CHIMISTRY
CHIMISTRY
CHIMISTRY
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SYLLABUS OF CHEMISTRY
Chemistry B. Sc. Part-I
Paper I
Physical Chemistry
1. Mathematical Concepts and Computers
(A) Mathematical Concepts
Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, linear graphs and calculation of slopes, differentiation of functions
like f(x), ex, xn, sin x, log x; maxima and minima, partial differentiation and reciprocity relations.
Integration of some useful/relevant functions; permutations and combinations, Factorials and Probability.
(B) Computers
General introduction to computers, different components of a computer, hardware and software, input-
output devices; binary numbers and arithmetic; introduction to computer languages. Programming, operating
systems.
2. Gaseous States
Postulates of kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waals equation of state.
Critical Phenomena : PV isotherms of real gases, continuity of states, the isotherms of van der Waals
equation, relationship between critical constants and van der Waals constants, the law of corresponding
states, reduced equation of state.
Molecular Velocities : Root mean square, average and most probable velocities. Qualitative discussion of
the Maxwell's distribution of molecular velocities, collision number, mean free path and collision diameter.
Liquefaction of gases.
3. Liquid State
Intermolecular forces, structure of liquids (a qualitative description). Structural differences between solids,
liquids and gases.
Liquid crystals: Difference between liquid crystal, solid and liquid. Classification, structure of nematic,
smectic and cholesteric phases and applications.
4. Solid State
Definition of space lattice and unit cell.
Laws of crystallography:
(i) Law of constancy of interfacial angles
(ii) Law of rationality of indices
(iii) Law of symmetry - Symmetry elements in crystals.
X-ray diffraction: Derivation of Bragg’s equation. Determination of crystal structure of NaCl and KCl.
A brief introduction to point defects in crystals, semiconductors, superconductors and nanomaterials (only
qualitative idea).
5. Colloidal State and Macromolecules
Definition of colloids and classification of colloids.
Solids in liquids (sols): properties - kinetic, optical and electrical; stability of colloids, protective action,
Hardy-Schulze law, gold number.
Liquids in liquids (emulsions): types of emulsions, preparation, Emulsifier.
Liquids in solids (gels): classification, preparation and properties, inhibition, general applications of
colloids.
Macromolecules : Determination of molecular weight of macromolecules by osmotic pressure and viscosity
methods. Concepts of micelles and critical micelle concentrations.
A brief introduction to conducting and light emitting polymers.
6. Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis
Rate of a reaction- factors influencing the rate of a reaction such as concentration, temperature, pressure,
solvent, light and catalyst. Concentration dependence of rates, mathematical characteristics of simple
chemical reactions - zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life and mean life.
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Determination of the order of reaction - differential method, method of integration, method of half life
period and isolation method. Radioactive decay as a first order phenomenon. Experimental methods for the
studies of chemical kinetics.
Theories of chemical kinetics: Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation, concept of
activation energy, Simple collision theory based on hard sphere model, transition state theory (equilibrium
hypothesis). Expression for the rate constant based on equilibrium constant and thermodynamic aspects.
Catalysis: Characteristics of catalysed reactions, classification of catalysis, Industrial catalysts and enzyme
kinetics.
Books Recommended:
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(i) Elementary treatment of mechanism of addition of hydrogen, halogens, halogen acids, water and
sulphuric acid.
(ii) Hydroboration, epoxidation, ozonolysis and hydroxylation.
(iii) Acetylene as carbon acid (replacement by Na,Cu and Ag).
(iv) Hydration, halogenation, addition of HCl and organic acids.
(v) Stability and addition reactions of 1,3-butadiene.
(vi) General methods of preparation and properties of small ring cycloalkanes. Treatment of optical and
geometrical isomerism.
3. Stereochemistry:
(i) Optical isomerism
(a) Concept of chirality, elements of symmetry.
(b) Optical isomerism of compounds containing one (lactic acid) and two asymmetric carbons tartaric acid).
(ii) Methods of racemization and resolution, relative and absolute configuration.
(iii) Geometrical isomerism: Maleic and fumaric acid, and methods for their configurations.
(iv) Sawhorse and Newman’s projection formula; R-S, D-L and E-Z nomenclatures.
(v) Conformations of ethane and n-butane
4. Alkyl halides and Grignard’s Reagent
Mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides. Preparation and synthetic applications of
Grignard Reagent.
5. Alcohols and Ethers
(a) Classification, distinctions and mechanism of dehydration of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
(b) Isomerism of propanols, butanols and pentanols.
(c) Industrial preparation, reactions and structures of glycerol.
(d) Ethers: Williamson’s synthesis, formation and cleavage of oxonium salts, elementary idea about crown
ethers.
6. General reactions of carbonyl compounds
(i) Oxidation-Reduction(Catalytic,LiAlH4,Clemmensen’s,Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction.
(ii) Mechanism of addition of alcohol, sodium bisulphite and HCN.
(iii) Mechanism of Aldol & Cannizzaro reactions, and Wolff-Kishner reduction.
7. Carboxylic acids:
(i) Structure of carboxylic group.
(ii) Acid strength with special reference to formic, acetic, propionic and chloroacetic acids.
(iii) Mechanism of esterification & ester hydrolysis (BAc2 and AAc2 mechanism.).
(iv) Mechanism of acetylation with Acetic anhydride and acetyl chloride.
8. Example of compounds containing reactive methylene group: Preparation and synthetic uses of
acetoacetic ester and malonic esters only, keto-enol tautomerism.
9. Nitrogen containing compounds:
(i) Preparation and distinction between
(a) alkyl nitrites & nitroalkanes, and
(b) alkyl cyanides & alkylisocyanides.
(ii) Amines
(a) Classification, distinction and separation of Primary, Secondary & tertiary amines.
(b) General methods of preparation and general reactions.
(c) Relative basicities of methyl, ethyl, dimethyl, diethyl, trimethyl and triethylamines.
10. Numerical questions based on determination of structural formula.
Books Recommended:
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PRACTICALS
The duration of practical examination will be of six hours and will comprise of the following exercises:
1. General - calibration of thermometer and fractional weights
2 Inorganic Chemistry:
Qualitative analysis of an inorganic mixture containing five radicals out of the following preferably by semi-
micro technque (including insoluble substances):-
NH4+ , Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++, Sr++, Ba++, Zn++, Mn++, Ni++, Co++, Al+++, Fe+++, Cr+++, Cu++,
Bi++, Hg+, Hg++, Cd++ As+++, Sb+++, Sn++, Pb+ ,Pb++, Ag+. CO32-,NO2-, S2-, SO32- ,SO42-, F-, Cl-,
Br-, NO3-, CH3COO- , Borate, Oxalate, and Phosphate.
3. Physical Chemistry
1. Determination of molecular weight of sulphur by Rast Method.
2. Kinetics of precipitation of sulphur from sodium thiosulphate by mineral acid.
3. Kinetics of dissolution of Mg-ribbon in HCl.
4. To determine the percentage composition of a given binary mixture (non-interacting systems) by viscosity
methods.
5. To determine the percentage composition of a given binary mixture (non - interacting) by surface tension
method.
4. Organic Chemistry
(a) Preparation of organic compounds:
1. Acetanilide
2. p-bromoacetanilide
3. picrates
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First Law of Thermodynamics :concepts of internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacities at constant volume
and constant pressure and their relationship. Calculation of w, q, dU & dH for the expansion of ideal gases
under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for a reversible process.
Thermochemistry : standard state, standard enthalpy of formation- Hess's Law of constant heat summation
and its applications, heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant volume, Bond dissociation energy
and its calculation from thermo-chemical data, Kirchhoff's equation.
2. Thermodynamics –II
Second law of thermodynamics: concept of entropy, entropy as a state function, entropy as a function of V &
T, entropy as a function of P & T, entropy change in physical process.
Gibbs and Helmholtz functions; Criteria for thermodynamic equilibrium and spontaneity in term of changes
in entropy, Gibbs and Helmholtz functions. Concept of chemical potential.
3. Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium constant and free energy. Thermodynamic derivation of law of mass action. Le Chattelier's
principle.
4. Phase Equilibrium
Statement and meaning of the terms - phase, component and degree of freedom, derivation of Gibbs phase
rule, phase equilibria of one component system - water, Sulpher and Hellium. First and second order phase
transitions.
Phase equilibria of two component systems - solid-liquid equilibria, simple eutectic - Pb-Ag system,
desilverisation of lead, Systems involving compound formation with a congruent melting point (Mg-Zn) and
an incongruent melting point (CuSO4-H2O ).
Nernst distribution law and its thermodynamic derivation.
5. Electrochemistry – I
Electrical transport - conduction in metals and in electrolyte solutions, specific conductance and equivalent
conductance, measurement of equivalent conductance, variation of equivalent and specific conductance with
dilution.
Migration of ions and Kohlrausch law, Arrhenius theory of electrolyte dissociation and its limitations, weak
and strong electrolytes, Ostwald's dilution law, its uses and limitations. Debye-Huckel-Onsager's equation
for strong electrolytes (elementary treatment only). Activity and activity coefficient. Transport number,
definition and determination by Hittorf method and moving boundary method.
Applications of conductivity measurements: determination of degree of dissociation, determination of Ka of
acids, determination of solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt, conductometric titrations.
6. Electrochemistry – II
Types of reversible electrodes - gas-metal ion, metal-metal ion, metal-insoluble salt-anion and redox
electrodes. Electrode reactions, Nernst equation, derivation of cell E.M.F. and single electrode potential,
standard hydrogen electrode-reference electrodes- standard electrode potential, sign conventions,
electrochemical series and its significance.
Electrolytic and Galvanic cells - reversible and irreversible cells, conventional representation of
electrochemical cells.
EMF of a cell and its measurements. Computation of cell EMF. Calculation of thermodynamic quantities of
cell reactions ( G, H and K).
Concentration cell with and without transport, liquid junction potential, application of concentration cells,
valency of ions, solubility product and activity coefficient, potentiometric titrations.
Definition of pH and pKa determination of pH using hydrogen, quinhydrone and glass electrodes, by
potentiometric methods.
Buffers - mechanism of buffer action, Henderson-Hazel equation. Hydrolysis of salts.
Electrochemical corrosion and its prevention.
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Paper-II
Inorganic Chemistry
1. Concept of electrode potential : EMF diagrams and their utility.
2. Transition Elements: Position in periodic table, electronic configuration, General Characteristics, viz.,
atomic and ionic radii, variable oxidation states, ability to form complexes, formation of coloured ions,
magnetic ( so and eff ) and catalytic behaviour. General comparative treatment of 4d and 5d elements
with their 3d analogues with respect to ionic radii , oxidation states and magnetic properties.
3. Coordination Compounds :
(i) Definition of ligand : Classification with respect to denticity. (Examples of mono-to hexadentate ligands).
(ii) Werner’s postulates, Sidgwick’s effective atomic number concept and limitations, Valence Bond Theory
of coordination compounds, Stereochemistry of coordination numbers two, four and six with examples of
hybrid orbital participation in the following :
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(i) Non-condensed system : Biphenyl
(ii) Condensed system: Naphthalene and its derivatives, 1- and 2-naphthols and naphthylamines, tetraline
and decaline)
12. Heterocyclic compounds: Preparation & reactions of furan, pyrrole, thiophene & pyridine.
13. Numerical problems for the determination of structures based on chemical reactions of above mentioned
compounds.
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Total 65 marks.
Note : The number of candidates to be examined in the practical per batch should not exceed 50. At least
one experiment is to be given from each section in the examination .
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Interaction of radiation with matter, difference between thermal and photochemical processes. Laws of
photochemistry: Grotthus - Draper law, Stark - Einstein law, Jablonski diagram depicting various processes
occurring in the excited state, qualitative description of fluorescence, phosphorescence, non-radiative
processes (internal conversion, intersystem crossing), quantum yield, photosensitized reactions - energy
transfer processes (simple examples).
6. Surface Chemistry
Adsorption, difference between Physical adsorption and chemisorption, Adsorption isotherms - Langmuir
adsorption isotherm and Freundlich adsorption isotherm, BET equation, Determination of surface area.
7. Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties
Thermodynamic derivation of relation between molecular weight and elevation in boiling point and
depression in freezing point. Experimental methods for determining various colligative properties.
Abnormal molar mass, degree of dissociation and association of solutes.
2. Coordination Chemistry:
(i). Crystal field theory : Definition of Crystal field, d-orbital splitting in octahedral, tetrahedral and square
planar fields, Explanation of weak and strong field ligands, Dq and factors influencing its magnitude,
Calculation of crystal field stabilisation energy for d1-d9 weak and strong field complexes. Interpretation of
magnetic properties on the basis of crystal field theory.
(ii). Electronic spectra of transition metal complexes :Types of electronic transitions, Selection rules for
d-d transitions, Charge-transfer, Spectroscopic ground terms for d1 to d10 systems. Spectrochemical series,
Discussion of the electronic spectra of only [Ti(H2O)6]3+ and [Cu(H2O)6]2+
3. (a) Metal Carbonyls : Ligand behaviour of CO,General methods of preparation, Representation of
structures of the binary carbonyls of all nuclearities of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni.
(b) Metal Nitrosyls : Ligand behaviour of NO (NO+, NO- and bridging NO), preparation and structures of
nitrosyls of Cr, Fe and Ru; carbonyl nitrosyls and cyano nitrosyls
4. Environmental Chemistry
The earth’s atmosphere and its components, Types of pollutants and their sources. Green house effect and
global warming. Acid rains, Ozone layer (Importance and its protection)
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2. Treatment of E1, E2 and E1CB mechanisms. Labelling experiments to distinguish E2 and E1CB
mechanism.
3. Molecular rearrangements and name reactions: Pinacol-pinacolone, Benzil-benzilic acid, Beckmann,
Fries rearrangements, Claisen-Smith and Dieckmann’s reactions.
4. Polymers: Types and mechanism of polymerisation, stereocontrol polymerisation. Preparation and uses
of Teflon, Terylene, Nylons and Dynel. Natural and Synthetic rubbers.
5. Dyes: Colour and constitution (electronic concept), Classification of dyes, Chemistry and synthesis of
methylorange, Congo red, Malachite green, Crystal violet, Phenolphthalein and fluorescene.
6. Polynuclear hydrocarbons: Chemistry of Anthracene and Phenanthrene. A general idea about
carcinogenic hydrocarbons.
7. Heterocycles: Chemistry of quinoline, isoquinoline and indole.
8. Amino acids, peptides and proteins:
a. Classification, synthesis and properties of amino acids (acid-base behaviour, isoelectric point and
electrophoresis).
b. Synthesis of polypeptides and methods of determining their structure (end group analysis and selective
hydrolysis of peptides).
c. Classification, properties and Structure (primary, secondary and tertiary) of proteins. Protein
denaturation/renaturation.
SectionB
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Biological Chemistry
1. Biological Membranes
General features of the biological membrane and its fluid mosaic model. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion aand
active transport through a biological membrane, Donnan membrane equilibria.
2. Nucleic acids
A general description of constituents of DNA and RNA, Salient features of structures of DNA and RNA,
DNA denaturation and renaturation, Effect of UV radiation on DNA. Elementary idea of genetic code and
recombinant DNA technology.
3. Enzymes and Coenzymes
General features of enzymes and their active sites, Ribozymes and Abzymes, Enzyme nomenclature, units of
enzyme activity, Derivation of Michaelis–Menten equation, Experimental determination and physical
significance of Km and max ,significance of kcat/Km in enzymatic catalysis, Brief description of
competitive, uncompetitive, non–competitive and suicidal inhibitors of enzymes. A brief description of
coenzymes and function of thiamine pyrophosphate.
4. Role of Metals in Biological systems
(a). Fe in myoglobin and hemoglobin
(b). Cu in plastocyanin and hemocyanin
(c). Zn in carboxypeptidase and carbonic anhydrase
(d). Mg in chlorophyll
Books
1. Outlines of Biochemistry by E. E. Conn and P. K. Stumpf, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer , Freeman and company New York (Indian print also available) CBS
Publishers and Distributors, Delhi)
3. Biochemistry by Lehninger, Nelson and Cox, Worth Publishers Inc.U.S.A., Indian Print CBS publishers
and Distributors, Delhi)
4. Bio inorganic chemistry by Bertini, Gray, Lipard and Valentene, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Note: Question No. 1 is compulsory and it would be of 10 marks. It contains Six short answer questions
(three from each section) out of which only Five should be answered. A total of Eight questions (Four from
each section) will be asked out of which four questions may be attempted with the condition that a
maximum of only two questions may be answered from each section
Section B
Physical Chemistry
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1. To study the kinetics of reaction between acetone and iodine.
2. To determine the velocity constant for the hydrolysis of methyl acetate catalysed by hydrogen ions.
3. To determine the solubility of simple salt by evaporation method and draw the solubility curve.
4. To determine the solubility of benzoic acid by titration method.
5. To determine the solubility product of calcium hydroxide.
Section C
Organic Chemistry
1. Separation of two component organic mixture (Water separable).
Systematic analysis of each component leading to their final identification laying emphasis on solubility,
element detection, melting point, boiling point determination, ignition test, unsaturation test, functional
group test and preparation of a suitable derivative.
2. Preparation of the following compounds:
a. Soap from either one of the following line seed oil, mahua oil, neem oil or coconut oil.
b. Phenyl benzoate from phenol
c. Aspirin from salicylic acid
d. Picric acid from phenol.
e. Oxalic acid from cane sugar.
f. Benzoic acid from ethyl or methyl benzene.
Section D
Bio-Chemistry
1. Qualitative analysis of the fruit and vegetable juice for the contents present in them - Ascorbic Acid,
Carbohydrate, Protein.
2. Determination of amino acid by paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography.
3. Determination of cholesterol in cod liver oil.
Distribution of marks will be as follows:
1. Inorganic Chemistry 20 marks.
(5 marks for manipulation and 15 marks for result-
upto 1.0% of error no deduction of marks but after
that 1 mark will be deducted per 0.1% of error)
2. Physical Chemistry 20 marks.
3. Organic Chemistry
(1) Mixture analysis 12 marks.
(2) Preparation of organic compound 08 marks.
4. Bio-Chemistry Practical 15 marks.
5. Viva Voce 15 marks.
6. Record 10 marks.
Total 100 marks
Note : The number of candidates to be examined in the practical per batch should not exceed 50. Each
student should be given one experiment from each section in the examination.
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