Biology 10th Edition Solomon Solutions Manual 1

Chapter 10: Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis
Solution Manual for Biology 10th

Edition by Solomon Martin W. Martin
and R. Berg
Full download at link: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-
biology-10th-edition-by-solomon-martin-w-martin-and-r-berg-isbn-
1285423585-9781285423586/
10 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Key Concepts
10.1 In eukaryotic cells, DNA is wound around specific proteins to form chromatin, which in
turn is folded and packaged to make individual chromosomes.
10.2 In mitosis, duplicated chromosomes separate (split apart) and are evenly distributed into
two daughter nuclei. Mitosis is an important part of the cell cycle, which consists of the
successive stages through which a cell passes.
10.3 An internal genetic program interacts with external signals to regulate the cell cycle.
10.4 Meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid, is
necessary to maintain the normal chromosome number when two cells join during sexual
reproduction. Meiosis helps increase genetic variation among offspring.
10.5 Meiosis and gamete production precede fertilization in the life cycles of sexually
reproducing organisms.
Learning Objectives
10-1 Discuss the significance of chromosomes in terms of their information content.
10-2 Explain how DNA is packed into chromosomes in eukaryotic cells.
10-3 Identify the stages in the eukaryotic cell cycle and describe their principal events.
10-4 Describe the structure of a duplicated chromosome, including the sister chromatids,
centromeres, and kinetochores.
10-5 Explain the significance of mitosis and describe the process.
Instructor’s Manual for Solomon, Berg, and Martin’s Biology, 10th Edition
10-6 Explain some ways in which the cell cycle is controlled.

10-7 Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction.
10-8 Distinguish between haploid and diploid cells, and define homologous chromosomes.
10-9 Explain the significance of meiosis and describe the process.
10-10 Contrast mitosis and meiosis, emphasizing the different outcomes.
10-11 Compare the roles of mitosis and meiosis in various generalized life cycles.
Chapter Outline
I. Eukaryotic chromosomes.
A. DNA is organized into informational units called genes.
B. DNA is packaged in a highly organized way in chromosomes.
C. Chromosome number and informational content differ among species.
II. The cell cycle and mitosis.
A. Chromosomes duplicate during interphase.
B. During prophase, duplicated chromosomes become visible with the microscope.
i. Prometaphase begins when the nuclear envelope breaks down.
C. Duplicated chromosomes line up on the midplane during metaphase.

D. During anaphase, chromosomes move toward the poles.
E. During telophase, two separate nuclei form.
F. Cytokinesis forms two separate daughter cells.
G. Mitosis produces two cells genetically identical to the parent cell.
H. Lacking nuclei, prokaryotes divide by binary fission.
III. Regulation of the cell cycle.
IV. Sexual reproduction and meiosis.
A. Meiosis produces haploid cells with unique gene combinations.
B. Prophase I includes synapsis and crossing-over.
C. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate.
D. Chromatids separate in meiosis II.
E. Mitosis and meiosis lead to contrasting outcomes.
V. Sexual life cycles.
Research and Discussion Topics

• Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. How are they similar? How are they different?
• Discuss the genetic variability introduced by crossing over and independent assortment.
How is this important in sexually reproducing populations? Would these be important in a
single-celled organism that reproduces asexually by mitosis?
• Define and compare the following, sometimes confusing, terms:

—Chromatid, chromosome, centromere, chromatin, karyotype, cytokinesis.
—Diploid, haploid, polyploidy.
—Homologous chromosomes, maternal homologue, paternal homologue, sister chromatids,

tetrad, dyad.
• Research the use of colchicine in the preparation of human karyotypes.
• Research and discuss the ethical issues associated with genetic counseling. What would a
person do to become a genetic counselor? Are there graduate programs in this field? Are
there jobs? What would a job in this field entail? Do you perceive that this field will have
many more openings than qualified applicants a few years from now?
• What are lampbrush chromosomes? In what organisms might they be seen? Why are they
important in the study of genetics?
• Cancer cells divide without being regulated. How is the cell cycle related to cell division in a
cancer cell?
Teaching Suggestions
• This would be an appropriate time to discuss gametogenesis. This material will be covered
again in the reproduction unit, but now is a good time to get students thinking. Discuss the
location and timing of gametogenesis and how male and female processes differ.
• Ask students when the sister chromatids that separate during anaphase are made
(interphase, S phase) to make the connection of the need for interphase and what happens
during mitosis.
• Point out that mitosis is actually the division of the nucleus, the “dance of the
chromosomes.” Cytokinesis usually occurs in telophase, but not always.
• Meiosis II occurs during ovulation each month in fertile women.
• Provide multiple examples of diploid cells dividing into haploid cells during meiosis using
different numbers of chromosomes (http://morgan.rutgers.edu/morganwebframes/level1/
page2/ChromNum.html).
• The following study sheet compares the process of mitosis and meiosis. Be certain to give
the students more room to fill in the information. Remind students that haploid cells can
undergo mitosis, but not meiosis.
• It is convenient to follow a single pair of chromosomes to remember mitosis and meiosis. It

seems to simplify and make those differences obvious. Use the number 1 to represent
chromosome. Mitosis: 1 1, 11 11, 11/11 (a pair of homologous chromosome, duplicated
chromosome pairs-tetrad, cell division). Meiosis: 1 1, 11 11, 11/11, 1/1 + 1/1 (a pair of
homologous chromosomes, duplicated chromosome pairs-tetrad, 1st cell division, second
cell division-haploids).
Events During Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis/
Interkinesis
Products:
Diploid/haploid at
beginning?
Diploid/haploid at
end?
Lecture Enrichment
• History
We have had a basic knowledge of the details of mitosis since about 1875. An understanding of
meiosis was gained in the 1890s. Students are often surprised to hear this, but it makes sense, as
the movement of the chromosomes can be seen under the light microscope. It was in
approximately the year 1900 that independent researchers noted the connection between
Mendel’s work and chromosome behavior, which led to the chromosome theory of inheritance.
• Genetic variety in gametes

Due to independent assortment alone, each human can produce 223 (8 million) different gametes
(due to 2 x 23 chromosomes). Considering the 8 million different combinations for the egg and 8
million different combinations for the sperm, there is a total of 64 trillion possible combinations
for the zygote. Crossing-over causes an even greater variety of genetically different gametes.
This is the reason for the great variety seen in sexually reproducing organisms. So, even though
biologically related siblings may look similar, they will never be completely identical unless
they came from the same fertilized egg.
• Nondisjunction and aneuploidy

Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to sort out properly during cell division. It can
occur during mitosis or meiosis. Discuss how the two ways that nondisjunction can occur and
the result (e.g., aneuploidy). Nondisjunction in human sex chromosomes results in several
different aneuploid conditions. Some examples include an extra X chromosome as in
Klinefelter’s syndrome.
Suggested Readings
Armstrong, G. (2012). DNA replication: High fidelity. Nature Chemistry, 4, 592-593. “Quality
control” mechanisms in DNA replication.
Atkins, T. and J. M. Roderick. “Dropping Your Genes: A Genetics Simulation in Meiosis,

Fertilization and Reproduction.” American Biology Teacher. March 1991. 53 (3): 164–169. A lab
simulation that models genetics.
Caryirlioglu, P. & Duronio, R.J. (2001). Cell cycle: Flies teach old dogma new trick. Current
Biology, 11, R178-R181.
Gonick, L. and M. Wheelis. Cartoon Guide to Genetics. 1983. Barnes and Noble Publishers. 124 p.
A very well-done, readable book describing genetics, including DNA replication and protein
synthesis. Applicable to this and following chapters.
Janssen, A. & Medema, R.H. (2013) Stress mixes chromosomes. Nature, 494, 439-440.
Lewis, J. and C. Wood-Robinson. “Genes, Chromosomes, Cell Division and Inheritance—Do

Students See Any Relationship?” International Journal of Science Education, 2000. ERIC
Document Reproduction Service. EJ605693.
Lobo, I. (2008) Chromosome abnormalities and cancer cytogenetics. Nature Education, 1, 68.
Locke, J. & McDermid, H.E. (2005). Using pool noodles to teach mitosis and meiosis. Genetics,
170, 5-6. Article suggesting using common “pool noodles” as teaching aids to represent
chromatids in classroom demonstrations.
Ogden, J. R. The Genetics Problem Solver. Piscataway: Research and Education Association, 1999.
Seigel, D. & Sybert, V.P. (2005). Understanding aneuoploidy. Pediatric Dermatology, 22, 270-275.
Yarris, Lynn. “Key Mechanism in Genetic Inheritance During Cell Division Identified.” 1
February 2005. Berkeley Lab. 19 September 2006. http://www.lbl.gov/Science-
Articles/Archive/LSD-genetic-inheritance.html. “A key mechanism in the passing of genetic
material from a parent cell to daughter cells appears to have been identified by a team of
Berkeley researchers. Their study may explain how a complex of proteins, called kinetochores,
can recognize and stay attached to microtubules, hollow fibers in the walls of biological cells
that are responsible for the faithful segregation of chromosomes during cell division.”

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Chapter 10: Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Solution Manual for Biology 10th

10 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

10-6 Explain some ways in which the cell cycle is controlled.

C. Duplicated chromosomes line up on the midplane during metaphase.

Research and Discussion Topics

• Define and compare the following, sometimes confusing, terms:

—Homologous chromosomes, maternal homologue, paternal homologue, sister chromatids,

• It is convenient to follow a single pair of chromosomes to remember mitosis and meiosis. It

Events During Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II

• Genetic variety in gametes

• Nondisjunction and aneuploidy

Atkins, T. and J. M. Roderick. “Dropping Your Genes: A Genetics Simulation in Meiosis,

Lewis, J. and C. Wood-Robinson. “Genes, Chromosomes, Cell Division and Inheritance—Do

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