FACILITY

2'' HOT TAP ON A 20'' ESCRAVOS TO WARRI PIPELINE

PROJECT TITLE

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN (DED) OF 2'' HOT TAP ON A 20'' ESCRAVOS

TO WARRI PIPELINE WITH ASSOCIATED VALVE PIT
DOCUMENT TITLE

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

DOCUMENT NUMBER:
Document
Project Reference Area Location System Number Discipline Code Sequential No Rev No
Designation

2304 300 47 RD S 001 C

C 28-Aug-23 Issued for Approval A. J P. A LAO EA

B 11-Aug-23 Issued for Review A. J P. A LAO EA

Approved
Date Description BY CKD QA/QC PMT
Rev. MD, NGIC
NNPC
REVISION HISTORY DOVER ENGINEERING LIMITED
LIMITED
 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN (DED) OF 2'' HOT TAP ON A 20''
ESCRAVOS TO WARRI PIPELINE WITH ASSOCIATED VALVE PIT

2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 5

1.1 Project Description 5

1.2 Objectives 5
1.3 Definitions 5

1.4 Abbreviations 6

1.5 Applicable International Codes and Standards 6

1.5 Units of Measurements 7

1.6 Order of Preference 7

2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY 7

3 GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES 8

3.1 General site description 8

3.2 Material Properties 8

3.2.1 Concrete Design Properties 8

3.2.2 Reinforcing Steel Properties 8

3.2.3 Soil Properties 8

4 COMPUTER MODEL ANALYSIS 9

4.1 Model Co-ordinate system 9

4.2 Design Criteria 9

4.3 Structural Model 9

4.4 Support Spring Stiffness 10

5 LOADING 12
5.1 Dead load (self weight) - DL 12

5.2 Earth fill on slab perimeter - VEP 12

5.3 Lateral Earth Pressure (LEP) 13

5.4 SURCHARGE (SUR) 14

5.5 Hydrostatic water pressure - HWP 14

5.6 Ground water pressure - GWP 15

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5.7 Slab Live Load – SLL 16

5.8 Ladder Load 17

5.10 Pipe Load 18

5.12 DESIGN LOAD APPLICATION 19

5.13 BASIC LOAD CONDITIONS 19

5.13.1 Dead Load 19

5.13.2 Live Load 19

6 LOAD COMBINATION TABLES 20

7 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 21

8 CONCLUSION 30

TABLES
Table 1-1: List of Abbreviations and Definitions 6

Table 1-2: List of Applicable Code and Standard 6

Table 1-3: List of Units of Measurement 7

Table 6-1 Vertical earth pressure computation 12

Table 5-2: Lateral earth pressure computation 13

Table 5-3 Surcharge pressure computation 14

Table 6-4: Hydrostatic water pressure computation 14

Table 5-5: Ground water pressure computation 15

Table 6-6: Ladder load computation 17

Table 6-7: Pipe load computation 18

Table 5-8:Loads applied to valve pit 19

Table 6-1: Serviceability limit state for combination of actions (SLS) 20

Table 6-2 Ultimate limit state for combination of actions (ULS/STR) 20

Table 6-3 Ultimate limit state for combination of actions (GEO/STR) 20

Table 8-1: Summary of Provisions 30

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FIGURES
Figure 4-1: Global Co-ordinate System 9

Figure 4-2: Plate (Local) Co-ordinate System 9

Figure 4-3: 3D Model of the Pit 10

Figure 4-4: Base Slab Spring Support 11

Figure 5-1: Showing DL applied to Pit 12

Figure 5-2: Showing load due backfill applied to apron of the manhole base 13

Figure 5-3: Showing load due lateral earth pressure applied to wall. 13

Figure 5-4: Load due to surcharge pressure on wall 14

Figure 5-5: Load due to hydrostatic pressure on wall 15

Figure 5-6: Load due to ground water pressure 16

Figure 5-7: Live load applied to top slab and bottom slab 16

Figure 5-8: Load due to ladder dead and live load 17

Figure 5-9: Load due to Pipe Empty and Operating load 18

Figure 7-1: Valve pit base pressure contour under LC 308 20

Figure 7-2: Valve pit base pressure contour under LC 209 20

Figure 7-3: Base slab bending moment in the X-direction (Load case 206) 21

Figure 7-4: Base slab bending moment in the Y-direction (Load case 206) 21

Figure 7-5: LC 205 Pit wall subjected lateral earth pressure from backfill and surcharge 23

Figure 7-6: Wall bending moment in the X-direction (Load case 205) 23

Figure 7-7: Wall bending moment in the Y-direction (Load case 205) 23

Figure 7-8: Pressure diagram for loading condition 2: pit filled with effluent no backfill 25

Figure 7-9: Wall bending moment in the X-direction (Load case 203) 25

Figure 7-10: Wall bending moment in the Y-direction (Load case 203) 25

Figure 7-11: Valve pit shear stress in the SQY-direction (Load case 205) 27

Figure 7-12: Top slab bending moment in the X-direction (Load case 201) 28

Figure 7-13: Top slab bending moment in the Y-direction (Load case 201) 28

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Description

NGIC intends to carry out Hot tap on a 20’’ Escravos to Warri Gas Pipeline which is buried
approximately 1.5 meters below the earth surface with a 2’’ Hot Tap that will supply gas to
Azama community Gas Generator via a 2’’ x 2.5 km pipeline network.

NGIC has contracted Dover Engineering Limited (CONTRACTOR) to execute the

Engineering Design package for the Hot Tap activities inclusive of all associated MTOs,
Valve pit, overall cost estimate and any other deliverables that will ensure safe execution
of the Hot tap activity.

1.2 Objectives

The objective of this design calculation is to:

• Carry out analysis and design of the valve pit.

• Ensure that sections and sizes including reinforcement steel provided are
adequate for Ultimate Limit Satae and Serviceability Limit state
requirements.

1.3 Definitions

The following definitions shall be applied to the standard terms used throughout this
document.

COMPANY: Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited and/or

subsidiaries such as NNPC Gas Infrastructure Company
Limited.

CONSULTANT: Dover Engineering Limited/ Dover Engineer/Dover

SURVEY CONTRACTOR: The Surveyor Contracted by Dover Engineering in Carrying

out the Survey Works and its related Activities

Shall: Indicates mandatory requirement

Should: Indicates preferred recommendation

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1.4 Abbreviations

Table 1-1: List of Abbreviations and Definitions

S/N Terms Definitions
1. EN European Norm
2. HSE Health, Safety and Environment

1.5 Applicable International Codes and Standards

All design shall be carried out in accordance with the latest edition and supplements /
amendments of the standards listed below. The list is not exhaustive but includes the
following key codes, standards, and publications:

Table 1-2: List of Applicable Code and Standard

S/N Code/Standard Description
1. D1241 Standard Specification for Materials for Soil-Aggregate
Subbase, Base and Surface Courses
American Welding Society (AWS)
2. D1.1 Structural Welding Code Steel
3. D1.4 Structural Welding Code Reinforcing Steel
British Standards/Eurocodes
4. BS 65 Specification for vitrified clay pipes, fittings, joints and
ducts
5. BS EN 295 Vitrified clay pipe systems for drains and sewers.
Requirements for pipes, fittings and joints
6. BS EN 752 Drain and Sewer Systems Outside Buildings.
7. BS 1377: Part 3. Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes
8. BS EN 1917 Concrete Manholes and Inspection Chambers,
Unreinforced, Steel Fibre and Reinforced.
9. BS EN 1997-1-2004 Geotechnical – General rules
10. EN 1990 Eurocode basis of design.
11. EN 1992 Design of concrete structures

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1.5 Units of Measurements

S.I. units shall be used on drawings and documentation; Imperial units may be shown as
alternatives in brackets.
Table 1-3: List of Units of Measurement
S/N Measurement Unit

1. Nominal pipe diameters Inches (mm)

2. Thickness/Width mm

3. Length m (mm or km)

4. Area m2 or mm2

5. Volume m3 or mm3

6. Density kg/m3

7. Pressure kN/m2 or N/mm2

8. Temperature °C

1.6 Order of Preference

In the event of conflicts between the listed applicable regulations, codes and standard
below:
The following order of priority shall be applied.
• Nigerian National Standards/Legislations
• Project Particular Specifications
• Industry Codes and Standards
• International Standards
Latest editions of all codes and standards as at the date of issue of this document shall
apply. Deviations from applicable rules, codes and standards shall be subject to written
consent from the COMPANY.

2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The structural analysis of the valve pit was performed in line with factors, loads and
parameters defined in the relevant sections of Euro Codes and DEPs. The structure was
analyzed using STAAD pro V8i and Microsoft Excel software. The basic load cases and
load combinations with accompanying partial factors of safety were applied as defined in
BS EN 1992-1-1:2004/BS EN 1997-1:2004 and other applicable standards.
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The Limit State Philosophy approach was used to perform the design for the structure. The
structure configuration and members were checked for various load cases and load
combinations including self-weight and imposed loads.
The Ultimate Limit state loads (STR) combinations were used to check the structure for
strength and stability while the serviceability limit state load combinations were used to
check the structure for stability and crack width.
The Ultimate Limit state (GEO) load combinations were included for foundation sizing and
soil bearing capacity check.

3 GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES

3.1 General site description

This project site is located in a swampy area. The water level is on the ground surface.
The pit is founded on a fill and along the pipeline routing.

3.2 Material Properties

The basic material properties used in the structural analysis and design are as follows:

3.2.1 Concrete Design Properties

• Cylindrical compressive strength : 27.6 N/mm2
• Reinforced concrete density : 25 kN/m3
• Young’s modulus, Ec : 28,105 N/mm2

3.2.2 Reinforcing Steel Properties

• Young’s modulus, Et : 210,100 N/mm2
• Shear modulus, G : 0.8 x 105 N/mm2
• Steel density, r : 7,850 kg/m3

• Yield strength of reinforcement steel : 410 N/mm2

3.2.3 Soil Properties

• Soil unit weight, γsoil : 18.00 kN/m3

• Angle of internal friction, ∅ : 30°

• Assumed allwable soil bearing capacity, qa : 70 kN/m2

• Young’s modulus, Es : 19,000 kN/mm2

• Unit weight of water : 10 kN/m3

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4 COMPUTER MODEL ANALYSIS

4.1 Model Co-ordinate system

Figure 4-1: Global Co-ordinate System Figure 4-2: Plate (Local) Co-ordinate System

4.2 Design Criteria

The concrete pit design has been divided into three (3) parts:
• Top Slab
• Walls
• Base Slab
Top Slab have been designed and verified to resist live load.
Walls have been designed and verified to resist Surcharge load, lateral earth pressures
due to soil, hydrostatic load (within the pit during construction, access ladder load and pipe
load. Base slab have been designed to withstand live load, vertical earth pressure and
hydrostatic load. For structural checks, fixed beam behaviour has been considered,
analysing a 1-m strip.

4.3 Structural Model

For the design of the valve pit, STAAD.pro finite element capability was utilized in
modelling all the concrete walls as plate elements using the geometry parameters as
detailed.
For analytical purpose, a centre-to-centre dimension shall be utilized in the modelling of
the structure in STAAD.pro software.

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Figure 4-3: 3D Model of the Pit

4.4 Support Spring Stiffness

The valve pit base has been modelled in STAAD.Pro as a ‘plate mat’ foundation type,
hence spring supports have been used to model the supporting soil system.
The spring constant, Ks, used is computed to Equation 9.9, Foundation Analysis and
Design by Joseph E. Bowles, 5th Edition.
Ks = 40 x SF x qa = 40 x 3 x70 = 8,400 kN/mm2/m

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Figure 4-4: Base Slab Spring Support

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5 LOADING

5.1 Dead load (self-weight) - DL

The concrete dead load comprises of the self-weight of the pit considering unit weight of
concrete given as: γgk = 25kN/m3.

Figure 5-1: Showing DL applied to Pit

5.2 Earth fill on slab perimeter - VEP

The base slab for the valve pit extended by 300mm round the perimeter. The earthfill
around this extension is considered as part of the dead loads that the structure would be
subjected to:
The earthfill is computed as follows:

Table 5-1 Vertical earth pressure computation

Height of earth above
top of base slab Hs = = 2.21 m

Unit weight of soil gs = = 18 kN/m3

Density of water γw = = 10 kN/m3

Bulk unit weight of soil γb = gs - γw = 8 kN/m3

Load due to earthfill VEP = Hs * γb = 17.68 kN/m2

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Figure 5-2: Showing load due backfill applied to apron of the manhole base

5.3 Lateral Earth Pressure (LEP)

The valve pit experiences lateral pressure due to surrounding earth. These are applied on
the walls and are considered as uniformly varying load on the height of the wall.

Table 5-2: Lateral earth pressure computation

Height of retained soil Hs = = 2.51 m

Angle of Internal Friction ∅ = = 30 °
Density of soil γs = = 18 KN/m3
Coefficient Of Lateral Earth (1-sin∅) /
Pressure Ka = (1+sin∅) = 0.33333
Lateral Earth Pressure LEP = KaγsHS = 15.06 KN/m2

Figure 5-3: Showing load due lateral earth pressure applied to wall.
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5.4 SURCHARGE (SUR)

A surcharge load of 2.5 kN/m2 was adopted. The load is uniform and is applied only on the
wall.

Table 5-3 Surcharge pressure computation

Surcharge Load qs = = 2.5 kN/m2
Coefficient Of Lateral (1-sin∅) /
Earth Pressure Ka = (1+sin∅) = 0.33333
Horizontal Pressure due
to Surcharge SUR = qs*Ka = 0.83 kN/m2

Figure 5-4: Load due to surcharge pressure on wall

5.5 Hydrostatic water pressure - HWP

The hydrostatic water pressure on the internal wall of the valve pit due to exposed top
during construction. The load is applied on the walls and is considered as uniformly varying
load on the height of the wall.

Table 5-4: Hydrostatic water pressure computation

Internal wall height Hwa = = 2.81 m

Density of water γw = = 10 kN/m3
Hydrostatic water
pressure HWP = Hwa * γw = 28.1 kN/m2

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Figure 5-5: Load due to hydrostatic pressure on wall

5.6 Ground water pressure - GWP

Uplift due to ground water pressure at the base of the valve pit. The load is uniform and
applied only to the base of the valve pit.

Table 5-5: Ground water pressure computation

Height of retained soil Hw = = 2.51 m

Density of water gw = = 10 kN/m3
Hydrostatic water
pressure HWP = Hw * γw = 25.1 kN/m2

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Figure 5-6: Load due to ground water pressure

5.7 Slab Live Load – SLL

A live load of 1.5kN/m2 is adopted and imposed on the top slab and bottom slab (area
within the valve pit).

Figure 5-7: Live load applied to top slab and bottom slab

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5.8 Ladder Load

Table 5-6: Ladder load computation

DEAD LOAD
H20 unit weight = γL = 0.025 kN/m
Connection Point = nL = 2
H20 Length = LL = 1.05 m
Ladder Dead Load = LDL γL * LL = 0.02625 KN
Load on per Point = LDL/nL = 0.013 kN
LIVE LOAD
Ladder Live Load = LLL = 1.5 kN
Load per point = LLL/nL = 0.75 KN

Figure 5-8: Load due to ladder dead and live load

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5.10 Pipe Load

Table 5-7: Pipe load computation

PIPE EMPTY LOAD
Pipe empty unit load = γPE = 1.17 kN/m
Number of node points to apply on model = nP = 18
Pipe Length = PL = 2.75 m
Pipe Empty Load = PEL γPE *PL = 3.22 KN
Load on per point = PEL/nP = 0.179 kN
PIPE OPERATING LOAD
Pipe operating uint load = γPO = 3.05 kN/m
Pipe operating Load = POL γPO * PL = 8.388 KN
Load on per point = POL/nP = 0.466 kN

Figure 5-9: Load due to Pipe Empty and Operating load

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5.12 DESIGN LOAD APPLICATION

The loads considered for the analysis of the valve pit are Permanent and Variable actions
that will occur in different combinations, all of which will be taken into account in
determining the most critical design situation of the pit.

5.13 BASIC LOAD CONDITIONS

Table 5-8:Loads applied to valve pit

LOAD
LOAD NO. LOAD DESCRIPTION ABBREVIATION
1 SELF WEIGHT SW
2 PIPE EMPTY LOAD PEL
3 LADDER DEAD LOAD LDL
4 VERTICAL EARTH PRESSURE VEP
5 SLAB LIVE LOAD SLL

6 PIPE OPERATING LOAD POL

7 LADDER LIVE LOAD LLL
8 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE LEP
9 SURCHARGE SUR
10 HYDROSTATIC WATER PRESSURE HWP
11 GROUND WATER PRESSURE GWP

5.13.1 Dead Load

Dead Load comprises of the favorable permanent load and unfavorable permanent load.
The favorable permanent load herein refers to self-weight of valve pit, earth fill on base
slab apron (VEP), and permanent loads due to piping empty Load and ladder.
Self-weight was automatically generated for the concrete pit, while the rest were computed
and applied appropriately.
The ground water pressure shall be treated as a permanent unfavorable action,
considering that the site is a swampy area with water level at the ground level.

5.13.2 Live Load

Live Load herein refers to live load due to piping operating load, live load due to personnel
on slab and within the valve pit.

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6 LOAD COMBINATION TABLES

Table 6-1: Serviceability limit state for combination of actions (SLS)

BASIC LOAD CASE NUMBER
SLS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CONDITION

PERMANENT ACTIONS VARIABLE ACTIONS LATERAL HYDROSTATIC

COMBINATION Favorable Unfavorable EARTH WATER
NO. DL DL LL PRESSURE SURCHARGE PRESSURE LOAD COMBINATIONS
SW PEL LDL VEP GWP SLL LLL POL LEP SUR HWP
101 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0FDL +1.0GWP
102 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.0LEP
SERVICE

103 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.0HWP
104 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.0LL
105 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.0LEP + 1.0SUR
106 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.0LL + 1.0LEP
107 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.0LL + 1.0HWP
108 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.0LL + 1.0LEP + 1.0SUR

Table 6-2 Ultimate limit state for combination of actions (ULS/STR)

BASIC LOAD CASE NUMBER
ULS/STR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CONDITION

PERMANENT ACTIONS VARIABLE ACTIONS LATERAL HYDROSTATIC

COMBINATION Favorable Unfavorable EARTH WATER
NO. DL DL LL PRESSURE SURCHARGE PRESSURE LOAD COMBINATIONS
SW PEL LDL VEP GWP SLL LLL POL LEP SUR HWP
201 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP
202 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.50 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5LEP
STRENGTH

203 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.50 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5HWP
204 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5LL
205 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5LEP + 1.5SUR
206 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5LL + 1.5LEP
207 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5LL + 1.5HWP
208 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5LL + 1.5LEP + 1.5SUR
209 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.00 0.90FDL + 1.0GWP

Table 6-3 Ultimate limit state for combination of actions (GEO/STR)

BASIC LOAD CASE NUMBER
ULS/GEO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CONDITION

PERMANENT ACTIONS VARIABLE ACTIONS LATERAL HYDROSTATIC

COMBINATION Favorable Unfavorable EARTH WATER
NO. DL DL LL PRESSURE SURCHARGE PRESSURE LOAD COMBINATIONS
SW PEL LDL VEP GWP SLL LLL POL LEP SUR HWP
301 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP
302 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.3LEP
BEARING

303 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.3HWP
304 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.3LL
305 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.3LEP + 1.3SUR
306 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.3LL + 1.3LEP
307 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.3LL + 1.3HWP
308 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.3LL + 1.3LEP + 1.3SUR

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2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

7 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
STABILITY CHECKS
CHECK FOR BEARING
LC 308: 1.0FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.3LL + 1.3LEP + 1.3SUR

Figure 7.1 : Valve pit base pressure contour under LC 308

BASE PRESSURE CONTOUR MAPPING (LC 109)
Assumed allowable soil bearing capacity at depth 2.51 m, ps= 70 kN/m 2
Bearing check is
Satisfactory!
Since maximum base pressure (14.6kN/m2) is less than the soil bearing capacity (70kN/m2)

CHECK FOR UPLIFT

LC 209: 0.9FDL + 1.0GWP

Figure 7.2 : Valve pit base pressure contour under LC 209

BASE PRESSURE CONTOUR MAPPING (LC 209)
Uplift check is
Since minimum base pressure (3.22kN/m2 ) is greater than (0kN/m2) Satisfactory!

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2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

VALVE PIT BASE SLAB

LC 206: 1.35FDL + 1.5LL + 1.5LEP + 1.5VEP

Figure 7.3: Base slab bending moment in the X-direction (Load case 206)

Figure 7.4: Base slab bending moment in the Y-direction (Load case 206)

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN (DED) OF 2'' HOT TAP ON A 20''
ESCRAVOS TO WARRI PIPELINE WITH ASSOCIATED VALVE PIT

2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
Maximum Bending Moment pit slab in the x and y direction, M = 10.50 kNm/m
Thickness of base, tb= 300 mm
Cover to reinforcement, c= 75 mm
Assume bar size, Ø = 12 mm
Effective depth, d = h - c- Ø/2 = 219 mm

Bending Reinforcement
Maximum Bending Moment in the x and y direction, M = 10.50 kNm
Consider 1m width of slab, b= 1000 mm
Characteristics yield strength of reinforcement, fyk = 410 N/mm 2
K=M2/fckbd2= 0.007
la=0.5+(0.25-k/1.134)0.5 = 0.95
2
Areq=M2/0.87fyklad 141.49 mm
Provide H12 - 200 NF & FF (main reinforcement), As, prov.= 565 mm 2
Considering that the load on the top slab is small, the reinforcement details will be used for
the top slab (top and bottom)

Minimum reinforcement to control thermal & shrinkage crack

Mean tensile strength of concrete, fctm = 2.9 N/mm 2
As,min / btd > 0.26fctm / fyk= 0.0018
As,min =0.0016btd= 402.7463 mm 2
2
Provide H12-150 Top and Bottom (main and transverse reinforcement), As, prov.= 754.000 mm
As,min is less than As,prov, the section is OK for thermal and shrinkage cracking
n n
Deflection
Span, L = 1000.00 mm
Required tension reinforcement ratio, P=100As, req /bd 0.065

EN1991-1-1: 2004 Concrete is lightly stressed since required reinforcement ratio is less than 0.5 %
Table 7.4N
Basic ratio for continous slab= 26
Correction factor
f1=500/fyk= 1.220
f2=As, prov/As, req = 5.329
Effective depth required, d=span/(basic ratio * f1 * f2 ) 5.92 mm
Since the effective depth required is less than the effective depth provided the section is OK for
deflection

2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C_VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT Page 23 of 30

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2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

VALVE WALL DESIGN
LOADING CONDITION 1: PIT SUBJECTED TO EARTH PRESSURE FROM BACK FILL
AND SURCHARGE
LC 205 : 1.35FDL + 1.5VEP + 1.5LEP + 1.5SUR

SURCHARGE
0.83kN/m2

LATERAL EARTH
PRESSURE
15.06 kN/m2

25.10kN/m2

FIGURE 7.5: LC 205 PIT WALL SUBJECTED TO LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE FROM
BACKFILL, SURCHARGE AND GROUND WATER PRESSURE

Figure 7.6: Wall bending moment in the X-direction (Load case 205)

Figure 7.7: Wall bending moment in the Y-direction (Load case 205)
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2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
BENDING
Thickness of wall, t = h = 250 mm
Cover to reinforcement, c = 75 mm
Assume bar size, Ø = 12 mm
Effective depth, d = h - c - Ø/2 = 169 mm
Maximum Bending Moment of wall in the x and y direction, M = 8.31 kNm

Bending Reinforcement
Maximum Bending Moment in the x and y direction, M = 8.31 kNm
Breadth of section, b = 1000 mm
Cylinder strength of concrete strength, fck = 30 N/mm 2
Characteristics yield strength of reinforcement, fyk = 410 N/mm 2
2
K = M / (fckbd )= 0.010
la = 0.5 + (0.25 - k / 1.134)0.5 = 0.95
Areq=M / (0.87fyklad) 145.11 mm 2
Provide H12 - 200 NF & FF (main reinforcement), As, prov.= 566 mm 2
Considering that the load on the top slab is small, the reinforcement details will be used for
the top slab (top and bottom)

Minimum reinforcement to control thermal & shrinkage crack

As,min > 0.002Ac=
2
As,min = 0.002bh= 500 mm
Horizontal reinforcement/Distribution reinforcement
2
As,min = 0.002bh= 250 mm
Provide H12 - 200 NF & FF (transverse reinforcement), As, prov.= 565 mm 2
As,min is less than As,prov, the section is OK for thermal and shrinkage cracking

Deflection
Span, L = 1000 mm
Required tension reinforcement ratio, P = 100As, req /(bd) 0.09
Table 7.4N Concrete is lightly stressed since required reinforcement ratio is less than 0.5 %
EN1992-1-1:2004 Basic ratio for wall acting as a slab = 30.00
Correction factors
f1 = 500 / fyk = 1.220

f2 = As, prov / As, req = 3.901

Effective depth required, d=span/(basic ratio * f1 * f2 ) = 7.01 mm
Since the effective depth required is less than the effective depth provided the section is OK for
deflection

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2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

LOADING CONDITION 2: PIT FILLED WITH EFFLUENT NO BACKFILL

LC 203 : 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5HWP
0kN/m2

28.10kN

25.10kN/m2
Figure 7.8: PRESSURE DIAGRAM FOR LOADING CONDITION 2: PIT FILLED WITH EFFLUENT NO
BACKFILL

Figure 7.9: Wall bending moment in the X-direction (Load case 203)

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 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN (DED) OF 2'' HOT TAP ON A 20''
ESCRAVOS TO WARRI PIPELINE WITH ASSOCIATED VALVE PIT

2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
Thickness of wall, tw = 250 mm
Cover to reinforcement, c = 75 mm
Assume bar size, Ø = 12 mm
Effective depth, d = h-c- Ø/2 = 169 mm
Maximum Bending Moment of wall in the x and y direction, M = 10.50 kNm/m

Bending Reinforcement
Bending moment M1= 10.50 kNm
For one meter width of slab, b= 1000 m
Characteristics yield strength of reinforcement, fyk = 410 N/mm 2
K =M/(fckbd2 )= 0.012
0.5
la = 0.5+(0.25-k/1.134) = 0.95
As, req =M/(0.87fyklad) 183.35 mm 2
Provide H12 - 200 NF & FF (Main reinforcement), As, prov.= 566 mm 2

Minimum reinforcement to control thermal & shrinkage crack

Mean tensile strength of concrete, fctm = 2.9 N/mm 2
As,min >0.002Ac 0.002
As,min =0.002bh= 500 mm 2
Horizontal reinforcement/Distribution reinforcement
As,min = 0.001bh= 250 mm 2
Provide H12 - 200 NF & FF (transverse reinforcement), As, prov.= 566 mm 2
As,min is less than As,prov, the section is OK for thermal and shrinkage cracking

Deflection
Effective Span, L = 1000 m
EN1991-1-1: 2004 Required tension reinforcement ratio, P=100As, req /(bd) 0.108
Table 7.4N
Concrete is lightly stressed since required reinforcement ratio is less than 0.5 %
Basic ratio for cantilever= 30
Correction factors
f1 =500/fyk = 1.220
f2 = As, prov / As, req = 3.087
Effective depth required, d=span/(basic ratio * f1 * f2 ) 8.854 mm
Since the effective depth required is less than the effective depth provided the section is OK for
deflection

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2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
Shear Stress
n Check n
LC 203 : 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5HWP

Figure 7.11: Valve pit shear stress in the SQY-direction (Load case 205)
Ultimate design shear stress vED = 0.159 N/mm 2
EN 1992-1-1:2004,
VRD,max = 0.5b*d(0.6(1-fck/250))fcd
Section 6.2.2
EN1992-1-1:2004
fcd = αccfck/γc (Where αcc= 1 and γc = 1.5) =
Section 3.1.6(1) 20 N/mm 2
where,
αcc = 1.00
γc = 1.50
EN 1992-1-1:2004,
Substituting we have, VRD,max /b*d= 0.5*(0.6(1-fck/250))*fcd = 5.28 N/mm 2
Section 6.2.1
Since the design shear stress is less than the shear capacity of the pit, the pit is ok in shear.

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2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

VALVE PIT TOP SLAB
LC 204: 1.35FDL + 1.0GWP + 1.5LL

Figure 7.12: Top slab bending moment in the X-direction (Load case 201)

Figure 7.13: Top slab bending moment in the Y-direction (Load case 201)

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2304-300-47-RD-S-001_C

VALVE PIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN REPORT

REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
Maximum Bending Moment pit slab in the x and y direction, M = 6.54 kNm/m
Thickness of base, tb= 150 mm
Cover to reinforcement, c= 25 mm
Assume bar size, Ø = 12 mm
Effective depth, d = h - c- Ø/2 = 119 mm

Bending Reinforcement
Maximum Bending Moment in the x and y direction, M = 6.54 kNm
Consider 1m width of slab, b= 1000 mm
Characteristics yield strength of reinforcement, fyk = 410 N/mm 2
K=M2/fckbd2= 0.015
la=0.5+(0.25-k/1.134)0.5 = 0.95
2
Areq=M2/0.87fyklad 162.18 mm
Provide H12 - 200 B & T (main reinforcement), As, prov.= 566 mm 2
Considering that the load on the top slab is small, the reinforcement details will be used for
the top slab (top and bottom)

Minimum reinforcement to control thermal & shrinkage crack

Mean tensile strength of concrete, fctm = 2.9 N/mm 2
As,min / btd > 0.26fctm / fyk= 0.0018
As,min =0.0016btd= 218.8439 mm 2
2
Provide H12-200 Top and Bottom (main and transverse reinforcement), As, prov.= 565.000 mm
As,min is less than As,prov, the section is OK for thermal and shrinkage cracking
n n
Deflection
Span, L = 1000.00 mm
Required tension reinforcement ratio, P=100As, req /bd 0.136

EN1991-1-1: 2004 Concrete is lightly stressed since required reinforcement ratio is less than 0.5 %
Table 7.4N
Basic ratio for continous slab= 26
Correction factor
f1=500/fyk= 1.220
f2=As, prov/As, req = 3.484
Effective depth required, d=span/(basic ratio * f1 * f2 ) 9.05 mm
Since the effective depth required is less than the effective depth provided the section is OK for
deflection

8 CONCLUSION
Results of analysis and design of the concrete valve pit show that the element thickness
and reinforcement provided are adequate and sufficient, hence design is satisfactory.

Table 8-1: Summary of Provisions

Element Top Slab Walls Base Slab
Thickness 150mm 250mm 300mm
Top bars Bottom bars Horizontal bars Vertical bars Top bars Bottom bars
Reinforcement (both ways) (both ways) (NF & FF) (NF & FF) (both ways) (both ways)
H12 @200mm c/c H12 @200mm c/c H12 @200mm c/c H12 @200mm c/c H12 @150mm c/c H12 @150mm c/c

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