame for
this. Additionally, it has to do with significant issues with the applicability, usability,
and implementation of pertinent laws in practical contexts.

Signage

• No Braille indicators are present.

• Most places lack and auditory and visual labelling and indicators.

93
Sanitary Facilities

• Adequate ramps, handrail inside the toilet

• No handrail on the ramp leading to the toilet

• Presence of accessibility signage

• Signage not in braille

Figure 3-7 Accessible Public Toilet

Activity
Observation of the sites were done at three different times of the day including morning,
afternoon and evening, to understand the activities and flow of people in the open space.
There are varied recreational activities present in the area. However, most of these
recreational facilities do not offer any option for the wheelchair users to enjoy them.
All the functions are approached by steps which limits active participation of
wheelchair users without assistance. No special arrangements of sitting, such as; hand
rails, required height and width of seats, and movement are even offered within the
functions for the disabled people. Recreational activities like restaurants, roaming
around the temples, etc are present, but have no proper accessibility towards it.

Figure 3-8 The Study Area at Different Hours of the Day

Comfort

• Public utilities: Public utilities like public toilets are provided in the area. The
public toilet has been found to maintain special requirements for the wheelchair users.
94
The toilet is convenient for wheelchair users with standard fixture height and handrails
within the toilet, no disruptive level change and steep slopes though there was an
absence of handrails in its access ramp. However, there were no tactile markings, guides
or braille/audio markers to indicate visually impaired people about the presence of an
accessible toilet.

• Urban furniture: Absence of shades, proper seating facilities and walking

pathways creates obstruction in the way of comfort for both assisted and non-assisted
wheelchair users. Patan Durbar Square is one of the most vibrant public spaces within
the city. But due to the absence of spatial requirement for disabled users, it gives an
unwelcoming image to this particular group.

The ramps in the area are not arranged according to the standards. The use of rough
pavement and the wrong materials are not appropriate for utilization by PwDs. Only
stairs has been preferred in the places where ramps also should be designed with stairs.

95
 Figure 3-9 Inaccessible drinking water facility

3.1.2 Lagankhel
Lagankhel bus park and its surrounding streets is among one of the busiest vehicular
and pedestrian areas in Lalitpur.

1.1.1 Analysis of Assessment

This area is a high-level public realm. The major problems associated with ensuring the
PWDs’ presence and participation in activities within the area are discussed below.

Accessibility
Approaching the Infrastructure

• No footpaths in certain parts of the access road.

• Absence of tactile marking on the surface of the paths.

• The footpath lacks curb ramps.

96
Figure 3-10 Lack of maintenance of Pedestrian paths

Obstructions

• Ragged Surface

• Absence of Signage

• Travel path with several obstructions and protruding objects.

• Lack of tactile or visual cautionary indicators surrounding the obstacle.

Figure 3-11 Obstructions in Pathways

Street Furniture

• No access for PWD in the central park.

Figure 3-12 Central Park of Lagankhel at different hours of the day

97
Pathways

• Frequent changes in elevation of surfaces.

• No guards or barriers available for changes in elevation of above 13 mm

between path and the adjoining surfaces.

• Presence of holes and obstructions.

• Troublesome or hazardous disruptions in travel path.

• Gratings, manholes, drains placed in the middle the pedestrian pathway.

• Surface quality: The paving and pathways are mostly of brick soling surface
or rubble concrete surface. Sometimes the surface is fragmented, cracked and uneven,
which is challenging for the easy and smooth movement of the wheelchair users

• No proper signage.

Figure 3-13 No guides on the crosswalk

Figure 3-14 Footpaths encroached by vendors

Ramps / Curb ramps

• Inadequate ramps

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• Ramp slope does not match criteria.

• The majority of locations lack handrails.

• Ramp width not up to code.

Figure 3-15 Inaccessible Curb Ramps

Figure 3-16 Inaccessible entrance to public open space

Parking

• Lack of accessible signage.

• Parking on the streets.

• No parking spaces designated for PwDs.

• Unmanaged and poor parking facilities.

Figure 3-17 No designated space for parking

Signage

• Complete absence of any kind of signage.

99
Sanitary Facilitiy

• The public toilet does not offer accessibility to PWDs

• No signage

• Overcrowded

Figure 3-18 Inaccessible Public Toilet

1.1.2 Activity
There are varied commercial activities present in the area. However, none of these
facilities offer any option for PWDs to consume them. All the functions are approached
by steps which limits active participation of wheelchair users without assistance. No
special arrangements of sitting, such as; hand rails, required height and width of seats,
and movement are even offered within the functions for the disabled people.
Recreational activities like restaurants, shops, have no proper accessibility towards it.
The bus park is extremely unorganized and looking for a bus going o a certain
destination is enormously difficult especially for PWDs.

Figure 3-19 Lagankhel Bus Park

1.1.3 Comfort
Public utilities:

• Complete lack of accessibility in the public toilet

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Urban furniture:

• Absence of proper seating facilities

• Central Park is not accessible to people with mobility impairment

• Lack of signage
In Lagankhel, Accessibility issues in public infrastructure and amenities can be
encountered in roadways as well as footpaths. Despite being a relatively new
development in the city, the area lacks several accessibility features which could have
to designed in the beginning or added later on. There is an absence security for PwDs
in busy roads. Paving material of the surface of sidewalks is not well-maintained,
irregular surfaces make it difficult to be used by PWDs. Open drains act as physical
obstructions that are hazardous particularly for wheelchair users and the visually
impaired.

3.1.3 Jawalakhel
In the last decade, with its abundance of retail malls, apparel stores, cafes, restaurants,
educational institutions, banks, and other contemporary facilities, Jawalakhel has
become one of the most popular areas in the Lalitpur district.

Analysis of Assessment
The open space at Jawalakhel ensures both accessibility and activities. The existing
scenario associated with ensuring the PWDs’ presence and participation in activities
within the area are discussed below.

Accessibility
Approaching the Infrastructure

• Edges of the sidewalks have curb ramps.

• Access to the infrastructure through sidewalks.

• Bright tactile tiles on the sidewalks.

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• No tactile guide in crosswalk

Figure 3-20 Jawalakhel Park at different hours of the day

Obstructions Figure 3-21 Tactile Paving

• Damage on the surface of footpath in a few places

• Curb Ramps not designed adequately

Figure 3-22 Street Furniture

Street Furniture

• Adequate

• Space for wheelchair

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 Figure 3-23 Seating Area

Figure 3-24 Inaccessible Platform

Figure 3-25 Jawalakhel in the evening

Pathways

• Sufficient width.

• Abrupt changes in level with improper curb ramps in a few places.

• Gratings, manholes, drains placed in the middle the pedestrian pathway.

• No guards or barriers available for changes in level of more than 13 mm

between the pathway and the surrounding surface

• Surface quality: The paving and pathways are mostly of tile surface. In some
places, the surface is fragmented, cracked and uneven, which is challenging for the easy
and smooth movement of the wheelchair users.

• Absence traffic signal at the crosswalk.

• Curb ramps path not fully usable.

103
• Appropriately demarcated pathways.

• Tactile tiles not continuous through the pathways

• No tactile markings inside the public open spaces

Ramp and Curb ramp

• Curb ramps available are not well designed

Parking

• Well-defined parking facilities.

• Lack of accessible signage.

• No parking spaces designated for PwDs.

Signage

• No Braille indicators are present.

• Most places lack and auditory and visual labelling and indicators.

Sanitary Facility

• No provision of public toilets.

1.1.4 Activity
Observation of the sites were done at three different times of the day including morning,
afternoon and evening, to understand the activities and flow of people in the open space.
Arrangements for seating are available in the spaces.

1.1.5 Comfort

• Public utilities: Public utilities like public toilets and drinking water are not
provided in the area.

• Urban furniture:
o Absence of shades
o Proper seating facilities

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Observation Results
The access audit demonstrates the compliance of various public infrastructures with the
accessibility guidelines provided by the UN Design Manual. The study's findings
suggest that the three open spaces are not sufficiently accessible to individuals with
disabilities because none of them achieved hundred percent compliance with the
standard specifications. Jawalakhel, with a cumulative accessibility percent of 46.5%,
is the most compliant. But overall, the study revealed that the studied open spaces aren't
sufficiently accessible (Over-all conformity: Mangalbazar 33.72%, Lagankhel 16.27%
and Jawalakhel 46.5%; Table 3-2).

Formula for Calculation of Compliance score=

(Not available x 0)+ (Not Accessible x 0)+ (Partially Accessible x 0.5)+
(Accessible x 0.75)+ (Fully Accessible x 1)
x 100 %
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠

Table 3-2 Compliance Score Chart: Open Spaces

0 NA (0) PA (0.5) A (0.75) FA (1) Compliance Score

Mangalbazar 12 13 4 6 8 33.72
Lagankhel 9 24 5 2 3 16.28
Jawalakhel 6 14 5 2 16 46.51

Jawalakhel had the best accessibility compliance rate. Indeed, Jawalakhel is a

relatively new space, and was designed with accessibility in consideration. The lowest
compliances were found at Lagankhel and Mangalbazar. The majority of the
components in these two areas open sapces are inadequately constructed, including
poor paving, inappropriate curbs, etc. It is clear that in these locations, planners and
architects do not consider disabled persons' needs. Several of the items on the open
spaces and their surroundings are randomly arranged or have poor design. Examples
include difficult-to-use restrooms, undefined bus stations, and irregular surface paving.

105
3.2 Questionnaire Survey: Open Spaces
The survey is categorized into four segments. In the first segment, inquiries were made
in order to identify user profiles; in the second, inquiries were made regarding public
space accessibility; and in the third, inquiries were made regarding the use of the
surveyed spaces. Finally, the respondents were questioned about any challenges they
encountered while visiting the study area and whether they had any suggestions for how
to make it more PwD-friendly.
In total, 47 questions were asked to the respondents. The first 14 questions were asked
to ascertain the respondents’ profile. The subsequent 8 questions assessed the
accessibility, and to examine the utilization, and finally reasons for dissatisfaction were
asked. The same questions were asked for Mangalbazar, Lagankhel and Jawalakhel.
Age, gender, wealth, education, and family structure were all factors considered while
creating user profiles. In order to assess accessibility, factors such as distance, trip
duration, sidewalk quality, street layout, use of public transportation, and automobile
ownership were considered. Lastly, the use of public places was examined in relation
to the established criteria, such as their appearance, sanitation, repair, security, as well
as the diversity of activities available for PwDs. The questionnaire form used has been
provided in the annex.

Results
User Characteristics
The questionnaire survey has been carried out with a total of 20 respondents which has
been categorized into two groups including 10 visually impaired persons and 10 people
with mobility impairments. All the respondents are residents of Lalitpur and are well
acquainted with the Patan area and the majority of them travel to the site area for work
every day. Altogether 20 persons, including 9 men and 11 women, were interrogated.
According to the survey, individual characteristics like gender, age, education level, or
household composition have little bearing on respondents' preferences for accessibility
or how they use public places. In regards to accessibility or utilization, respondents of
varying ages, genders, educational levels, or family structures provided similar answers
to the questionnaire. The respondents were questions about their type of impairment,
reason of the condition, house ownership, mode of transportation, vehicle ownership,
occupation, annual income, etc to understand their background and lifestyle. Most of
the participants were older than 40 years of age, educated and involved in social work.
106
Age & Gender

Marital Status

Location

Type of Impairment

107
House Ownership & Mode of Transportation

108
Education level & Family Structure

Occupation & Annual Income

Reason of condition

109
3.2.1 Mangalbazar
Assessment of Accessibility

Figure 3-26 Assessment of Accessibility for Mangalbazar

110
Assessment of Utilization

Figure 3-27 Assessment of Utilization for Mangalbazar

Firstly, In the assessment of accessibility of Mangalbazar, the respondents were asked

questions regarding the travel time, and use of the open space, where all users
responded positively. The majority of them used the space frequently for recreation,
shopping and commutation. The respondents were categorized into two groups,
namely, people with mobility impairments and people with visual impairment. In terms
of accessibility of streets and sidewalks. Both groups responded that they were
unsatisfied or very unsatisfied with the infrastructure. Regarding maintenance and
cleanliness in the area, both groups gave varied answers. When assessed in terms of
comfort and safety, the majority have responded that they were very unsatisfied. 60%
of respondents have said that they are unsatisfied with the variety of activities or
facilities available for PWDs in the area.

111
Obstacles faced by people with mobility impairments.
There aren't any seating spaces around the temples that are accessible enough for
PWDs. The platforms are too high and there is no provision of ramps in the area.
Installing mobile ramps during special occasions aren't sufficient to make the space
accessible for PWDs. The temples, palaces and museums are not accessible for people
with mobility impairments. The access roads are too narrow and vehicle traffic as well
as crowds makes the area difficult to access and navigate. The road has numerous
ditches due to lack of maintenance and frequent road or pipeline construction jobs.
There is no proper segregation for pedestrians, vehicles and vendor spaces. the height
difference of road level of shops makes it difficult for PWDs to shop in the area. All
these obstacles make it almost impossible to navigate the area without assistance.
Tempos which are the primary means of public transportation in this area, are
inaccessible to people to mobility impairments. Lack of curb ramps and preference of
steps over slopes and ramps restricts unassisted mobility of wheelchair and crutch users.

Obstacles faced by people with visual impairments

The pathways leading to the square and the square itself lacks any sort of tactile paving
to guide PWDs. Lack of segregation of vehicular traffic and pedestrian flow makes it
difficult to navigate the area without assistance. The temple and palace complex lacks
signage or information in braille to assist visually impaired persons. Lack of awareness
in the general public further complicates the experience. According to the respondents,
overcrowding of the area major barrier that restricts unassisted mobility of users.

Suggestions from respondents

Government policies should be enforced and implemented correctly. The
administration must act quickly to solve the situation and issues at hand while
concentrating on improving all other aspects of the accepted accessibility guidelines'
enforcement.

112
3.2.2 Lagankhel
Assessment of Accessibility

At what time do you visit the

spaces?

Afternoon

25% 25%
Evening
0%

50% Night

How often do you visit them? For what purpose do you visit these
spaces?

0% Monthly
6% Recreation
On weekends 24%
44% 29% Shopping
56% Frequently
Work
Everyday 41% Others

Figure 3-28 Assessment of Accessibility for Lagankhel

113
Assessment of Utilization

Figure 3-29 Assessment of Utilization for Lagankhel

The same questions as previous were asked regarding the assessment of accessibility in
Lagankhel. The majority of them used the space frequently for recreation, shopping and
commutation. 40% of users were satisfied with the accessibility of the street whereas,
20% were very satisfied. However, the majority of them replied that they were
unsatisfied with the physical structure of the sidewalks. Regarding the public transport,
maintenance and cleanliness in the Lagankhel area, they were predominantly
unsatisfied with the services. When assessed in terms of comfort and safety, the
majority of visually impaired users were unsatisfied with the infrastructure, whereas
most of the mobility impaired users were dissatisfied with the variety of activities and
facilities available in the area.

Obstacles faced by PWDs

Pavement height is too high. Lagankhel is area is relatively new but still unmanaged.
The bus stop area is too unmanaged. It lacks signage and segregation of buses. There is
no provision of handrails or street furniture accessible to PWDs. Lack of traffic lights
at the crosswalk is a drawback.

114
Suggestions from respondents
Crosswalks should be available at proper positions. The importance of proper
segregation of road, sidewalk and bus stop was one of the most frequent point brought
up by the respondents.
Findings from users’ responses and interviews

Due to improper measurement of level changes, users' limited mobility within the park
is evident. During an empirical study, their absence was noticed in the majority of the
park's social gathering spots. Users of wheelchairs struggle to maintain control of the
wheelchair on irregular walkways. Pavement with holes and rough materials makes it
harder for people to move around and push chairs. To get the right turning radius for
the chair, they have to push through some areas with narrow walkways. This adds
unnecessary distance to their journey. Because of the poor design and detailing of
spaces, which as previously mentioned can occasionally be a problem for them, public
amenities like toilets and drinking water are always out of their reach. Wheelchair users
have, however, brought attention to another significant issue from their experiences
regarding the attitude of society towards them in addition to the physical barriers of the
area. Without assistance, it is very difficult to locate a bus that is going somewhere
specific in the bus park because there is no signage at all.

However, because of their dissatisfaction with how public spaces are currently
maintained, they rarely use them, which prevents social interaction. Lack of upkeep or
cleanliness has been cited as the main cause of dissatisfaction preceded by absence of
diversity in the available facilities and activities, and an inadequate number of public
spaces.

Disabled people occasionally view the lack of accessible design in public spaces as a
natural circumstance and unavoidable condition. The position of disabled people as
minority users always becomes the main justification for disregarding their needs and
participation

115
3.2.3 Jawalakhel
Assessment of Accessibility

How often do you visit them? At what time do you visit the spaces?

Afternoon

0%
Monthly
29% 28% Evening
33%
On weekends
Frequently Night
67% 14%
Everyday 29%
No specific
timing

For what purpose do you visit these

spaces?

Recreation
10%
Shopping
50%
40% Work
0%
Others

Figure 3-30 Assessment of Accessibility for Jawalakhel

116
Assessment of Utilization

Figure 3-31 Assessment of Utilization for Jawalakhel

Again, the same pattern of questions was asked for Jawalakhel area as well. The
majority of them used the space every day for recreation. 50% of users were satisfied
with the streets in Jawalakhel whereas 40% were satisfied with the sidewalks in the
area. When assessed in terms of maintenance and cleanliness, the users were
predominantly satisfied. In terms of comfort and safety the majority of them were
satisfied. However, most of the mobility impaired users were unsatisfied with the
variety of activities available at the site.

Obstacles faced by PWDs

There are no ramps to access the platform. The pavement height is too high. The
'Sahuliyat Pasal' is inaccessible to PWDs. Jawalakhel has no distinct bus stop and
people have trouble crossing the road to catch the bus. Respondents have expressed
their dissatisfaction with the behavior of people towards PWDs. They also claimed that
people in the city still lack awareness and understanding of PWD rights.

117
Suggestions from respondents
Government policies should be enforced and implemented correctly. Respondents also
commented that a few accessible features in a certain area doesn’t make the entire space
accessible. To ensure the utilization of public open spaces, both accessibility to the
space and accessibility within the space are essential. Therefore, consideration must be
given to this concept.

General Comments

The criteria have been developed, but according to the respondents, they are not being
adequately used in daily life. The application of the regulations is required at all
planning and development work stages by the relevant individuals and administrative
agencies. The construction of public buildings requires the adoption of specifications
and universal design guidelines, which require training for all contributors, especially
governmental authorities, architects, and builders.

To establish inclusive public transportation infrastructure and communication facilities,

among many other things, the administration must collaborate as well as engage with
regional authorities, public transportation providers, communities, as well as other key
parties. Social groups have spoken out against a variety of obstacles that have prevented
PwDs from participating equally in society. Additionally, they have advocated
accessibility concerns from a rights-based perspective and increased attention towards
accessibility and disability problems across the nation. In recognition of their work, the
government must make handicap and accessibility concerns a top priority for the
planning procedure.

A competent workforce also includes PwDs. Hence, encourage the creation and sale of
additional services and products aimed at PwDs as well as the accessibility of
offices, market, shopping complexes, information technology and transit services are
necessary. Every actor, especially municipal engineers and technical personnel, must
receive instruction as well as direction on inclusivity in public buildings. To encourage
accessible tourism in Nepal, all tourist destinations—including those that are World
Cultural Heritages—should be made accessible to everyone, including those with
disabilities. Personal transportation services must be made available for everyone,
giving PwDs the same opportunity as everyone else.
118
3.3 Access Audit: Public Buildings
The purpose of the access audit is to assess Patan’s public buildings in regards to
accessibility provisions and to test whether or not the design is compliant to the
guidelines. In order to analyze the availability accessible features in physical
surroundings, the UN Design Manual is utilized to assess urban design application in
the 10 prominent public buildings.
Its checklist consists of the following ten groups:
1. Ramps
2. Elevators
3. Platform Lifts
4. Stairs
5. Railings & Handrails
6. Entrances
7. Doors
8. Corridors
Figure 3-32 Components of an accessible public
9. Restrooms building

10. Parking

These ten components were Notes: • Not Available (-)

evaluated independently based on 85 • Not Accessible (NA)
specific elements (see Table for
•Partially Accessible (PA)
details of assessment criteria).
• Accessible (A)
A rating scale of 1 to 5 is used as
• Fully Accessible (FA)
mentioned in chapter 3.1.
The research was carried out on June-
July 2022 by the author. 85 components for each building complex were assessed as
accessible or not accessible to PwDs based on the appropriate specification.

Observation Result
The access audit demonstrates the compliance of various public infrastructures with the
accessibility guidelines provided by the UN Design Manual.

119
Table 3-3 Access Audit: Public Buildings

120
121
122
3.3.1 District Court, Lagankhel

Figure 3-33 District Court, Lagankhel

123
Analysis of Assessment
Type of Building: Government Institution
Location: Lagankhel, Lalitpur
Year of Establishment: 2060 B.S.

In case of the District Court of Lalitpur, both accessibility to the space and accessibility
within the space to ensure the access of PWDs approaching the area are entirely denied.
Accessibility to space is provided by footpath and entrance. Observations on their
respective performances are discussed next.

Approaching the Infrastructure

• Absence of tactile tiles

• The area around the obstruction lacks tactile indication.

• There are no curb ramps for level variations on the footpath.

• Footpaths on the roadside provide access to the infrastructure.

• Ragged Surface

Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• No provision of ramp at the entrance or inside the
building.
• No provision of elevators to access upper floor
levels.
• No provision of Lifts
• Railing only on one side of the stairs
• Entrance threshold not accessible
• Height of door handle placement not accessible
• No provision of handrails in corridors
• Signage not available in Braille
• Sanitary facilities entirely inaccessible.
• Unmanaged and poor parking facilities.
• There are no parking spaces designated for disabled individuals.
• No provision of emergency exit.
124
3.3.2 Lalitpur Land Revenue Office, Lagankhel

Figure 3-34 Lalitpur Land Revenue Office, Lagankhel

125
Analysis of Assessment
Type of Building: Government Institution
Location: Lagankhel, Lalitpur
Year of Establishment: 2059 B.S.

In case of the Land Revenue Office of Lalitpur, both accessibility to the space and
accessibility within the space to ensure the access of PWDs approaching the area are
not up to standards.

Approaching the Infrastructure

• There aren't any curb ramps on the sidewalk for level variations.

• No tactile blocks on the footpath.

• Sidewalks provide access to the facility.

• The area surrounding the obstacle has no tactile indicators.

• Ragged Surface

• Absence of Signage

• Disruptions in the travel path that are uncomfortable or hazardous.

• Curbs with potholes and irregular surfaces.

• Surface quality: The paving on the pathway is rubble concrete surface.

Sometimes the surface is fragmented, cracked and uneven, which is challenging for the
easy and smooth movement of the wheelchair users.

• Roadblocks on the paths preventing entry.

• Inaccessible curb ramps.

• No segregation of pedestrian path and vehicular path.

• Parking spaces and other barriers restrict access to the ramp.

• Unmanaged parking on the street.

• No ramp is available.

• The majority of locations lack handrails. The existing handrails are

inappropriate.
126
• The ramp's width is not up to code.

• The ramp's slope is not appropriate.

• Rugged and unsteady paths around the infrastructure.

• No established suitable paths.

• Inadequate indicators, markings and signage.

Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• No provision of ramp at the entrance or inside the building.

• No provision of elevators to access upper floor levels.

• No provision of Lifts

• Railing only on one side of the stairs

• Entrance threshold not accessible

• Height of door handle placement not accessible

• No provision of handrails in corridors

• Signage not available in Braille

• Sanitary facilities entirely inaccessible.

• Unmanaged and poor parking facilities.

• Absence of designated parking spot for PwDs.

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3.3.3 Nepal Bank, Gabahal

Figure 3-35 Nepal Bank, Gabahal

Analysis of Assessment
Type of Building: Government Institution
Location: Gabahal, Lalitpur

128
In case of Nepal Bank at Gabahal, both accessibility to the space and accessibility
within the space to ensure the access of PWDs approaching the area are entirely
unavailable.

Approaching the Infrastructure

• Roads are not equipped with sidewalks.

• No tactile blocks on the path.

• Unmanaged parking on the street.

• No segregation of pedestrian path and vehicle path.

Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• No provision of ramp at the

entrance or inside the building.

• No provision of elevators to access

upper floor levels.

• No provision of Lifts

• Railing only on one side of the stairs

• Entrance threshold not accessible

• Height of door handle placement not accessible

• No provision of handrails in corridors

• Signage not available in Braille

• Sanitary facilities entirely inaccessible.

• Unmanaged and poor parking facilities.

• Absence of designated parking spot for PwDs.

129
3.3.4 Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office, Pulchowk

Figure 3-36 Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office, Pulchowk

130
Analysis of Assessment
Type of Building: Government Institution
Location: Pulchowk, Lalitpur
Year of establishment: 2049 B.S

In case of the Metropolitan City Office of Lalitpur, accessibility to the space and
accessibility within the space to ensure the access of PWDs approaching the area are
fairly satisfactory but not completely up to standards.

Approaching the Infrastructure

• Sidewalks provide access to the facility.

• There aren't any curb ramps on the sidewalk for level variations.

• No tactile blocks on the footpath.

• No tactile warning markings on the ground around changes in level.

• Several changes in level at the outdoor open park area.

Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• No provision of ramp at the entrance or inside the building.

• Access to elevator obstructed by random objects on the path.

• Elevator buttons placed too high.

• Porch threshold not accessible

• Lack of signage on doors.

• No provision of handrails in corridors

• Signage not available in Braille

• Sanitary facilities are entirely inaccessible.

• Unmanaged and poor parking facilities.

• Absence of designated parking spot for PwDs.

131
3.3.5 Namuna Machhindra School, Lagankhel

Figure 3-37 Namuna Machhindra School, Lagankhel

Analysis of Assessment
Type of Building: Educational Institution
Location: Lagankhel, Lalitpur
132
Year of Establishment: Bhadra 2077 B.S.

In case of the Namuna Machhindra School at Lagankhel, accessibility to the

infrastructure is not well-maintained. However, accessibility within the infrastructure
to ensure the access of PWDs approaching the area are fairly up to standards.

Approaching the Infrastructure

• There aren't any curb ramps on the sidewalk for level variations.

• Sidewalks provide access to the facility.

• No tactile blocks on the footpath.

• Disruptions in the pathway that are uncomfortable or hazardous.

• Absence of tactile indicators on the ground around changes in level or

obstructions.

• Ragged Surface

• Curbs with potholes and irregular surfaces.

• Unmanaged parking on the street.

• No segregation of pedestrian path and vehicle path.

Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• Provision of ramps at various places.

• No provision of elevators to access upper floor

levels.

• Railing at both side of the stairs.

• Tactile tiles o the corridors.

• Provision of handrails in corridors.

• Signage not available in Braille.

• Separate accessible sanitary facilities for PWD

students.

• Absence of designated parking spots for PwDs.

• No emergency exits.
133
3.3.6 Patan Hospital, Lagankhel

Figure 3-38 Patan Hospital, Lagankhel

Analysis of Assessment
Type of Building: Government Health Institution

Location: Lagankhel, Lalitpur

Year of Establishment:

Old building: 2049 B.S.

134
 Nix Simon Building: 2058 B.S.

New Block: 2068 B.S.

In case of Patan Hospital at Lalitpur, both accessibility to the space and accessibility
within the space to ensure the access of PWDs approaching the area are unsatisfactory
and not up to standards.

Approaching the Infrastructure

• Sidewalks provide access to the

facility.

• Absence of curb ramps on the

sidewalk for level variations.

• No tactile tiles on the footpath.

• Absence of tactile indicators on the

Figure 3-39 Entrance to Hospital Block
ground around changes in level or
obstructions.

• Ragged Surface

• Absence of Signage

• Curbs with potholes and irregular surfaces.

• Disruptions in the pathway that are uncomfortable or hazardous.

• Several changes in level at the outdoor open park area.

• Unmanaged parking on the street.

135
Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• Provision of ramp to access all floors in the

buildings.

• Inadequate provision of ramps- Several large

blocks share the same ramp.

• Provision of elevators to access upper floor levels.

• Wheelchair facility at the entrance.

• Railing on two sides of the staircase

Figure 3-40 Ramp
• Height of door handle placement not accessible Connecting All Floors

• No provision of handrails in ground floor corridors

• Signage not available in Braille

• Sanitary facilities are mostly inaccessible; especially in emergency and general

wards.

• Unmanaged and poor parking facilities.

• Absence of designated parking spots for PwDs.

136
3.3.7 Labim Mall, Pulchowk

Figure 3-41 Labim Mall, Pulchowk

137
Analysis of Assessment
Type of Building: Commercial Complex
Location: Pulchowk, Lalitpur

In case of the Labim Mall at Pulchowk, accessibility within the space to ensure the
access of PWDs approaching the area are up to standards even though accessibility to
the facility is only.

Approaching the Infrastructure

• Sidewalks provide access to the facility.
• Absence of curb ramps on the
sidewalk for level variations.
• No tactile blocks on the footpath.
• Curbs with potholes and irregular
surfaces.
• Disruptions in the pathway that are
uncomfortable or hazardous.
• Absence of Signage Figure 3-42 Ramp at one of the entrances

• Provision of ramp at al entrances.

• Turning radius of entrance ramp not up to standard.
• Access from the ramp locked behind bars and not made readily available.

Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• Provision of elevators and escalators to access
upper floor levels.
• No provision of tactile markers for people with
visual impairities.
• Doors to individual shops are not easy to
maneouvre.
• Signage not available in Braille Figure 3-43 Accessible
signage and tactile markings
• Designated sanitary facilities for PWDs.
• Well-managed parking facilities.
• Designated parking spots for PwDs.

138
3.3.8 Pulchowk Campus

Figure 3-44 Pulchowk Campus

139
Approaching the Infrastructure

• Sidewalks provide access to the facility.

• Absence of curb ramps on the sidewalk

for level variations.

• Tactile tiles on the footpath.

• No traffic lights available for ease of

crossing road. Figure 3-45 Inaccessible Entrance at
Admin Block

Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• No provision of ramp at the entrance or inside most

blocks.

• No provision of elevators to access upper floor levels.

• Railing only on one side of the stairs

• Height of door handle placement not accessible.

• No provision of handrails in corridors

• Signage not available in braille.

• Sanitary facilities entirely inaccessible.

Figure 3-46 Inaccessible
• Absence of designated parking spots for PwDs. Entrance

Figure 3-47 Inaccessible Upper Floors and Thresholds

140
3.3.9 Nepal Telecom Office, Jawalakhel

Figure 3-48 Nepal Telecom Office, Jawalakhel

141
Analysis of Assessment
Type of Building: Government Institution
Location: Jawalakhel, Lalitpur

In case of Nepal Telecom Office at Jawalakhel, both accessibility to the space and
accessibility within the space to ensure the access of PWDs approaching the area are
not up to standards.

Approaching the Infrastructure

• No sidewalks to provide access to the facility.

• Absence of Signage

• Disruptions in the pathway that are uncomfortable and hazardous.

• Lack of properly distinguishable pathways.

• Slope of the ramp do not meet standard.

• Unmanaged parking on the street.

• No segregation of pedestrian path and vehicle path.

Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• No provision of ramp at the entrance or inside the building.

• No provision of elevators to access upper floor levels.

• Railing only on one side of the stairs

• Entrance threshold not accessible

• Height of door handle placement not accessible

• No provision of handrails in corridors

• Signage not available in Braille

• Sanitary facilities entirely inaccessible.

• Unmanaged and poor parking facilities.

• Absence of designated parking spots for PwDs.

142
3.3.10 Lalitpur District Administration Office, Thasikhel

Figure 3-49 Lalitpur District Administration Office

143
Analysis of Assessment
Type of Building: Government Institution
Location: Thasikhel, Lalitpur
Year of Establishment: 2075 B.S- 2076 B.S.

In case of the District Administration Office of Lalitpur, both accessibility to the space
and accessibility within the space to ensure the access of PWDs approaching the area
are not up to standards.

Approaching the Infrastructure

• No sidewalks to provide access to the facility.

• Absence of curb ramps on the sidewalk for level

variations.

• No tactile blocks on the footpath.

• Absence of Signage

• No proper pathways defined.

• Unmanaged parking on the street.

• No segregation of pedestrian path and vehicle path.

Accessibility in the Infrastructure

• No provision of ramp in entrances of most blocks.

• No provision of elevators to access upper floor

levels.

• Railing only on one side of the stairs

• Height of door handle placement not accessible

• No provision of handrails in corridors

• Signage not available in Braille

• Sanitary facilities entirely inaccessible.

• Unmanaged and poor parking facilities.

Figure 3-50 Inaccessible Upper
• Absence of designated parking spots for PwDs. Floors

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Observation results

As a result of the research, it can be claimed that the majority of the examined facilities
do not fully meet the accessibility requirements for PwDs because none of the studies
buildings demonstrated complete conformity with the standard specifications. Namuna
Macchindra School earned the highest compliance rate, with an overall accessibility
percent of 85.29%. However, the study's overall findings indicated that accessibility is
not well-designed into public facilities.

Formula for Calculation of Compliance score=

(Not available x 0)+ (Not Accessible x 0)+ (Partially Accessible x 0.5)+
(Accessible x 0.75)+ (Fully Accessible x 1)
x 100 %
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠

Table 3-4 Compliance Score Chart: Public Buildings

0 NA (0) PA (0.5) A (0.75) FA (1) Compliance Score

District Court 31 7 6 10 31 48.82
Malpot Office 24 6 5 12 38 58.24
Nepal Bank 33 7 10 4 31 45.88
Municipality 21 7 4 4 39 51.76
Namuna Machh 17 0 2 6 60 77.06
Patan Hospital 13 3 6 9 54 75.00
District Office 24 8 6 6 41 57.06
Pulchowk Campus 26 8 9 2 40 54.12
Labim Mall 5 1 7 12 60 85.29
NTC Office 31 14 3 5 32 43.82

The highest compliance on accessibility were found in Labim Mall (85.29%), Namuna
Machhindra School (77.06%) and Patan Hospital (75.0%). Indeed, Labim Mall is a
relatively new space, and was designed with accessibility in consideration. Namuna
Machhindra too is a newly constructed building designed with the consideration of
accessibility for its students with physical and visual impairments. Patan Hospital
scores 75% which is still inadequate for a public health institution. This deficiency
could be attributed to the fact that the hospital is a relatively older construction which
lacks maintenance and updating. The lowest compliances were found at NTC Office
(43.82%) and District Court (48.82%). The majority of the components in these two
buildings are poorly designed, for example inaccessible entrances, upper floors, toilets,
etc.

145
3.4 Interviews with Building Managers/ Officers
This section of the study focuses on the data collection process for interviews about the
use of universal design in Patan's public buildings. The main issues are the true meaning
of universal design and public awareness of PWD rights. The stated objectives were to
determine how much building managers, authorities, and officers understood and
perceived the present and upcoming strategies for the buildings’ accessibility, and also
to assess their familiarity with the UD concept. Semi-structured interview was
conducted with building managers from ten prominent public buildings in Patan. The
results demonstrate that building managers need to have a better understanding of
universal design.

3.4.1 District Court, Lagankhel

Name of Interviewee: Krishna Bahadur Gurung
Post: Section Officer

Q: Understanding about universal design

A: The interviewee had limited knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design.
Through the course of the interview, the interviewee seemed to develop a positive
attitude towards UD and expectation for improvement in present condition of
accessibility is expressed.

Q: Building compliance to universal design theory

The building design has not considered any sort of accessibility features for PWDs.

Q: Current plans for accessibility

A: The number of PWD visiting the facility is very low. The PWD who seek services
at the court are generally elderly citizens who wish to pass on their property to their
children. Hence, service is provided at the drop-off area where employees of the court
themselves go to the PWD and help them with whatever is required. There is no
provision for wheelchair users to enter the building. PWDs are required to bring a carer
to go into and around the building.

146
Q: Future plan to improve accessibility
A: There are no future plans, as of now, for the provision of accessibility in the building.
The process to get any sort of construction and maintenance work done in the building
is tedious, since it has to be passed on and approved by many departments, which takes
a very long time. An elevator in the lobby could be designed for ease of movement to
all floor levels.

Figure 3-51 Location Map: District

Court, Lagankhel Figure 3-52 Interview with the Section Officer

3.4.2 Land Revenue Office, Lagankhel

Name of Interviewee: Bishnu Prasad Ghimire
Post: Officer

Q: Understanding about universal design

The interviewee had good knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design and had
a progressive mindset. According to the interviewee, accessibility is the ability of a
space to be equally practical for all consumers, irrespective of their capabilities, ages,
ethnicities, and religions.

Q: Building compliance to universal design theory

The building design has not considered accessibility features for PWDs to a great extent
except for the ramps at the entrance.

Q: Current plans for accessibility

A: The number of PWD visiting the facility is very low. All basic services have been
accommodated at the ground floor for the convenience of visitors. A breastfeeding

147
room has been provided near the entrance of the building. There is no provision for
wheelchair users to get to the upper floor. PWDs are required to bring a carer to go into
and around the building. One of the main problems is that the toilets are entirely
inaccessible and lacks maintenance.

Q: Future plan to improve accessibility

A: There are no future plans to improve accessibility in the building. The process to get
any sort of construction and maintenance work done in the building is tedious, since it
has to be passed on and approved by many departments, which takes a very long time.
The facility is running out of space due to rapid increase of population in Lalitpur. It is
already hard to function in the present condition and the office cannot run smoothly if
it doesn’t shift or expand its area in the next couple years. Maybe then, accessible design
can be incorporated into the new building.
Proper digitization of services can hugely impact the ease with all customers can use
the services. It will allow customers to access the services remotely without having to
visit the facility themselves.

Figure 3-53 Location Map: Lalitpur Land Figure 3-54 Interview with the Officer
Revenue Office

3.4.3 Nepal Bank, Gabahal

Name of Interviewee: Kiran Dangol
Post: Branch Manager

Q: Understanding about universal design

The interviewee had good knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design and had
a progressive mindset. According to the interviewee; UD is a concept of designing built

148
environment which is usable by all types of consumers, including those who are
impaired and those who are not. Dissatisfaction was expressed at the lack of
accessibility features in the building by the interview. The interviewee was well versed
on PWD rights and was cooperative regarding the notion of independent mobility for
PWDs.

Q: Building compliance to universal design theory

The building design has not considered any accessibility features for PWDs.

Q: Current plans for accessibility

A: The number of PWD visiting the facility is very low. All basic services is provided
at the ground floor for the convenience of visitors. The number of PWD visiting the
facility is very low. Hence, service is provided at the drop-off area where employees
themselves go to the PWD and help them with whatever is required. Employees also
visit the customer at their residence, office or hospital in special cases. There is no
provision for wheelchair users to enter the building. PWDs are required to bring a carer
to go into and around the building.
All basic services are provided at the ground floor for the convenience of customers.
There is no provision for wheelchair users to get to the upper floor. PWDs are required
to bring a carer to go into and around the building.

Q: Future plan to improve accessibility

A: There are no future plans to improve accessibility in the building. The process to get
any sort of construction and maintenance work done in the building is tedious, since it
has to be passed on and approved by many departments, which takes a very long time.
Proper digitization of services can hugely impact the ease with all customers can use
the services. It will allow customers to access the services remotely without having to
visit the facility themselves. Enhanced surveillance of all areas in the bank can also help
in watching out for any PWD customers in need of assistance at any time.
Budget allocation for accessible design was suggested. Other recommendations include
design of elevators, renovation of exterior and interior of the building to incorporate
accessible design. New technologies and modern amenities need to be embraced.

149
Building components such as surveillance and finishing materials have to be disability
friendly to the highest extent possible in public buildings such as this bank.
The main problem in the country is that policies are rarely fully implemented. It is a
question of awareness in the government system and authority level. It depends on the
literacy of taxpayers to bring about the improvements in universal design and
digitization of services in order to make the services accessible to not only PWDs but
all citizens. As per the current bidding policy, rented building are being used to operate
many branches of public service institutions in the city. These buildings are usually old,
with out-of-date design and planning and completely lacks accessible design features.
Everyone talks about service becoming digital , paperless and modernized, but the truth
is that the government’s banking system is still following traditional ways. The culture
of acquiring commissions in illegal ways at different levels of authority is to be blamed
to a great extent. Nevertheless, people who wish to bring about change in the society
must not be disheartened by the lack of response to initiatives, follow-up and
implementation by the government.

Figure 3-55 Location Map: Nepal Figure 3-56 Interview with the Branch Manager
Bank, Gabahal

150
3.4.4 Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office, Pulchowk
Name of Interviewee: Srijana Mahat
Post: Civil Engineer

Q: Understanding about universal design

The interviewee had good knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design.
According to the interviewee, all individuals of the community, including those with
impairments and those who are able-bodied, must be considered in UD. Inclusive
design must also incorporate women-centric features such as breast-feeding room, day
care centres, provision of sanitary pads, etc.

Q: Building compliance to universal design theory

A: An elevator has recently been installed in the lobby to enhance accessibility in the
building. Besides that, not much consideration has been given to accessibility in the
building complex.

Q: Current plans for accessibility

A: An elevator has recently been installed in the lobby to enhance accessibility in the
building.

Q: Future plan to improve accessibility

A: A new building complex is currently being built nearby. The new building shall have
improved features such as elevator, ramps, tactile tiles and accessible toilets.

Figure 3-57 Location Map: Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office

151
3.4.5 Namuna Machhindra School, Lagankhel
Name of Interviewee: Radha Krishna Mahat
Post: Principal

Name of Interviewee: Chiri Maya Maharjan (PWD)

Post: Teacher

Name of Interviewee: Bed Maya Dhakal (PWD)

Post: Teacher

Q: Understanding about universal design

The interviewees had good knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design and
had a progressive mindset. They were also experienced on the subject of problems and
obstacles faced by students and teachers with disabilities when accessible is not
available.

Q: Building compliance to universal design theory

A: The school complex was built with the help of Japanese Aid. Accessibility features
catering to students with disabilities has been incorporated into the design. There are
500 students currently enrolled at the school, out of which 37 have some kind of
impairment. A total of 16 students with impairments use the boarding facilities.
Furthermore, two of the faculty members have mobility impairments and one is visually
impaired. Since this is an inclusive institution, disability-friendly features, special
equipment and teaching methods have been of utmost importance.

Q: Current plans for accessibility

A: Accessibility features such as ramps, handrails in corridors, special toilets and wash
area, tactile markings on the floor, and special learning materials and equipment for
students with visual impairments, etc. is provided.

Q: Future plan to improve accessibility

152
A: Elevators in the school and hostel buildings is required to enhance the accessibility
for students and teachers with disabilities in the school. Maintenance and construction
is tedious to carry out since the school has to rely on aid from the Japanese or Nepalese
government.

Figure 3-58 Interview with the Teachers

Figure 3-59 Location Map: Namuna Machhindra School

153
3.4.6 Patan Hospital
Name of Interviewee: Nila Raj Acharya
Post: Administrative Officer

Q: Understanding about universal design

The interviewee had good knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design. The
interviewee seemed well aware of the importance of disability-friendly design and
facilities in a hospital setting.

Q: Building compliance to universal design theory

A: All floors of the hospital can be accessed through a ramp. The new and old blocks
share the same ramp.

Q: Current plans for accessibility

A: Around 2000-2500 people visit the hospital premises per day, out of which 100 are
wheelchair users or chronically disabled people. Accessibility features such as ramps,
handrails in stairs, elevators, and wheelchair service are provided to facilitate PWDs.
Security personnel and volunteers are deployed at the entrance in order to spot people
in need of assistance.

Q: Future plan to improve accessibility

A: A new block is to be made in the complex where accessibility features such as ramps,
elevators, accessible toilets, etc shall be incorporated.

Figure 3-60 Location Map: Patan Figure 3-61 Interview with the Administrative
Hospital Officer

154
3.4.7 Labim Mall
Name of Interviewee: Sulav Shrestha
Post: Operations Manager

Q: Understanding about universal design

The interviewee had good knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design. The
interviewee seemed well aware of the importance of disability-friendly design and
facilities in a public commercial complex.
Q: Building compliance to universal design theory
A: The facility has considered accessibility features for PWDs in order to make their
visit to the mall a positive experience.
Q: Current plans for accessibility
A: The rate at which customers with disability visiting the mall is very low.
Nevertheless, two different entrances of the mall can be accessed through ramps. The
parking area has 2 designated spots for PWDs. All floors of the mall can be accessed
through a central elevator and escalators. The bathrooms have designated accessible
toilets for PWDs.
Q: Future plan to improve accessibility
A: No future plans to improve accessibility exist as of yet. However, audio and braille
markers could be incorporated into signage. Tactile tiles could prove to be a useful
element to facilitate independent mobility for people with visual imparities. The
emergency exit design could be reconsidered to make it more accessible to PWDs.

Figure 3-63 Location Map: Labim Mall Figure 3-62 Interview with the Operations
Manager

155
3.4.8 Pulchowk Campus

Name of Interviewee: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Indra Prasad Acharya

Post: Campus Chief

Q: Understanding about universal design

The interviewee had good knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design. The
interviewee seemed well aware of the importance of inclusive design and facilities in
an educational education.
Q: Building compliance to universal design theory
A: The buildings’ design does not seem to have considered accessibility features for
PWDs. This can mostly be attributed to the buildings being built at a time where
accessible design wasn’t a well-known concept in the country.
Q: Current plans for accessibility
A: The number of students with disabilities enrolled at the institution is very low.
However, this does not mean accessible in an educational institution can be overlooked.
Ramps have been provided at the entrance of architecture department, electronics
departments and the ICTC building.
Q: Future plan to improve accessibility
A: The new aerospace department and graduate building that are in design phase shall
be fully accessible with disability-friendly design feature for ease of mobility
throughout the buildings. The institution has also collaborated with national level PWD
organizations to conduct interaction programs with the civil, architecture and
mechanical departments.

Figure 3-64 Location Map: Pulchowk Campus

156
3.4.9 Nepal Telecom Office, Jawalakhel

Name of Interviewee: Netra Bhujel

Post: Senior Officer

Q: Understanding about universal design

A: The interviewee had limited knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design.

Q: Building compliance to universal design theory

The main customer service zone has not considered any sort of accessibility features
for PWDs.

Q: Current plans for accessibility

A: The number of PWD visiting the facility is very low. All basic services have been
accommodated at the ground floor for the convenience of visitors. There is no provision
for wheelchair users to enter the building. PWDs are required to bring a carer to go into
and around the building.

Q: Future plan to improve accessibility

A: There are no future plans, as of now, for the provision of accessibility in the building.

157
 Figure 3-65 Location Map: NTC Office

Figure 3-66 Interview with the Officer

158
3.4.10 Lalitpur District Administration Office

Name of Interviewee: Hari Prasad Panta

Post: Assistant Chief District Officer

Q: Understanding about universal design

A: The interviewee had limited knowledge about PWD rights and Universal Design.

Q: Building compliance to universal design theory

The customer service building has not considered any sort of accessibility features for
PWDs.

Q: Current plans for accessibility

A: The number of PWD visiting the facility is fairly low. Usually, 2 to 3 people with
disability visit the facilities. All basic services have been accommodated at the ground
floor for the convenience of visitors. There is provision of ramps for wheelchair users
to enter the building. Visually incapable persons are required to bring a caregiver to
navigate the buildings layout and services.

Q: Future plan to improve accessibility

A: There are no future plans, as of now, for the provision of accessibility in the building.

Figure 3-67 Location Map: Lalitpur District

Figure 3-68 Interview with the Assistant Chief
Administration Office
District Officer

159
3.5 Questionnaire Survey: Public Buildings

The survey is divided into four sections. To ascertain the user profile, the first five
questions were asked. The next three questions evaluated accessibility, the next three
examined utilization, and the final three investigated reasons for dissatisfaction. The
respondents were questioned about any challenges they encountered while visiting the
study area and whether they had any suggestions for how to make it more user-friendly.
All 50 survey participants were given the same questions to answer. Age, gender,
occupation, type of impairment, and preferred mode of transportation were all elicited
to create user profiles. In the assessment of accessibility, inquiries were made regarding
users' satisfaction with the infrastructure's accessibility outside of the infrastructure as
well as inside of it. Finally, inquiries were made regarding the use of public buildings
in relation to the identified variables, such as their aesthetics, hygiene, upkeep, security
and the diversity of amenities and activities offered. The annex contains the
questionnaire form that was used.

Results
The questionnaire survey has been carried out with a total of 50 respondents which has
been categorized into two groups including 25 visually impaired persons and 25 people
with mobility impairments. All the respondents are residents of Lalitpur and are well
acquainted with the Patan area and the majority of them travel to the site area for work
every day. 50 persons in total, including 18 men and 32 women, were interviewed.
According to the survey, user attributes like sexes, age, literacy level, or household
composition have little bearing on consumers' choices for accessibility or how they use
public places. Users of various ages and genders replied to the questions similarly in
regards to their utilization o accessibility. Most of the participants were within the 30
to 60 age range.

160
Type of Impairment

Figure 3-69 User Profile

161
3.5.1 Labim Mall
Firstly, In the assessment of
accessibility of Labim Mall, the
respondents were asked questions
regarding use of the infrastructure,
where all users responded positively.
The respondents were categorized
into two groups, namely, people with
mobility impairments and people with
visual impairment.

Assessment of Accessibility

Assessment of Utilization

In terms of access to the infrastructure,

both groups responded that they were
satisfied or very satisfied with the
infrastructure. Regarding maintenance
and cleanliness, both groups gave
wholly positive responses. When
assessed in terms of comfort and safety,
the widely held response was ‘very
satisfied’. The majority of respondents
have said that they are satisfied with the
variety of activities or facilities
available.
162
3.5.2 Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office
The same questions as previous were
asked regarding the assessment of
accessibility LMC Office. The
majority of users were satisfied with
the access to the infrastructure,
whereas most were neutral or
unsatisfied with accessibility
conditions inside the building.

Yes- Meetings with authorities

No- Never had reason to visit the premises.

Assessment of Accessibility

Assessment of Utilization

The majority of them replied that they were

satisfied with the aesthetic consideration
regarding maintenance and cleanliness as
well as the comfort and safety at the
infrastructure. However, the majority of
mobility impaired respondents were neutral
about the quality of facilities available for
them.

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3.5.3 Patan Hospital

Assessment of Accessibility

Assessment of Utilization

164
3.5.4 District Administration Office

Assessment of Accessibility

Assessment of Utilization

165
3.5.5 Nepal Bank, Gabahal

3.5.6 District Court

3.5.7 Land Revenue Office

166
3.5.8 Pulchowk Campus

3.5.9 Namuna Machhhindra School

3.5.10 Nepal Telecom Office

Regarding Nepal Bank, district court, land revenue office, Pulchowk campus, namuna
Machhindra school and NTC Office, Never had to use the services, a vast majority of
both mobility and visually impaired respondents replied that they didn’t use the
infrastructures mostly due to inaccessibility, never having to use the services or that
they had someone else go in their place due to the lack of accessibility.

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3.6 Questionnaire Survey: Architects' Perception of Accessibility in
Built-Environment

This study was conducted in order to understand the priorities and knowledge of
architects regarding the needs of disabled people because there are no records of
architects' attitudes toward disabled people in Nepal. Initially, a questionnaire was
developed and distributed to ascertain how architects felt about disabled individuals
and their requirements in the built-environment.

Q: During your professional education, did you attend a course on the physical
requirements of PwDs?

Yes, it was one of the aims of design

studio(s)
No, I have not had any course on this 24 8 4
subject
Yes, it was one of the topics of a main 8
and/or elective course
A workshop by college student body 4
24

Q: How would you describe your experience as a professional architect in regards

to designing for people with disabilities?

I generally design
accessible
0 environment for
disabled when it
28 is needed
36 I generally tend
to design
accessible
environment for
disabled

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Q: What accessible design features do you commonly provide?

80
64 60
60 52 52
36
40

20 12 12

0
Design Features

Accessible ramps Accessible WC

Adequate width in door openings Elevators
Level Entry Tactile paving
Colour contrast

Q: What types of properties do you implement the concepts of accessibility to?

60
44
40
16
20
4 4
0
Property Types

In public ownership
In both public and private ownership
No experience
In private ownership

Q: What types of disabilities do you consider while designing a project?

60 56

50
40
30
20
20
12
8
10 4
0
Disability Types

Physical impairments Visual impairments

Hearing impairment Learning Difficulties
All types

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Q: Are you satisfied with the current practice of accessible design in Nepal? Please
state your reasons.

0
Very Satisfied
23 Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
41
Very Dissastisfied

Following are some answers provided by the respondents.

“No. Because designs are not made disable-friendly as they should be. Whenever it
comes to making any design disable friendly, only entry part is focused and accessibility
to other floors is not considered.”

“Not fully satisfied, but most public buildings now have ramps to accommodate those
with physical disabilities.”

“I do not really see there is any guidance or law for the requirement of accessible
design. If someone has to use wheelchair in footpaths it is not suitable as there is no
curb ramps at the edges of the footpath. Some of the shopping malls are on podium,
take for example Civil mall where you have to take stair to enter into the mall. Where
is accessibility in malls. Coming to other public places eg, banks, restaurants party
Palace, these are just few examples where accessibility is 100% required. I have seen
most of the banks on upper floor without provision of lift. Some party palaces are on
roof top without provision of lift. Similarly, most of the restaurants are on the higher
ground where wheel chair cannot be taken. I am in an opinion that all buildings where
public are admitted for free or with some fee including public and private buildings
must be accessible. Not to forget those almost 5 m high crossing bridges in Kahmandu.
How will a disabled person be able to use these services??”

170
“Not really, there aren’t enough monitoring systems. And even if we include accessible
design, we only consider physical impairments.”

“I’m absolutely not satisfied with the current practice for sure. I think one of the main
reasons is our education system. We have a practice of designing and thinking about
this topic at the end only. Awareness should be raised regarding disability-freindly
design practices. Lack of research and study could be another reason.”

“No. Even if it is designed in papers, practice is very poor.”

“Accessible designs are not applied unless it is absolutely necessary.”

“I am not completely satisfied with the current practice of accessible design in Nepal.
Providing accessible design features does not always seem to be a priority due to
reasons such as lack of awareness, cost reduction and area availability. in addition to
this in Nepal, many public buildings are old and historic buildings that are being
reused. Provision of accessible features in such buildings also has been a challenge.”

“Absolutely not, clients need more spaces for other functions than that of the
accessibility and circulations”

“No, the current practice in Nepal is only based on seeking the approval from
Municipality and related authorities. I think designers should consider differently abled
access with correct flow and should ensure ease of access to all parts of the building.”

Results

In total, 6 questions were asked to the respondents. The survey was distributed to 64
architects. According to the data, only a small percentage of participants learnt about
the necessities of handicapped persons in a special module or optional course during
their occupational training, and they currently only provide accessible design for the
physically impaired. Simply put, Nepal has made little to no progress toward
accessibility for PwDs because of deficiencies in the education system that trains
professional architects and a lack of implementation.

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3.7 Interviews with Experts

This questionnaire is aimed at evaluating and collecting information and suggestions

on the history, present condition, complications and future of universal design in the
context of Nepal. Five experts who are actively working in the field of accessible design
or the construction of public buildings in the Kathmandu valley were selected for in-
depth interviews.

3.7.1 Prof. Deepak Pant

Faculty of Institute of Engineering

1. How would you define inclusive and/or universal design?

A: A design that accommodates people of any age, abilities, and physical condition,
including but not limited to those with mobility and vision deficits, the elderly, children,
dwarfs, etc., is known as universal design. Basically, barrier-free design, which
increases the usability of any space, is universal design. It necessitates a wholistic
viewpoint and method for infrastructure development.

2. What got you started and how has it kept you going up until today?
A: During the course of my studies, I found and area of dryness around the topic of
accessibility in design. Most people go through stages of handicap at one time or other
during their lifetime. We must develop understanding and compassion for those less
physically or mentally able than us. This has been a self-learning process to me.

3. What is the condition of accessible design in Nepal? How much progress

has the country made in terms of accessibility in the past years?
A: The advent of accessible design has happened in bits and pieces over the years, in
the case of Nepal. People lack holistic thinking and perceive accessibility as a mere
requirement to be fulfilled. Still, in many public buildings and spaces we can see that
even the bare minimum of mandatory accessibility features has been completely
overlooked. This results in the exclusion of PWD from essential socioeconomic
activities. In many cases, even the limited knowledge that people have obtained are
found to be outdated and not up to standards. Progress is slow and independent mobility
for PWD is still a pipe dream.
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4. How has your approach to accessibility changed over time?
A: regularly keeping up with updates in internationally acclaimed accessibility
standards has helped in refining my understanding and knowledge of barrier-free design
and its elements.

5. What are the limitations for accessible design in Nepal?

A: One of the many problems faced by accessibility in Nepal, is the mindset of the
people. Byelaws, codes and regulations are confined to paper and documents, as mere
obligations but not implemented due to lack of awareness on an individual level. The
cost of specially designed elements that can be used by both able-bodied people and
PWD would be more or less the same but the people still opt for traditional design.
Someone once said, the advancement of any society can be determined by observing
how it treats its PWD population. In a sense it can be said that Nepal hesitates to
embrace change and a progressive mindset, preventing us from developing alongside
the world, which also has similar negative impacts on many other aspects of the
community.
The lack of awareness in people can also be attributed to inadequate lobbying and lack
of influence on the public or government bodies on the part of PWD organizations.

6. What challenges have you faced while designing and implementing

accessible design and how did you overcome them?
A: The concept of accessible design has yet to appeal to the Nepalese people. Clients
are usually hesitant on spending space and expense to incorporate accessible deign into
their buildings. It requires demonstration of proofs of financial incentives to convince
clients to get on board with the idea of accessible design. Although several campaigns
have been deployed to raise awareness on this subject, it does not guarantee
implementation. Hence, accessibility guidelines are limited to codes and regulations.

7. Do you think the current curriculum is adequately teaching students about

the importance of accessible design?
A: In my opinion, the current curriculum fails to encompass all the basic components
of accessibility in design. The feeling of responsibility towards creating truly barrier-
free built environments must come from be realized by students on an individual level.

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Mandatory courses are required to impose is essence on future architects and engineers.
More trainings, refresher courses, etc could motivate students to give more thought to
accessibility in their designs.

8. How can someone unfamiliar with the concept of accessible design learn
and stay up-to-date with changing trends and techniques?
A: Setting some extraordinarily commendable examples of barrier-free buildings and
open spaces will support the promotion of PWD rights and increase its familiarity
within the masses. The current building code needs to revise its section on minimum
accessibility. Internationally acclaimed accessibility standards can be referred to
improve and expand the scope of accessible design. Universal design certificates and
tax incentives could be granted to particularly admirable efforts. Similarly, buildings
that fail to incorporate accessibility into their design need to be penalized by authorities.
It is critical that all principal stakeholders are well-educated on the subject of
accessibility and PWD rights. A design of great quality should be able to convince any
client to give positive feedback on incorporating accessible design elements. Said
elements must not seem like a waste of expenses and space but must look like an
essential component of the design which is practical and could be used by everyone.

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9. What do you see in the future for inclusive design?
A: Honestly speaking, the status of inclusive design in Nepal doesn’t seem to be
advancing in a satisfactory rate. We are ages overdue in providing even the most basic
of amenities to the PWD, which indicates the how far behind we are on development
as a community. It is not guaranteed that a person should remain able-bodied all their
life. People need to realize that disability does not mean someone cannot be a vital
contributing member of the society. Discrimination and selfishness should never be
tolerated. It is high time that we transition into a community who gives equal respect
and rights to all regardless of their physical or mental capabilities.

3.7.2 Er. Ananta Baidya

Former faculty of Institute of Engineering
Civil engineer based in California, USA.

1. How would you define inclusive and/or universal design?

A: The concept of accessibility is related to human rights, dignity, equality and
providing the right environment to everybody irrespective of their ability. In my
concept, people have the wrong notion about what accessibility is.

2. What got you started and how has it kept you going up until today?
A: When I was a civil engineer in Nepal or even when I was a practicing engineer in
the US, I used to have no idea about the concept of accessibility. Then I eventually
worked for a municipality in the US, where I granted permits for houses and
infrastructures and had to enforce accessibility laws to make sure structures and
infrastructures were made to be inclusive. That is where I first learned about accessible
design.
People have the wrong notion about what accessibility is. As a parent of a disabled child
myself, I feel the responsibility to make all who are working in the field of accessibility
understand the need of accessibility. it is not for the reasons of pity or empathy but
rather, making somebody’s life better and giving them more independence than they’ve
ever had, as architects, engineer and young people with a passion for these themes.

175
In Nepal’s context, a disabled person is
dependent on someone else to move
around at all time. The built environment
must inspire confidence about oneself so
that you do not require to rely on
someone else. PWD themselves do not
realize that only if some simple design Figure 3-70 Virtual Interview with Er. Baidya

changes are made, they would be able to move around by themselves.

This then brings up the problem of the infrastructures not complying to regulations. The
codes have mentioned the requirement of ramps in buildings but has failed to provide
instructions on how to build them.
All over Nepal, especially in the Kathmandu Valley, we will find ramps that do not
comply to standards. The problem is with the mindset of people. If the need to negotiate
the ramp isn’t realized, then no one is going to question the ramp.
The Nepalese government has spent 70 million dollars on sidewalk access alone. And
even now expenses are being made in Kathmandu valley. The problem with it is that
the safety in these streets isn’t very well thought of. The soil beneath the sidewalk is
not compacted adequately in many cases. The tactile strips on the middle of the
sidewalks also pose a threat to high heel users and many others. These strips are also in
a way, confining blind people to the strip which could be seen as a form of
discrimination. The design must think about the safety and rights of every user. An
alternative could be, providing tactile markers at transition points such as turnings,
slops, stops and obstructions.

3. What is the condition of accessible design in Nepal? How much progress

has the country made in terms of accessibility in the past years?
A: In Nepal, PWDs are still looked at as people with problems, as people who need
help for most things. In reality, most don’t need help. They could manage by themselves
if only the right infrastructures were created.
Disability is looked at from a very different perspective, that of pity. The attitude
prevails over the population, without the realization that there is tremendous potential
in PWD if only we create the right environment for all. These are the philosophical
things that we might want to begin with while discussing accessibility in design.

176
4. What are the limitations for accessible design in Nepal?
A: Nepal is home to many historic sites such as the Patan durbar square, which cannot
be accessed in a wheelchair. Since it is a sites of heritage value, the components of the
built environment must not be altered in any way. In such cases, the principal to be
followed is, PWD have to have access through equal points as far as possible, where
possible. Because of certain constraints, it is required to think of alternate ways in which
safe passage can be provided to PWDs. Alternative access instead of no access at all
can be considered a viable option in situations such as this. In a heritage site, this
wouldn’t be categorized as discrimination as opposed to a movie theatre for example,
where alterations in design could be made to provide equal access to the disabled and
able alike. The idea of equivalent facilitation states that we do not have to provide the
same facility but an alternative that meets the intent shall suffice in special cases.

5. What challenges have you faced while designing and implementing

accessible design and how did you overcome them?
A: I have presented at different institutions as a guest lecturer. I have also collaborated
with PWD associations in awareness and accessible design campaigns. My first project
relating to accessible design was a public bathroom. KMC is talking about installing
public bathrooms in the city, but no one is talking about making these bathrooms
accessible. The human rights of PWDs have once again been overlooked. Accessible
public bathrooms could change the whole ambience of Kathmandu if done correctly.
The ramps and bathrooms of the Ministry of Women, Children & Social Welfare itself
are not compliant.
The PWD associations know very well what their right are but do not know how to
demand for, negotiate and acquire those rights. Slow improvements have been coming
along but it is not adequate. These associations are focus to a great extent on funding
and financial incentives.

6. Do you think the current curriculum is adequately teaching students about

the importance of accessible design?
A: I do not think the curriculum encompasses the essence of accessibility at all. You
people as architects have to spend some time talking about the fundamentals of
accessible design. Not everything can be taught in the classroom though. But the
question has to be raised at the education level. Architects are inherently responsible

177
for compliance of accessibility standards in building design. Likewise, engineers are
responsible for the ensure of safety in structures. Discussions about this subject must
be stimulated in order to generate interest in the minds of the younger generation so
that they pick it up and move forward with the knowledge provided to them. Nepal has
now become too much of a ‘me’-society, steeped into corruption and greed for money.
All other things become secondary. Until Nepal becomes an ‘us’-society again, we are
not going to get anywhere.
Talking about IOE, if the management becomes an ‘us’ management, and realize the
need to make sure that PWD students can attend any class, an initiative can be taken
instead of creating an excuse that the rate of disables students enrolled at the institution
in low. The point is that we start with one person.

7. How can someone unfamiliar with the concept of accessible design learn
and stay up-to-date with changing trends and techniques?
A: First of all, you would need to have interest in the subject. You need to understand
what this is all about and think outside the box. It is not about you; it is about the society
and the people that you serve through your skills and expertise. You as an architect
have the power to be a part of a greater transition in the society. If the mindset of the
people doesn’t align with the concept, the education and all the course taken would bear
no results.

8. What do you see in the future for inclusive design?

A: To be completely honest, I do not see a bright future. If the society, the education,
administrative and financial system doesn’t change from a ‘me’ society to ‘us’ society,
there is really no hope for any improvement in present conditions. There is also the
issue of public awareness and eagerness. Architects and engineers need to take a stand
for safe, secure, accessible, fire and earthquake resistant design and construction. We
must approach the topic in the right way- which is understanding the fundamentals i.e.,
safety, appropriateness, functionality, geometry, dimension, equivalency and
equitability rather than the nitty gritty details.

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3.7.3 Mr. Kiran Shilpakar
Chairperson at NAPD-Nepal (: Voice of Our Own- Barrier Free Society for All)

1. As an experienced person in the field of PwD rights, how would you define
accessible design?

A: Accessible design should be a design that can be accessed by every single person
including but not limited to, people with visual, physical or mental disabilities.

2. What kind of work does the organization do?

A: The NAPD-Nepal is a self-driven, non-profit,
and non-political organization. It is associated
with the Social Welfare Council and
was registered in 1997 under the Country Act at
the District Administration Office in Kathmandu.
It belongs to the Human Rights Treaty Monitoring
Coordination Committee, the Women Security
Pressure Group, and the National Federation of
the Disabled-Nepal (NFD-N) (HRTMCC). The mission of NAPD-Nepal is to fully
develop Nepal's physically challenged population by utilizing all available possibilities
and assets (NAPD-Nepal, n.d.).
Since a decade ago, NAPD-Nepal has successfully carried out a number of initiatives
for the advancement of PwPDs. It has been aggressively promoting and ensuring
PwPDs' rights in a variety of developmental sectors. Its main operations include
promoting understanding, advocating for change, lobbying, collaborating, delivering
skill-based workshops, capacity - building, conducting studies and research to examine
the challenges related to impairments, and developing expertise. Additionally, it has
also been operating in Nepal as a partner network organization of Oxfam International's
"We Can" program to stop all forms of violence against women (NAPD-Nepal, n.d.).

3. What problems do PwD encounter in public buildings and spaces?

A: As a person with physical disability myself, I find the condition of infrastructures
very inadequate and unsatisfactory. Using public spaces is a matter of challenge for us
due to lack of ramps, handrails, elevators or bathrooms. The attitude of people towards
PwD has also been an issue.
179
4. What do you think is the cause behind these reasons?
A: There is this misconception that
providing accessibility features in a
structure will increase the construction
expenses exponentially. This is an
absolute myth. In fact, we have studied
Figure 3-71 Interview with the Chairperson
this matter and it was found that ramps
could actually cost less than stairs if done in the right way. Speaking of accessible
toilets, it would not incur much increase in cost to just provide accessible fixtures and
slightly larger spaces for safety and functionality. The traditional method of using stairs
for entrances should be swapped for adequately designed ramps which can be accessed
by all.

5. Does the government allocate budget for PwD rights and accessible design
specifically?
A: Yes, the government does allocate a certain amount of budget for PwD but it is not
much. There is no budget allocated specifically for accessible design.

6. What can be done to improve accessibility?

A: Bringing about awareness in the people about PwD rights and the importance of
accessibility in buildings, especially public spaces is vital.

7. What guidelines should be followed while designing for accessibility?

A: We are currently working on publishing a detailed accessible design guidelines

which will compound the information available in the National Building Code. The
American Disability Act (ADA), guidelines from Japan, South Korea, Denmark,
Norway and Sweden should be referred to acquire advanced knowledge about truly
barrier-free design.

180
3.7.4 Ms. Tika Dahal
President of Nepal Disabled Women Association (NDWA) : Advancing The Rights Of
Women With Disabilities In Nepal Since 1998

1. As an experienced person in the field of PwD rights, how would you define
accessible design?

A: It must be a design that caters to all and is safe and easy to use.

2. What kind of work does the organization do?

A: In order to assist Women with Disabilities (WWDs) in pursuing their liberties and
in providing them with security and monetary assistance, the Nepal Disabled Women
Association (NDWA) was founded in 2054 (1998). It was founded on the principles of
the foundational entitlements and obligations guaranteed by Nepal's legislature. The
lives of PwDs from all facets of the Nepalese society would not be happy and
productive until they comprehend and practice their civil rights, especially those
guaranteed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of PwDs (NDWA, n.d.).
Therefore, NDWA supports the program to increase the ability of the women with
disabilities living in both urban and distant regions of the nation to make them
competent as well as emboldened so that they are able to utilize their rights. It is crucial
to strengthen women from other underprivileged groups, such as disabled Dalit and
Madhesi women, to increase their self-worth and self-assurance. In this respect, NDWA
has a significant advocacy duty to fulfill regarding WWD-related problems, including
the prerogatives to welfare benefits, work, medical services, and schooling. To fulfill
its objective, NDWA aims to establish and direct a national system of self-help
organizations for women with disabilities.(NDWA, n.d.),

3. What problems do PwD encounter in public buildings and spaces?

A: People with disability and especially women with disability come across a range of
problems in the public. Even performing basic daily activities and performing errands
independently is a difficult task for these people. The design of public spaces should
have enabled them to move about independently and perform tasks with ease.

181
4. What do you think is the cause behind these
reasons?
A: Violation and complete ignorance of building guidelines
regarding accessibility is a key problem. Even if accessibility
features are provided, they are not compliant to guidelines in
many cases, which limits the independent mobility of PwD.
Another reason is the refusal of people to consider to consider
the rights of PwDs.

Figure 3-72 Interview with

5. Does the government allocate budget for PwD Ms. Dahal
rights and accessible design specifically?
A: Budget is assigned at the central, federal, regional and local levels, although there
has not been a budget assigned explicitly for accessibility in design of buildings.

6. What can be done to improve accessibility?

A: Proper education of architects and engineers is crucial for the improvement of
accessibility conditions. The beginning of debates and addition of courses could be a
solution for these problems. The existing policies regarding accessible design must be
improved and implemented in all sectors. Annual planning, budgeting and mobilization
of human resources must be looked into. Monitoring and investigation of the
implemented works can be done through regular access audits. Above all, the mentality
of the public must be changed. WwD should be perceived as not only users but vital
contributors to society and its economy.
7. What guidelines should be followed while designing for accessibility?

A: The existing codes available in the NBC must be strictly implemented. International
guidelines can be looked into for further improvements in the code.

3.7.5 Er. Indra Bahadur Shrestha

1. How would you define accessible design?

A: It is a design strategy that considers the requirements of persons with disabilities.
2. What got you started and how has it kept you going up until today?
A: I gained experience on the topic of accessibility mostly from involvement in various
large-scale public buildings. Through research I have been able to understand the
importance of making structures accessible to all users.
182
3. What is the condition of accessible design in Nepal? How much progress
has the country made in terms of accessibility in the past years?
A: Accessible design is still not a popular topic in the Nepalese community. People
know very little about it and many clients need quite a bit of convincing before they
agree to incorporate accessible elements instead of traditional inaccessible design.
4. How has your approach to accessibility changed over time?
A: With the emergence of new accessibility and safety features in design, we need to
keep ourselves up-to-date with changing standards. Although it will take Nepal a while
to get to the point of development that the global community is currently in, it is a good
idea to gather as much knowledge as possible.
5. What are the limitations for accessible design in Nepal?
A: As an engineer who mostly designs public government buildings, what I have found
is that, authorities are not educated on the topic of accessibility. Everyone wants their
buildings to display grandeur and splendor and have modern amenities built into it. But
no one seems to give a lot of attention to how accessible their building is.

6. Do you think the current curriculum is adequately teaching students about

the importance of accessible design?
A: Improvements could be made in the education of young architects and engineers to
encourage the use of accessible design in all their works.

7. How can someone unfamiliar with the concept of accessible design learn
and stay up-to-date with changing trends and techniques?
A: Keeping up with internationally acclaimed accessible designs should give us an idea
of how a space could be made fully accessible through design.

8. What do you see in the future for inclusive design?

A: The perception of people that accessibility features are unnecessary additional
expenses and a waste of time, labour, space and finances should change. Ease of access
and mobility for everyone should be a vital requirement of any public building design.

183
 CHAPTER 4. DISCUSSION
The descriptive analysis of the data demonstrates the extent to which accessibility has
been applied and utilized by PwDs. Three main barriers are essentially identified for
PWDs' exclusion from mainstream society in the context of Patan based on the
literature, access audit of public open spaces and public buildings, experiences of
PWDs, surveys with architects and interviews with experts and building managers. The
first is an inaccessible physical environment that ignores the space needs of PWDs; the
second is attitude issues and a lack of consideration for disabled people on the part of
both the general public and professional agencies; and the third is a lack deficiencies in
policies and guidelines for universal design solutions. In order to guarantee the
inclusion of PwDs in our society and to uphold our commitment to the UN that
"Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country," it is imperative
that we address all of these issues and find solutions to the issues of physical and social
exclusion of disabled people in the built environment.

4.1 Key Research Findings: Access Audits

i.Comfort and suitability factor of accessibility to public open spaces and buildings is
mostly insufficient for people with visual and mobility impairments.

ii.Satisfactory rate of compliance is only apparent in new establishments.

iii.Patan's public spaces and buildings lack the necessary amenities and accessibility for
PwDs to feel comfortable.

184
Table 13 Location details of sampling areas: Public Buildings

185
 Table 6 Location details of sampling areas: Open Spaces

4.2 Main Problems Faced by PWDs in Public Open Spaces

There are some similarities between the questionnaire and the field study results. The
majority of the compliant items, based on field observations, are related to wheelchair
users. The available guide strips are insufficient. They incorporate negligible
percentage of tactile paving and color contrasts into their design. Additionally, there
weren't enough accommodations for blind people, which may have been due to the
designers' ignorance of these different kinds of disabilities. This might be due to a lack
of prohibition and enforcement during the monitoring process.

186
One of several issues in the city is parking. The city's most popular mode of
transportation is driving, which results in heavy traffic congestion on a daily basis as a
result of people using their motorcycles and cars. Unexpectedly few parking spots or
accessible parking bays are designated for PwDs in public settings.

Due to their liability for all urban open environment designs under national acts, the
duty of providing accessible surroundings falls to municipal government. Another
important consideration is the percentage of professionals (engineers, designers,
builders, architects, etc.) in the municipal authorities who have undergone training in
disability awareness.

People with disabilities have difficulties using pedestrian roads that do not meet the
standards and have unsuitable surface textures. For those with disabilities, transition
issues brought on by incorrect infrastructure element placement and a lack of ramp
arrangements can be extremely problematic. Disorganized and rough paving, as well as
infrastructure components that do not meet standards, are problematic for those with
disabilities.

187
4.3 PwDs’ Satisfaction with Buildings’ Accessibility

Participants in the survey were free to provide feedback at any time regarding the design
of any facility they reviewed. The majority of the time, participants made comments
about how poorly or incorrectly the facilities were designed and offered suggestions for
improvements. Their feedback also included compliments for the facilities' positive
attributes.

The participant who is visually impaired placed special emphasis on the building's
signage, tactile directions or warning signs, and guiding block designs. This is crucial
because these are the tools that enable a visually impaired person to move
independently from one place to another. Signage is important because it directs visitors
to a specific location and provides information about the name and purpose of various
facilities. According to the participant who is visually impaired, effective signage
should have large font sizes, effective color contrast between the background and the
font, familiar and standard symbols, raised fonts, and Braille.

The participant who was confined to a wheelchair focused on the PWD restroom's large
doors, furniture arrangement, ramps and high gradients or level changes. The person
using crutches concentrated on the obstructions in front of the bathroom sinks and the
slick floor surface. With the exception of the wheelchair-bound participant's focus on
the door's size and the steep gradient, and the crutch-using participant's focus on the
floor's material, the feedback from both groups is essentially similar. The factors they
emphasized are also the factors which are essential for all citizens including able and
disabled persons to conveniently utilize public facilities. A safer environment could be
ensured by facilities with a lower gradient, non-slip flooring, a wider door opening
without avoidable barriers.

4.4 The Perspectives of Building Managers and Authorities on

Accessibility
Most people were aware of the significance of accessible design regarding accessible
design. The interview subjects' mentioned accessibility plans line up with the facilities
listed in the access audit. However, a few officers at some of the older buildings seem
to think that providing services to PwDs outside the doorsteps of the building is enough

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of an attempt to facilitate PwDs. One of the key components of the interview questions
is regarding future plans to increase the building's accessibility. Such cases must be
looked into because they could impact accessibility or provide a chance for it to
happen.. Due to variations in building condition, design, and function, each building's
future plan is unique. For instance, buildings with full accessibility are planned for the
Pulchowk Engineering Campus, Patan Hospital, and Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office
complexes.
Most interviewees demonstrate that they are aware of the universal design theory and
that they do understand a significant portion of its principles. The interviewees also
provide pertinent examples of how universal design is used in the buildings. Some
building managers have voiced their displeasure with the absence of accessibility
features in their institutions, while others have little understanding of the needs of those
with disabilities.

4.5 Architects' Perception of Accessibility in Built-Environment

The study suggests that the problem is with people's awareness levels, education, and
implementation. The study makes the recommendation that education of designers, who
play a crucial role in creating an accessible built environment, such as architects,
planners, interior architects, etc., be immediately improved. Innovative curriculum
should be introduced to every professional education course, including those for
landscape design, architecture, urban design and industrial product design. Design
studios may incorporate inclusive and accessible design principles. Accessibility for
individuals with disabilities shouldn't be viewed by planners and designers as imposing
limitations on building design, but rather as rather as an important interoceptive
tendency towards morality. Specialized professions like architecture, urban design and
planning are required to meet the needs of every citizen. As a result, during both their
educational and training phases, designers must receive proper training regarding the
requirements of PwDs, including the idea of inclusive design.

The creation of an accessible environment is, of course, not solely the responsibility of
architects. However, to offer accessibility for a barrier-free environment, the city needs
designers (architects, builders, urban planners, etc.). The difficulty is to depart from the
current methods, which largely disregards the presence of individuals with disabilities.

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Barrier-free design is really only functional if there is no disruption in accessibility,
because the absence of just one of elements is absent renders the whole design
inaccessible. Full accessibility might not be possible in the short term due to issues with
profitability and enforcement, but a prioritized course of action should be created to of
attain total accessibility in the medium to long term. Regional governments must
develop a framework that details the process in which present inadequate access could
be upgraded for the purpose of achieving strategic change in accessibility. Changes to
the policies, practices, and procedures may be necessary as a result. However, many
modifications can be done to enhance access without incurring significant costs.
Anyone can become disabled at some point if the physical environment cannot meet
his or her needs. Environments with physical barriers, however, turn into prisons for
people who have chronic impairments. Public spaces must be modified to incorporate
solutions for inclusive design—design for all—by local authorities who are tasked with
ensuring that every citizen has equal access. To do this, local governments should
include architects and planners who've had experience using inclusive design in real-
world settings on the design team.

It also illustrates how a nation's disability laws lose all significance in the absence of
thorough regulation, instructions, an auditing system, implementation, public
consciousness and information. It is obvious that disabled people's needs must be
included in professional design curricula right away.

4.6 Analysis Interviews with Experts

This section of the report discusses the analysis of data obtained from in-depth
interviews with five experts in the field of accessibility, namely Prof. Deepak Pant sir,
Er. Ananta Baidya sir who is currently based in the US, Mr. Kiran Shilpakar, the
chairperson of NAPD-Nepal, Ms. Tika Dahal who is the president of Nepal Disabled
Women Association and Er. Indra Bahadur Shrestha who is an expert in large scale
public building design and construction.

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 Figure 4-1 Word Cloud Generated through In-Vivo Coding Analysis

From the word cloud generated through In-Vivo Coding Analysis, it was observed that
the most discussed themes were implementation of guidelines, inadequacy of current
curriculum in educational institutions, public mindset, safety factor in design and
awareness in individuals and the public.

4.6.1 In-Vivo Codes

The application of thematic analysis allowed jumbled data to be transformed into a
representation of the key themes through an iterative approach. There are six steps in
the procedure:

Search for patterns

Assign preliminary
Familiarization with or themes in codes
codes to data to
data + Transcription across the different
describe the content
interviews

Define and name

Review themes Produce report
themes

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The interview transcripts were analyzed using in-vivo coding. The text was divided into
topics and color-coded in accordance with those themes.

Prof. Deepak Pant

Er. Ananta Baidya

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Ms. Tika Dahal

Mr. Kiran Shilpakar

Er. Indra Bahadur Shrestha

4.6.2 Key Findings from Interviews with Experts

After that, the codes were filtered into first-order categories which shows the themes of
lack of awareness, hesitation to embrace change, setting examples of barrier-free
design, revision of guidelines tolerance of discrimination, inadequate curriculum,
public mindset and the myth of added expenses. The second order themes include slow
advancement of concept, implementation of guidelines, updates curriculum and public
perception. Aggregated dimensions of the interviews comprise non-discriminatory
design, upgrades in guidelines and public mindset.
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 Table 4-7 Thematic analysis of interview transcripts

4.7 Accessibility in Historic Spaces

Citizens with impairments still come across numerous issues in the physical setting,
particularly in old buildings and locations, despite accessibility standards and laws.
These are common in historic towns used as tourist as well as heritage attractions; they
are also frequently used as communal spaces, workplaces, and educational areas, all of
which require convenience, user-friendliness and approachability.

Particularly important consideration is given to maintaining historic and culturally

significant sites and structures in older cities, demonstrating that cultural heritage
protection takes precedence above the civil liberties of disabled individuals to have the
advantage of independent use to the locations. Furthermore, the United Nations
Convention recognizes the entitlement of PwDs to visit sites and monuments that have
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cultural significance "as far as is reasonably practicable" (UN 2006, 22). It is
established that legislations designed to protect historic sites and monuments are
occasionally utilized for the purpose of evading the standards on accessibility. This is
frequently projected as a means to restrain or evade the interpositions that must be made
to make or boost accessibility. Thus, modifications needed or requested for improved
accessibility may be constrained by environmental restrictions and conservation efforts.

Although it is important to protect the entitlements of PwDs, interpositions regarding

conservation and/or modification of heritage settings and constructions frequently
restrain and disregard the requirements and necessities of PwDs if the essence of the
heritage site is at risk. To put it another way, there exists a propensity to defend as well
as retain the heritage, veracity and genuineness of a location or structure at the expense
of all-around approachability and usability, which excludes PwDs (Gleeson, 2001). The
fact that open spaces in old cities are frequently utilized by public locations as nodes
for recreation, commerce, services, and commuting, however, presents an additional
and significant problem. Universal accessibility must be guaranteed because these
locations are public spaces, workplaces, and commercial locations rather than being
used for tourist or cultural purposes (Candlin, 2004; English Heritage Easy, 2015).

What barriers to accessing historic sites and buildings do people with disabilities face
on a daily basis? Are conservation standards truly insurmountable? According to the
findings, the reasons why accessibility isn't guaranteed in historic sites—and those on
accessibility in general—are that they aren't properly applied or implemented out of
carelessness or for aesthetic reasons. In actuality, those with disabilities often perceive
the reasons for the lack of accessibility as justifications.

Because of certain constraints, it is required to think of alternate ways in which safe

passage can be provided to PWDs. Alternative access instead of no access at all can be
considered a viable option in situations such as this. In a heritage site, this wouldn’t be
categorized as discrimination as opposed to a movie theatre for example, where
alterations in design could be made to provide equal access to the disabled and able
alike. The idea of equivalent facilitation states that we do not have to provide the same
facility but an alternative that meets the intent shall suffice in special cases.

The preservation of historical sites and structures, can co-occur with universal
accessibility with a little common sense (Pretto, 2020). Municipal authorities are

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frequently in charge of making decisions regarding a variety of issues, but occasionally
they fail to consider the challenges that disabled individuals face, such as when
navigating uneven terrain. Squares, streets, and pavements could be paved by local
governments to make level surfaces lowering the hazard of accidents falling and need
a reduced amount of upkeep than cobbled surfaces (Karrholm 2008).

4.8 Participation of PwDs

Even if standards are followed and construction is done in accordance to specifications,
a site might not be totally accessible if the modifications are poorly constructed or not
carefully designed. Such irresponsible attitude reveals an absence of knowledge and
comprehension regarding the challenges faced by PwDs. According to the
questionnaire survey, throughout several situations, such issues may be resolved by
speaking to individuals with disabilities.

The experiences of the respondents indicate that the issues are frequently caused
because architects, municipal managers, as well as other authorities only evaluate and
comprehend accessible design in accordance with the standards and laws, which
have become insufficient to ensure access and which tolerate exceptions whenever
locations are regarded to be of national and architectural worth.

In order to coordinate and strategize PwDs' access to and utilization of heritage (as well
as modern) structures and monuments, they must be included as they could make a
significant contribution to both technical and socio - cultural knowledge. These
consumers are indeed the experts of their own necessities and the characteristics and
specificities of modifications that might be needed. Scholars, local officials, architects,
as well as other leaders must view the fulfillment of accessibility as the attainment of a
mutual objective termed "independence" as opposed to a contest or disagreement
among them and PwDs (Wilkinson-Meyers et al. 2014). The fact that accessible
design benefits everyone, including the authorities and planners, must never be
forgotten. In truth, each of us has the potential to experience a disability (whether short
or long term). Ease of access is indeed a value that each of us share, not just something
that is provided for those with impairments (Pretto, 2020).

PwDs are often excluded—either directly or indirectly—from growth activities due to

organizational, psychosocial, and structural barriers. This restriction has the effect of

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fostering increasing inequalities, discrimination, and marginalization in societies. To
overcome these, the initiatives should adopt an inclusionary approach for people with
disabilities. In order to wholly engage in financial and socio-cultural life and to
experience a quality of living as well as prosperity that is normalized in the society,
people who are at threat of impoverishment and social marginalization must be
provided with the prospects and opportunities they require. This practice is known as
social inclusion. It makes ensuring that these groups have access to finances, resources,
and facilities so they can exercise their civil liberties and engage in strategizing on
issues that directly impact PwDs (Ministry of Health and Population, 2019).

Figure 4-2 The relationship between human rights, poverty, vulnerability and disability

When a person with disability is unable to participate due to a combination of physical

impairment as well as impediments, they are considered incapacitated. Therefore,
the social system is to blame for making existence challenging for PwDs. Whenever
obstacles are eliminated, PwDs are able to engage in activities on a level playing field
with everyone else. As a result, people who have identical conditions might live vastly
varied lives based upon the challenges they face, in the place that they live, how readily
they can obtain services, as well as how society perceives and accepts them (Ministry
of Health and Population, 2019). As per PwDs, disabled people's organizations (DPOs),
and associations working for PwDs, there are numerous barriers preventing PwDs in
Nepal from accessing facilities and assistance. These barriers include deprivation of
assistance on the grounds of impairments, unpleasant behaviors of practitioners

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and companies, a disregard for human decency, facilities that is physically difficult to
access, an absence of amenities as well as an insufficient correspondence.

Figure 4-3 Impact of Barriers in PwD Participation

4.9 Public Awareness: Perceptions on Accessibility

The way we think or feel about particular people or circumstances is characterized by
our attitudes, which are a multifaceted set of beliefs, feelings, values, and dispositions.
In time, attitudes vary based on individuals. The biggest obstacle that PwDs must
overcome is frequently observed in other people's actions. PwDs frequently encounter
prejudice from the general public. They frequently feel forgotten or like their existence
is being discounted. The majority of the general population has a tendency to view
disabled individuals as an additional burden on families and the community. This is a
consequence of a deficiency of knowledge about disability and the possible
discriminations that happen on the basis of disability.

The majority of people hold the mistaken belief that because people with disabilities
are less mobile than people without disabilities, accessible infrastructure doesn't need
to be built. However, the deficiency of accessible infrastructure, marginalization as well
as societal misconception associated with having a debility severely restricts their
mobility (National Federation of the Disabled - Nepal (NFDN)., 2018).

Disability results from multifaceted exchanges between people and their milieu, that
includes things like community, ethos, politics, geography, science, urban design and
architecture. Society, one of the crucial components in this intricate relationship, has a
big impact on PWDs' daily lives. Positive encouragement encourages them to
demonstrate their abilities, whereas public stereotypes as well as partiality against
PwDs may lower their confidence and self-assurance to engage in socioeconomic
typical activities. In addition to poor societal support, PwD exclusion from mainstream

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society is also a result of the values, policies as well as application of those in charge
of designing the urban setting (Weisman, 2009). Similarly, those in charge of managing
a public area or building can be considered key players in ensuring that visitors have a
good barrier-free environment.

PwD rights have been covered by several statutes and decrees in both developed as well
as developing countries. Even though some nations do not enforce these laws, the
adoption of those guidelines, regulations, and laws shows a robust moral commitment
as well as the government's backing for ensuring the rights and proper treatment of all
citizens. The law serves as a proposal and a set of guidelines for authorities and
practitioners to uphold moral standards in their work, but several practitioners disregard
their ethical obligation to deliver the suitable amenities in the hope of saving money
and making profits more quickly (Vierra, 2019). They are unaware that an accessible
environment can yield greater profits than one that is difficult to access.

The accessibility audit reveals that inadequate attention is paid to fixing appropriate
signage, managing infrastructures, and using color contrast, braille, audio, and graphic
presentation. This frequently causes PWDs to be misled and to experience difficulties
in navigating the spaces.

According to the interviews, the lack of exposure and social inclusion of disabled
individuals in mainstream society is the main cause of negative attitudes and
perceptions toward disabilities. Due to a lack of integration, people with disabilities are
marginalized, and others are ignorant of and afraid of them because they have never
had to interact, live with, or work with PwDs.

On top of various campaigns, the media can exert a significant influence on public
opinion and change or create mindsets with the help of information and education.
Instead of focusing on people with disabilities only when they require assistance, the
media must highlight their accomplishments. This will contribute to changing the
perception that those with impairments are a liability or an obligation to society. Finally,
it is the responsibility of people with disabilities themselves to work to change societal
perceptions through their work, skills, and positive outlook on life. They should not
accept bias or lack of respect from other people or the media. They must urge the media
to report truthfully and to portray people with disabilities in a positive, non-
stereotypical light (National Federation of the Disabled - Nepal (NFDN)., 2018).

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CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION
This research has satisfied all of the four research questions mentioned at the beginning
of the thesis. The first being, “what attributes do public places have that are universally
recognized as "accessible" for people with vision and mobility impairments?”. This has
been answered by the various case studies of international journal articles and the study
of globally acclaimed accessibility design standards for urban and architectural design.
The knowledge of these attributes was used to identify and answer other research
questions of the study.

The second research question had been “what is the level of compliance to guidelines
in existing condition of public spaces and problems in implementation of the
guidelines?”. To determine the answers to this query, comprehensive access audits were
carried out in 3 public open spaces and 10 public buildings of high prominence in the
Patan area. The results of the access audit helped in understanding the issues with
accessibility in the research setting. This thesis has illustrated a method for evaluating
the public physical environment in regards to usability and accessibility. To evaluate
the usability and accessibility of public areas, several factors were identified
considering the theoretical foundation. As case study locations, a number of public
plazas and buildings that represent Patan have been chosen. They are a reflection of
urban development characteristics and the state of the built environment in developing
economies.

Similarly, the third research question put forth was, “what issues do people with
disabilities face in public spaces in the study area?”. Separate questionnaires were
prepared for public open spaces and public buildings to understand PwDs’ level of
satisfaction with accessibility provisions in open spaces and buildings respectively. The
accessibility and use of public open spaces and buildings were evaluated with the help
of questionnaire surveys in the case study areas. Respondents were also asked to
mention what they thought were the main issues in those spaces and also to give
recommendations that would make it easier for them to navigate those spaces. The
assessment of public spaces through a questionnaire survey confirmed that they were
unusable and had a declining character. According to the questionnaire survey's
findings, the majority of Patan's public areas and buildings are inaccessible due to the
following reasons.

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• Inaccessible entrances
• No alternate paths for pedestrians
• Lack of pedestrian-friendly physical features in the streets
• Absence of sidewalks
• Roads serving as important traffic thoroughfares
• Non-compliant restrooms

Furthermore, public spaces and buildings in Patan are not utilized well due to,

• Lack of safety
• Absence of variety in services, activities and amenities,
• Lack of upkeep and sanitation,
• Lack of comfort.

The results of the field observations not only show the accessibility and use of public
open spaces and buildings, but they also validated the information gleaned from the
questionnaire designed for this study. The results of the questionnaire reveal that
respondents with different attributes (age, gender, and occupation) shared some of the
same insights. On the outcome of the parameters in the utilization of public buildings
and open spaces, there were major commonalities in the responses. However, because
the public areas in the study area lack these qualities, people tend not to use them as
frequently as everyday people do.

The final research question asked “what measures could be implemented in the present
or future to alleviate the existing complications in the study area?”. Through in-depth
interviews with experts, building manager surveys, and surveys of architects, this study
also made an effort to delve into the country's accessibility issues. To learn about
possible strategies, 5 experts in the field of accessibility were interviewed in depth.
These interviews shed light to some of the most pressing issues that have been posing
a hindrance in effective development of accessible design practice in Nepal. A few vital
suggestions from the experts, regarding improvement in the quality of design and
implementation have been documented. Likewise, interviews with a total of 64
architects demonstrated their perception of accessibility for the disabled, which affects
the status of accessibility in the city. Interviews with building managers of the 10

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studied buildings shed light on the attitude regarding the needs of PwDs from the
perspective of non-architecture/planning personnel.

There should be more public open spaces in Patan, and they must be located in ways
that ensure unbiased access and meet everyone's needs in terms of proximity. For
instance, it should take no longer than 10 minutes to get to a neighborhood's public
space. Furthermore, the areas need to be organized to draw in additional visitors and
need to offer a wide range of amenities to draw in visitors with a variety of
characteristics. Moreover, they need to be secure, well-maintained, clean, and meet
people's expectations for comfort.

People with disabilities face difficulties in daily mobility due to issues with accessibility
in public spaces. Unreviewed and inadequate policy, regulation, and upkeep of
accessibility provision in communal infrastructure turn into grounds for failure of the
design to meet the needs of PwDs. Additionally, the importance of including PwDs in
the planning and design stages of cities. it is still unrecognized in developing nations.

The findings of this study indicate that these needs have not been satisfied, even throu
gh the Lalitpur Municipality's best efforts to incorporate accessible design in pedestria
n areas and recreation facilities. Neglecting participation of PwDs and an insufficient
knowledge regarding accessible provisions for PwDs are two of the explanations why
those amenities are not used by PwDs, the aged, or are disregarded by able-bodied
citizens.

Activities in inaccessible settings present some difficulties and embarrassments for

disabled people. But disabled people work to get past obstacles in the environment both
physically and socially in order to engage in and participate in social activities. By
demonstrating their abilities and capacities in public settings and society, people with
disabilities and people without disabilities can both benefit (Hayati & Faqih, 2013).

The right to use public spaces for disabled people falls under their civil liberties, not as
a favor for their acceptance in our society. Urban designers and other professionals
working in the built environment need to put in more effort and demonstrate more
compassion in order to fully integrate wheelchair users and other people with
disabilities into society. Public spaces must be designed to become as convenient as
possible for incapacitated people for them to participate in society effectively. They
shouldn't just be built to comply with legal and regulatory requirements. The case study

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shows that Patan needs a high degree of awareness regarding the "disability" issue from
the general public, authorities, and built environment specialists.

In closing, it is normal for people to be born with disabilities or to develop disabilities

later in life. Nevertheless, it is deplorable if public areas are constructed in a manner
that prevents those with disabilities from using them. Relevant research on this subject
emphasizes how the designs exacerbate the disabilities of people with disabilities.
Making urban areas accessible to people with disabilities aims to enable their social
inclusion, freedom of movement outside, integration into society and most importantly,
to boost their confidence.
The goal is to ensure that they have good mental and physical health, that they can par
ticipate in social activities, and that they can live in the same living conditions like oth
er community members (Meshur, 2013).

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CHAPTER 6. RECOMMENDATIONS
Interventions to remove social and environmental barriers are necessary to address the
challenges and isolation faced by people with disabilities in Patan's public spaces. In
this case, it is important to ensure that there is a comprehensive legislative framework
for disability-friendly environments and that urban design is efficient and inclusive.
Below are some specific and general suggestions for the successful integration of
disabled people into society, based on a review of the literature, results of access audits
of the case study areas, surveys and interviews with experts, building managers, PwDs
and architects. These suggestions are not binding; rather, they are intended to serve as
a guide for future investigation.

6.1 Specific Recommendations (based on physical character)

Access

• A properly sloped ramp is needed for areas with higher elevations to promote
wheelchair users' independent mobility. The ramp could then be used as a means of
circulation for everyone, encouraging social interaction as well as access for the
disabled.

• Wheelchair accessibility should be ensured by a proper slope and curb

walkways at entry points.

• Appropriate handrails are needed for wheelchair users to move independently.

• The gateway should be big enough to let wheelchairs through.

Variety of activities

• Enhanced physical environment to guarantee daily activities that are required to

increase PWD participation in social activities.
• Access to all activities for PWDs to participate actively or inactively.
• PwDs should be drawn to special events that don't exclude them from society.

Comfort

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• The availability of walkways and corridors to ensure a safe, stable, and
welcoming atmosphere for wheelchair users. These areas should have uninterrupted
movement flow, even surface materials, and unhindered circulation.
• Public facilities for example restrooms, drinking fountains, and signage to
uphold the wheelchair-accessible spatial standards.
• Daily cleaning services to guarantee quality and encourage attractiveness in
order to project to users a user-friendly image.
• Interior furnishings for resting and relaxing, including seating areas.

Sociability

• Collaboration and interaction via spatial management.

6.2 Design Recommendations: Open Spaces

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6.2.1 Mangalbazar

D A

C
B

Figure 6-2 Ramps at different positions in

Patan Durbar square

Figure 6-1 Ramps to access different

levels

To provide accessibility to people with mobility impairments, ramps with stone or brick
finishing that blends into the surrounding aesthetics are recommended in four different
positions which will allow users to access different levels of the temple complex including
the dabali where various social and cultural events take place frequently. However, there is
a high probability of objections arising in respect to this design strategy since the durbar
square is a extensively sensitive area of enormous historic value. Nevertheless, we can
always brainstorm about new and innovative ideas to offer alternative or more preferably,
equal access to such places so that people with disabilities do not experience exclusion from
participation in public events and activities.

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6.2.2 Lagankhel
To provide accessibility to people with visual
impairments, tactile tiles are recommended in
sidewalks and specially at pedestrian crossings. Curb
ramps of appropriate height and slope must be
provided. The public toilet must be easily accessible
by wheelchair and should have accessibly designed
cubicles for PWDs. The signage must be available in
audio and braille markers to indicate the presence of
such facilities to visually impaired persons.

Figure 6-3 Tactile markings at pedestrian crossing

Source: Dreamstime.com

Figure 6-4 3D view of an accessible toilet

Source: Accessible by Design (2017)

Figure 6-5 Accessible Public Toilet Design for Lagankhel

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 Figure 6-6 Sidewalk with tactile paving and curb ramp

6.2.3 Jawalakhel

Figure 6-7 Ramp to access platform

Ramp is recommended at the platform to provide access to wheelchairs.

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6.3 Design Recommendation: Public Buildings
The Lalitpur District Administration Office building at Thasikhel has been chosen for
the demonstration of possible accessibility features that can be implemented at the
public establishments of Patan. Various issues with the design, which were discovered
and analysed during the access audit and observation of site, have been addressed
through alternative design strategies illustrated through three dimensional models.
Issues with the main entrance, reception counter, waiting area, staircase, bathrooms,
access to upper floors and bathrooms, signage as well as markings and indications have
been focused on.
The two ramps at either side of the main
entrance have been redesigned with a
slope of 1:18 ratio which is considered
optimal for easy accessibility for
wheelchair users. Handrails on both
sides of the ramp have been provided for
Figure 6-8 Ramps with proper handrails
security and ease of use while going up
the ramp.
At the main lobby, the inquiry desk with
high countertops have been modified to
consist of a space accessible to
wheelchair users. Similarly, at the
waiting area at the ground floor, proper
Figure 6-9 Accessible countertops seating arrangements and tactile tiles on
the floor have been provided. Since, the depression on the surface of the floor had been

Figure 6-10 Waiting Area with tactile tiles and markers around hazardous surface

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left unfenced, it posed a serious threat to people, especially the disabled. The area has
been fenced adequately to prevent accidents. An elevator has been provided to offer
access to upper floors which would have remained inaccessible to PwDs otherwise.

Figure 6-12 Accessible signage

Figure 6-11 Accessible Elevator and Corridors with and elevator buttons (with audio
handrails and tactile markers and visual indicators)

Signage should be clearly identifiable, placed at an accessible height so that wheelchair

users can easily read the contents. Signage should also be available in braille in order
to facilitate utilization by the visually impaired. The elevator buttons should be
positioned at an appropriate height and must consist of braille and audio indicators.
Handrails should be provided inside the car of the elevator. Tactile tiles should be
provided in corridors to indicate the position of elevators.

Figure 6-13 Accessible elevator car and buttons

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Staircases in public buildings must have handrails on both sides, throughout the
length of the stairs to guide the disabled. Doorways must have clear widths wide
enough to give access to wheelchairs. The leaf of the door and handles must be
easy to maneuver.
the existing bathrooms at the district administration is inaccessible due to presence of
steps at the threshold. Bathrooms must be provided at the same level as the corridor to
provide access to wheelchair users and to prevent accidents. At least one accessible
cubicle with provisions following standard conformity to guidelines (see figure 6-4).

Figure 6-15 Stairs with handrails on both Figure 6-14 Adequately sized doorways
sides

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6.4 General Recommendations
The general recommendations mentioned below will help create accessible public
spaces for a variety of stakeholders from a variety of disciplines, including government
officials, state institutions, non-governmental entities, public health experts, built
environment experts, and urban designers, among several others.

• Adding to the body of knowledge: To serve disabled people in the built envir
onment effectively, the knowledge base pertaining to disabled people's spatial needs, s
pecial needs for ease of access and manoeuvrability in outdoor spaces, ergonomics, an
d their psychology inside of spatial practice must be researched and made available as
an expertise to upgrade construction professionals.

• Policy Updating: National Policy Guides should include detailed policies that
address all of the significant issues and aspects relating to the disabled. To guarantee
the involvement of the disabled people everywhere, specific guidelines for maintaining
a physically and socially accessible outdoor environment, both at the urban as well as
building magnitude, should be developed immediately.

• PwD Participation: In addition to technical expertise, professionals must be

aware of the spatial needs of the disabled from their own perspectives in order to ensure
their involvement and engagement in the creation of universal spaces.

• Promoting Awareness: It's critical to acknowledge disabled individuals as

valuable members of society in order to lessen the obstacles they encounter. To do this,
it is necessary to increase awareness among handicapped persons, general citizens, and,
most crucially, specialists in the built environment regarding equal rights of impaired
people to utilize all societal facilities.

6.5 Barrier-free Design Certification

One possible proposal to encourage the use of barrier-free design in buildings is to
provide certification of various levels based on the degree of accessibility provision.
The goal is to broaden and accelerate the implementation of accessible design while
helping certified professionals establish a network to help the idea take off, much like
sustainability has in recent years. It is advised to adopt this generally effective paradigm
in order to advance the application of UD principles. Government subsidies and

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promotion could be given for commendable instances, encouraging additional
developers to seek barrier-free design. For this purpose, a criteria checklist based on
169 available points, or credits has been outlined. The various levels of certification
could comprise certifies, silver, gold and platinum ratings based on the degree of
accessibility in the infrastructure.
As part of the certification process for barrier-free design, the checklist was created for
use by access auditors conducting access audits of public open spaces and buildings.
Based on the type of facility or service being audited, the user may utilize the checklist
as a starting point and then develop and innovate it. The auditor may opt to follow the
sequential format of the physical accessibility check list that has been developed. Three
sections make up the checklist.

• Section 1 – Discusses considerations to be used when evaluating the

accessibility of urban design elements related to the outside and open spaces offered in
the audited built environment. To obtain some of these information, the auditor may
find it useful to speak with the building's administration and users with disabilities.
• Section 2 – Analyzes the way services are delivered in the building that is being
audited in the evaluation of architectural design. To obtain some of these information,
the auditor might find it useful to speak with the building's administration and users
with disabilities.
• Section 3- Evaluates cutting-edge concepts and tools that are used to design
areas that are barrier-free.

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 Table 6-1 Barrier-free Certification Criteria

S.N. CHECKLIST ITEMS POINTS

1. URBAN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 60

1.1 OBSTRUCTIONS 3
1.2 SIGNAGE 8
1.3 STREET FURNITURE 6
1.4 PATHWAYS 14
1.5 CURB RAMPS 6
1.6 PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS 8
1.7 PARKING 15

2. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 104

2.1 RAMPS 10
2.2 ELEVATORS 17
2.4 STAIRS 7
2.5 RAILINGS AND HANDRAILS 12
2.6 ENTRANCES 8
2.8 DOORS 14
2.9 CORRIDORS 4
2.10 REST ROOMS 25
2.11 SIGNAGE 9
2.12 EMERGENCY EXIT 8

3. INNOVATION 5

TOTAL POSSIBLE POINTS 169

214
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APPENDIX

219
APPENDIX 1: SAMPLE OF QUESTIONNAIRE

220
221
222
APPENDIX 2: Plagiarism Report

223
APPENDIX 3: Acceptance Letter

224
APPENDIX 4: Accepted Paper for Publication

225
 APPENDIX 4: ACCEPTED PAPER FOR PUBLICATION

Accessibility in Public Buildings for People with Disability: A

Case of Patan, Nepal
Sebi Nakarmi 1, Sudha Shrestha 2
1
Student, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering,
Tribhuvan University, Nepal
2
Faculty, Pulchowk Campus, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Institute of Engineering,
Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Corresponding Emails: [email protected]

Abstract:
Nowadays, there is growing local, national, and international awareness about the enormously widespread worldwide
problem of disability. As a result, accessibility in built environments is crucial for a variety of reasons. Today, not every
person can enter a building or an office successfully. The United Nations' policy that states "No piece of the developed
condition ought to be defined in a way that rejects certain groups of individuals based on their incapacity or frailty" is
logically inconsistent with the situation in question.
The objectives of the study are to investigate the current status of accessibility in the public buildings of the historic
urban core of Patan, Nepal. It is based upon detailed observations of accessible provisions through site analysis and
photography with a focus on the access audit of new and old public buildings. The aim is to evaluate a specific
environment's performance in terms of usability and accessibility for a wide variety of potential customers, including
those with disabilities, and also to recommend accessibility enhancements.
The gaps in implementation of the urban design guidelines are revealed by the access audit. The access audit
demonstrates the compliance of various public infrastructures with the accessibility guidelines provided by the UN
Design Manual. The study's findings suggest that the majority of the public structures under study do not meet the
accessibility requirements for people with disabilities to the same extent as they should, as no one of them registered
full compliance with the guidelines. Overall, it is indicated that accessibility is not well-integrated into older public
facilities whereas a few newer constructions have incorporated accessibility into their designs. The public space's
performance elements fell between 56.18% and 14.71% short of guideline requirements. Based on these findings, the
local administration and the community need to work more to provide more public infrastructures which are suitable
for people with disabilities. The findings of this study could be a road map for managers, planners, architects and
engineers for safe and inclusive built environment.

Keywords:
Disability, Accessibility, Universal design, Public space, Urban design, Social inclusion

commitment to a barrier-free outline doubles as their

1 Introduction social responsibility.
Disability is a circumstance, not a wonder. Today, not every person can enter a building or an
Everybody experiences these phases occasionally or office successfully. Even for a group of people—
at some point. Blackman, et al. [1] has stated that the children, the elderly, women, and people with
elderly, sick, pregnant, large, young and people with disabilities like those who use wheelchairs,
baggage could all be portrayed as people shopping carts, or child buggies, etc.—finding a
experiencing a period of handicap. Even so, place in a developed environment is occasionally
everyone has the right to live in dignity during such still an incomprehensible problem. The United
times. In this way, sensitivity cannot be a component Nations' policy that "No piece of the developed
of openness, yet each person has a special right to be condition ought to be defined in a way that rejects
open. In this way, planning professionals' certain groups of individuals based on their

225
incapacity or frailty" is logically inconsistent with study could be a road map for managers, planners,
the situation in question. Two terms—"openness" architects and engineers for safe and inclusive built
and "portability," which need to be taken into environment.
consideration—are conveyed to us by the standard
for outlining and organizing the developed 3 Methodology
condition. Here, the word "accessible" refers to the
This study is grounded in applied theory and
goal of empowerment [1].
quantitative methods to evaluate the current state of
The concept of universal accessibility refers to the built environment in public spaces and the
access, both structural and attitudinal, through the application of accessibility features in accordance
removal of barriers and the creation of environments with best practices in the study area. This method
that are practical for all potential users. Universal emphasizes reality and existence, so the
accessibility is essential to inclusion because it gives philosophical paradigm is classified as post-
everyone a sense of autonomy, competence, and positivism.
independence that enables them to use all areas of a
space and actively engage with friends and family. 4 Scope and Limitations
Thinking about barrier-free and UD principles is the The current study has a few limitations that should
most impressive and significant way to create livable be mentioned. Due to the broad subject, it has been
urban environments. Creating appropriate restricted to two categories of disabilities: orthopedic
architectural and structural settings, commodities as impairment and visual impairment. Selective public
well as amenities in all social sectors, is a buildings have been studied while taking time
requirement for community development. The use of constraints into account because access audit is a
public spaces by certain demographics of citizens, labor-intensive approach. The buildings nominated
such as the elderly, pregnant women, and people with here can be considered to be representative of all
disabilities, may be hampered by physical barriers. public spaces in Patan due to their eligibility for
Designing for people with disabilities is essential shaping general trend of public spaces in the
because they frequently face unique and obvious contemporary city.
access issues in urban areas. The needs of people
with disabilities must be taken into account, and 5 Research Setting
barriers that prevents them from enjoying time in
urban public spaces must be removed. It is believed The third-most populous city in Nepal, Lalitpur,
that by implementing UD standards, people with must increase accessibility and facilities to
disabilities could obtain their rights to a city that is accommodate the requirements of PwDs who want
more hospitable and comfortable for them, reducing to participate fully in society. The Central Bureau of
their dependence on others [2]. Statistics of Nepal estimates that 513,321 people in
Nepal are classified as PwDs, 4934 of whom reside
in Lalitpur. While 818 people have low vision or are
2 Objectives
blind, there are 1669 (or 3.57 per 1000) people who
The goal of this research is to assess the current are physically disabled (1.75 per 1000). The research
availability and condition of built environment in the setting, which is the historical core of Patan, is 1.22
urban context of the historic core of Patan, Nepal. It sq.km in area and 5445.57 m in perimeter.
aims at evaluating accessibility features in public
spaces in the study area. The case studies are based Examining the necessity of accessible urban public-
upon detailed observations of accessible provisions, built environment for people with disabilities in
carried out in new and old public buildings and open Lalitpur is one of the objectives of this study. A total
spaces. To accomplish the purpose of this study, the of 10 prominent public buildings including
following research question is analyzed. What is the government-service establishments, health and
level of compliance to guidelines in existing educational institutions and commercial complexes
condition of public buildings? The findings of this

226
from Patan have been selected through category- in a public area is accessibility. According to social
based sampling. theorists, accessibility is a fundamental social right.
At the UN Conventions, where equivalent and non-
discriminatory prospects for all are promoted in
every spatial structure for communal use,
accessibility is also a core value of urban design [3].
Because of the previously stated justification,
accessibility is necessary irrespective of one's
capability, age or position in society, in order for
everyone to take benefit of the built environments
[4]. Since moving around a city safely,
independently, and conveniently is essential to urban
living, everyone must be able to do so. According to
this definition, a disability is any limitation or
Figure 5-1 The Historic Core of Patan, Nepal
inability to perform a task that can be remedied by a
suitable design. To accomplish this, it is believed that
designers will apply their knowledge of various user
6 Literature Review needs more effectively in the real world [4].

6.1 What is Accessibility?

Figure 6-2 Association between universal,

transgenerational, adaptable and universal design

Source: M.S. (2010)

In a nutshell, accessibility means having access to
everything. Accessibility refers to an overarching
concept for all elements that have an impact on how
people interact with their environment, according to Figure 6-1 The Principles of Universal Design
a technical definition. A well-planned urban Source: M.S. (2010)
environment is thought to be livable and easily
accessible for everyone. Today, creating livable 6.2 Accessible Design
cities is a hot topic for many urban planners. There is Design that complies with established applicable
general agreement that accessibility and people's regulations for use by PwDs is known as accessible
mobility are important elements in designing livable design. It can isolate PwDs from the vast majority of
cities. In light of this, one of the useful interactions consumers and make them feel like an outsider

227
because it is frequently accomplished by offering 6.3 The Principles of Universal
distinct specifications for "special" user groups. Design
When introduced as an afterthought to new building
Ronald Mace, an architect, industrial designer, and
or even existing designs, accessible design solutions
can be pricy and stigmatizing. Accessible features wheelchair user, developed the initial universal
that are later added show that the designers did not design concept. To help direct the design process of
take PwDs into account up until law was enforced environments, goods, and communications, Ronald
upon its implementation [5]. Table 6-1 Level of Compliance
Although universal design incorporates accessibility
from the start of the design process, it is less obvious
because it is always accessible. Modifications to a
conventional design are known as adaptable design
features, and they serve to make the form useful for
a person as required [6]. Similar to accessible
designs, adaptable design elements can occasionally
appear gimmicky, stigmatizing, and expensive [5].
Although adaptable strategies are occasionally used served as the leader of a team that included
in universal design to achieve customization, it is architects, engineers, product designers, and
best when all options are equally available. environmental design researchers in 1997. They
created the seven universal design principles. The
Transgenerational design, also known as lifespan guiding ideas are listed here in brief.
design, takes aging into account when creating
products. Transgenerational design may not always
7 Data Analysis and Findings
take into account the full spectrum of potential
impairments or other usability-affecting factors, such Sawyer and Bright [7] state that the purpose of an
as differences between men and women, cultural access audit is to "establish how effectively a certain
differences, and literacy level, because it does not setting functions in regards to accessibility and
particularly address genetic ailments or changes that convenience of use by a diverse group of potential
may occur as a consequence of an injury or disease. consumers, including individuals with impairments,
While some aspects of universal design are cross- as well as to propose access improvements," The
generational, the strategy includes disabilities other gaps between the guidelines and implementation are
than those that are age-related [5]. revealed by access audit. In order to analyze the
accessibility of the built environment, the UN Design
Therefore, universal design is accessible and Manual is utilized to assess application of
sometimes adaptable across generations. The architectural specifications in ten notable public
diagram shows how accessible design is divided into buildings in the historic core of Patan and its
three categories: universal design, adaptable design, periphery. This manual was chosen because it has a
and transgenerational design. A design might fall target audience that includes people with all kinds of
into two of these categories at times and some might disabilities and because the majority of the advised
fit into all of them. Every single accessible design actions have been tried out in developed nations.
might not necessarily identify as universal. Some Its checklist consists of the ten groups, namely,
users are excluded by designs that are "accessible" ramps, elevators, platform lifts, stairs, railings &
but not "universal" [5]. Of the three accessible design handrails, entrances, doors, corridors, restrooms and
approaches, universal design discourses all forms of
parking. These ten components were evaluated
condition and integrates accessibility into design
independently based on 85 distinct elements. Details
strategies, making it the most inclusive and least of the evaluation criteria are provided in the Table 9-
stigmatizing [5]. 1 and Table 9-2.

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 Table 7-1 5-point scale Macchindra School, which had a total accessibility
• Not Available (-) percentage of 85.29% (see Table 7-3). However, for
the most part, it is indicated that accessibility is not
• Not Accessible (NA) well-integrated into older public facilities whereas a
•Partially Accessible (PA) few newer constructions have incorporated
accessibility into their designs. The public space's
• Accessible (A) performance elements fell between 56.18% and
• Fully Accessible (FA) 14.71% short of the guideline requirements.

The research was carried out on June-July 2022 by The highest compliance on accessibility were found
the author. Descriptive statistics scores were utilized in Labim Mall (85.29%), Namuna Machhindra
to gauge how closely the urban design accessibility School (77.06%) and Patan Hospital (75.0%).
checklist was being followed. 85 items in each Indeed, Labim Mall is a relatively new space, and
facility were assessed for accessibility based on the was designed with accessibility in consideration.
requirements for the respective checklist items. An Namuna Machhindra too is a newly constructed
item that was utilized but was not designed properly building designed with the consideration of
was referred to as "partially accessible." The accessibility for its students with physical and visual
aggregate percentile and level of compliance for all impairments. Patan Hospital scores 75% which is
checklist items were computed for each building. To still inadequate for a public health institution. This
calculate the percentage of accessibility compliance, deficiency could be attributed to the fact that the
the sum of acquired points was divided by the total hospital is a relatively older construction which lacks
number of items. maintenance and upgrading. The lowest compliances
were found at NTC Office (43.82%) and District
Court (48.82%). The majority of the components in
these two facilities are incorrectly designed
Formula for Calculation of Compliance score= and constructed, including inaccessible stairs, upper
(Not available x 0)+ (Not Accessible x 0)+ floors, restrooms, and entrances.
(Partially Accessible x 0.5)+
(Accessible x 0.75)+ (Fully Accessible x 1) 8 Discussion
x 100 %
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
Rapid urbanization has a negative impact on many
Observation results issues, including access to, use of, and the physical
and functional structures of public buildings. Urban
The study's findings suggest that the majority of the
settlements' public spaces fall far short of the modern
public structures under study do not meet the
standards of more affluent cities, especially in
accessibility requirements for people with
developing economies [8]. In urban areas, there
disabilities to the same extent as they should, as no
aren't many disabled people who can move around
one of them registered full compliance with the
independently. This clearly demonstrates how little
guidelines. The most compliant one is Namuna
disabled people participate in urban life and social
Table 7-2 Compliance Score Chart: Public interactions, and how limited their opportunities are
Buildings to move independently.

0 NA (0) PA (0.5) A (0.75) FA (1) Compliance Score As case study locations, a number of public buildings
District Court 31 7 6 10 31 48.82
Malpot Office 24 6 5 12 38 58.24 that represent Patan have been chosen. They are a
Nepal Bank 33 7 10 4 31 45.88
Municipality 21 7 4 4 39 51.76
reflection of urban development characteristics and
Namuna Machh 17 0 2 6 60 77.06 the state of the built environment in developing
Patan Hospital 13 3 6 9 54 75.00
District Office 24 8 6 6 41 57.06 economies. According to the access audit findings,
Pulchowk Campus 26 8 9 2 40 54.12
Labim Mall 5 1 7 12 60 85.29
the majority of Patan's public buildings are
NTC Office 31 14 3 5 32 43.82

229
 inaccessible due to the following reasons (see Table Activities in inaccessible settings present some
9-3 and 9-4). difficulties and embarrassments for disabled people.
But disabled people work to get past obstacles in the
• Inaccessible entrances environment both physically and socially in order to
• Non-compliant restrooms engage in and participate in social activities. By
• Lack of comfort, demonstrating their abilities and capacities in public
• Absence of variety in activities and facilities,
settings and society, people with disabilities and
• Lack of maintenance and cleanliness,
people without disabilities can both benefit [9]. The
• Lack of safety.
right to use public spaces for disabled people falls
The descriptive analysis of the data demonstrates the under their civil liberties, not as a favor for their
extent of application and usability of accessible
acceptance in our society. Urban designers and other
design by PwDs. To guarantee the inclusion of
individuals with impairments in our community and professionals working in the built environment need
to uphold our commitment to the UN that "Everyone to put in more effort and demonstrate more
has the right of equal access to public service in his compassion in order to fully integrate wheelchair
country," it is imperative that we address all of these users and other people with disabilities into society.
issues and find solutions to the issues of physical and Public buildings must be designed to become as
social exclusion of disabled people in the built convenient as possible for disabled people in order
environment.
for them to participate in society effectively. They
8.1 Key Research Findings shouldn't just be built to comply with legal and
regulatory requirements. The case study shows that
i. Comfort and suitability factor of access to public Patan needs a high degree of awareness regarding the
buildings and facilities is substantially inadequate for
"disability" issue from the general public, authorities,
individuals with impairments (PwDs).
ii. Standard conformity is apparent only in new and built environment specialists.
establishments. In closing, it is normal for people to be born with
iii. Patan's public buildings lack the necessary amenities
disabilities or to develop disabilities later in life. But
and accessibility for PwDs to feel comfortable.
it is impermissible if built environment of the
city are planned in a manner that prevents those with
9 Conclusion disabilities from using them. Relevant research on
People with disabilities face difficulties in daily this subject emphasizes how the designs exacerbate
mobility due to issues with accessibility in public the disabilities of people with disabilities. Making
spaces. Unreviewed and inadequate policy, urban areas accessible to people with disabilities
regulation, and inadequate upkeep of communal aims to enable their social inclusion, freedom of
infrastructures turn into reasons for the design failing movement outside, integration into society, and most
to meet the needs of PwDs. Additionally, it is still importantly, to boost confidence in themselves [10].
unrecognized in developing nations how important it The goal is to ensure that they have good mental and
is to include disabled people in the planning and physical health, that they can participate in social
design stages of cities. activities, and that they can live in the same living
conditions like other community members.
The findings of this study indicate that these needs
have not been satisfied, even through the Lalitpur
10 Recommendations
Municipality's best efforts to incorporate accessible
design in pedestrian areas and recreation facilities. Interventions to remove social and environmental
Neglecting participation of PwDs and an insufficient barriers are necessary to address the challenges and
knowledge regarding accessibility for disabled isolation faced by people with disabilities in Patan's
people are two of the reasons why those facilities are public spaces. In this case, it is important to ensure
not used by PwDs, the elderly, or are not recognized that there is a comprehensive legislative framework
by able-bodied people. for disability-friendly environments and that urban
design is efficient and inclusive. Below are some
specific and general suggestions for the successful

230
 integration of disabled people into society, based on
a review of the literature, results of access audits of
the case study areas, surveys and interviews with
experts, building managers, PwDs and architects.
Below are some specific recommendations based on
the physical character of the buildings.
• A properly sloped ramp is needed for areas with
higher elevations to promote wheelchair users'
independent mobility. The ramp could then be used
as a means of circulation for everyone, encouraging
social interaction as well as access for the disabled.
• Wheelchair accessibility should be ensured by a
proper slope and curb walkways at entry points.
• Appropriate handrails are needed for wheelchair
users to move independently.
The gateway should be big enough to let wheelchairs
through.

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 Table 10-1 Access Audit
S.N. Technical guidelines Accessibility compliance
District Court Malpot Office Nepal Bank Municipality Namuna M Patan Hospital District Office Pulchowk Campus Labim Mall NTC Office
1 RAMPS
Ramp configuration - FA - - FA FA FA FA FA -
Width (min 0.9m) - FA - - FA FA FA FA PA -
Slope - FA - - FA FA FA FA FA -
Landings - FA - - FA FA FA FA FA -
Handrail - - - - - - A A FA -
Surface - FA - - FA FA FA FA FA -
Tactile marking - - - - - - - - - -
Obstacles - FA - - FA FA FA FA A -
Location - FA - - FA A FA FA FA -

2 ELEVATORS
Accessible path - - - FA - FA - - FA -
Accessibility to all levels - - - FA - FA - - FA -
Elevator cab - - - FA - FA - - FA -
Control panel - - - A - A - - A -
Audiovisual signals - - - A - A - - A -
Floor surface - - - FA - FA - - FA -
Colour - - - FA - FA - - FA -
Opening/closing interval - - - FA - FA - - A -
Floor number in braille - - - - - - - - A -

3 STAIRS
Width (min 1.5m) FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA A FA
Landing (min 1.2m) FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Nosing (40mm) FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Handrails (0.5m-0.9m) A A A FA A FA A A PA FA
Tactile marking (min 0.6m wide) - - - - FA - - - - -
Emergency stairs - - - A - - - - PA -
Mechanical stairs (escalators) - - - - - - - - FA -
Intermediate Handrails* - - - - - - - - - -
Location of staircase FA FA FA A FA A FA FA A FA

4 RAILINGS AND HANDRAILS

Easy to grip FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Securely attached FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Horizontal extension (0.3-0.45m) PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA FA FA
Continuous throughout the full length FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA PA FA
Low positioned windows at landings FA A FA FA PA FA FA - A FA
Space between handrail & wall (40-60mm) - - - - - - - - FA FA
Easy to identify FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Distance between handrails (0.9-1.4m) - - - - - - - - - -
Intermediate handrails* - - - - - - - - - -
Height (0.85-0.9m) FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA

5 ENTRANCES
Accessible primary entrances NA FA - A FA FA FA PA FA NA
Access to conveniently located elevator - - - A - A - - FA -
Clearly identifiable FA FA FA PA FA FA FA FA FA NA
Landing dimensions FA FA PA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Landing surface A A PA A FA FA FA FA FA FA
Doors operate independently FA A PA A FA FA FA FA FA FA
Clear door width (at least 0.90 m) FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA

6 DOORS
Door opening FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA PA
Signage A A PA A A A A PA A A
Color FA FA PA FA FA FA FA FA A FA
Opened without much effort FA FA FA FA FA PA PA PA PA FA
Opening interval FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Push-buttons for automatic doors (1.2-1.4m) - - - - - - - - - -
Clear width of interior doors ( 0.8 m) FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Double leaf door (leaf width= 0.8m) FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Shape of handle FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Ht. of handles, locks, pulls (1.2-1.40m) PA PA FA FA FA FA FA FA PA NA
Threshold PA PA PA FA FA FA FA FA FA NA

7 CORRIDORS
Width (min 0.90 m) FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Maneuvring through doors FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA PA PA
Differences in level bridged by ramps - FA - - FA FA PA NA A NA
Obstruction FA A FA FA FA FA FA FA FA A
Surface A FA FA FA FA FA FA FA A FA
Signage A A PA A A A A PA FA A
Tactile marking - - - - FA A - - - -
Handrails - - - - FA FA - - - -

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 Table 10-3 Access Audit
S.N. Technical guidelines Accessibility compliance
District Court Malpot Office Nepal Bank Municipality Namuna M Patan Hospital District Office Pulchowk Campus Labim Mall NTC Office
8 REST ROOMS
Accessibility NA NA NA NA FA PA NA NA FA NA
Signage A A A A A A A PA FA -
Threshold NA NA NA NA FA PA NA NA FA NA
Fixtures
WC/bidets ht. (0.45-0.5m) NA NA NA NA FA FA NA NA FA NA
Distance bet. toilet seat & wall (0.45-0.5m) PA PA PA PA FA FA PA PA FA A
Wash-basin height (0.80 m-0.85 m) NA NA NA NA FA PA PA NA FA NA
Grab bars height (0.85 m -0.95 m) - - - - FA - - - FA -
Grab bars diameter (30 mm-40 mm) - - - - FA - - - FA -
Grab bars clearance (35 mm-40 mm) - - - - FA - - - FA -
Grab Bar Texture - - - - FA - - - FA -
Grab bar Strength - - - - FA - - - FA -
Faucets
Easy to grip and operable with one hand FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Pipes
Are hot water pipes insulated or covered? FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Accessories and controls
Mirror ht (max. 1m) NA NA NA NA - NA NA NA FA NA
Alarm system - - - - - - - - - NA
Wall mounts ht (0.5-1.2m) - - - - - NA NA - FA NA
Flushing mechanisms easy to operate FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Flooring
Skid-proof, well drained and waterproofed PA PA PA PA FA PA NA PA FA PA
Doors
Opening (min 0.75 m) A A A A FA PA A FA FA A
Releasable from outside (emergency) NA NA NA NA FA PA NA NA NA NA
Do pivoted doors open outward? FA NA NA NA FA NA NA NA FA NA

9 PARKING
Number (1:50) - - - - - - - - FA -
Location FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Dimensions (3.60 m) PA PA PA PA FA FA PA PA FA FA
Drop-off areas (3.6m +1.2m) FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Surface FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA
Signage - - - - - A - - FA -

Table 10-2 Location details of sampling areas

233
 Table 10-4 Location details of sampling areas

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this study.
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