Electrical Science

1EE801
 Network and Circuit
Network Circuit
The interconnection of circuit The interconnection of circuit
elements such as R, L and C elements such that there is
is called electric Network. closed path is called electric
circuit.
 Active and Passive Elements
Active Element Passive Element
An active element is an element A passive component is an element
which supplies energy to a that receives the energy, which
circuit. it can either dissipate, absorb or
store in an electric field or a
magnetic field.

Source-https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0c/99/76/0c9976df68a9e47e3e964b3bf2bf93e9.jpg
 Unilateral and Bilateral Circuit
Unilateral circuit Bilateral circuit
When an electrical circuit If the properties of the electrical
changes its properties with circuit do not change with the
the change of the direction change of the direction of the
of the flow of current then flow of current then the
the circuit is called circuit is called Bilateral
Unilateral circuit. Circuit.

Source:- https://www.etechnog.com/2019/02/electrical-circuit-and-network.html
S.No. Series Circuit Parallel Circuit
1 Has one pathway. May have two or more pathways.
Current is same anywhere in the Current splits and passes through
2
circuit. pathways and then adds up again.
The voltage is shared in ratio to
3 The voltage across each pathway is equal.
resistance.

Resistance adds up and so less The total resistance is less than the least
4 current draws in the circuit and resistance, current drawn is less but the
battery last longer. battery life is short.

If one bulb gets fuses still the circuit

If one bulb fuses than the circuit
5 remains complete and the other bulb
become incomplete.
glows.

6 The brightness of the bulbs is less. The brightness of the bulb is more.

Resistance Equivalent Req = R1 + R2 + Resistance Equivalent Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +

7
R3 + ...... + Rn 1/R3 + ...... + 1/Rn
 Dependent and Independent Sources

Source: - https://www.dummies.com/education/science/physics/linear-dependent-sources-and-circuit-analysis/
 Node - It is the point in a circuit at which atleast
two elements (active or passive) are joined.
Junction- It is the point in a circuit at which
atleast three elements (active or passive) are
joined.

https://diffbett.blogspot.com/2018/01/difference-between-node-and-junction.html
 Kirchhoffs Current Law
Kirchhoffs Current Law or KCL, states that the “total current or
charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the
charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except
to leave, as no charge is lost within the node“.
In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering
and leaving a node must be equal to zero.

Source:-https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_4.html
 Loop is a closed path in electric circuit.
Mesh is a closed path in a circuit with no other
paths inside it. In other words, a loop with no
other loops inside it.

Mesh
Loop

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/ee-circuit-analysis-topic/ee-dc-circuit-analysis/a/ee-loop-current-method
 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law or KVL, states that “in any closed loop
network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum
of all the voltage drops within the same loop” which is also
equal to zero.
In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop
must be equal to zero. This idea by Kirchhoff is based on
the Conservation of Energy.
So accordingly Kirchhoff voltage Law, ∑V = 0.

Source:- https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-6/kirchhoffs-voltage-law-kvl/
 Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis to find out the voltage, current or power through
a particular element or elements. Mesh analysis is based on
Kirchhoff Voltage Law. We can use Mesh analysis only on
planar circuits.

Steps :
Step-I: Draw the circuit on a flat surface with no conductor
crossovers.
Step-2: Label the mesh currents carefully in a clockwise
direction.
Step-3: Write the voltage equations for each mesh by
inspecting the circuit
Determine the current supplied by the
battery of the network shown in Figure
Determine the voltage V which causes the current
I1 to be zero in the network of given figure
 Nodal Analysis
Nodal analysis is a method that provides a general procedure for
analyzing circuits using node voltages as the circuit variables.
• Nodal analysis is based on Kirchhoff Current Law.
• Having ‘n’ nodes there will be ‘n-1’ simultaneous equations to
solve.
Steps :
Step-I: Identify all nodes in circuit and assume one reference
node.
Step-2: Assign currents in each branch.
Step-3: Express branch currents in terms of nodal voltages by
applying KCL
Step-4: Solve the simultaneous equations to determine the
unknowns.
Find the voltage at nodes 1 and 2 for the
network shown in Fig.
 Supermesh
Supermesh Analysis is a technique for the analysis of complex
network, where two meshes have a current source as a
common element.
A supermesh is formed when two adjacent meshes share the
common current source and none of these meshes contains
current source in the outer loop.

Supermesh

mesh

Source:- http://www.solved-problems.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Problem-1226-5.png
Calculate the current flowing the 10 ohm resistor in Fig.
 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
It states that ‘in a linear network containing more than one
source, the resultant current in any element is the algebraic sum
of the currents that would be produced by each independent
source acting alone, all the other independent sources being
represented meanwhile by their respective internal resistances.’
Steps to be followed in Superposition Theorem

1. Find the current through the resistance when only one

independent source is acting, replacing all other
independent sources by respective internal resistances.
2. Find the current through the resistance for each of the
independent sources.
3. Find the resultant current through the resistance by the
superposition theorem considering magnitude and direction
of each current.
Determine the current through the 4 ohm resistor in Fig.
 Thevenin’s Theorem

According to the Thevenin’s theorem, any linear bilateral

network irrespective of its complexities can be reduced into
a Thevenin’s equivalent circuit having the Thevenin open
circuit voltage Vth in series with the Thevenin equivalent
resistance Rth along with load resistance RL .
 Steps to be Followed in Thevenin’s Theorem

1. Remove the load resistance RL.

2. Find the open circuit voltage Vth across points A and
B.
3. Find the resistance Rth as seen from points A and B.
4. Replace the network by a voltage source Vth in
series with resistance Rth.
5. Find the current through RL using Ohm’s law.
Determine the current through the 8 ohm resistor in Fig.
 Norton’s Theorem
Any linear electric network or complex circuit
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
containing a single independent current
source IN or Isc (short-circuit current) and a
parallel equivalent resistance RN.
 Steps to be Followed in Norton’s Theorem

1. Remove the load resistance RL.

2. Find the short circuit current Isc across points A and
B.
3. Find the equivalent resistance RN as seen from
points A and B.
4. Replace the network by a current source Isc in
parallel with resistance RN.
5. Find the current through RL using current division
rule.
Determine the current through the 10 ohm resistor in Fig.