Test Bank for Biology How Life

Works 2nd Edition by Morris Hartl

Knoll and Lue

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1. Kangaroo rats live in the desert of the southwestern United States. They have many
adaptations to minimize water loss. They obtain a small amount of water from seeds that
they eat. However, the rest of the water they obtain is from cellular respiration.
A) This cannot be true, as cellular respiration doesn't really “produce” water.
B) This cannot be true, as water is actually consumed in cellular respiration.
C) This could be true, as water is produced in cellular respiration.
D) This could be true, as water is produced in glycolysis.
E) This could be true, as water is produced in the citric acid cycle.

2. When carbohydrates are oxidized, the C–H bonds of the carbohydrate become C=O
bonds of carbon dioxide. Oxidation is defined as a loss of electrons, but carbon does
not become positively charged in the process. Why then is this considered oxidation?
A) The shared electrons in C–O bonds spend less time close to the carbon nucleus than
the shared electrons in C–H bonds.
B) Electrons in the C=O bonds are higher energy than the electrons in the C–H bonds.
C) C=O bonds in CO2 are double bonds, and C–H bonds are single bonds.
D) The phosphate groups of ATP are ionized, and carbons donate those electrons.

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3. Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding redox reactions? (Select all that apply.)
A) Oxidizing agents accept electrons.
B) If a molecule accepts electrons, it has been reduced.
C) Redox reactions may involve the transfer of hydrogen ions (H+).
D) A molecule that has gained H atoms is said to be reduced.
E) Reducing agents accept H atoms.
F) Oxidizing agents accept H+ ions.

4. Cellular respiration releases energy. In cellular respiration:

A) organic molecules such as carbohydrates are converted to chemical energy that can
be used to do the work of the cell.
B) the chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules is converted to chemical
energy that can be used to do the work of the cell.
C) chemical potential energy in the bonds of ADP is transferred to the chemical
potential energy in the bonds of ATP.

5. An organism that carries out cellular respiration in its mitochondria:

A) may be a cell from a terrestrial (land) plant.
B) may be a prokaryotic cell from the domain Archaea.
C) is a bacterium.
D) may be any kind of cell.

6. In the reactions of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, chemical
energy is transferred to the bonds in: (Select all that apply.)
A) ATP.
B) electron carriers.
C) fats.
D) All of these choices are correct.

7. Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 involves two different mechanisms for

synthesizing ATP: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation.
Which is TRUE of substrate-level phosphorylation?
A) An enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an organic
molecule to form ATP.
B) Most of the ATP generated in cellular respiration is generated by substrate-level
phosphorylation.
C) ATP is generated indirectly through the transfer of high-energy electrons from
electron carriers to an electron transport chain.
D) ATP is generated by release of energy from the electron carriers NADH and
FADH2.

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 8. The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:
A) it is not possible to release it in a single step.
B) more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single
step.
C) less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single
step.
D) more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single
step.
E) only a single electron can be moved at a time in a cellular reaction.

9. Some tissue types like brain tissue use glucose exclusively as an energy source.
A) True
B) False

10. The approximate yield of ATP molecules from the full oxidation of a molecule of
glucose is:
A) 2.
B) 6.
C) 12.
D) 32.
E) 64.

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11. Consulting Figure 7.3 if necessary, during which stage(s) of cellular respiration is
carbon dioxide released?

A) stage 1 only
B) stages 1 and 2
C) stages 2 and 3
D) stage 3 only
E) stages 3 and 4

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12. In which form are electrons transferred during typical redox reactions such as the
oxidation of glucose?
A) as free electrons
B) as hydrogen atoms
C) as oxygen atoms
D) as carbon atoms
E) as phosphate groups

13. Which of the following molecules has the GREATEST potential energy?
A) glucose
B) water
C) carbon dioxide

14. The rate of cellular respiration is constant in plants and animals, including humans.
A) True
B) False

15. Which is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?

A) citric acid cycle
B) glycolysis
C) oxidative phosphorylation
D) photosynthesis

16. Are electrons lost or gained in reduction?

A) lost
B) gained

17. Why do marathon runners “carbo load” (that is, eat a lot of pasta) before a big race?
A) They will feel full longer.
B) The bonds in carbohydrates have high potential energy.
C) The bonds in carbohydrates have low potential energy and can thus be broken
down and readily consumed.
D) Through the process of anabolism, the athlete will break down the carbohydrates
into smaller components, including ATP.

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18. Energy can be extracted from glucose and converted to ATP only if: (Select all that
apply.)
A) oxygen is the electron acceptor.
B) the cell has mitochondria.
C) the cell has membrane proteins that can pump hydrogen ions.
D) the cell has enzymes that can carry out oxidation-reduction reactions.
E) the cell has enzymes that can carry out glycolysis.

19. Which one of the following represents the REDUCED forms of the two major electron
carriers?
A) NAD+ and FAD
B) NAD+ and FADH2
C) NADH and FAD
D) NADH and FADH2

20. The MOST stable⎯that is, least reactive⎯form of carbon is:

A) ethanol.
B) diamond.
C) glucose.
D) pyruvate.
E) carbon dioxide.

21. Which one of the following is NOT a product of cellular respiration?

A) carbon dioxide
B) water
C) oxygen
D) ATP
E) All of these choices are correct.

22. The loss of electrons is referred to as _____.

23. The gain of electrons is referred to as _____.

24. Cellular respiration is a series of _____ reactions.

A) catabolic
B) anabolic
C) glycolytic
D) phosphorylation
E) carboxylation

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25. The electron transport chain is part of:
A) glycolysis.
B) the citric acid cycle.
C) oxidative phosphorylation.
D) fermentation.
E) pyruvate oxidation.

26. Which BEST describes energy production during cellular respiration?

A) A small amount of energy is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation; most is
produced by oxidative phosphorylation.
B) A small amount of energy is produced by oxidative phosphorylation; most is
produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
C) An equal amount is produced by oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level
phosphorylation.
D) It depends on the organism. Some produce most of their energy by substrate-level
phosphorylation, and some produce most of their energy by oxidative
phosphorylation.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

27. In the first three stages of cellular respiration, the chemical energy in glucose is
transferred to:
A) ATP and cytochrome b.
B) electron carriers and ATP.
C) cytochrome b and coenzyme Q.
D) proton pumps and ATP.
E) only coenzyme Q.

28. Oxidation is the gain of electrons.

A) True
B) False

29. The _____ forms of the electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FADH/FADH2 have high
potential energy.
A) oxidized
B) reduced
C) phosphorylated
D) carboxylated
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

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30. In cellular respiration, oxygen:
A) gains electrons and is an oxidizing agent.
B) loses electrons and is a reducing agent.
C) gains electrons and is a reducing agent.
D) loses electrons and is an oxidizing agent.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

31. In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ to CO2 and oxygen is _____ to water.
A) oxidized; reduced
B) reduced; oxidized
C) deoxygenated; phosphorylated
D) phosphorylated; deoxygenated
E) oxidized; oxidized

32. The chemical bonds of carbohydrates and lipids have high potential energy because:
A) they are strong oxidizing agents.
B) they are strong reducing agents.
C) many of these bonds are C—C and C—H bonds.
D) they are easy to phosphorylate.
E) they are easy to hydrolyze.

33. In a plant cell, all stages of cellular respiration are carried out in the cytoplasm.
A) True
B) False

34. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding aerobic respiration?

A) Aerobic respiration requires oxygen at every stage of the process.
B) Aerobic respiration is carried out by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
C) Aerobic respiration is a three-stage process, with oxidative phosphorylation
comprising the last stage.
D) Carbon dioxide is produced at every stage of aerobic respiration.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

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35. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 →
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy?
A) The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative.
B) In the production of CO2 from glucose, the oxygen atoms lose electrons and the
carbon atom is oxidized.
C) Glucose could be considered a reducing agent.
D) The movement of hydrogen atoms in reactions involving C6H12O6 and H2O yields
no information regarding the movement of electrons.
E) The oxygen atoms in both CO2 and H2O are electronegative, and glucose is
considered a reducing agent.

36. Which of the following statements is TREUE regarding a reducing agent?

A) It loses electrons.
B) It gains electrons.
C) It is an electron acceptor.
D) It is usually oxygen.
E) It is never oxidized.

37. When glucose is broken down in a cell, all of the energy it stores is released
simultaneously, not in a stepwise process.
A) True
B) False

38. Which stage of cellular respiration occurs immediately after pyruvate is produced?
A) glycolysis
B) pyruvate oxidation
C) citric acid cycle
D) electron transport
E) oxidative phosphorylation

39. A molecule that is _____ loses electrons, and a molecule that is _____ gains electrons.
A) reduced; oxidized
B) negative; positive
C) oxidized; reduced
D) weak; polar
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

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40. Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions (endergonic and exergonic) by which the
cell can obtain ATP. NAD+ plays a crucial role in the reactions of glycolysis by:
A) accepting electrons from glucose, with the result that glucose is partially oxidized
to pyruvate.
B) donating electrons to pyruvate when glucose becomes partially oxidized.
C) converting endergonic reactions to exergonic reactions so that there is an output of
energy to make ATP.
D) donating electrons to ADP to make ATP.

41. You are trying to find the maximum source of energy for an organism. Which of the
following compounds would you choose?
A) glucose
B) oxygen
C) ATP
D) pyruvate
E) NADH

42. The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis serves to: (Select all that apply.)
A) destabilize the molecule, making it easier to cleave.
B) trap imported glucose inside the cell.
C) reduce an electron carrier, storing energy for later.

43. How many reactions in glycolysis directly generate ATP?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

44. Glycolysis results in the partial oxidation of glucose to pyruvate. This means that:
A) glucose combines with oxygen in the cytoplasm to get partially oxidized.
B) glucose is broken down partially to ATP in the cytoplasm.
C) glucose donates electrons directly to NAD+.
D) glycolysis consists only of exergonic reactions so that ATP can be made from the
release of energy.
E) the electron carriers donate electrons to proteins in the mitochondria that in turn
produce ATP.
F) in the process of the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, some potential energy is
transferred to NADH and ATP.

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45. Even though the full oxidation of glucose is exergonic, some of the reactions in cellular
respiration are endergonic.
A) True
B) False

46. In eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in:

A) the cytoplasm.
B) the nucleus.
C) the matrix of the mitochondria.
D) the endoplasmic reticulum.
E) vacuoles.

47. Which of the following is a net product of glycolysis? (Select all that apply.)
A) 2 pyruvate
B) 2 ATP
C) 2 NADH

48. Glycolysis is:

A) aerobic.
B) anaerobic.
C) aerobic in some organisms but anaerobic in others.
D) aerobic in some tissues but anaerobic in others.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

49. Which of the following is NOT one of the net final products of glycolysis?
A) two molecules of pyruvate
B) two molecules of ATP
C) two molecules of NADH
D) two molecules of acetyl-CoA

50. In glycolysis, ATP is synthesized by:

A) substrate-level phosphorylation.
B) oxidative phosphorylation.
C) both substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation.
D) electron carriers.
E) redox reactions.

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51. The first phase of glycolysis requires the input of two ATP molecules. It is therefore:
A) endergonic.
B) exergonic.
C) oxidative.
D) reducing.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

52. Which of the following does NOT occur during the third phase of glycolysis?
A) pyruvate production
B) ATP synthesis
C) the transfer of high-energy electrons to NAD+
D) oxygen consumption
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

53. At the end of glycolysis, the carbon molecules originally found in the starting glucose
molecule are in the form of:
A) one pyruvate molecule.
B) two pyruvate molecules.
C) two ATP molecules.
D) two NADH molecules.
E) four ATP molecules.

54. Phosphorylating glucose during phase 1 of glycolysis:

A) releases phosphorylated glucose from cells.
B) destabilizes the glucose molecule so that it can be broken down in phase 2.
C) provides electrons to reduce NAD+ in phase 3.
D) provides electrons to reduce FADH in phase 3.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

55. In the second phase of glycolysis:

A) phosphate groups are added to glucose.
B) phosphorylated sugar molecule is cleaved and the products rearranged.
C) ATP is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation.
D) NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
E) ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation.

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56. The inputs to glycolysis do NOT include: (Select all that apply.)
A) glucose.
B) NAD+.
C) NADH.
D) ADP.
E) Pi.

57. The ATP produced during glycolysis is the result of substrate-level phosphorylation.
A) True
B) False

58. During what phase of glycolysis is NADH formed?

A) during phase 1, when fructose 1,6-biphosphate is formed
B) during phase 2, when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed
C) during phase 3, when glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is phosphorylated
D) during phase 3, when pyruvate is finally formed
E) during phase 1, when glucose is phosphorylated

59. Imagine that a eukaryotic cell carries a mutation impairing its ability to phosphorylate
glucose during glycolysis. What is a likely result of this mutation?
A) High (possibly toxic) levels of glucose would accumulate in the cell.
B) Glucose could move out of the cell, slowing cellular respiration.
C) Because phosphorylation stabilizes glucose, glucose would spontaneously form
pyruvate.
D) Without the phosphorylation of glucose, glycolysis would consist entirely of
exergonic reactions.
E) More pyruvate would be formed at the end of glycolysis.

60. Although cellular respiration is typically thought of as an aerobic process, glycolysis

itself is actually anaerobic.
A) True
B) False

61. Although glycolysis produces four molecules of ATP by substrate-level

phosphorylation, the net gain of ATP for the cell is two molecules. This is due to the
fact that glycolysis is—at first—endergonic.
A) True
B) False

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62. How did the earliest organisms on Earth most likely produce ATP?
A) by pyruvate oxidation
B) by glycolysis
C) by the citric acid cycle
D) by oxidative phosphorylation

63. The reaction diagrammed here: (Select all that apply.)

A) is the final reaction of glycolysis.

B) is one possible pathway in the fermentation of pyruvate.
C) shows synthesis of the substrate that enters the citric acid cycle.
D) occurs in the cytosol.
E) occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
F) occurs twice for each glucose oxidized.

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64. What is the relationship between the reaction diagrammed here and glycolysis?

65. What is the relationship between the reaction diagrammed below and the citric acid
cycle?

66. In eukaryotic cells, the oxidation of pyruvate occurs in:

A) the cytoplasm.
B) the nucleus.
C) the matrix of the mitochondria.
D) the endoplasmic reticulum.
E) vacuoles.

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67. What glycolysis product is transported into the mitochondria?
A) ATP
B) NADP
C) pyruvate
D) glucose

68. In the reaction in the diagram below, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA. Which if
any of the following statements concerning this reaction is TRUE? (Select all that
apply.)

A) CO2 is the most oxidized and therefore least energetic form of carbon.
B) NAD+ is more reduced than NADH.
C) NAD+ is an oxidizing agent.
D) This is not an oxidation/reduction reaction; that is, no electrons have moved.
E) This reaction harnesses the last of the remaining potential energy from glucose.

69. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA does not produce any ATP directly.
However, it does contribute to ATP production indirectly. How?

70. In eukaryotes, pyruvate oxidation takes place in the:

A) cytoplasm.
B) outer mitochondrial membrane.
C) inner mitochondrial membrane.
D) intermembrane space of mitochondria.
E) mitochondrial matrix.

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71. Pyruvate oxidation is an important stage in cellular respiration because it:
A) generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
B) transfers large numbers of electrons to electron carriers.
C) links glycolysis with the citric acid cycle.
D) eliminates toxic pyruvate from the cell.
E) is the first step in oxidative phosphorylation.

72. When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, the other products of the reaction
are:
A) CO2 and ATP.
B) NADH and CO2.
C) ATP and NADH.
D) Pi and FADH2.
E) FADH2 and ATP.

73. Another name for acetyl-CoA synthesis is:

A) glycolysis.
B) pyruvate oxidation.
C) oxidative phosphorylation.
D) substrate-level phosphorylation.
E) pyruvate reduction.

74. During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 and an acetyl group. The
CO2 is _____ than the acetyl group.
A) less oxidized
B) more reduced
C) more energetic
D) less energetic
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

75. After pyruvate oxidation, the chemical energy of how many carbons of the original
glucose molecule is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP in the remaining
steps of cellular respiration?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

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76. By the time pyruvate is formed, most of the energy contained in glucose has been
released.
A) True
B) False

77. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding pyruvate oxidation?

A) Like glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation is carried out in the mitochondria.
B) Pyruvate oxidation ends with the oxidation of an acetyl group, which forms CO2.
C) Pyruvate oxidation forms the same number of NADH (per glucose molecule) as
glycolysis.
D) Pyruvate oxidation directly follows the citric acid cycle during cellular respiration.

78. During pyruvate oxidation, which of the following also occur(s)?

A) the formation of NADH
B) the oxidation of pyruvate
C) the formation of acetyl-CoA
D) the formation of CO2
E) All of these choices are correct.

79. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding pyruvate and glucose?
A) Glucose easily passes in and out of mitochondria, and can often be found in the
mitochondrial matrix.
B) Pyruvate is typically "trapped" in the intermembrane space of mitochondria, where
it is oxidized to form acetyl-CoA.
C) Glucose and pyruvate are remarkably similar in structure, with both molecules
possessing a ring shape.
D) Both glucose and pyruvate can feed directly into the citric acid cycle, although
acetyl-CoA is the preferred reactant for this process.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

80. Pyruvate oxidation produces a large amount of ATP.

A) True
B) False

81. In what organelle is pyruvate oxidation carried out in a cell?

A) chloroplast
B) nucleus
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) endoplasmic reticulum

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82. Pyruvate oxidation is remarkably similar to glycolysis in that when one molecule of
pyruvate enters into a mitochondrion, two molecules of acetyl-CoA are formed.
A) True
B) False

83. Like glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation produces both pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. These
two products feed directly into the citric acid cycle and are the reactants for the cycle.
A) True
B) False

84. Which of the following statements is true regarding pyruvate oxidation?

A) This process occurs within the matrix of mitochondria.
B) This process constitutes the second stage of cellular respiration.
C) The process produces both CO2 and acetyl-CoA.
D) The process yields no ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.
E) All of these choices are correct.

85. In step 6 of the citric acid cycle, succinate + FAD → fumarate + FADH2. Which
statement concerning this reaction is/are TRUE? (Select all that apply.)
A) Fumarate is more oxidized than succinate.
B) FAD is more reduced than FADH2.
C) FAD is an oxidizing agent in the reaction.
D) This is not an oxidation/reduction reaction; that is, no electrons have moved.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

86. Following the citric acid cycle but before the electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation, most of the energy from the original glucose molecule is found in:
A) acetyl-CoA.
B) CO2.
C) pyruvate.
D) NADH.
E) ATP.

87. Following the citric acid cycle but before the electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation, how much potential energy has been transferred to the bonds of ATP
(at 7.3 kcal/mol)? the bonds of NADH (at 53 kcal/mol)? If glucose oxidation to CO2
and H2O has a G of 676 kcal/mol, what proportion of potential energy has been
captured? Where would you predict the remaining potential energy has gone?

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88. Each round of the citric acid cycle begins when the four-carbon molecule oxaloacetate
is converted to the six-carbon molecule citrate. As the cycle progresses, two carbons are
eliminated to regenerate the oxaloacetate. The added carbon is supplied by _____ and
the two eliminated carbons are released as _____.
A) ATP; acetyl-CoA
B) CO2; pyruvate
C) acetyl-CoA; CO2
D) CO2; NADH
E) CO2; acetyl-CoA

89. Complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 involves two different mechanisms for
synthesizing ATP: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation.
Substrate-level phosphorylation: (Select all that apply.)
A) requires activity of the enzyme ATP synthase.
B) occurs in the mitochondria.
C) occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D) requires an electron transport chain.
E) occurs in the cytosol.

90. In 1937, two German biochemists published a paper proposing the following reactions
as part of glucose oxidation:
citrate → isocitrate → -ketoglutarate → succinate → fumarate → malate →
oxaloacetate

Adding succinate, fumarate, or malate to thin slices of tissue increased oxygen

consumption, supporting the hypothesis that these molecules are intermediates in the
process. However, a puzzling observation was that intermediates were still present in the
reaction mixture at the end of the experiment. If they are intermediates, then they should
be consumed as the next product in the pathway is formed. What explains this
observation?
A) Succinate, fumarate, and malate are not reactants but catalysts, and catalysts are not
consumed in the process.
B) Succinate, fumarate, and malate are constantly regenerated in the citric acid
pathway.
C) Succinate, fumarate, and malate increase metabolism and therefore oxygen
consumption, but they are not directly part of the glucose oxidation pathway.

91. Pyruvate can be used to produce: (Select all that apply.)

A) sugars.
B) acetyl-CoA.
C) alanine.

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92. Acetate is the starting point for synthesis of a cell's _____.

93. The citric acid cycle begins when acetyl-CoA combines with _____ to form _____.
A) pyruvate; citrate
B) malate; oxaloacetate
C) oxaloacetate; malate
D) oxaloacetate; citrate
E) citrate; cis-aconitate

94. Which of the following is a net product of the citric acid cycle for each molecule of
pyruvate generated in glycolysis? (Select all that apply.)
A) 1 ATP
B) 3 NADH
C) 1 FADH2

95. Which of the following molecules has the GREATEST potential energy?
A) ATP
B) NADH
C) NAD+
D) FAD
E) FADH2

96. Order the following list of molecules according to their potential energy from high to
low.
A. ATP
B. NADH
C. NAD+
D. FADH2

97. If an energy source such as sunlight is available, the citric acid cycle can run in reverse
in some organisms.
A) True
B) False

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 98. In which stage of cellular respiration is the greatest amount of chemical energy
harvested from molecules that are derived from food?
A) glycolysis
B) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
C) the citric acid cycle
D) the electron-transport chain

99. The citric acid cycle is believed to have developed fairly recently in the evolution of
cellular life.
A) True
B) False

100. During the citric acid cycle:

A) fuel molecules are completely reduced.
B) ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation.
C) high-energy electrons are removed from NAD+ and FADH.
D) ATP is synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation.

101. The citric acid cycle takes place in the:

A) cytoplasm.
B) outer mitochondrial membrane.
C) inner mitochondrial membrane.
D) intermembrane space of mitochondria.
E) mitochondrial matrix.

102. The majority of the energy generated in the citric acid cycle is in the form of:
A) ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
B) GTP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
C) electrons donated to NAD+ and FAD+.
D) ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation.
E) GTP produced by oxidative phosphorylation.

103. The citric acid cycle is a cycle because the starting molecule, _____, is regenerated at
the end.
A) acetyl-CoA
B) oxaloacetate
C) fructose 6-diphosphate
D) pyruvate
E) citrate

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104. Which of the following is NOT an end product for an acetyl group that enters the citric
acid cycle?
A) ATP
B) NADH
C) FADH2
D) CO2
E) oxaloacetate

105. A single molecule of glucose requires _____ "turn(s)" through the citric acid cycle for
its chemical energy to be completely harvested.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

106. ATP is not generated directly in the citric acid cycle; instead, an intermediate is first
generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. The intermediate is:
A) acetyl-CoA.
B) GTP.
C) GDP.
D) cAMP.
E) oxaloacetate.

107. During the citric acid cycle, the production of CO2 is the result of the _____ of
intermediate compounds of the citric acid cycle coupled to the production of _____.
A) oxidation; NADH
B) oxidation; ATP
C) reduction; NADH
D) reduction; ATP
E) oxidation; GTP

108. Once they have been processed through the citric acid cycle, the acetyl-CoA molecules
from a single glucose molecule produce:
A) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2.
B) 6 NADH, 6 GTP.
C) 6 FADH2, 2 ATP, 6 CO2.
D) 6 GTP, 6 FADH2.
E) 4 CO2, 6 FADH2, 2 ATP.

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109. Malate is both the starting and ending product of the citric acid cycle.
A) True
B) False

110. Which is the ONLY reaction in the citric acid cycle that produces ATP by substrate-
level phosphorylation?
A) the formation of fumarate
B) the formation of malate
C) the formation of citrate
D) the formation of succinate
E) the formation of oxaloacetate

111. Which of the following processes produces the HIGHEST number of reduced electron
carriers and thus the GREATEST amount of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation?
A) the citric acid cycle
B) glycolysis
C) pyruvate oxidation
D) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are tied for ATP production
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

112. Imagine that you exhale after a deep breath. Which of the following are you NOT
exhaling?
A) CO2
B) waste products of glycolysis
C) waste products of pyruvate oxidation
D) waste products of the citric acid cycle
E) waste products of both pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

113. Recall that the citric acid cycle starts with a four-carbon molecule, but that most of its
intermediates are molecules that contain six carbons. How is this possible?
A) through the reaction of succinate and succinyl-CoA
B) through the reaction of malate and oxaloacetate
C) through the reaction of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate
D) through the reaction of malate and fumarate
E) through the reaction of citrate and cis-aconitate

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114. A researcher is studying a population of bacteria that carry out the citric acid cycle, but
do so in reverse. What statements are likely TRUE of these bacteria?
A) An individual bacterium will produce most of its energy by means of the citric acid
cycle.
B) These bacteria carry out cellular respiration in their mitochondria.
C) These bacteria will produce sugars from intermediates of the citric acid cycle.
D) These bacteria will release CO2 as a waste product.
E) These bacteria will release CO2 as a waste product and will carry out cellular
respiration within their mitochondria.

115. Atractyloside is a poison that inhibits the transport of ADP from the cytosol across the
mitochondrial membranes and into the mitochondrial matrix. The direct effect of this
drug is to stop ATP synthesis because:
A) ADP is a necessary substrate for the reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase.
B) it prevents proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C) it prevents electron transfer to O2.
D) it prevents electron transfer from NADH to complex I.

116. Oligomycin is an antibiotic that binds ATP synthase, blocking the flow of protons
through the enzyme's proton channel. In addition to preventing synthesis of ATP, what
additional effect might you expect in response to the presence of oligomycin?
A) higher pH in the intermembrane space
B) lower pH in the intermembrane space
C) a buildup of protons in the mitochondrial matrix

117. Very low concentrations of detergent make membranes leaky to small molecules and
ions without damaging proteins. In isolated mitochondria exposed to detergent, the
molecules of the electron transport chain and of ATP synthase remain intact. Do you
expect ATP synthesis to continue in the presence of low concentrations of detergent?
A) Yes, because all enzymes and electron carriers are functional.
B) No, because with a leaky membrane, the proton gradient cannot be maintained.
C) No, because leaky membranes do not allow NADH and FADH2 to donate their
electrons to the electron transport chain.
D) No, because leaky membranes inhibit glycolysis.

118. The pH in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria should be _____ compared
with the matrix due to the concentration of protons in the intermembrane space.
A) lower; higher
B) higher; higher
C) higher; lower
D) lower; lower

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119. Brown fat is a specialized tissue found in infants and hibernating mammals. Brown fat
mitochondria have proton channels located in their inner membranes. What does this
mean for the organism?
A) ATP production would be reduced because these organisms do not need as much
energy.
B) Channels would contribute to the formation of the proton electrochemical gradient.
C) The potential energy of the proton electrochemical gradient would be released as
heat.
D) There would be no effect.

120. A research group has discovered an organism with cells that contain a previously
undescribed organelle. They do some tests on the isolated organelle to see if it is
involved in any major metabolic reactions. To do this, they incubate these organelles for
a period of time and determine changes in the amount of various substances in the
suspending solution. The results follow.

Based on this analysis, which metabolic process do you conclude is taking place in this
organelle?
A) pyruvate oxidation
B) citric acid cycle
C) glycolysis
D) electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation
E) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Page 26
121. A research group has discovered an organism with cells that contain a previously
undescribed organelle. They do some tests on the isolated organelle to see if it is
involved in any major metabolic reactions. To do this, they incubate these organelles for
a period of time and determine changes in the amount of various substances in the
suspending solution. The results follow.

Based on this analysis, which metabolic process do you conclude is taking place in this
organelle?
A) pyruvate oxidation
B) citric acid cycle
C) glycolysis
D) electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation
E) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

122. A research group has discovered an organism with cells that contain a previously
undescribed organelle. They do some tests on the isolated organelle to see if it is
involved in any major metabolic reactions. To do this, they incubate these organelles for
a period of time and determine changes in the amount of various substances in the
suspending solution. The results are:

Based on this analysis, which metabolic process do you conclude is taking place in this
organelle?
A) pyruvate oxidation
B) citric acid cycle
C) glycolysis
D) electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation
E) glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

123. Which of these reactions summarizes the overall reactions of cellular respiration?
A) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ® 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
B) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy ® C6H12O6 + 6 O2
C) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + energy ® 6 CO2 + 12 H2O
D) 6 CO2 + 6 O2 ® C6H12O6 + 6 H2O
E) H2O ® 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e-

Page 27
124. Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is generated through:
A) substrate-level phosphorylation.
B) oxidative phosphorylation.
C) reduction of NAD+.
D) reduction of FAD.
E) oxidation of pyruvate.

125. Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pump protons. Which
of the following BEST describes the movement of protons in this situation?
A) across the outer mitochondrial membrane, from the cytoplasm to the
intermembrane space
B) across the outer mitochondrial membrane, from the intermembrane space to the
cytoplasm
C) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the intermembrane space to the
matrix
D) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane
space

126. If oxygen is unavailable, predict what happens to the citric acid cycle.
A) It stops because the supplies of NAD+ and FAD become depleted.
B) It stops because ADP levels increase in the absence of oxygen.
C) It continues because none of the reactions in the citric acid cycle require oxygen.
D) It continues because ATP levels are low, and low ATP activates enzymes of the
cycle.

127. When oxygen is depleted, the citric acid cycle stops. Which of the following would you
need to add to the system to restore activity? (Select all that apply.)
A) glucose
B) NAD+
C) NADH
D) FAD
E) acetyl-CoA

128. When oxygen is depleted, the citric acid cycle stops. What could we add to the system
to restore activity (other than oxygen)?

Page 28
129. Which of the following is TRUE about ATP synthase? (Select all that apply.)
A) ATP synthase is an integral membrane protein.
B) ATP synthase is a transport protein.
C) ATP synthase makes a total of four ATP molecules in glycolysis.
D) The mRNA molecules that encode ATP synthase lack signal sequences.
E) Under aerobic conditions, the F1 portion of ATP synthase catalyzes a catabolic
reaction.
F) ATP synthase is an important enzyme in the citric acid cycle.
G) ATP synthase relies on an electrochemical gradient of sodium ions to catalyze the
formation of ATP.

130. Which one of the following does NOT actively move protons from the mitochondrial
matrix to the intermembrane space?
A) complex I
B) complex II
C) complex III
D) complex IV
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

131. Which of the following is a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain?
(Select all that apply.)
A) ubiquinone
B) cytochrome c
C) ATP synthase

132. What is the FINAL electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
A) glucose
B) oxygen
C) ATP
D) ADP

133. What would happen if complexes I–IV of the electron transport chain pumped protons
in the opposite direction?
A) No ATP would be synthesized.
B) Too much ATP would be synthesized.
C) There would be too many electrons in the mitochondrial matrix.
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

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134. The Fo subunit of ATP synthase is largely:
A) hydrophilic.
B) hydrophobic.

135. Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen.
The consumed oxygen is used:
A) in the citric acid cycle.
B) in the glycolysis pathway.
C) in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl Co-A.
D) in photosynthesis.
E) as an electron acceptor in the respiratory electron transport chain.

136. DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) is an effective weight-loss agent that was used in diet pills in
the 1930s. It has since been removed from the market (though it is available online)
because of serious side effects such as fever, cataracts, rashes, and sometimes death.
DNP inserts into the inner mitochondrial membrane and shuttles protons between the
intermembrane space and the matrix. Based on this information, which of the following
might you predict? (Select all that apply.)
A) increased hydrolysis of ATP
B) reduced ATP production
C) dissipation of the proton gradient
D) increased ATP production
E) decreased difference in pH between the matrix and intermembrane space

137. The energy from the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is
directly used to synthesize ATP.
A) True
B) False

138. The catalytic subunit of an ATP synthase is referred to as the F1 subunit.

A) True
B) False

139. An ATP synthase complex can act in reverse to function as an ATP-dependent proton
pump.
A) True
B) False

Page 30
140. The proteins of the electron transport chain are:
A) embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
C) embedded in both mitochondrial membranes.
D) located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria.
E) located in the mitochondrial matrix.

141. The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is:
A) oxygen.
B) coenzyme Q.
C) NAD+.
D) ATP synthase.
E) cytochrome c.

142. Energy released by transferring electrons along the electron transport chain is stored as
potential energy in the form of:
A) ATP.
B) a proton gradient.
C) redox couples.
D) ATP synthase.
E) coenzyme Q.

143. Coenzyme Q and cytochrome c:

A) transfer electrons between protein complexes of the electron transport chain.
B) transfer high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to protein complexes of
the electron transport chain.
C) transfer electrons to ATP synthase.
D) transfer electrons to oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

144. Due to the pumping action of the electron transport chain, protons have a high
concentration in the _____ and a low concentration in the _____.
A) intermembrane space; mitochondrial matrix
B) intermembrane space; cytoplasm
C) mitochondrial matrix; intermembrane space
D) mitochondrial matrix; cytoplasm
E) mitochondrial matrix; extracellular fluid

Page 31
145. For the potential energy of a proton gradient to be converted to the chemical energy of
ATP, the movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient must be coupled
with ATP synthesis. This coupling is made possible by:
A) ATP synthase.
B) coenzyme Q.
C) cytochrome c.
D) oxygen.
E) protein complex IV.

146. An electron from NADH entering the electron transport chain would travel among
components of the chain in what sequence?
A) complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, complex IV, oxygen
B) complex I, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, ATP synthase, oxygen
C) complex II, cytochrome C, complex IV, cytochrome C, oxygen
D) complex II, coenzyme Q, complex IV, cytochrome C, ATP synthase, oxygen
E) complex I, coenzyme Q, complex II, cytochrome C, complex III, coenzyme Q,
complex IV, cytochrome C, oxygen

147. Which of the following CORRECTLY characterizes the F1 subunit of ATP synthase?
A) It is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B) It forms the channel through which protons flow.
C) It is the catalytic unit that synthesizes ATP.
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

148. Which of the following BEST describes how ATP synthase converts the potential
energy of the proton gradient to the chemical energy of ATP? Do protons flow through
the F0 or F1?
A) Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of
rotation of the F0 subunit; the rotation of the F0 subunit leads to rotation of the F1
subunit, which can then catalyze ATP synthesis.
B) The flow of protons through the F0 subunit reduces the F1 subunit, which allows
ADP to be oxidized to ATP.
C) The flow of protons through the F0 subunit oxidizes the F1 subunit, which allows
ADP to be reduced to ATP.
D) Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is stored in a new electrochemical gradient
within the F0 subunit. The potential energy of the electrochemical gradient, in turn,
is converted to kinetic energy in the F1 subunit and used to catalyze ATP synthesis.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Page 32
149. A researcher is comparing the amount of proteins contained in inner and outer
mitochondrial membranes. What do you expect she will find?
A) The amount of proteins is greater in the outer membrane.
B) The amount of proteins is greater in the inner membrane.
C) The amount of proteins is equivalent in the outer and inner membranes.

150. When an electron is transferred from NADH to CoQ, NADH is _____ and CoQ is
_____.
A) oxidized; reduced
B) reduced; oxidized
C) oxidized; oxidized
D) reduced; reduced

151. Electrons enter the electron transport chain at either complex I or II. Electrons entering
through complex I are donated by:
A) FADH2.
B) NADH.
C) CoQ.
D) FAD.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

152. An important aspect of biology is that many proteins are used in several different
processes. Which of the following protein complexes is used in BOTH the electron
transport chain and the citric acid cycle?
A) complex I
B) complex II
C) complex III
D) complex IV
E) ATP synthase

153. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the proton gradient?
A) It is synonymous with the "electrochemical gradient."
B) It contains a great deal of kinetic energy.
C) It results from differences in the concentration of hydroxide ions.
D) It results from a combination of "neutral" charges.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Page 33
154. During the action of ATP synthase, the kinetic energy of the proton gradient is
transformed into potential energy.
A) True
B) False

155. How would you characterize the process of fermentation? (Select all that apply.)
A) a very useful way of deriving energy without oxygen as the amount of ATP made
is high
B) a limited way of deriving energy without oxygen as the amount of ATP made is
low
C) a useful process in the production of alcohol
D) a useful process in the production of cheese and yogurt
E) a useful process for making glucose
F) a useful process for organisms that were present when there was very little
atmospheric oxygen

156. What happens to pyruvate during the process of fermentation?

A) It is oxidized to ethanol.
B) It is reduced to ethanol.
C) It is converted to acetyl-CoA.
D) It is oxidized to lactic acid.
E) It is converted to pyruvic acid.

157. The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. Which of the following events
would occur in heart tissue following a heart attack due to a block in the coronary
arteries? (Select all that apply.)
A) Lactic acid would accumulate in the tissue due to glycolysis and fermentation.
B) The production of ATP would decrease.
C) Phosphofructokinase, an intermediary enzyme of glycolysis, would be activated.
D) The production of water would increase.

158. In human cells such as muscle tissue, the product of fermentation is:
A) acetic acid.
B) pyruvate.
C) lactic acid.
D) FADH2.
E) ethanol.

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159. Bread making requires yeast, flour, and water. Why is yeast used?
A) It makes the bread healthier because yeast is a source of vitamins.
B) The carbon dioxide released during ethanol fermentation makes the bread rise.
C) The carbon dioxide released during cellular respiration makes the bread rise.
D) Lactic acid fermentation makes the bread sour.
E) The yeast makes the bread crunchy.

160. Glycolysis can proceed if: (Select all that apply.)

A) pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondria during cellular respiration.
B) pyruvate is reduced in the cytoplasm during fermentation.
C) NADH is oxidized to NAD+.
D) an oxidizing agent is present.

161. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be broken down by _____.

162. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in:

A) animals and plants.
B) plants and bacteria.
C) bacteria and animals.
D) fungi and bacteria.
E) animals and fungi.

163. Fermentation occurs in:

A) anaerobic organisms only.
B) some aerobic organisms, such as yeast, even in the presence of oxygen.
C) only in bacteria and plants.

164. Fermentation takes place:

A) in the cytoplasm.
B) on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C) on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
D) in the intermembrane space of mitochondria.
E) in the mitochondrial matrix.

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165. Starting with glycolysis, lactic acid and ethanol fermentation generate only two ATP
molecules per glucose molecule. The remaining chemical energy from the glucose is
found primarily in:
A) GTP.
B) NADH.
C) FADH2.
D) lactic acid and ethanol.
E) CO2.

166. During fermentation, pyruvate is:

A) oxidized.
B) reduced.
C) phosphorylated.
D) hydrogenated.
E) carboxylated.

167. Which was likely the FIRST of the following metabolic pathways or structures to
evolve?
A) fermentation
B) the citric acid cycle
C) electron transport complexes I, II, and III
D) ATP synthase
E) All of these choices are correct.

168. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation:

A) regenerates NAD+ from the reduction of pyruvate.
B) regenerates NAD+ from the oxidation of pyruvate.
C) generates ATP from the oxidation of pyruvate.
D) generates ATP from the reduction of pyruvate.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

169. Lactic acid and ethanol fermentation differ in that:

A) FADH2 is oxidized to FADH in lactic acid fermentation, but NADH is oxidized to
NAD+ in ethanol fermentation.
B) NADH is oxidized to NAD+ in lactic acid fermentation, but FADH2 is oxidized
to FADH in ethanol fermentation.
C) lactic acid fermentation produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation, but
ethanol fermentation does not.
D) ethanol fermentation produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation, but lactic
acid fermentation does not.
E) Ethanol fermentation produces CO2, but lactic acid fermentation does not.

Page 36
170. Some present-day bacteria use a system of anaerobic respiration characterized by an
electron transport chain analogous to that found in aerobic organisms. Which of the
following correctly characterizes the anaerobic electron transport chain?
A) It uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor.
B) It is embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane rather than the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
C) It establishes a proton gradient between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid.
D) It establishes a proton gradient between the intermembrane space and the
cytoplasm.
E) None of these answer options accurately characterizes the anaerobic electron
transport chain.

171. If you've ever learned about beer making, you may know that some people add fruit
juice to their yeast mixtures. Why?
A) to facilitate oxidative phosphorylation
B) to provide an additional source of yeast, which will make the beer more potent
C) to provide glucose to the yeast
D) to provide materials for an alternate, aerobic respiration pathway
E) to both facilitate oxidative phosphorylation and to provide an additional source of
yeast

172. The majority of organisms on Earth can carry out some form of glycolysis.
A) True
B) False

173. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Earth's earliest organisms?
A) All of these organisms likely carried out cellular respiration.
B) These organisms carried out fermentation because early Earth's atmosphere was
rich in oxygen.
C) Some of these organisms likely possessed rudimentary proton pumps.
D) These organisms likely used oxygen as an electron acceptor.
E) These organisms likely carried out fermentation and may have had rudimentary
proton pumps.

174. In which of the following organisms would you expect ethanol fermentation to occur?
A) bacteria
B) fungi
C) animals
D) plants
E) fungi and plants

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175. Fermentation produces nearly two times as much ATP as aerobic respiration, which
explains why it is a preferred pathway for bacteria.
A) True
B) False

176. A beer maker is using yeast to make his favorite brew. How does yeast produce
ethanol?
A) through the reduction of acetaldehyde, derived from pyruvate
B) through the direct reduction of pyruvate, similar to lactic acid fermentation
C) through the oxidation of acetaldehyde, derived from pyruvate
D) directly from the reduction of glucose
E) through the reduction of lactic acid

177. Which of the following would you expect to observe in response to an increase in the
concentration of cellular ADP provided that the cell has plenty of glucose and oxygen?
(Select all that apply.)
A) an increase in phosphofructokinase activity
B) a decrease in acetyl-CoA production
C) an increase in CO2 production
D) an increase electron transport chain activity
E) an increase in the pH of the mitochondrial matrix
F) a decrease in the reduction of oxygen to form water
G) an increase in ATP production by substrate-level phosphorylation
H) an increase in ATP production by ATP synthase

178. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes a key step in

glycolysis. Which of the following is TRUE about this enzyme? (Select all that
apply.)
A) ATP acts as an inhibitor of PFK activity.
B) ADP and AMP are allosteric activators of PFK activity.
C) Decreased levels of citrate in the cytoplasm inhibit PFK activity.
D) Cells switch to -oxidation of fatty acids when PFK activity is inhibited.

179. Which of the following molecules would you expect to act as allosteric activator of an
enzyme in glycolysis?
A) ADP
B) NADPH
C) pyruvate
D) NADP+

Page 38
180. In the absence of carbohydrates, which of the following can maintain production of
NADH and FADH2 by the citric acid cycle?
A) fermentation of glucose
B) -oxidation of fatty acids
C) hydrolysis of glycogen

181. Which of the following can yield a significant amount of metabolic energy via cellular
respiration? (Select all that apply.)
A) candy bar
B) egg
C) multivitamins
D) bread
E) oil
F) fiber
G) coffee

182. When fats are used as an energy source, the fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA.
That means that fats bypass the reactions of _____ and enter the respiratory pathway at
_____.
A) glycolysis; the citric acid cycle
B) fermentation; glycolysis
C) the citric acid cycle; oxidative phosphorylation
D) the citric acid cycle; glycolysis
E) oxidative phosphorylation; fermentation

183. An individual's ability to excel in certain types of sports may be due to different muscle
fiber types. Certain muscle types allow some people, like marathoners, to achieve
sustained muscle activity, while other muscle types allow people, like sprinters, to make
use of a rapid burst of muscle activity, although the muscles fatigue quickly. The
sustained activity of muscles in marathon runners is due to the higher yield of ATP per
glucose. What differences would you predict for marathoners' muscles compared to
sprinters'? (Select all that apply.)
A) Marathoners' muscles use a different set of enzymes for cellular respiration.
B) Marathoners' muscles rely more on oxidative phosphorylation.
C) Marathoners' muscles require greater oxygen delivery to the muscle cells.
D) Marathoners' muscles have a greater number of mitochondria.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Page 39
184. The emperor penguins of Antarctica live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from
the cold Antarctic seawaters. During their annual breeding cycle, however, they migrate
across the frozen continent to their breeding grounds 50 miles away from the sea (and
50 miles away from their source of food). For over two months the male emperor
penguins care for and incubate the eggs while the females return to the sea to feed.
During this time a male penguin can lose up to 50% of its biomass (by dry weight).
Where did this biomass go?
A) It was converted to CO2 and H2O and then released.
B) It was converted to heat and then released.
C) It was converted to ATP molecules.

185. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning glycogen?

A) Glycogen is made by plant cells and is primarily an energy storage molecule.
B) Glycogen is made by animal cells and is primarily an energy storage molecule.
C) Glycogen is made by plant cells and provides structural support for the cell.
D) Glycogen is made by animal cells and provides structural support for the cell.

186. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning starch?

A) Starch is made by plant cells and is primarily an energy storage molecule.
B) Starch is made by animal cells and is primarily an energy storage molecule.
C) Starch is made by plant cells and provides structural support for the cell.
D) Starch is made by animal cells and provides structural support for the cell.

187. Glycogen stored in muscles can be “mobilized” to supply metabolic energy by

hydrolyzing individual glucose subunits from the polymer. What other organ has a
major function of storing glycogen?
A) liver
B) brain
C) stomach
D) large intestine

188. The breakdown of one glucose molecule during glycolysis results in 2 molecules of
pyruvate, which are then oxidized to 2 molecules of acetyl-CoA, and these, in turn, are
substrates for the citric acid cycle. If all three fatty acids of a triacylglycerol molecule (a
fat molecule) are palmitic acid (C16, having 16 carbons), how many acetyl-CoA
molecules would result from beta-oxidation of all of these fatty acids?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
E) 32

Page 40
189. Which regulatory mechanism is important in keeping glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
in relative balance to each other?
A) Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
B) ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.
C) ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
D) AMP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.

190. Which regulatory mechanism is activated when the overall energy availability of a cell
is high?
A) Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
B) ADP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.
C) ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase-1.
D) AMP up-regulates phosphofructokinase-1.

191. Which one of the following is a monosaccharide and not a disaccharide?

A) lactose
B) fructose
C) sucrose
D) maltose
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

192. Which of the following is a product of the breakdown of lipids? (Select all that apply.)
A) glycerol
B) NADH
C) FADH2
D) acetyl-CoA

Page 41
193. Indicate which step in glycolysis is considered the first committed step. Refer to Figure
7.5 if needed.

A) step 1
B) step 3
C) step 5
D) step 7
E) step 9

194. PFK-1 is _____ by ATP and _____ by ADP.

A) activated; activated
B) activated; inhibited
C) inhibited; activated
D) inhibited; inhibited

Page 42
195. Glucose is stored in plants as _____ and in animals as _____.
A) glycogen; starch
B) cellulose; glycogen
C) starch; cellulose
D) starch; glycogen
E) cellulose; starch

196. Excess glucose is stored in large branched molecules of:

A) glycogen in animals.
B) starch in bacteria.
C) starch in animals.
D) glycogen in plants.
E) glycogen and starch in both animals and plants.

197. The breakdown of fatty acids takes place by a process called:

A) glycolysis.
B) beta-oxidation.
C) oxidative phosphorylation.
D) pyruvate oxidation.
E) electron transport.

198. We consume a variety of carbohydrates that are digested into a variety of different
sugars. How do these different sugars enter glycolysis?
A) All sugars are converted to fructose 6-phosphate and enter glycolysis at phase 1,
step 3.
B) All sugars are converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and enter glycolysis at
phase 3, step 6.
C) All sugars are converted to glucose 6-phosphate and enter glycolysis at phase 1,
step 2.
D) Sugars are converted to various forms and enter glycolysis at various stages.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

199. We can tell from their structure that fatty acids are a good source of energy because of:
A) the high potential energy of the carboxylic acid group.
B) the large number of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds they contain.
C) their hydrophobic nature conferred by their chemical formula.
D) their three-dimensional bonding structure.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Page 43
200. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids does NOT directly produce:
A) acetyl-CoA.
B) electrons transferred to NAD+.
C) electrons transferred to FADH.
D) ATP.

201. Proteins can be broken down for energy. They are typically broken down into amino
acids, which then enter cellular respiration by:
A) glycolysis or ethanol fermentation.
B) lactic acid fermentation or the citric acid cycle.
C) glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
D) electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation.

202. Which of the following CORRECTLY lists the approximate number of ATP produced
by (i) beta-oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid, (ii) glycolysis and fermentation of a
single glucose, and (iii) aerobic respiration of a single glucose, in that order?
A) 106; 2; 32
B) 75; 10; 25
C) 50; 10; 20
D) 40; 10; 20
E) 100; 1; 10

203. The enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is thought of as a metabolic "valve" that

regulates the rate of glycolysis. Which of the following CORRECLTY identifies its
allosteric activators and inhibitors and their actions?
A) ADP¾activator; ATP¾activator
B) AMP¾activator; CoQ¾inhibitor
C) ATP¾activator; AMP¾inhibitor
D) ADP¾activator; citrate¾inhibitor
E) CoQ¾activator; citrate¾inhibitor

Page 44
204. During a long bout of sustained exercise, in which order will your body's energy
stores/sources be used?
A) ATP stored in muscle, glycogen stored in muscle, glycogen stored in the liver, fatty
acids
B) ATP stored in muscle, glycogen stored in the liver, glycogen stored in the muscle,
fatty acids
C) ATP stored in muscle, fatty acids, glycogen stored in the muscle, glycogen stored
in the liver
D) glycogen stored in muscle, ATP stored in the muscle, glycogen stored in the liver,
fatty acids
E) fatty acids, glycogen stored in the liver, glycogen stored in the muscle, ATP stored
in the muscle

205. _____ is found in animals and possesses a large, central protein. _____ is found in
plants and lacks a central protein.
A) Glycogen; Starch
B) Starch; Glycogen
C) Glycogen; Glycogen also
D) Starch; Starch also

206. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding triacylglycerols?

A) Like glycogen, triacylglycerols are stored primarily in the liver.
B) ATP is derived from triacylglycerols through beta-oxidation and substrate-level
phosphorylation.
C) Triacylglycerols can be used to generate acetyl-CoA.
D) Triacylglycerols have no structural similarities to glycerol.
E) Triacylglycerols are stored in the liver and are used to produce ATP via substrate-
level phosphorylation.

207. The majority of cells within the human body have a very high baseline amount of ATP,
so cells are always prepared for any long-term activity.
A) True
B) False

208. A researcher is studying a population of eukaryotic cells. He notices that—regardless

of the presence of ATP or ADP—the PFK-1 enzyme fails to function properly. Why?
A) These cells may carry a mutation that alters the active site of the PFK-1 enzyme.
B) These cells may carry a mutation that affects binding sites of the PFK-1 enzyme.
C) These cells may carry a mutation that causes an over-production of citrate.
D) Any of these choices may be correct.

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209. You may be familiar with the story of Philippides, the famous Greek runner who ran the
first marathon and then died after completing his run. Based on what you know of
aerobic respiration and fermentation, why might Philippides have died?
A) His muscles may have produced toxic levels of lactic acid, causing his blood to
become more basic.
B) His muscles may have produced toxic levels of lactic acid, causing his blood to
become more acidic.
C) His muscles may have produced toxic levels of ethanol, causing his blood to
become more basic.
D) His muscles may have produced toxic levels of ethanol, causing his blood to
become more acidic.
E) His muscles may have produced toxic levels of both ethanol and lactic acid,
causing his blood to become more acidic.

210. Recall that fatty acids (like palmitic acid) can yield substantially more ATP when
compared with glucose. Why doesn't aerobic respiration rely solely on fatty acids as
energy sources, rather than glucose?
A) Aerobic respiration usually does rely on fatty acids in other mammals; however,
humans are unique due to their relatively recent appearance on Earth.
B) Fatty acids cannot be used by some vital tissues in the human body, such as the
brain.
C) Beta-oxidation—the process by which fatty acids are broken down—requires a
great deal of ATP and is not an energy-efficient process for cells.
D) Fatty acids cannot be used to generate acetyl-CoA, and so cannot tie into the later
stages of aerobic respiration.
E) Fatty acids are rare in the environment and cannot be readily acquired from food
sources.

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Answer Key
1. C
2. A
3. A, B, D
4. B
5. A
6. A, B
7. A
8. D
9. A
10. D
11. C
12. B
13. A
14. B
15. D
16. B
17. B
18. D, E
19. D
20. E
21. C
22. oxidation
23. reduction
24. A
25. C
26. A
27. B
28. B
29. B
30. A
31. A
32. C
33. B
34. E
35. E
36. A
37. B
38. B
39. C
40. A
41. A
42. A, B
43. B
44. F

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45. A
46. A
47. A, B, C
48. B
49. D
50. A
51. A
52. D
53. B
54. B
55. B
56. C
57. A
58. C
59. B
60. A
61. A
62. B
63. C, E, F
64. This reaction is pyruvate oxidation, which is the next step following glycolysis during
aerobic respiration.
65. This reaction converts the product of glycolysis (pyruvate) to the starting substrate for
the citric acid cycle (acetyl-coA).
66. C
67. C
68. A, C
69. NADH donates electrons to the electron transport chain, used in oxidative
phosphorylation.
70. E
71. C
72. B
73. B
74. D
75. D
76. B
77. C
78. E
79. E
80. B
81. C
82. B
83. B
84. E
85. A, C
86. D

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 87. potential energy in ATP bonds: 4 ATP @ 7.3 kcal = 29.2 kcal.
proportion of energy captured in ATP: 29.2/676 = 4.3% (0.043)

potential energy in NADH bonds: 2 + 2 + 6 = 10 NADH @ 53 kcal = 530 kcal.

proportion of energy captured in NADH: 530/676 = 78.4% (0.784)

The remaining potential energy is in FADH2 and losses to heat/entropy.

88. C
89. B, E
90. B
91. A, B, C
92. lipids
93. D
94. A, B, C
95. A
96. ATP ® NADH ® FADH2 ® NAD+
97. A
98. C
99. B
100. B
101. E
102. C
103. B
104. E
105. B
106. B
107. A
108. A
109. B
110. D
111. A
112. B
113. C
114. C
115. A
116. B
117. B
118. A
119. C
120. D
121. B
122. C
123. A
124. B
125. D
126. A

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127. B, D
128. NAD+ and FAD (both oxidized forms) are needed for the citric acid cycle to proceed.
129. A, B
130. B
131. A, B
132. B
133. A
134. B
135. E
136. B, C, E
137. B
138. A
139. A
140. A
141. A
142. B
143. A
144. A
145. A
146. A
147. C
148. A
149. B
150. A
151. B
152. B
153. A
154. B
155. B, C, D, F
156. B
157. A, B, C
158. C
159. B
160. A, B, C, D
161. fermentation
162. C
163. B
164. A
165. D
166. B
167. A
168. A
169. E
170. C
171. C
172. A

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173. E
174. E
175. B
176. A
177. A, C, D, G, H
178. A, B
179. A
180. B
181. A, B, D, E
182. A
183. B, C, D
184. A
185. B
186. A
187. A
188. D
189. A
190. C
191. B
192. A, B, C, D
193. B
194. C
195. D
196. A
197. B
198. D
199. B
200. D
201. C
202. A
203. D
204. A
205. A
206. C
207. B
208. D
209. B
210. B

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