Group 4 - 2001

The Human Genome Project

PRESENTED BY: SUSILO, GIOVANNI, JOEL AND KAYSEE

What is the One of the greatest scientific achievements in history is the
Human Genome Project. An multinational team of scientists

Human Genome undertook the project as a biological odyssey to thoroughly

examine the entire DNA (also known as a genome) of a
particular group of organisms. The Human Genome Project,

Project? which began in October 1990 and ended in April 2003, is

best known for producing the first sequence of the human
genome. This accomplishment provided crucial knowledge
about the human genetic code and has since sped up
research into human biology and enhanced medical care.

PEOPLE WHO TOOK PART IN IT:

The Human Gernome Project involved researchers from 20 separate universities and research centers across
the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan and China.

The main founder was Francis Collins, along with James Watson, Craig Venter, John Sulston, Richard Gibbs,
Bob Waterson, Maynard Olson, Jim Kent and Robert Sinsheimer.
Francis Collins,
the father of the Human Genome Project
Francis S. Collins, MD, PhD, is an American physician-
geneticist, that was born on April 14, 1950, Staunton, Virginia,
United States.
For Most of his childhood, Collins was homeschooled by his
mother. He is interested in science. Collins received his B.S.
degree from the University of Virginia (1970), then went on to
Yale University to earn his M.S. and PhD (1974), and earned his
M.D. (1977) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

In 1984 Collins joined the staff of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor as an assistant professor. His work
at Michigan earned him a reputation as one of the world's foremost genetic researchers.
Francis S. Collins, MD, PhD, served as the head (1993-2008) of the NIH's National Institute of Human Genome
Research, a public research consortium on the Human Genome Project (HGP).
 Francis Collins
He performed "positional cloning," a technique that has become a powerful
component of modern molecular genetics for identifying the genes of disease; for
almost any pathological condition without prior knowledge of what the functional
abnormality might be.

In 1989 he discovered the gene that causes cystic fibrosis. The following year Collins'
team discovered the gene that causes neurofibromatosis, a genetic disorder that
causes tumour growth.
In addition, Collins served as a leading investigator in a six-laboratory collaboration
that discovered in 1993 the gene that causes Huntington's chorea, a neurological
disease.

Francis Collins
RESULT
In his research, Francis S. Collins discovered the location of a mutated
disease gene in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
In 1989 he discovered the gene that causes cystic fibrosis. The following
year Collins' team discovered the gene that causes neurofibromatosis, a
genetic disorder that causes tumour growth.
Additionally, Collins also served as a leading investigator in the six-
laboratory collaboration that discovered in 1993 the gene that causes
Huntington's neurological disease, neurological disease.

James Watson
James Dewey Watson was born in Chicago, Illinois, U.S, on 06 April 1928. Watson
is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist.
Young Watson's entire boyhood was spent in Chicago where he attended for eight
years Horace Mann Grammar School and for two years South Shore High School.
He then received a tuition scholarship to the University of Chicago, and earned
degrees at the University of Chicago at 1947. His boyhood interest in bird-
watching had matured into a serious desire to learn genetics. This became
possible when he received a Fellowship for graduate study in Zoology at Indiana
University in Bloomington, where he received his Ph. D. degree in Zoology in 1950.

Watson known primarily as one of the discoverers of the structure of the DNA
molecule. He received the Nobel Prize in Medicine with Francis Crick and Maurice
Wilkins in 1962 for his discovery of the molecular structure of nucleic acids.
James Watson

James not only made the most fundamental discoveries in the history of genetics, he was
also heavily involved in one of biology's greatest projects, the Human Genome Project.
From 1988 to 1992 at the National Institutes of Health, Watson helped direct the Human
Genome Project, a project to map and describe all the genes in the human chromosome.

In April 2003, accurate and complete sequencing of the human genome was completed
and made available to scientists. The consortium announced that it had produced a
more complete and more accurate sequencing of the human genome, accounting for
92% of the human genome and less than 400 gaps. The project also demonstrated that
humans share a 99.9% identical genome, and this laid the foundation for expanding
the human gene catalog and beginning to understand the complex choreography
involved in gene expression.
James Watson
In 2007, James Watson became the second person to publish his fully sequenced
genome online, after it was presented to him on May 31, 2007, by 454 Life
Sciences Corporation in collaboration with scientists at the Human Genome
Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine.

Watson was quoted as saying, "I am putting my genome

sequence on line to encourage the development of an era of
personalized medicine, in which information contained in our
genomes can be used to identify and prevent disease and to
create individualized medical therapies".
Craig Venter John Craig Venter is an American biotechnologist and
businessman. He was born on October 14, 1946, in Salt Lake City,
Utah, U.S.
In September 1960, at age 13, Craig enrolled at Mills High
School, Millbrae, San Francisco, CA. Then Venter went to the
United States and enrolled as a premedical student at the
University of California, San Diego. Craig received his BS in
biochemistry in 1972 and his PhD in physiology and
pharmacology in 1975.

However, he soon decided to pursue a career in research. His

research focus rests on trying to create new genes for life. Venter
is known for leading one of the first drafts of the human genome
sequence and assembling the first team to transfect cells with
synthetic chromosomes.
Craig Venter
In May 2010, a team of scientists led by Venter succeeded in creating "synthetic life" for
the first time in the Mycoplasma laboratory, after 15 years of research.

The elements that support his research are bacteria and engineered chemical
compounds. The creation of a synthetic cell is accomplished by synthesizing a very long
DNA molecule that contains the entire bacterial genome, and inserting it into another
cell. This research can produce bacteria that have been engineered to carry out certain
reactions, for example producing fuel, making medicine, fighting global warming, and
so on.
Craig Venter
Several years earlier, Venter had also used an automated DNA sequencer to sequence
parts of the chromosomes associated with Huntington's disease and myotonic dystrophy.

RESULTS
Finally, on March 25, 2016, the pinnacle of Venter's long research results reported the
creation of Syn 3.0, a synthetic genome that has the fewest genes of any free-living
organism (473 genes). Their goal is to remove all non-essential genes, leaving only the
minimal set necessary to support life. These sorted and rapidly reproducing cells are
expected to become a valuable tool for researchers and medical professionals to treat
various diseases and prolong human life.

Richard Gibbs
Richard Gibbs, whom was born on
December 5, 1955, is a human
geneticist and Founding Director of the
Baylor College of Medicine Human
Genome Sequencing Center. He
developed methods for DNA and
mutation analysis and was an early
contributor to the Human Genome
Project.
John Sulston
Sir John Edward Sulston CH FRS MAE (27 March
1942 – 6 March 2018) was a British biologist and
academic who won the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine for his work on the cell
lineage and genome of the worm Caenorhabditis
elegans in 2002 with his colleagues Sydney
Brenner and Robert Horvitz. He was a leader in
human genome research and Chair of the
Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation at the
University of Manchester.

NADIA WILLIAMS | UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA | SCIENCE: LIFE SCIENCES | #29782A

 Bob Waterston
Age: 79 years old
Education: University of Chicago
Born: September 17 1943
Worked in: Genome science
Works on genome science at:1989
Bob Waterston had been in science working on several
field.with the most famous being Genome Science. They
started with success with sequencing the worm genome.
These succession bring life to the genome science to be
able to continue its testing.
Awards: Gairdner Award, General motor prize etc.

NADIA WILLIAMS | UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA | SCIENCE: LIFE SCIENCES | #29782A

Maynard Olson
Maynard Victor Olson is an American chemist and
molecular biologist. As a professor of genome sciences
and medicine at the University of Washington, he became
a specialist in the genetics of cystic fibrosis, and one of the
founders of the Human Genome Project. During his years
at Washington University in St. Louis, he also led efforts to
develop yeast artificial chromosomes that allowed for the
study of large portions of the human genome.
He is currently 79 years old, he was born at October 2
1943

NADIA WILLIAMS | UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA | SCIENCE: LIFE SCIENCES | #29782A

Jim Kent William James Kent was born February 10, 1960 in
Hawaii and grew up in San Francisco, California, United
States. He is an American research scientist and
computer programmer. Kent began his programming
career in 1983 with Island Graphics Inc. where he wrote
the Aegis Animator program for the Amiga home
computer.

In 2000, he got involved in the Human Genome Project

by making a program called GigAssembler that allowed
the publicly funded Human Genome Project to assemble
and publish the first human genome sequence. His
efforts were motivated by the research needs of himself
and his colleagues, but also out of concern that the data
might be made proprietary via patents by Celera
Genomics.
 In their close race with Celera, Kent and the UCSC Professor
David Haussler quickly built a modest cluster of 50
commodity personal computers running the Linux operating
system to run the software. In contrast, Celera was using
what was thought then to be one of the most powerful civilian
supercomputers in the world. Kent's first assembly on the
human genome was released on June 22. Celera finished its
assembly three days later on June 25, and the dual results
were announced at the White House on June 26. In February
2001, the research paper describing this publicly funded
genome was published in a special issue of Nature, in
parallel with Celera's results in the journal Science. In 2002
Tim O'Reilly described Kent's work as "the most significant
work of open source development in the past year".

After GigAssembler, Kent went on to write BLAT (BLAST-like alignment tool) and the UCSC Genome
Browser to help analyze important genome data. Kent continues to work at UCSC primarily on web tools to
help understand the human genome. He helps maintain and upgrade the browser, and has worked on
comparative genomics, Parasol, a job control management software for the UCSC kilocluster, and the
ENCODE Project.
 Robert Sinsheimer
Robert Sinsheime was born on February 5, 1920 in
Washington, DC. He is an American molecular
biologist and physicist. Robert studied at MIT
Sinsheimer and took his undergraduate degree in
quantitative biology before moving on to complete
his Ph.D. in biophysics. Sinsheimer became a
professor of biophysics at the California Institute
of Technology (Caltech) in 1957 and was Chairman
of the Caltech Division of Biology from 1968 to
1977.

NADIA WILLIAMS | UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA | SCIENCE: LIFE SCIENCES | #29782A

During this period he conducted a series of investigations into the physical and genetic
characteristics of a bacteriophage called Phi X 174. These breakthrough studies illuminated the viral
genetic processes. In 1977 Sinsheimer left Caltech to become a chancellor of the University of
California, Santa Cruz. Sinsheimer and his colleagues also succeeded for the first time in isolating,
purifying, and synthetically replicating viral DNA. Sinsheimer and his colleagues who were eminent
biologists then made a radical proposal to launch a massive project to determine the complete DNA
sequence of the human genome.

Sinsheimer recognized that knowledge of the human genome would

have profound implications for biomedical science. Although he was
unable to secure funding for it at the time, the meeting planted the
idea of sequencing the human genome within a core group of
scientists so he decided to participate in the Human Genome
project. In May 1985 Sinsheimer organized a conference at Santa
Cruz to consider the benefits of sequencing the human genome. From
these and other such deliberations arose the Human Genome
Project.

NADIA WILLIAMS | UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA | SCIENCE: LIFE SCIENCES | #29782A

Thank you!