MPS30 2 English 2023
MPS30 2 English 2023
MPS30 2 English 2023
Hydraulic System:
Hydraulic Fluid
Emilia Villani
Purpose
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Topics
1. Introduction
2. Properties
3
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Properties
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Introduction
5
Introduction
▪ Hydraulic fluids
❑ Vegetable oils
– Derived from castor oil (óleo de mamona) and alcohol, used in old
aircrafts;
– Highly flammable;
– Used with natural rubber seals;
– Color: blue;
– Example of specification: MIL-H-7644.
❑ Mineral oils
– Derived from petroleum, are still used in many small aircraft.
– Have low viscosity variation, are flammable, working temperature up to
~130ºC.
– Used with synthetic rubber seals;
– Color: red;
– Example of specification: MIL-H-5606.
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Introduction
▪ Hydraulic fluids
❑ Vegetable oils
– Derived from castor oil (óleo de mamona) and alcohol, used in old
aircrafts;
– Highly flammable;
– Used with natural rubber seals;
– Color: blue;
– Example of specification: MIL-H-7644.
❑ Mineral oils
– Derived from petroleum, are still used in many small aircraft.
– Have low viscosity variation, are flammable, working temperature up to
~130ºC.
– Used with synthetic rubber seals;
– Color: red;
– Example of specification: MIL-H-5606.
7
Introduction
▪ Hydraulic fluids
❑ Vegetable oils
– Derived from castor oil (óleo de mamona) and alcohol, used in old
aircrafts;
– Highly flammable;
– Used with natural rubber seals;
– Color: blue;
– Example of specification: MIL-H-7644.
❑ Mineral oils
– Derived from petroleum, are still used in many small aircraft.
– Have low viscosity variation, are flammable, working temperature up to
~130ºC.
– Used with synthetic rubber seals;
– Color: red;
– Example of specification: MIL-H-5606.
8
Introduction
▪ Hydraulic fluids
❑ Synthetic oils (Skydrol, HyJet)
– Based on ester phosphate, are the most commonly used today.
– Practically non-flammable, good performance at low temperature, does
not attack metal components like aluminum and steel, low toxic;
– Type IV: first generation;
– Type V: higher thermal stability, lower density, longer life;
– Use with rubber butyl or ethylene-propylene seal;
– Color: purple;
– Example of specification: MIL-H-8446.
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Topics
1. Introduction
2. Properties
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Properties
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Properties
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Properties
.(P − P0 ) − .(T − T0 )
1
= 0 .1 +
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Properties
Examples 𝛽 (N/m2)
Water 20x108
Mineral oil – OM15 18x108
Synthetic oil – Skydrol 500 26x108
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Properties
VL - Liquid Liquid
VR
1 1 V + VL − VR 1 1 1 VG 1 1
=− . G = + + . −
E (VG + VL ) P E R L VL G L
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Properties
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Properties
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Properties
Tank
one-way valve
System
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Properties
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Properties
Absolute viscosity
Kinematic viscosity =
Density
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Properties
x
F L D F = . A. Film
Cr thickness
Viscosity
Cr
D.L.
F = . .x = b.x
Cr
DAMPING
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Properties
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Properties
▪ Thermal Properties
❑ Specific heat
– The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a unit mass
by 1 ° C.
• Measured at constant pressure: 𝐶𝑃
• Measured at constant volume: 𝐶𝑉
❑ Thermal Conductivity
– Energy transmitted by the fluid for a given temperature gradient in the
direction of the heat flow.
❑ Implications for hydraulic system design:
– Energy spent through valves, filters, and other components, transformed
into increased fluid temperature and must be dissipated.
– Good heat transfer ability is desirable.
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Properties
▪ Physical properties
❑ Other properties to consider:
– Lubricity:
• Strictly defined as ability to prevent wear on metal surfaces.
• Low lubricity results in component wear.
• As a consequence, there are leaks, loss of efficiency and reduction in pressure
increase.
– Thermal stability:
• Ability to withstand chemical reactions and decomposition at high
temperatures, which can generate solid products.
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Properties
▪ Physical properties
❑ Other properties to consider:
– Low oxidation
• Ability to withstand reactions with materials containing oxygen (air), which
can generate solid and acidic products.
– Resistance to foaming
• The presence of air in the system drastically reduces bulk modulus.
– Low volatility
– Compatibility with system materials
– Fire resistance
– Non-polluting, non-toxic
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Topics
1. Introduction
2. Properties
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Review of Fluid Mechanics
▪ Flow Laws
❑ Conservation of momentum: Navier-Stokes equations
inertia viscosity
– Reynolds number:
• Ratio of inertia forces and viscosity force.
• Turbulent flow: high Reynolds number.
• Laminar flow: low Reynolds number.
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Review of Fluid Mechanics
▪ Flow Laws
❑ Conservation of mass:
– Unidirectional flow 1 dm 1 d ( .V )
Q − Q
in out = . = .
dt dt
Q V
V dP dV
Qin − Qout = . +
dt dt
dV
Q − Q
in out =
dt Qin – Input Flow
Qout – Output flow
V – Volume
t – Time
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Review of Fluid Mechanics
▪ Flow Laws
❑ Conservation of energy:
– Unidirectional flow
– Incompressible fluid.
L 𝑑𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
− = 𝜌. 𝑄2 . ℎ2 − 𝜌. 𝑄1 . ℎ1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Win – Heat provided
to the system
𝑃 𝑣2 Wout – Work done by
1 2 ℎ= + + 𝑧 + 𝑐𝑃 . 𝑇 the system
𝛾 2. 𝑔
Wout Win T – Temperature
Q – Flow rate
– For permanent regime cP – Specific heat
h – Energy
P – Pressure
𝑃1 𝑣1 2 𝑃2 𝑣2 2 v – Velocity
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝑐𝑃 . 𝑇1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝑐𝑃 . 𝑇2 g – Gravity
𝛾 2. 𝑔 𝛾 2. 𝑔 z – altura
t – Time
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Review of Fluid Mechanics
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Review of Fluid Mechanics
1 2 A2 3 2
Q = Cd . A0 . .( P1 − P3 )
Pressure loss
PL P1 − P3
= = c p .(T1 − T3 ) Coefficient of discharge
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Thank you!