125herbs 125 302

Chapter Six
PLANT PROFILES
Plant Profile Template 118 Daruharidra 170 Lotus 222

Plant Profiles Devadaru 171 Manjishtha 224
Ajmoda 120 Dhattura 172 Mint 226
Ajwain 122 Ephedra 173 Mustaka 228
Aloe 124 Fennel 175 Mustard seed 230
Amalaki 126 Fenugreek 177 Myrrh 231
Anthrapachaka 128 Frankincense (Indian) 179 Neem 233
Aragvadha 129 Garlic 181 Nutmeg 235
Arjuna 130 Ginger 183 Pepper 237
Ashoka 132 Gokshura 185 Pippali 239
Ashwagandha 133 Gotu Kola 187 Pit Shirisha 241
Bakuchi 135 Guduchi 189 Pomegranate 242
Bala 137 Guggulu 191 Psyllium 244
Bhallataka 139 Gurmar 193 Punarnava 246
Bhringaraja 141 Haritaki 194 Pushkaramoola 248
Bhumiamalaki 143 Hemp seed 196 Rhubarb 250
Bibhitaki 145 Hingu 197 Rose 252
Bilva 147 Jasmine 199 Safed Musali 254
Brahmi 149 Jatamamsi 200 Safflower 256
Cardamom 151 Kalamegha 202 Saffron 258
Castor 153 Kanchanara 204 Salt 260
Chiretta 155 Kapikacchu 206 Sandalwood 262
Chitraka 156 Karavella 207 Sariva 264
Chrysanthemum 158 Krishna Jiraka 209 Sarpagandha 266
Cinnamon 160 Kushtha 211 Senna 268
Cloves 162 Kutaja 213 Shankhapushpi 269
Coleus 164 Kutki 215 Shatavari 271
Coriander 165 Lemon and lime 217 Shilajit 273
Cumin 167 Lemongrass 219 Tagarah 275
Damanaka 169 Licorice 220 Tila 277
117
Trivrut 279 Vamsa Lochana 286 Vidari 292
Chapter 6 PLANT PROFILES
Tulsi 280 Varuna 287 References 293

Turmeric 282 Vasa 288
Vacha 284 Vidanga 290
PLANT PROFILE TEMPLATE fluid effect on the mucous membranes; pene-

trating refers to its ability to travel deeply into the
TITLE
tissues.
The title name of the plants described is based
Dos.a effect: effect on the three functional princi-
primarily on their Sanskrit name apart from where
ples: kapha (K), pitta (P), vata (V), e.g. KV−, P+
I have felt that it is more appropriate to use their
means reduces kapha and vata and increases pitta.
common English name. For example ginger
Dha-tu (tissue): affinity for each of the seven tissues.
(Zingiber officinale) is under ginger but calamus
Srotas (channel): affinity for any of the 16 channels.
(Acorus calamus) is under its Sanskrit name of
vacha. If you are searching for a herb please refer CONSTITUENTS
to the Index of Plant Names in Appendix 6, which The phytochemical ingredients, e.g. tannins, alka-
lists herbs under their Latin, Sanskrit and loids, essential oils. This book offers an overview
Common names. of the phytochemical content of the herbs.
COMMON NAME AYURVEDIC ACTION
The popular name of a herb in English (E), Hindi Ayurvedic categories of therapeutic activity, e.g.
-
(H), Singhalese (S), Marathi (M), e.g. ginger (E), Rasayana—rejuvenative, Amana-śaka—toxin
adrakh (H), sont (H). destroyer. This category also includes the prabhava
or specific effect of the herb above and beyond its
SANSKRIT
energetics. This is the physiological activity of the
The classical Sanskrit name, e.g. fresh = ardraka,
herb based on the empirical experience of
dry = śunthı-. Each herb has many Sanskrit names.
ayurvedic doctors. I have used the Caraka Samhita,
I have just given the most common ones with
Suśruta Samhita, Astangahrdaya Samhita,
appropriate translations where the herb’s name is
Bhavaprakaśa Nighantu, Yogaratnakara Samhita
an epithet as well as a proper name. If there is not
Nighantu and the Śarngadhara Samhita as the main
a translation then it usually means that the term is
textual reference sources for this information.
just a proper name.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
LATIN
Western categorisation, e.g. alterative, diuretic,
The botanical reference and plant part, e.g. Zingiber
diaphoretic, nervine.
officinale–Rhizoma, followed by the botanical family
(Zingiberaceae). INDICATIONS
Specific conditions in which the herb is indicated,
ENERGETICS
e.g. lung conditions, skin problems.
For more details on these ‘Energetics’ headings,
please refer to Chapters 2 and 3. COMBINATIONS
Rasa (taste): particular flavour of a herb, e.g. Special combinations of herbs that are commonly
pungent and sweet. combined to enhance their synergistic effect, e.g.
V ı-rya (energy): thermal quality of the herb, e.g. ginger and cinnamon to warm and stimulate
hot or cold. Heating and cooling are secondary digestion, clear kapha and regulate vata.
qualities, not quite as strong as hot or cold.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect): This is the action
Areas where the herb may be considered inappro-
after digestion and is a category unique to
priate, e.g. rhubarb root in pregnancy
Ayurveda, e.g. salty becomes sweet.
Gun.a (quality): the nature of the herb—heavy or SAFETY
light refer to digestibility; wet or dry refers to the Drug–herb interactions.
118
(a traditional theory that the Creator has stamped
PART 2
DOSAGE
Daily dosage limits for dried, concentrated and a divine imprint on nature and that these charac-
tinctured herbs. teristics [growing conditions, leaf shape, colour or
Dosage is a slightly controversial issue because it smell] indicate a practical use; for example the
is not absolute for every herb or person. There are stalk of garlic has a hollow tube and it is indicated
no standardised dosages for these herbs, but there for breathing problems, while vacha [Acorus cala-
are reference ranges. I have given the dosages mus] thrives in damp conditions and is used to
that I use in my practice and, where they are clear mucus and catarrh). Also notes on the
given, that are recommended in the ayurvedic idiosyncratic (prabhava) nature of the herb, folk-
texts. One clear incompatibility in the profiles is lore, legal issues, special ‘carrier’ mediums (e.g.
the comparison between the dry herb dose and honey), environmental concerns.
the tincture dose. This inconsistency exists as tinc-
tures extract more active ingredients, are more A NOTE ON REFERENCES
easily assimilated and are stronger than just the I have used many varied sources for reference
dry herb; therefore, where relevant, I have recom- material including primary and secondary
mended a proportionally lower dose. The tincture resources. The reader is referred to the bibliogra-
doses are not traditionally ayurvedic but are phy to find references to clinical and textual data.
extrapolated from Western herbal medicine use I have used data based on human clinical trials
and my own clinical experience. and in vitro experiments and have purposefully
avoided any clinical trials carried out on animals
NOTES for ethical reasons.
Comments that are of particular interest, growing
conditions, example of the doctrine of signatures
119
AJMODA
-
Common name Celery seed (E) Sanskrit Aja-moda Latin Apium graveolens–Semen (Umbelliferae)
As with all members of the

Umbelliferae family with their
ascendant flower and seed heads,
this is a digestive ‘lightener’. Its
pungency and aromatic nature
activate the digestive process and
make light work of heavy food.
Literally meaning ‘goat’s delight’,
ajmoda is a delicious shrub.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent
V -ı rya (energy) Heating INDICATIONS Urine Ajmoda seed is a specific
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Lungs Asthma, bronchitis, cough, herb for treating kidney and blad-
Pungent sinus congestion. It actively der discomfort from cold; frequent,
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry, helps to dilate the bronchioles by pale urine with lower backache
penetrating preventing spasm in the airways. and nocturia (Bhavaprakaśa).
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ It positively affects the flow of Caution should be observed in
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, marrow, prana and udana vayu. Excess kidney inflammation as the
nerve mucus accumulation, a sign of volatile oils may cause irritation
Srotas (channel) Digestive, aggravated avalambaka kapha is (BHMA 1992). Conversely, the
respiratory, nervous, urinary ‘digested’ (Frawley & Lad 1994). vegetable ‘stalk’ heals the urinary
Digestion Flatulence, borboryg- system afflicted with problems
CONSTITUENTS mus and intestinal cramps. Low from heat, such as urinary
Volatile oils D-limonene, alpha- agni is stimulated by the pun- irritation, cystitis, pain and
selinine, santalol, limonene-type gent volatile oils. Samana vayu is frequent, dark urination with
monoterpenes, phthalides regulated and apana vayu encour- burning.
Flavonoids Apiin, apigenin aged to flow freely downwards. Joints Ajmoda is a specific herb
Coumarins Bergapten, celeroside, It encourages the natural down- for rheumatism, arthritis and
isopimpinellin ward movement of digestion gout (Bone 2003). It directly
(Bone, 2003) (Tierra 1988). reduces pain by assisting
Nerves Spasms, cramps and excretion of inflammatory
AYURVEDIC ACTION
ama toxins via the
Dı-panı-ya Awakens digestion muscular tension. Obstructed
mutravahasrotas.
Pa-caka Digestive vata is released by reducing ten-
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates intes- sion throughout the whole nerv-
tinal spasms ous system; this directly COMBINATIONS
Śva-sa Benefits breathing regulates the tension versus * Ginger, fennel, cardamom,
relaxation balance in the smooth cumin, coriander for
Anuloma Mild laxative, corrects
muscles. Ajmoda benefits heart obstructed vata and digestive
the flow of vata
-
Amana- śaka Toxin digester pain caused by nervous constric- discomfort.
tion (Bhavaprakaśa). As an anti- * Pippali, anthrapachaka, haritaki
BIOMEDICAL ACTION spasmodic with an affinity for for vata–kapha-induced cough.
Antispasmodic, carminative, the lower abdomen it can also * Jatamansi, brahmi, tagara for
nervine, galactogogue, diuretic, help ease the pain of dysmenor- debilitated nervous system and
bronchodilator, expectorant rhoea and menstrual cramps. high vata.
120
PART 2
CONTRAINDICATIONS SAFETY DOSAGE
High pitta; hyperacidity. It is safe No drug–herb interactions are 250 mg–5 g per day or 3–15ml
in pregnancy despite mistaken known. per day of a 1:3 @ 60% tincture.
concerns regarding the contra-
indicated apiol being contained
in celery seed (Bone 2003).
Notes
■ Ajmoda grows in dry soil; according to the ‘doctrine ■ It regulates pra-n.a, uda-na, sama-na and apa-na va-yu,
of signatures’ this indicates its ability to oppose which helps to balance the entire nervous system.
moisture and absorb damp mucusy conditions. ■ While there is some concern regarding the
-
■ It clears ama and general stagnation; it has an phototoxicity of its furanocoumarin content, celery
aromatic nature that warms and disperses cold, wet seed is a very safe remedy. Caution should be
and damp symptoms. observed if using ultraviolet treatment (Bone 2003).
■ Its pungent aroma is expansive and opening and,
like the petals of its flower head, is dispersing and

spreading outwards.
121
AJWAIN
Common name Bishop’s weed (E), Ajwain (H) Sanskrit Yava- nı-, Yava- nika- , Agnivardhana
Latin Trachyspermum ammi syn. Trachyapermum copticum, Carum copticum/roxburghianum/ajowan,
Ptychotis ajowan–Semen (Umbelliferae)
Deliciously aromatic, ajwain is a

wonderful remedy for sluggish
digestion and coughs. A truly
warming seed.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent, bitter
V ı-rya (energy) Heating
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect)
Pungent
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry, pene- INDICATIONS the lower abdomen, reproductive
trating Digestion Specifically indicated system and lungs. Use in men-
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ for low digestive fire (mandagni). It strual cramping, colic, wheezing
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, marrow, combines warming digestive pun- and general anxiety. As it benefits
nerve gency with antispasmodic and bit- the whole nervous system it can
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- ter activity; antiflatulent, digestive help to lift the sluggish lethargy
ratory, nervous, urinary cramps and sluggish digestion. of mild depression. It normalises
CONSTITUENTS Also benefits worms and fungal the flow of vata and all the pranas
Essential oils Thymol, dipentene, infections of the intestines (Swami around the body. By aiding udana
camphene, myrcene, limonene Prakashananda Ayurveda vayu, the prana regulating speech
Glycosides Research Centre 1992). It is spe- and enthusiasm, and by clearing
Fatty acids cific for digesting ama and stag- the lungs and throat, it opens the
(Williamson 2003) nant toxins within the digestive way for clear communication
tract. It works on samana vayu, the (Frawley & Lad 1994).
AYURVEDIC ACTION
prana that controls digestion in the Urine As a warming diuretic it
Dı-panı-ya Awakens digestion
centre of the abdomen, and stimu- can clear urinary frequency
Pa-caka Digestive
lates pacaka pitta, the pitta subtype from cold. It also benefits painful
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates intes-
overseeing digestion in the small urination caused by calculi.
tinal spasms
intestine. It is specifically indi-
Stanyajanana Promotes breast
cated for hiccups, belching and COMBINATIONS
milk
Śva-sa Benefits breathing
rebellious apana vata moving * Haritaki, amalaki, fennel,
upwards instead of downwards. cumin for digestive sluggish-
Anuloma Mild laxative, corrects
Lungs As an antispasmodic it ness and bloating.
the flow of vata
- effectively eases wheezing and * Pippali, bibhitaki, vasaka for
Amana- śaka Toxin digester
constricted lungs due to vata and wet cough with white phlegm
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates pain
cold. Used where there is white and asthma.
Kr.mighna Kills parasites
Va- takaphahara Alleviates vata
and copious phlegm with high * Brahmi, gotu kola, ashwa-
avalambaka kapha. Also beneficial gandha for mental tension.
and kapha
in sinus and nasal congestion; it * Shatavari, ginger, turmeric,
BIOMEDICAL ACTION stimulates and opens the chan- rose for menstrual pain.
Antispasmodic, carminative, nels of the head (manovahasrotas). * Gokshura, bhumiamalaki,
nervine, analgesic, diuretic, bron- Nerves Ajwain relaxes tension in manjishtha and shilajit for uri-
chodilator, expectorant, the nervous system; especially in nary stones from kapha.
anthelmintic
122
PART 2
Acidity; high pitta; during preg- No drug–herb interactions are 250 mg–5g per day or 3–15ml
nancy. known per day of a 1:3 @ 60% tincture.
Notes
■ This aromatic member of the Umbelliferae family ■ It reduces va-ta and kapha due to its hot and
thrives in the dry, sandy soil of central and western penetrating nature.
India, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. ■ One of its Sanskrit names, agnivardhana, means
■ It can be used alongside or instead of ajmoda as ‘strengthening the digestive fire’.
they have very similar properties.
123
ALOE
Common name Aloe vera (E) Sanskrit Kuma-rı- Latin Aloe indica/vera/barbadensis–Herba/ Succinum (Liliaceae)
The Indian name for aloe vera is Raktapitta Alleviates bleeding

kuma-rı- meaning ‘young maiden’, Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive
which reveals its affinity for the fire for pitta
-
female menstrual cycle and its A mapa-cana Encourages the
rejuvenative powers for maintain- clearing of ama
Vis.ahara Destroys poisons
ing youthfulness.
Plı-hayakr.dvr.ddhiha- ra Reduces
ENERGETICS inflammations of the spleen and
Rasa (taste) Bitter, sweet liver
V ı-rya (energy) Cold Granthi Clears tumours
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Visphot.a Removes pustules
Sweet
stretch marks. Very beneficial
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous, BIOMEDICAL ACTION
taken internally for hot, inflamed
slimy Emmenagogue, cholagogue, vul-
pitta conditions; eczema, urticaria,
Dos.a effect VPK= as the gel and nerary, alterative, anti-inflamma-
ulcers, acne. Specific for use in
juice; dried gum powder (bola) tory, demulcent, laxative,
jaundice and viral hepatitis.
aggravates V immune enhancing, antiviral,
Digestion The gel of the inner
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues antitumour.
portion of the leaf is a mild laxa-
Srotas (channel) Digestive, excre-
INDICATIONS tive as its bitter principle works
tory, circulatory, female repro-
Gynaecology The gel and juice via the liver to encourage the
ductive
are salutary when there is excess release of bile. This effect can
CONSTITUENTS bleeding or clots. As kumari help to regulate blood sugar in
Saccharides Polysaccharides; clears the liver it directly affects diabetics and lipid levels in
acetylated galactomannan raktavahasrotas and the flow of hypertriglyceridaemia (Plaskett
known as acemannan or alo- pitta in the blood. This affects the 1996). As it is a cooling and
everose, glucose artavasrotas, the menstrual chan- demulcent herb that directly
Phytosterols β-sitosterol nel, as it is responsible for regu- clears pitta and heals mucous
Fatty acids Gamma-linolenic lating the uterus. It is a membranes it is a specific for
acid wonderful tonic for the female hyperacidity, peptic ulcers,
Enzymes, amino acids reproductive system. Its cooling ulcerative colitis and any
Vitamins B, C, E, choline and unctuous properties make it bleeding from the intestines
Glycosides Anthraquinones; aloe very effective for treating the hot (Murray 1992). Its ability to
emodin, aloin, barbaloin (in and dry symptoms of regulate bacteria levels in the
outer leaves) menopause (Bhavaprakaśa). intestines indicates use in
(Murray 1992, Williamson 2002) Skin The gel contains polysaccha- Candida albicans and as a remedy
AYURVEDIC ACTION rides that are specifically healing for improving gastric and
Vran.aropan.a Wound healing for the skin and mucous mem- intestinal function (Bland 1985,
activity branes (Murray 1992). It has an Murray 1992, Bone 2003). The
Bhedanı-ya Purgative (powder) affinity for bhrajaka pitta and dry and powdered extract of the
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative for the enhances the quality of the skin; leaf (also known as cape aloes) is
skin, intestines and female repro- used topically to treat psoriasis, strongly purgative and benefits
ductive system ulcers, eczema, seborrhoeic der- pitta types. It should only be
Kuma- rı-rogaghna Alleviates men- matitis and mouth ulcers. One of used in the short term.
strual diseases the best ayurvedic herbs for heal- Eyes As a netrarogaghna herb it
A-rtavajanana Promotes menses ing burns, scars, wounds and destroys eye diseases. Applied
124
externally it is very soothing for matory skin diseases (use exter-
PART 2
SAFETY
eye inflammation and eyelid nally and internally). No drug–herb interactions are
swelling. * (powder) Myrrh, turmeric is known
used as a uterine cleanser.
COMBINATIONS DOSAGE
* (powder) Fennel, cardamom to
* (juice) Rose, shatavari, man- prevent griping.
(Powder/bola) 100–500mg per
jishtha for excessive menstrual day (short-term only), (juice)
bleeding and menopause. CONTRAINDICATIONS 10–200ml per day, (gel) exter-
* (juice) Shatavari, licorice, musta During pregnancy (powder). nally, as needed.
for GIT inflammation. Powder in vata constipation.
* (juice and gel) Turmeric, neem,
kutki, manjishtha for inflam-
NOTES
■ Aloe grows wild in the dry parts of India and is The herbs are ground together with aloe pulp until
excellent at opposing dryness. the mixture is dry. This adds pitta-reducing qualities
■ It is a marvellous vehicle for carrying medicines to to the preparation.
all the tissues, especially the plasma, blood and ■ Its most famous preparation is kuma-rı- a-sava, a
reproductive tissues. naturally fermented medicated wine for treating the
■ It is considered to be a ‘hero’ herb in that it has an above conditions.
affinity for all the seven tissues and it regulates all ■ Mix with ginger for va-ta and turmeric for kapha to
three dos.a. This makes it the perfect vehicle to carry enhance its regulating effects on those dos.a.
the prescription to the correct part of the body. ■ Kala bol is the solid gum obtained after boiling the
■ It is a common ‘trituration’ ingredient in many whole leaf juice. It is a strong purgative.
formulas; e.g. a- rogyavardhinı- and kaishore guggul.
125
AMALAKI
-
Common name Indian gooseberry (E), Amla (H) Sanskrit A’malakı-, Dha- trı- Latin Emblica
officinalis–Fructus (Euphorbiaceae)
‘Amla’ literally means ‘sour’;

another name for amalaki is
dha-tr.ı-; dha-tr.ı- means ‘mother’ or
‘nurse’, indicating that amalaki is
the ultimate carer and healer.
It is the major ingredient in
Cyavanapra-śa-, the elixir tonic paste
that is a superb rejuvenative for
the lungs, all three dos.as and the
reproductive system. Use
Jı-vanı-ya Promotes energy
amalaki for reducing inflammation
pation, ulcers, acidity, gastritis,
in the digestive tract, assisting the Śukrala Increases reproductive colitis, hepatitis, haemorrhoids.
bowels and strengthening the fluids Especially useful in inflamma-
heart. Vr.s.ya Increases sexual potency tory and bleeding conditions of
ENERGETICS Hr• daya Heart tonic the intestines. A small dose con-
Rasa (taste) All but salty; prima- Dı-panı-ya Awakens digestion stipates while a larger dose is a
rily sour, bitter, astringent. Raktaśodhana Purifies the blood laxative. It is a very effective
Pungent and sweet are second- Raktavardhaka Nourishes rakta liver cleanser; its sour flavour
ary dhatu ‘squeezes’ the liver, and its
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling Raktapittahara Cures bleeding antioxidant properties protect it
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) diseases (Tillotson 2001).
Sweet Tridos.aghna Alleviates all three Heart Its affinity for the blood
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry dosa helps to nourish and protect the
Dos.a effect All dosas are reduced Keśya Hair tonic heart. It protects by reducing ele-
(tridosaghna) but primarily PV−, Pramehaghna Destroys urinary vated cholesterol and healing
K+; increases ojas diseases and diabetes arterial damage. It is a super
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues are Medhya Tonic to the mind antioxidant and a tonic for gen-
affected, especially blood and Anuloma Corrects the flow of eral debility and weakness; use
muscles vata for palpitations and for recovery
Srotas (channel) Circulation, Virecana Laxative post-illness (Tillotson 2001). It
digestion and elimination Stambhana Astringes and binds helps to nourish rakta dhatu and
Caks.us.ya Benefits the eyes enkindles raktadhatvagni to func-
CONSTITUENTS tion efficiently, hence alleviating
Organic acids Ascorbic acid BIOMEDICAL ACTION
deficiency conditions such as
(Vitamin C) (750mg per 10g fresh Antacid, anti-inflammatory,
anaemia that can affect heart
fruit or 23mg per g dry), tannin antipyretic, alterative, adapto-
function. It specifically pacifies
Bioflavonoids Quercetin, kaem- gen, digestive, laxative, hepato-
an aggravated sadhaka pitta and
pherol protective, astringent,
this influences the clarity and
Polyphenols Gallic acid haemostatic, antioxidant, car-
calmness of the mind (medhya
Cytokinins Zeatin diotonic, nutritive, ophthalmic,
rasayana).
(Shishoo 1997, Williamson 2002) tonic, aphrodisiac
Metabolic disorders Diabetes
AYURVEDIC ACTION INDICATIONS (pittaja prameha type) is treated
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative Digestion Specifically indicated by its microcirculatory-stimulat-
Va- jı-karan.a Aphrodisiac for digestive sensitivity; consti- ing and ojas-enhancing proper-
126
ties, anaemia due to excess bile radiotherapy and chemotherapy
PART 2
CONTRAINDICATIONS
vitiating the blood, and hair loss treatments. Caution in high kapha and ama.
from excess pitta burning the Contraindicated in cases of diar-
COMBINATIONS
roots of the hair (Bhavaprakaśa, rhoea, and dysentery at high
Paranjpe 2001). The oil is espe- * Haritaki, psyllium for constipa- doses.
tion.
cially good at alleviating hair
loss and early greyness. It is a * Shatavari, licorice for acidity, SAFETY
ulcers and gastrointestinal tract
renowned rejuvenative and No drug–herb interactions are
(GIT) inflammation.
adaptogen famed for slowing known
* Arjuna, bala, bibhitaki for heart
age (vayahsthapana), increasing
conditions with arrhythmia. DOSAGE
virility, promoting immunityand
inducing balanced health * Guggulu for hyperlipidaemia. 250mg–30g per day or 1–15ml
(satmikarana). Consider using * Gurmar, turmeric, neem, shila- per day of a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
jit, black pepper for diabetes.
amalaki as an immune restora-
tive and hepatoprotective during * Kutki, neem and guduchi for
liver disorders.
NOTES
■ The tree that yields these gooseberry-like fruits and has a sweet post-digestive effect. Amalaki is a
grows throughout India. The Varanasi variety is rare exception to the rule that sour aggravates pitta
considered to be the best. (As.t.a-ngahr.daya Sam.hita- ).
■ The fruits of the cultivated variety are large and ■ Amalaki’s prabha-va is having a sattvic effect that
fleshy, while the wild fruits are small. raises the quality of consciousness and the overall
■ Its massive Vitamin C content is one of the highest in wellbeing of the body.
the vegetable kingdom (20 times that of an orange), ■ Amalaki relieves va-ta via its sour taste, pitta by its
and it is heat stable due to the tannin content sweet taste and cold energy, and kapha by its
maintaining stability. The stability of the Vitamin C astringent taste and dry nature; it thus calms all
content in Cyavanapra- śa- has been questioned three dos.as.
(Bhattacharya et al 1999, Khopde et al 2001). ■ Clinical trials report a cardioprotective effect as well
■ Although amalaki has a predominantly sour flavour as a reduction in serum cholesterol levels indicating
it can increase the agni and digestive function an antiatherogenic effect (Tillotson 2001).
without aggravating pitta. It is energetically cooling
127
ANTHRAPACHAKA
Common name Indian ipecac (E) Sanskrit Antra-pa-caka Latin Tylophora indica/asthmatica–Folium
(Asclepiadaceae)
This climber grows all over the

Indian plains. Its ‘viney’ nature
reflects its ability to spread,
diffuse and ascend upwards
through the lungs. Anthrapachaka
literally means ‘digestion in the
entrails’ relating to its ability to
remove parasites from the
antiallergenic, protozoal, anti- CONTRAINDICATIONS
intestines.
tumour, immunosuppressant. Nausea, as it encourages a
ENERGETICS movement upwards and
Rasa (taste) Bitter INDICATIONS outwards. Contraindicated in
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling Lungs Asthma, bronchitis, rhinitis, pregnancy.
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) hayfever; allergic conditions of
Sweet the respiratory tract. Human SAFETY
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light clinical trials report the efficacy of No drug–herb interactions are
Dos.a effect VPK=, primarily PV− its antiallergenic effect, proving known
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, beneficial in reducing asthma
nerve DOSAGE
(Bone 1996).
Srotas (channel) Respiratory, 250–500mg dried or 1 × 1–2ml
Digestion Amoebic dysentery,
excretory per day of a 1:5 @ 45% tincture
diarrhoea; it has an antiprotozoal
for up to 10 days continuously
action and is antispasmodic.
CONSTITUENTS (maximum).
Seen as an effective replacement
Alkaloids Tylophorine, tylophori-
for ipecacuanha (Nadkarni 1954).
nine
Immunity Allergies, autoimmune NOTES
(Bone 1996)
disorders; arthritis (Nadkarni ■ As it is a powerful herb with
AYURVEDIC ACTION 1954). cumulative toxicity use only

Śva-sa Benefits breathing under the guidance of a quali-
Anuloma Redirects the flow of COMBINATIONS fied practitioner.
vata downwards * Licorice, pippali in asthma, ■ Use for a maximum of 10 days
Recaka Aids expiration rhinitis and cough from high continuously in any one month
Raktaśodhana Blood cleanser vata. and stagger treatment to avoid
* Ashwagandha, bala in compro- side-effects of possible nausea
BIOMEDICAL ACTION mised immunity. and vomiting (Tillotson 2001).
Expectorant, emetic, antispas-
modic, antipyretic, alterative,
128
PART 2
ARAGVADHA
-
Common name Purging cassia (E), Amaltas (H) Sanskrit Arag-vadha Latin Cassia fistula–Fructus, Folium
(Caesalpiniaceae)
A gentle laxative used to clear pitta

from the intestines.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Sweet
V ı-rya (energy) Cold
Sweet
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous
Dos.a effect VPK–
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood
Srotas (channel) Digestive,
circulatory
aggravated. As a gentle laxative * Amalaki for bleeding condi-
CONSTITUENTS it is used in children, the elderly tions.
Glycosides and in pregnancy where consti- * Nagkeshar, gotu kola for piles.
Anthraquinones Fistulic acid, tutionally appropriate. It
CONTRAINDICATIONS
sennosides descends apana vayu and clears
Even though it is traditionally
Sugars Saccharose flatulence. It is a specific remedy
used in pregnancy, as it causes a
Sterols to help ease the discomfort of
downwards movement it must
(Swami Prakashananda piles (Bhavaprakaśa).
be used with caution.
Ayurveda Research Centre 1992,
Williamson 2002) Skin By helping to eliminate SAFETY
pitta toxins from the rasa and No drug–herb interactions are
AYURVEDIC ACTION rakta dhatu it benefits skin known
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin aggravations by cleansing the
diseases blood. Most useful for hot and DOSAGE
Kan.d.u-ghna Stops itching damp skin conditions with itch- 2–15g per day.
Recana Laxative ing, suppuration and inflamma-
Sram . sanottama The best bowel tion (Caraka Samhita,
cleanser Williamson). NOTES
Jvaraghna Reduces fevers Bleeding Helps in bleeding from ■ This medium-sized tree grows
Anulomana Directs vata down- any of the mucous membranes all over India.
wards (Paranjpe 2001). ■ Aragvadha literally means
Raktapitta Stops bleeding Fever The ayurvedic adage is to ‘remover of diseases’.
purge a fever after it breaks, -
■ It pacifies vata and purges pitta
BIOMEDICAL ACTION ‘natu reco jvarani’, and aragvadha
Laxative, alterative, febrifuge and kapha.
is specifically indicated for ■ It loses its properties on boiling,
cleansing the bowel after a fever so should be taken as an
INDICATIONS
(Bhavaprakaśa). infusion or a powder.
Digestion Beneficial where there
is constipation from heat drying COMBINATIONS
the fluids in the colon. Specific * Haritaki as a laxative.
for high pitta in the intestines * Manjishtha, neem, kutki for
where pacaka and rañjaka pitta are inflammatory skin conditions.
129
ARJUNA
Common name Arjuna myrobalan (E), Arjun (H) Sanskrit Arjuna, Kakubha Latin Terminalia
arjuna–Cortex (Combretaceae)
Arjuna means ‘white’ or ‘shining’,

named after its bark which literally
reflects light wherever this huge
tree grows. Its name is also associ-
ated with ‘Arjuna’, one of the
heroes of the great Indian epic, the
Mahabharata. The pale white bark
of the arjuna tree ‘moults’ naturally
once a year; its new skin bringing
new life. It is harvested when the Raktastambhaka Vulnerary, stops movement of vyana vayu in the
tree is mature, thus attesting to its bleeding heart and regulate circulation.
Sandha-nı-ya Mends bones Lungs Its affinity for the chest
ability to prolong life, protect the
Purı-s.asam -
. grahan.ı ya Constipative directs arjuna to the lungs and
elderly and strengthen the heart. - -
Kasaśvasahara Alleviates cough can help alleviate productive
ENERGETICS and breathing disorders coughs with copious mucus in
Rasa (taste) Astringent, bitter Kaphapittajit Conquers kapha and bronchitis and asthma due to
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling pitta excess kapha. It can also treat
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Udardaprasa-ran.a Alleviates haemoptysis from high pitta.
Pungent urticaria Liver Cirrhosis; it improves liver
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry function and inflammation
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Dos.a effect Tridoshic, KP- (Dwivedi 1987).
Cardioprotective, cardiotonic,
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, Skin Useful as an alterative for
hypolipidaemic, hepatoprotec-
bone, reproductive clearing the skin of pitta inflam-
tive, alterative, diuretic,
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, mations; acne, acne rosacea, pruri-
vulnerary
reproductive tus and urticaria (Paranjpe 2001).
INDICATIONS Tissue Its wound healing ability
CONSTITUENTS Heart Angina, congestive heart is demonstrated in post-trauma
Tannins
failure, cardiac arrhythmia, healing of scars, post-operative
Triterpenoid saponins
hypertension have all showed recovery and repairing fractures.
Arjungenin, arjunglycocides
signs of improvement in human A paste or tincture applied exter-
Flavonoids Arjunone, arjunolone
clinical trials. Arjuna has also nally can rapidly hasten healing
Phytosterols
been shown to reduce total cho- (Paranjpe 2001). It is used inter-
(Bone 1996)
lesterol and triglyceride levels nally and externally for healing
AYURVEDIC ACTION (Dwivedi et al 1987, Dwivedi & diabetic ulcers.
Hr.daya Heart tonic Jauhari 1997). It reduces inflam- Reproductive tissues Its astrin-
Varn.ya Ulcer healing, diabetic mation (P) and congestion (K) gency prevents premature ejacu-
ulcers that can damage the heart. Used lation and uterine bleeding.
Pramehaghna Urinary disorders, to treat emotional disturbance
diabetic problems and ‘broken heart’. It strengthens COMBINATIONS
Medas-hara Reduces fat tissue the muscles of the heart as well * Ashwagandha, amalaki, bala
Mu-travirecana Diuretic as toning the capillaries and for cardiac disorders associated
Va-j -ı karan.a Aphrodisiac improving flexibility, which with hypofunction.
Raktaśodhana Purifies excess helps to prevent high blood pres- * Turmeric, kutki for hepatic dys-
pitta from the blood sure. It helps to balance the function.
130
* Sariva, sandalwood, neem,
PART 2
CONTRAINDICATIONS DOSAGE
manjishtha for skin problems Pregnancy, constipation 1–6g per day (dried bark) or
with inflammation. 3–15ml per day of a 1:3 @ 45%
SAFETY
* Guggulu, frankincense, myrrh No drug–herb interactions are
tincture.
for high cholesterol and con-
known
gestive disorders.
NOTES
■ Arjuna is a huge tree growing up to 25m. It loves ■ Decocting the bark activates the triterpenoid
riverbanks and lots of water, growing all over India saponins. It has traditionally been boiled with milk or
and Sri Lanka. used as a medicated ghee, Arjuna ghr.ta, to add to its
■ Arjuna is also the name of the legendary hero tonic properties (Cakrapa-n.idatta, Tillotson 2001).
figure of the Mahabharata. He brings strength, ■ Although originally classified in Caraka as a
fortitude and protection to his family just as arjuna raktastambhana herb, used for stopping bleeding, it
brings these qualities to the body. was only later writers (Va-gbhat.a, Cakrapa-n.idatta)
who classified it as beneficial for the heart (hr.daya).
131
ASHOKA
Common name Ashok (H) Sanskrit Aśoka Latin Saraca indica–Cortex (Caesalpiniaceae)
Ashoka is a famous uterine tonic

specifically used for excess bleed-
ing and pain. Lord Buddha was
born under the ashoka tree and
Lord Ram’s wife Śı-ta was held
captive in an ashoka grove in
Sri Lanka. It literally means
‘remover of sorrow’, attesting to its
ability to cure pain and discomfort.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter, astringent
BIOMEDICAL ACTION they are aggravated by vata
V -ı rya (energy) Cold
Astringent, constipative, uterine (Gogte 2000).
tonic, alterative, analgesic, Heart Its nourishing effect on the
Pungent
diuretic, cardiac tonic circulatory system makes it a
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry
useful remedy in cardiac weak-
Dos.a effect KP− INDICATIONS
ness and arrhythmia.
Dha-tu (tissue) Blood, muscle, fat, Gynaecology A very useful herb
reproductive to treat menstrual disorders asso- COMBINATIONS
Srotas (channel) Female repro- ciated with excess bleeding (rakta * Ashwagandha, cinnamon to
ductive, circulatory pradara), pain and congestion. Use strengthen the uterine muscles.
CONSTITUENTS
when there are uterine spasms, * Shatavari, rose, turmeric to reg-
abdominal pain and dysmenor- ulate the menstrual cycle.
Phytosterols β-sitosterol
Tannins
rhoea. Its affinity for the uterine * Myrrh, manjishtha, turmeric
muscles and endometrium indi- for endometriosis and fibroids.
Flavonoids Quercetin,
kaempferol
cates its use as a uterine tonic to * Punarnava, coriander, pippali
help with prolapse, miscarriage for vaginal dscharge.
(Paranjpe 2001, Williamson 2004)
and irregular menstrual cycles. * Shatavari, amalaki, licorice for
AYURVEDIC ACTION Also of benefit for clearing dysentery and piles.
Raktapitta Alleviates bleeding congestion from the mamsa and
CONTRAINDICATIONS
diseases, particularly menorrha- medas dhatus when there are
Constipation.
gia and metrorrhagia fibroids, cysts, endometriosis and
Stambhana Alleviates fluid leak- leucorrhoea from excess ama and SAFETY
age and diarrhoea kapha in the artava srotas (Swami No drug–herb interactions are
Strı-rogajit Treats gynaecological Shiva Tirtha). known
conditions Digestion Its astringency can
DOSAGE
Praja- stha- pana Prevents miscar- help to alleviate bleeding piles
1–9g per day or 3–15ml per day
riage and dysentery. Also used to treat
of a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
Garbha-śaya rasayana Uterine colitis and ulcers.
tonic Urine It encourages the flow of
urine and can help to alleviate NOTES
Śvetapradara Treats leucorrhoea
■ Ashoka is a medium-sized
Mu-trakr.cchra Alleviates painful painful urination.
Pain ashoka has specific evergreen tree growing all over
urination
analgesic properties and can be India. It looks like a mango tree
Hr.daya Nourishes the heart
and has blood-red bark.
Vedana-stha-pana Analgesic used to soothe the nerves where
132
PART 2
ASHWAGANDHA
Common name Winter cherry (E), Indian ginseng (E), Asgandh (H) Sanskrit Aśva-gandha Latin Withania
somnifera–Radix (Solanaceae)
The irony of ashwagandha is that it

is a tonic and sedative all in one. It
strengthens an exhausted nervous
system that can manifest with
‘hyper’ signs such as emotional
instability, agitation or feeling
stressed out. It has the dual action
of energising while calming. Its
name ashwagandha meaning ‘the
smell of a horse’, comes from the
smell of the fresh root (like Śukrala Increases sperm pro- slow-developing children, and
horse’s urine), and also perhaps duction the elderly.
because it is renowned for Śothahara Prevents consumption Immunity Autoimmune condi-
and wasting diseases tions, neutropenia, rheumatoid
imparting the sexual stamina of a
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative and osteoarthritis, cancer, and
horse.
Va-takaphahara Reduces kapha chronic connective tissue disor-
ENERGETICS and vata ders. As a painkiller and anti-
Rasa (taste) Bitter, astringent, Vedana-stha-pana Reduces pain inflammatory it is commonly
sweet Śva- sa Benefits breathing used in swollen or painful
V ı-rya (energy) Heating arthritic conditions. It can
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) strengthen a weakened immune
Adaptogen, tonic, anti-inflam-
Sweet system and protect it from
matory, immunomodulator, anti-
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous becoming depleted due to
tumour, nervine, mild sedative,
Dos.a effect VK− immunosuppressive drugs or
analgesic, reproductive tonic,
Dha-tu (tissue) Blood, muscle, fat, lifestyle. Improves white blood
aphrodisiac, antianaemic
bone, nerve, reproductive cell counts. It appears to have
Srotas (channel) Reproductive, INDICATIONS both immunosuppressive and
nervous, respiratory Tissues Debility, low body immunotonic abilities and is
weight, emaciation, deficient therefore a ‘true’ adaptogen
CONSTITUENTS
haemoglobin, anaemia, post-con- (Tillotson 2001).
Alkaloids Ashwagandhine, with-
valescent weakness, athletic Lungs Asthma, cough and aller-
anine, isopelietierine, anaferine
exertion and with caution in gic conditions from low immu-
Steroidal lactones Withanolides,
pregnancy. It is useful for any nity with high kapha and vata.
withaferins
imbalance in the muscles as it Useful in hayfever, allergic rhini-
Phytosterols Sitoindosides,
both reduces inflammation and tis from aggravated vata and
β-sitosterol
strengthens muscle tone. It is a kapha.
Saponins
specific rasayana for mamsa dhatu Nerves Neurosis, insomnia, anx-
Iron
and it is an anabolic muscle iety, excessive thinking, ‘hyper’
(Bone 1996, Williamson 2002)
builder (Caraka, Bhavaprakaśa, symptoms and attention deficit
AYURVEDIC ACTION Venkataraghavan et al 1980). As and hyperactivity disorder
Vis.aya Increases sexual potency it benefits all muscle tissue it is (ADHD). Very useful in all con-
Balya Increases strength used as a heart tonic, uterine ditions caused by ‘stress’ as it
Medhya Promotes the intellect tonic, and a lung tonic, as well as has a specific affinity for the
Ojas vardhana Increases ojas for increasing muscle weight majja dhatu and helps to regulate
Nidra-janana Promotes sleep and tone in convalescents, the movement of vyana vayu in
133
* Bala, licorice, satavari in repro-
the heart. Its tropism for the DOSAGE
nervous system benefits multi- ductive disorders. 3–9g per day dried root or
ple sclerosis (Tillotson 2001). It * Brahmi, mandukparni, vacha in 6–15ml per day of a 1:3 @ 45%
both relaxes frayed nerves and nerve disorders. tincture.
tonifies the central nervous sys- * Guggulu, frankincense,
tem to enhance tolerance to turmeric in arthritic and con-
stress. It is a nourishing nevine gestive disorders. NOTES
as opposed to a heavy sedative. ■ Ashwagandha thrives in the
CONTRAINDICATIONS sandy, loamy soils of the drier
Reproductive Its rejuvenating
Caution in excess pitta and ama more temperate parts of India;
effect on śukra dhatu helps to alle-
with congestion. Caution in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
viate asthenospermia (increasing
pregnancy; although tradition- and Gujarat and Sri Lanka.
sperm motility), oligospermia
ally used in India during preg- ■ Commercially the roots are
(increasing sperm count), and
nancy to strengthen the uterus graded into four qualities; A is
poor sexual performance, and
and health of the mother and 7cm long and clear white
helps to reduce impotence
child. Its spasmolytic activity on inside, B is 5cm long and clear
(Bhavaprakaśa, Paranjpe 2001). Its
the uterus has led certain quar- white inside, C is 3–4cm in
unique action or prabhava is to
ters of western phytotherapy to length and D is small rootlets
promote sexual potency and
restrict its use in pregnancy (see with a slightly yellow colour.
sperm production. External
McGuffin et al 1997). ■ It is the best herb for
application of ashwagandha oil
is used for impotence. SAFETY nourishing va-ta and is used in
Gynaecology Excellent tonic to No drug–herb interactions all va-ta disorders affecting the
the uterine muscles. Used in are known. There are some bones, back, knees, hips, ears,
menstrual imbalance caused by a theoretical interactions between and colon. Use internally and
deficient condition with an ashwagandha and immunosup- externally.
aggravation of vata and uterine pressant, thyroid, and some ■ The botanical species suffix
spasms; dysmenorrhoea, amen- sedative medications, but these somnifera refers to its relaxing,
orrhoea, weakness. are not evidence-based (Braun & sleep-promoting properties.
Thyroid Very useful in hypo- Cohen 2003, 2004, Harkness & ■ For maximum tonic effect it is
thyroid disorders to regulate Bratman 2003). As ashwagandha taken with reproductive tissue
thyroid activity. appears to have some hypogly- building carriers; milk, ghee,
caemic activity in humans it is almond milk and honey.
COMBINATIONS
advisable to monitor blood glu-
* Pippali for enhancing tonic cose in susceptible individuals
effect; useful in asthma and
(Low Dog 2002).
coughs.
134
PART 2
BAKUCHI
Common name Psoralea fruit (E), Babchi (H), Bakuchi (H) Sanskrit Bakuci Latin Psoralea
corylifolia–Fructus (Leguminosae)
These little black seeds are famous

for their use in chronic skin dis-
eases. The outer cover of the seed
is sticky and contains the thera-
peutically important coumarins.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Sweet, pungent,
bitter
V ı-rya (energy) Hot
Pungent
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light vitiligo (as an oil or tincture); COMBINATIONS
Dos.a effect VPK=, P+ in excess externally and internally (see * Manjishtha sariva, neem, kutki
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, notes below). The oil acts as an for skin conditions.
muscles irritant, which stimulates the * Nutmeg, haritaki for chronic
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, melanoblastic cells to create nor- diarrhoea with cold symptoms
respiratory, muscular mal pigmentation. This can take and loose, watery stool.
CONSTITUENTS about 3 months (Paranjpe 2001, * Haritaki, gokshura for urinary
Furanocoumarins Psoralen Gogte 2002). frequency.
Flavonoids Bavachin, bakuchiol, Reproductive bakuchi is an * Ashwagandha and bala for
diadzin aphrodisiac that can help to treat reproductive imbalances.
Essential oils Limonene, terpineol impotence and premature ejacu- * Pippali and ashwagandha for
(Chen & Chen 2004) lation (Paranjpe 2001). It benefits coughs.
urinary dysfunction with drib-
CONTRAINDICATIONS
bling, incomplete voiding, and
AYURVEDIC ACTION Excessive UV therapy, high pitta.
enuresis in children. It can also
Kaphahara Destroys kapha Use with caution in pregnancy.
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative
benefit uterine bleeding with any
doshic imbalance. SAFETY
Hr.daya Cordial heart tonic
Lungs Asthma caused by high No drug–herb interactions are
Kus.t.ha Heals skin disorders
vata is reduced by bakuchi’s known but caution should be
Jvaraghna Anti-fever
Kr.mina- śaka Anthelmintic
sweet and hot properties. observed with external applica-
Digestion Diarrhoea, borboryg- tions. Bakuchi should not be
Raktapitta Alleviates bleeding
mus and abdominal pain caused used with patients undergoing
disorders
by high vata and cold. PUVA therapy due to the
Vran. ya Treatment of ulcers
Muscles Tonifies lower back, increased risk of photosensitive
(Suśruta Samhita, Bhavaprakaśa)
warms lower back (Chen & reactions.
Chen 2004); good for high vata
BIOMEDICAL ACTION DOSAGE
with spasmodic and chronic
Cardiac tonic, vasodilator, alter- Use up to 10% of a formula. 3–9g
pain.
ative, pigmentor per day (powder) or 3–15ml per
Urine Frequent urination,
day of a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
incontinence; it strengthens the
INDICATIONS urinary sphincter (Benesky &
Dermatology Benefits alopecia (as Gamble 1993).
a tincture), psoriasis, eczema,
135
NOTES
■ Grows throughout the sandy loamy plains of psoriasis and vitiligo. The furanocoumarins,
central and east India. The black variety is containing psoralens, promote pigmentation but are
commonly used today (as opposed to the white also considered to carry a high risk when used with
variety also mentioned in Suśruta). It is a small great exposure to UV light. While its therapeutic
shrub growing up to 150cm in efficacy is indisputable caution is advised.
height. ■ Its traditional use is considered safe used at a low
■ It has a controversial history due to occasionally dose for internal consumption with moderate
causing inflammatory skin eruptions when used exposure to sunlight. The seeds can be ‘purified’ by
externally in conjunction with UV therapy for soaking in ginger juice for 7 days.
136
PART 2
BALA
Common name Indian country mallow (E) Sanskrit Bala- Latin Sida cordifolia–Radix (Malvaceae)
Bala means ‘strength’. Its stem

and roots are tough and this is
literally what they impart—inner
strength. It is a nourishing tonic,
especially for nervous conditions.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Sweet
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling
Sweet antipyretic, antifungal/antipro- Fever High temperature from an
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous tozoal, expectorant, antiasth- underlying deficiency and
Dos.a effect VPK=, mainly clears matic, nervine, analgesic, weakness.
high pitta and vata, can increase aphrodisiac Heart Bala is a great heart tonic
kapha and ama if used excessively used for treating arrhythmia,
INDICATIONS
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues, prima- tachycardia, irregular pulse and
Urinary Cystitis, stones, infection, palpitations. As it benefits both
rily nerve and reproductive
haematuria, polyuria, urgency;
Srotas (channel) Nervous, repro- mamsa dhatu and mamsavahasrotas
high pitta and vata in mutravahas- it can be used to strengthen the
ductive, urinary, circulatory, res-
rotas (Bhavaprakaśa). heart muscle.
piratory
Nerves Pain, neuralgia, sciatica,
CONSTITUENTS paralysis and neurosis; all struc- COMBINATIONS
Alkaloid Asparagin, ephedrine tural and nervous disorders with * Gokshura, licorice, coriander in
(mainly in seeds and aerial high vata. It is an excellent energy urinary infection caused by
parts) tonic when there is exhaustion high pitta–vata.
Phytosterols due to an aggravated nervous * Fresh ginger, lemon grass,
Mucins system. An external oil massage black pepper in fever.
(Paranjpe 2001) using warm bala siddha taila is * Pippali, anthrapachaka in
commonly used for these condi- vata–pitta respiratory problems.
AYURVEDIC ACTION Also with ephedra and vasa in
tions along with internal treat-
Balya Strengthening congestive lung disorders.
ment (Frawley & Lad 1994).
Br.m.hanı-ya An anabolic, weight- Ashwagandha, shatavari,
Reproductive Infertility, leucor- *
increasing, and nourishing herb lotus seed in reproductive
rhoea and apanaksetra congestion
Ojovardhana Increases ojas disorders.
along with reproductive weak-
Śva-saka-sahara Alleviates breath- Ashwagandha and kapikacchu
ness (śukraksaya). Bala is a *
ing difficulty in paralysis.
renowned energy tonic that
Jı-vanı-ya Promotes energy
enhances sexual potency and * Arjuna, guggul for cardiac
ojas. Used to aid the growth of disorders.
Medhya Promotes intellect
the fetus and keep the mother CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hr.daya Heart tonic
strong (Paranjpe 2001). High ama and kapha.
Vr.s.ya Increases sexual potency
Lungs Dry cough, asthma, tuber-
Va- jı-karan.a Aphrodisiac Hypertension.
culosis and haemoptysis;
Va-taśamana Pacifies vata and SAFETY
vata–pitta disorders of the lungs.
neurological disorders Due to its ephedrine content it
The low levels of ephedrine help
BIOMEDICAL ACTION to bronchodilate constriction and may interact with caffeine and
Demulcent, diuretic, tonic, prevent wheezing and restricted MAO inhibitors, exacerbating
adaptogen, antispasmodic, breathing (Paranjpe 2001). effects and elevating blood
137
ther toxicity and arrhythmia, and
pressure; beta-blockers by reduc- DOSAGE
ing drug efficacy due to oppos- steroids (dexamethasone) by 500mg–5g per day or 3–15ml of a
ing activity, ephedrine (e.g. enhancing clearance levels and 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
Sudafed) by additive sympath- thus reducing effectiveness of
omimetic effects inducing fur- the drug (Treasure 2000).
NOTES
■ This small shrubby perennial is renowned for its arthritis, nervous system disorders and
tough stem and root and grows all over India and paralysis.
Sri Lanka. ■ Often taken with milk and almonds to enhance
■ Soft, sweet and demulcent bala is a rejuvenative for tonic effects.
va-ta disorders; it is a superb tonic for the nervous ■ The ephedrine content of the root is 1⁄15 of that
system. These nourishing properties of bala offset found in ephedra; the seeds contain a quarter of
the potentially va-ta-aggravating, nervous-system- the amount per gram usually found in ephedra
stimulating properties of ephedrine. (Tillotson 2001).
■ Bala is used as a primary ingredient in massage oils ■ Recently banned in USA for internal use due to
(bala siddha taila and na-ra-ya-n.a taila) for treating ephedrine content.
138
PART 2
BHALLATAKA
Common name Marking nut (E), Bhilawa (H) Sanskrit Bhalla-taka Latin Semecarpus anacardium–Semen
(Umbelliferae)
Bhallataka means ‘like a spear’,

attesting to its ability to penetrate
deeply into the tissues and rejuve-
nate the body. It benefits diges-
tion, lung weakness and arthritis. It
is a specific rejuvenating tonic for
the reproductive system.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Sweet, astringent
Sweet INDICATIONS COMBINATIONS
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous, Digestion It strongly increases * Dry ginger, kutaja, chitraka,
penetrating the appetite and treats condi- haritaki in piles
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ tions caused by low digestive * Turmeric, frankincense,
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues fire; piles, diarrhoea, worms amalaki for arthritis
Srotas (channel) Digestive, uri- and colitis. Its ability to clear * Bakuchi, manjishtha and
nary, mental, reproductive ama helps to clear the srotas turmeric in skin diseases
CONSTITUENTS (Paranjpe 2002). * Amalaki, haritaki, guduchi,
Piles Alleviates vata and kapha Piper longum for rejuvenation
Phenols Anacardic acids, anacar-
doside, bhilawanol types of haemorrhoids. It goes
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Flavonoids Semecarpetin directly to the root cause of the
Its extreme heat contraindicates
Fixed oil Palmitic, stearic, oleic disease as it rectifies the diges-
its use in young children, the
(Williamson 2002) tive fire.
elderly, during pregnancy and in
Lungs Helps to clear coughing
AYURVEDIC ACTION pitta aggravation.
and wheezing from high vata
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive and kapha. SAFETY
fire Arthritis As a specific medicine No drug–herb interactions are
Pa- cana Digestive for vata it helps to treat nervous known but it should only be used
-
Amapacana Clears toxins disorders and degeneration of under the guidance of a qualified
Bhedanı-ya Breaks accumulations the joints. practitioner due to the allergenic
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin Reproduction It is a specific nature of the anacardic acids.
conditions tonic to male fertility as it
Va- jı-karan.a Aphrodisiac increases semen production.
DOSAGE
Śukrala Increases semen Dosage must be strictly regu-
As it helps to treat premature
Arśoghna Cures piles lated, starting with a small dose,
ejaculation and seminal leakage
Kapharasa-yana Rejuvenates kapha it also treats incontinence and
and gradually increasing as per
Kr.mighna Destroys worms the capacity of each individual’s
. unrestrained urinary dribbles
Mu-trasangrahan.ı-ya Reduces the (Bhavaprakaśa).
digestive power; 250mg–6g per
flow of urine day taken with milk.
Skin It is very beneficial for
BIOMEDICAL ACTION vitiligo and other skin diseases
Digestive, aphrodisiac, ver- affecting pigmentation (Gogte
mifuge, tonic, expectorant, anti- 2001).
haemorrhoidal
139
NOTES
■ The tree grows throughout India. ■ It can cause an allergic rash in pitta constitutions.
■ Bhallataka refers to its penetrating sharpness and it Other signs of toxicity are itching, burning, excess
is likened to a javelin. thirst and a reduction in urine.
■ It must only be used following purification by a ■ While following a bhallataka regime it is advised
specific process that includes being boiled in water, that the patient avoid all spices, heat and pitta-
milk, ghee and mixing with jaggery, resulting in aggravating activities.
am.rtabhalla-taka.
■ Prepared properly it is considered to be the king of
all rasa-yana substances.
140
PART 2
BHRINGARAJA
.
Common name Eclipta (E), Bhangra (H), Maka (M) Sanskrit Bhr. ngara-ja, Keśa-raja Latin Eclipta
alba–Folium (Compositae)
Bhringaraja oil is a famous hair

tonic for maintaining dark hair and
reversing baldness. It is often trans-
lated as ‘king of the hair’, but liter-
ally means ‘bee ruler’. It is
decocted in coconut oil and as this
is a ‘cooling’ oil it is used externally
for ‘hot’ and inflammatory head
problems such as headaches,
sinusitis and ear infections. The
herb also benefits heat problems.
Raktastambhana Stops bleeding Liver Cirrhosis, hepatitis; it clears
ENERGETICS -
A mana-śaka Destroys ama rañjaka pitta from its site and pro-
Rasa (taste) Bitter, pungent,
Vis.aghna Destroys poisons in the tects the liver. It increases bile
sweet flow and helps restore appetite.
body
Caks.us.ya Benefits the eyes The blood is treated via its bene-
Kr.mighna Destroys worms ficial effect on liver function. It
Pungent
Yakr.dottejaka Benefits the liver actually helps to build blood,
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light
Pa- n.d.ughna Reduces anaemia strengthen rakta dhatu and
Dos.a effect Balances all 3 dosas; reduce anaemia. Combined with
VPK=, mainly PV−, Pitta BIOMEDICAL ACTION
a capillary-strengthening action
rasayana Alterative, anti-inflammatory,
this can prevent high blood pres-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, haemostatic, antipyretic, vulner-
sure caused by pitta and vata
bone, nerve, reproductive ary, tonic, cholagogue, hepato-
(Tillotson 2001). It also benefits
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, protective
the eyes and treats conjunctivitis,
nervous, digestive, respiratory,
INDICATIONS styes and redness.
urinary, reproductive Nerves Insomnia and mental agi-
Head Premature greying of hair,
CONSTITUENTS alopecia and early baldness are tation from high pitta and vata. It
Triterpene glycosides and often classified as a pitta imbal- calms stress and reduces tension
saponins Oleanane glycosides, ance caused by pitta literally by tonifying majja dhatu.
eclalbasaponins, β-amyrin ‘burning’ the hair follicle. Eclipta Bhringaraja increases blood and
Flavonoids Luteolin, apigenin, clears pitta and especially from nourishes the brain (Frawley &
wedelolactone the head. It also benefits loose Lad 1994).
Wedelic acid and ecliptal teeth, hearing problems, dizzi- Skin Bhringaraja treats skin condi-
(Williamson 2002) ness, vertigo (vata problems in tions via the nervous system and
the head). It is restorative to asthi the liver, helping to allay itching
AYURVEDIC ACTION dhatu (bone) tissue imbalances. It and inflammation; urticaria,
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative eczema and ringworm caused by
tonifies vata and therefore by
Medhya Promotes the intellect aggravations of the rasa and rakta
strengthening, it reduces excess
Keśya Benefits hair dhatu are treated. It also helps to
vata. Bhringaraja prepared oil
Dantya Benefits the teeth recolour the skin after depig-
also dissolves obstructions in the
Tvacya Benefits itching mentation (Bhavaprakaśa).
sinuses, nose, ears and head; use
Kus• t• haghna Destroys skin Lungs Its pungency can help
as nose and ear drops
diseases alleviate mucus and treat asthma
(Bhavaprakaśa).
Raktaśodhana Purifies the blood and bronchitis.
141
* Manjishtha, kutki, neem, pip- * Manjishtha, ashoka, lotus node
Reproduction Its rasayana proper-
ties rejuvenate deficiencies in pali for hepatitis and liver con- for bleeding conditions from
śukra dhatu, helping to build ditions. high pitta.
sperm quality and quantity. The * Jatamamsi, brahmi and CONTRAINDICATIONS
seeds especially are used for this. shankhapushpi for mental dis-
Any signs of cold in the diges-
Gynaecology It helps to prevent orders from high vata and pitta.
tive system.
excessive uterine bleeding * Black pepper for stimulating
by clearing pitta from the rasa and rakta dhatu agni and SAFETY
artavahasrotas and uterus. treating anaemia No drug–herb interactions are
COMBINATIONS * Turmeric, neem, licorice for known
dermatological conditions due
* Amalaki, sariva, triphala for DOSAGE
to high kapha and vata.
hair problems from high pitta. 250mg–5g per day or 5–15ml per
day of a 1:5 @ 25% tincture.
NOTES
■ Although there are three types described in ■ It has different energetic classifications. In early
Ayurveda (white-, yellow- and blue-flowered) the texts its vı-rya appears to be pungent, but in more
white is most commonly used. Bhringaraja is an modern texts it appears to be cooling. Its effect on
annual, liking damp or wasteland areas, and grows protecting the liver, healing the skin, reducing
all over India. bleeding and calming the mind certainly reflect a
■ A classic rejuvenative for preventing ageing and cooling emphasis.
slowing signs of old age.
■ Use externally and internally for alopecia and skin
inflammations.
142
PART 2
BHUMIAMALAKI
Common name Phyllanthus (E), Stone breaker (E) Sanskrit Bhu-mya-malakı- Latin Phyllanthus
amarus/niruri (erroneously)–Folium (Euphorbiaceae)
This is a very bitter-tasting small

shrub that literally means ‘the
amalaki of the earth’ as this very
low-lying shrub’s leaves resemble
the pattern and shape of her
somewhat grander celestial name-
sake. Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) is
referred to in some books as
Phyllanthus emblica. Bhumiamalaki
is a wonderful liver remedy that is
also effective for clearing gall and
BIOMEDICAL ACTION (ME), HIV, flu, herpes (Mehrotra
bladder stones.
Antiviral, hepatoprotective, et al 1991).
ENERGETICS cholagogue, diuretic, lithagogue, Gynaecology Used in menorrha-
Rasa (taste) Bitter, astringent, alterative, immunoregulator, gia from high pitta. It clears
sweet antitussive, haemostatic inflammatory heat from the
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling lower abdomen and this reduces
INDICATIONS
congestion, leucorrhoea and
Liver Its affinity for balancing
Sweet painful urination.
rañjaka pitta treats viral hepatitis,
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light Urine It effectively clears stones
chronic hepatitis and it acts as a
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ and gravel from the urinary sys-
cholagogue. It is also useful for
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat, tem. It may have a use in man-
clearing and preventing gall-
reproductive aging diabetes and reducing
stones. Human clinical trials
Srotas (channel) Digestive, repro- blood sugar levels.
attest to the improvement in
ductive, urinary
liver function and alleviation COMBINATIONS
CONSTITUENTS of hepatitis symptoms * Manjishtha bhringaraja, kutki,
Lignans Phyllanthin, hypophyl- (Thyagarajan et al 1982). chiretta in liver disorders.
lanthin Digestion Its ability to clear * Gurmar, amalaki, cardamom as
Flavonoids Astragalin, rutin, aggravated pacaka pitta benefits part of a diabetic regime.
quercetin digestive tract disorders with * Neem, manjishtha, bakuchi,
Triterpenes Lupeol, sitosterol hyperacidity, inflammation and turmeric for skin inflamma-
Alkaloids dysentery (Paranjape 2001). tions.
Tannin Geraniin Skin Used where the liver is the * Chiretta and guduchi in condi-
(Bone 1996, Williamson 2002) root of the skin inflammation tions where the immune sys-
(Bhavaprakaśa). It is also applied tem is compromised.
AYURVEDIC ACTION
Yakr.duttejaka Increases the
externally for skin heat, swelling * Manjishtha, gokshura in pelvic
and itching. inflammatory disorders.
strength of the liver
Immunity May be of use in
Kus.t. haghna Destroys skin dis-
impaired immune disorders;
eases
Kan.d.u-hara Alleviates itching
especially viral conditions such
Ka-sahara Stops coughing
as myalgic encephalomyelitis
143
Pregnancy. No drug–herb interactions are 1–6g per day dried or 5–15ml of
known a 1:5 @ 25% tincture.
NOTES
■ This small shrub grows to a height of 60cm. Its actually Phyllanthus amarus but it is often
leaves resemble those of amalaki. erroneously named as Phyllanthus niruri. This variety
■ Numerous studies indicate that bhumiamalaki from is actually native to the West Indies and is not found
India should be used. The species found in India is in India (Bagchi 1992).
144
PART 2
BIBHITAKI
Common name Beleric myrobalan (E), Baheda (H) Sanskrit Bibhı-takı̄ Latin Terminalia belerica–Fructus
(Combretaceae)
Bibhitaki is the ‘one who keeps

you away from disease’ as it is liter-
ally ‘fearless’ of all diseases. This
small, dry fruit has a specific dry-
ing, astringing and strengthening
action on the mucous membranes
throughout the body, especially in
the lungs, intestines and urinary
system.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Astringent, sweet Śrotahara Alleviates oedema and strengthen the mucous mem-
V ı-rya (energy) Heating swellings branes of the colon. The unripe
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Madaka-ri Intoxicating (stone) fruits have a stronger laxative
Sweet action and the ripe fruits are
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light more astringent (Bhavaprakaśa).
Expectorant, bronchodilator,
Dos.a effect VPK=, balances all Urine Bladder stones, cloudy
astringent, laxative, anthelmintic,
three dosas; aggravates vata in urine due to kapha urinary aggra-
lithotropic, tonic
excess vation with obstructions in the
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, muscle, INDICATIONS medas-dhatu (Frawley & Lad
bone, nerve Lungs Asthma, bronchitis, cough, 1994). It has the ability to clear
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- laryngitis with high avalambaka all kapha accumulations.
ratory, nervous, excretory kapha, obstructing the flow of Nerves Insomnia; its astringent
prana in the lungs. Where there is nature can hold rising vata down
CONSTITUENTS
copious, white or clear phlegm, in the lower abdomen and pre-
Triterpenoids Cardiac glycoside
bibhitaki can help to clear vent it from irritating the sensi-
saponins, bellericoside, belleri-
and dry this congestion tive nerves of the head. It also
canin
nourishes majja dhatu, which
Sterols β-sitosterol (Bhavaprakaśa). Also used to
soothe a sore throat when mixed helps to prevent frazzled nerves
Tannin Gallic acid, ellagic acid
with honey and also used as a (Gogte 2000).
(Williamson 2002)
gargle. Heart Its cardiac glycoside con-
AYURVEDIC ACTION Head It has a particular affinity tent and ability to reduce stag-
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative to lungs for the upper body and head. It nant kapha indicates its use for
Caks.us.ya Benefits the eyes clears congestion from the eyes, cardiac congestion and insuffi-
Keśya Good for the hair ears, nose and throat. Also indi- ciency (Williamson 2002).
Ka-n.t.hya Improves the quality of cated for helping to maintain hair
the throat
COMBINATIONS
growth.
Śvāsakāśaghna Benefits breath- * Haritaki, amalaki to make
Digestion Diarrhoea, colitis, triphala; a rejuvenative to the
ing problems Crohn’s disease, intestinal whole GIT.
Virecanopaghna Aids purgation inflammation and parasites with
(unripe fruit) * Pippali, black pepper for lungs
pitta–kapha problems. It has a
Purı-s.asam - and high kapha.
. grahan. ı ya Stool bind- dual action of being both astrin-
ing (ripe fruit) * Haritaki, ginger, vasa, anthra-
gent and laxative that helps to
Mu-travirecana Diuretic
pachaka for asthma and
increase peristalsis as well as coughs.
Aśmarihara Lithagogue
145
* Gokshura, coriander, CONTRAINDICATIONS DOSAGE

bhumiamalaki, manjishtha for High vata. Dry symptoms in the 250mg–3g per day or 3–15ml of a
urinary stones and infections. lungs, skin, bowels. 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
* Brahmi, jatamansi, tagara for
insomnia.
SAFETY
No drug–herb interactions are
known
NOTES
■ It is a large tree growing all over India and Sri Lanka. ■ It is heating but does not aggravate pitta.
Its small brownish fruits feel very dry. ■ Its astringency can aggravate va-ta.
-
■ It is a specific rasa yana for kapha and kapha sites— ■ The alcoholic extract is also a cholagogue.
throat, lungs, eyes and hair. ■ Ripe fruit is astringent and unripe is more laxative;
■ It has an astringent effect on the mucous this is its prabha-va or unique action, even though it
membranes while stimulating movement. It clears is astringent it is also a laxative.
kapha and a-ma from urinary, digestive and ■ Use with honey to clear kapha. This is very good for
respiratory systems. sore throats.
146
PART 2
BILVA
Common name Bael fruit (E), Bengal quince (E), wood apple tree (E), Bel (H) Sanskrit Bilva, Śiva-droma
Latin Aegle marmelos–Fructus immaturus & maturus (Rutaceae)
This fruit is a fantastic remedy for

the digestive system. Sacred to
Lord Shiva, it destroys weakness in
the intestines. The dried immature
part is used for diarrhoea while the
mature, fresh fruit is more laxative.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Astringent, bitter
Pungent Purı-s.asam
. grahan.iya Binds stool fresh fruit is more of a laxative
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light Śothahara Removes swellings used in summer to cool the sys-
(immature) Śu-laghna Alleviates colic tem. It is very heavy to digest
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ in excess Va-takaphahara Alleviates vata and should only be taken in
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood and kapha small amounts.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION COMBINATIONS
eliminatory
Astringent, carminative,
anthelmintic * Bibhitaki, amalaki, haritaki to
CONSTITUENTS repair the large intestine and
Alkaloids Aegelenine, aegeline encourage regular peristalsis.
INDICATIONS
(leaves), skimmianine (roots and
Digestion Immature dried bilva * Manjishtha, low dose of
aerial parts) rhubarb root if there is bleeding
is a specific herb for chronic irri-
Anthraquinones from the GIT.
table bowel syndrome (IBS),
Mucilage
diarrhoea, dysentery, and malab- CONTRAINDICATIONS
Pectin
sorption that manifests as long- Dried immature fruit if consti-
Coumarins Marmelosin,
term imbalances with ‘mucusy’ pated; fresh fruit for congestion,
marmelide, psoralen
and watery stools. Its astrin- ama, weak digestion.
Tannins Tannic acid
gency checks the excessive
(Swami Prakashananda SAFETY
downwards movement of vata. It
Ayurveda Research Centre 1992, No drug–herb interactions are
also dries the excess mucus and
Williamson 2002)
ama that comes with high kapha known
AYURVEDIC ACTION aggravations (Bhavaprakaśha). It is DOSAGE
Dı-pana Increases the digestive a good choice where there may 1–12g per day dried fruit pow-
fire be ulceration and inflammation der or 50–100ml of the fresh fruit
Pa- cana Digests toxins of the mucous membranes in the juice. 5–15ml per day of a 1:3 @
Atisa-raghna Alleviator of intestines; ulcers, colitis, Crohn’s 25% tincture
diarrhoea disease (Yadav et al 1989). The
147
NOTES
■ This thorny tree produces fruit all year round. emerged from the churning of the milky ocean.
■ The immature fruit pulp is best used for diarrhoea It is also a ‘trifoliate’ or triśikha, a leaf having three
and IBS. It can be made into a jam or avaleha and sections; this also relates to the sacred trident
used as a nutritive healer. (triśu-la) that Shiva carried on his itinerant
■ The fruit juice from the ripe fruit is commonly wanderings. Hence it is also known as śhiva-droma
available in India at fruit-juice stalls as a summer or Shiva’s tree.
cooling drink. ■ The root is one of the ingredients in the famous
■ It is commonly found near Shiva temples as the dashmoola formula. It sedates va-ta and calms the
leaves are used in worship (pu-ja-); the juice is said to nerves. It is also used in inflammatory conditions of
cool the hot poison that Shiva drank after it the uterus.
148
PART 2
BRAHMI
Common name Bacopa (E), Herpestis (E), Jalabrahmi (H) Sanskrit Brāhmı̄ Latin Bacopa
monniera–Folium (Scrophulariaceae)
Brahman is the Hindu name given

to the universal consciousness and
Brahma is the divinity responsible
for all ‘creative’ forces in the world.
Brahmi literally means the ‘energy
or shakti of Brahman (i.e. Sarasvati).
With brahmi deriving its name
from these roots it has a lot to live
up to. And it does! Its mind
enhancing and nervous system Balya Gives strength (especially (Bhavaprakaśa). It also benefits ten-
soothing effects are legendary. to the mind) sion throughout the system help-
Jı-vanı-ya Promotes energy ing to ease constipation from
ENERGETICS
Medhya Nervine stress, relax muscle tightness and
Rasa (taste) Bitter, sweet
Nidra-janana Promotes sleep
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling alleviate menstrual pain. It is
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin con-
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) commonly used to treat insomnia.
ditions Urinary It can cool the heat of
Sweet
Gun.a (quality) Light, flowing cystitis and pain of dysuria by
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
(sara/laxative) guiding pitta out of the mutrava-
Sedative, nervine, cardiotonic,
Dos.a effect VPK=, V+ in excess hasrota.
antispasmodic, anticonvulsant,
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues, espe- anti-inflammatory
External As a medicated oil it is a
cially plasma, blood, nerve neuralgic in joint pain. Used as a
INDICATIONS head rub for headaches and to
Srotas (channel) Circulatory,
Brain Brahmi helps to improve clear the mind. It is also used as
digestive, nervous, excretory
memory, learning ability and a brain tonic to strengthen the
CONSTITUENTS concentration. It is used in men- memory and encourage hair
Saponins Steroidal bacoside tal disorders, epilepsy (apasmara), growth (Paranjpe 2001).
A and B mania and hysteria (unmada)
Alkaloids Brahmine, herpestine (Astanga Hrdaya Samhita, Bone
COMBINATIONS
Flavonoids 2003). It specifically enhances the * As it suppresses the appetite it
(Williamson 2002) should be used with digestive
quality of sadhaka pitta and this
stimulants such as ginger or
directly influences the nature of
AYURVEDIC ACTION cardamom.
Va-tahara Calms vata
consciousness.
Nerves Used to aid recovery from * Vacha with signs of high kapha
Anuloma Redirects the flow of to enhance its mind-opening
exhaustion, stress and debility
vata downwards effects.
Unma-dahara Reduces mental ill-
with aggravation of vata. A spe-
cific herb for all conditions with a * Gotu kola, jatamansi and
ness tagarah as a sedative.
Prajña-śaktivardhana Increases
deficient majja dhatu. Consider
using in Parkinson’s disease, * Ashwagandha, kushta, kap-
intellectual power pikacchu, shankhapushpi and
Alzheimer’s disease, dementia,
Hr.daya Heart tonic bala as a nerve tonic.
Majja-dha-tu rasayana
ADHD, Asperger’s syndrome,
autism, depression and drug * Neem, manjishtha, turmeric for
Rejuvenative, particularly to the skin conditions with heat signs.
addiction. Brahmi is very useful
nervous system
- in skin conditions with an under- * Cumin, fennel and ajwan to
Ayus.ya vardhana Increases relax the intestines.
lying nervous imbalance
longevity
149
* Cloves (2 parts), cardamom SAFETY DOSAGE

(1 part), pippali (1 part) as No drug–herb interactions are 2–6g per day dried or 5–30ml of
brahmi rasayana with 10 parts known but caution is advised a 1:5 @ 25% tincture. The fresh
brahmi and 40 of sugar; use with antiepileptic and anti- juice is popular in India: 3 tsp
this as an anti-inflammatory depressant medication. per day.
and nerve tonic.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
None known.
NOTES
■ It is a creeping annual and spreads along the banks in North India. Gotu kola’s other name is
of rivers as creativity and awareness spread man.d.u-kapar.nı-.
throughout us. It is a water-loving plant. ■ It is combined with ghee or milk to enhance its
■ Bacopa monniera is the authentic brahmi and tonifying, nerve-nourishing and pitta-cooling
preferred by vaidyas in treatment. It is also known effects.
as Jalabrahmi , ‘Water brahmi’. ■ Its cold nature can hinder digestion and so it is
■ It is often confused with gotu kola (Hydrocotyle recommended to be used with agnı- dı-pana herbs
asiatica), which is also generically known as brahmi to protect the digestive fire.
150
PART 2
CARDAMOM
Common name Cardamom (E), Elaichi (H) Sanskrit Ela- , Su-ks. ma- Ela- Latin Elettaria
cardamomum–Fructus (Zingiberaceae)
These aromatic seed pods are

filled with soothing, relaxing and
antispasmodic essential oils. A pre-
mium digestive aid and mucus
reducer.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent, sweet
Sweet
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry BIOMEDICAL ACTION Urine Recommended for painful,
Dos.a effect VPK−, P+ in excess Carminative, expectorant, burning urination (mutrakr.cchra)
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, diaphoretic, aromatic, antinau- and aggravated vata in the lower
nerve sea, diuretic abdomen (Bhavaprakaśa).
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi-
ratory, circulatory, nervous INDICATIONS COMBINATIONS
Digestion Specifically in weak
CONSTITUENTS * Fennel, cumin, ginger for
digestion, borborygmus, bloat- digestive upsets and intestinal
4% volatile oil: Borneol, pinene, ing, flatulence, colic, intestinal spasms.
humulene, camphor, eucalyp- pain and indigestion. Cardamom
tone * Cinnamon, pippali, clove, hari-
stimulates agni without aggra- taki for kapha lung problems.
(Mills 1991) vating pitta and clears excess
* Honey for coughs from kapha.
AYURVEDIC ACTION kledaka kapha from the stomach.
* Gokshura, coriander, punar-
Dı-pana Stimulates digestion Being anuloma it helps to nava, shilajit for painful
Pa-cana Digestive regulate samana vayu and urination.
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates intes- direct apana vayu downwards;
tinal spasms and pain hence beneficial for nausea, CONTRAINDICATIONS
Ka-śahara Stops coughing vomiting, morning sickness, Aggravated pitta, ulcers and gen-
Śvāsahara Prevents asthma burping and acidity (Frawley eral excessive heat signs.
Anuloma Redirects the flow of & Lad 1994).
Lungs Cough with mucus and SAFETY
vata downwards
Chardinigrahan.a Prevents nausea asthma with wheezing; it clears
known
Hikkānigrahan.a Stops hiccups avalambaka kapha and regulates
Śirovirecana Cleanses the orifices vata. Good for sore throats and
DOSAGE
of the head freshens the breath (Paranjpe
250mg–6g per day or 1–10ml of a
Va-jı-karan.a Increases sexual 2001).
1:3 @ 45% tincture.
potency
151
NOTES
■ Cardamom is a perennial that thrives in the tropical ■ It is excellent at antidoting the mucus-generating
jungles of south-west India and Sri Lanka. and a-ma-genic quality of dairy products.
■ Ayurveda distinguishes two types: suks
- ma (small) and ■ Good to use with children’s digestive upsets and
.
br.hat (large). Large is Amomum subulatum and has respiratory congestion.
similar properties to cardamom. ■ It is a useful herb to add to prescriptions including
■ Very high in sattva and pran
- a. It regulates the flow ‘heavy’ and ‘wet’ herbs, usually tonics (i.e. shatavari,
.
-
of pran.a in the digestive tract, specifically śamana bala, ashwagandha), to aid their assimilation.
and apa-na va-yu.
152
PART 2
CASTOR
Common name Castor oil (E), Rendi (H) Sanskrit Eran.d. a Latin Ricinus communis–Semen/Folium
(Euphorbiaceae)
Castor oil is considered the king of

medicinals for curing vāta and
arthritic diseases. It is warm, oily,
heavy, and acts as a laxative.
ENERGETICS
astringent
Sweet INDICATIONS and fungal infections of the skin
Gun.a (quality) Unctuous, heavy, Digestion In mild to moderate and nails. Very useful as an emol-
penetrating and subtle (i.e. constipation, castor oil acts as an lient to treat dry skin conditions
enters the minute channels of the osmotic laxative. It holds water in such as psoriasis and eczema.
system) the intestines and causes a total
Dos.a effect VKP−, P+ in excess cleansing of the large intestine. COMBINATIONS
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, This can flush pitta and kapha * Ginger, triphala tea for constipa-
muscle, fat from the system. Its effect is very tion.
Srotas (channel) Digestive, excre- dose-dependent and can range * Haritaki (1 part castor to 4
tory, circulatory from cathartic to aperient. As an parts haritaki) to make gand-
emollient it lubricates the dryness harva haritaki; a potent laxative
CONSTITUENTS
of vata and recorrects the flow of for vata conditions.
Phytosterols: Brassicasterol,
apana vayu downwards. It can be Guggulu and dashmoola
campesterol, β-sitosterol, *
included as part of a treatment for decoction in arthritis.
β-amyrin, lupeol (aerial parts)
Flavonoids: Kaempferol, piles (Bhavaprakaśa). CONTRAINDICATIONS
quercetin, rutin (aerial parts) Arthritis Traditionally used for all Although commonly used to
Fixed oil: Ricinoleic, linoleic, conditions where both ama and induce delivery (due to oxytocin
palmitic, oleic and stearic acid vata mix. This manifests as pain, release) it should not be used in
(seed) swelling, deformations of the pregnancy. Intestinal obstruction.
Alkaloid: Ricinine (seed) joints and bones. The oil is exter- Infections of the internal organs.
(Williamson 2002) nally applied, and taken inter- Not to be given to children under
nally for sciatica, arthritis, gout, 12 years old. Internally, not for
AYURVEDIC ACTION and paralysis (Gogte 2000).
Bhedanı-ya Purgative that
long-term use as it leads to
Lumps An external application is dependency.
destroys faeces used to clear all accumulations
-
Amapa-cana Removes toxins from and palpable lumps. Apply a hot SAFETY
the bowel fomentation over the breast, No drug–herb interactions are
Caks.us.ya Benefits the eyes liver, abdomen or pelvis for any known.
An.gamarda Relieves limb cyst, inflammation, tumour or DOSAGE
pain/body aches lump.
Va- taśamana Pacifies vata
5–30ml depending on the age,
Eyes The oil is put into the eyes size and level of constipation of
BIOMEDICAL ACTION to treat styes, conjunctivitis and the patient. It is very powerful;
Cathartic, purgative, laxative, foreign objects in the eyes. use wisely!
antiarthritic, antifungal, emol- Skin It is considered beneficial as
lient, oxytocic an external application for warts
153
NOTES
■ A native of Africa, the castor plant grows all over ■ Important ingredient in simhanada guggul
India as a small perennial shrub. (+triphala-, sulphur, guggulu) for treating
■ Of the two varieties, red and white, the white is arthritis.
used medicinally. ■ The oil is occasionally added to chapattis in India as
■ The whole seed is exceedingly toxic (i.e. causes a home remedy to clean the intestines.
death) if eaten whole due to the toxicity of the ■ Low dose (5ml) is a laxative, high dose (>10ml) is a
protein ricin. Ricin is denatured after pressing and is purgative.
rendered harmless. ■ External applications are superb for pain, growths
■ The leaf and the root are also highly prized and congestion.
medicines for arthritis.
154
PART 2
CHIRETTA
Common name White chiretta (E), Chiretta (H), Kirat (H) Sanskrit Kira-ta-tikta, Bhu--nimba Latin Swertia
chirata–Folium (Gentianaceae)
This is an especially bitter herb

that is renowned for cleansing the
blood and liver of inflammation
and high pitta. Chiretta is derived
from ‘kira-ta’ meaning bitter.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter
Pungent
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry,
flowing bleeding piles and worms. It CONTRAINDICATIONS
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ clears amapitta from the intes- Pregnancy; high vata.
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood tines as it acts as a mild laxative.
SAFETY
Srotas (channel) Digestive, As it stimulates the liver it can
respiratory, blood, water stimulate the appetite. This has a
known.
beneficial effect on rasa dhatu as
CONSTITUENTS
it is formed as a by-product of DOSAGE
Iridoids Amarogenin, amaro-
food (ahararasa); well-digested, 250mg–3g per day or 3–10ml per
gentin, chiractin
good-quality food creates a day of a 1:5 @ 25% tincture.
Alkaloids Gentianine, swertinin
healthy rasa dhatu.
Xanthones
Skin Any skin problems with
Flavones Eniflavine
signs of heat, redness, inflamma-
Triterpenes β-amyrin, lupeol
tion, itching, burning may indi- NOTES
cate the use of chiretta ■ Chiretta grows up to 1m high
AYURVEDIC ACTION (Bhavaprakaśa). It clears waste and grows at 1500–3000m.

Śvāsahara Alleviates asthma toxins from the blood, thus puri- -
■ Also known as Nepa lanimba
Raktados• a Cures impurities of fying rasa and rakta dhatu. ‘The Nepalese bitter’, as it is
the blood Fever Used in fevers caused by commonly found in the
Tr.s.n.a-śodhana Relieves thirst all three dosas and when aggra- temperate Himalayan forests of
Kus• t• am Used in skin diseases vated by sweating and thirst. Nepal.
Jvarahara Alleviates fever Chiretta clears the ama and ■ Although similar in action,
Kr.mināśaka Anthelmintic toxins that cause the fever bitterness and use to
and is a specific for malaria kalamegha (Andrographis
BIOMEDICAL ACTION (Bhavaprakaśa). paniculata), it is a different
Bitter tonic, febrifuge, expecto- species.
rant, anti-inflammatory, alter-
COMBINATIONS
ative, cholagogue, vermifuge * Cardamom, turmeric, kutki for
GIT inflammation.
INDICATIONS * Neem, manjishtha, gotu kola
Digestion Inflammatory diges- for skin problems.
tive conditions, hyperacidity, * Ginger in fevers.
155
CHITRAKA
Common name White leadwort (E), Chita (H) Sanskrit Citraka, Agni, Jvala Latin Plumbago
zeylanicum–Radix (Plumbaginaceae)
Chitraka means the ‘spotted one’,

perhaps referring to its namesake,
the spotted leopard, who speedily
catches its prey just as chitraka
rapidly cures diseases. It is also
known as agni meaning ‘fire’ or
jvala meaning ‘flame’. It is a very
hot-natured herb and should be
used sparingly. It strongly
increases the digestive fire.
ENERGETICS Kāsaśvāsahara Stops coughs and retention (Swami Sada Shiva
Rasa (taste) Pungent, bitter breathing difficulties Tirtha).
V ı-rya (energy) Very hot Rasa- yana Rejuvenative Nerves A depressed nervous
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Arśoghna Alleviates piles system is stimulated by small
Pungent Vātakaphahara Reduces vata and amounts. It activates the move-
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light, pene- kapha ment of vata that is stagnated
trating due to congestion of kapha or
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Dos.a effect VK−, P and agni+ Stimulant, carminative, antipara-
weakness.
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, sitical, abortifacient, analgesic,
Respiratory Used in chronic and
bone, reproductive acute rhinitis from cold (Gogte
antihaemorrhoidal, rubifacient
Srotas (channel) Digestive, nerve, 2000).
reproductive INDICATIONS
COMBINATIONS
Digestion Deficient digestion
CONSTITUENTS (mandagni) with flatulence and * Fennel, cardamom, ginger
Naphthalene derivatives in digestive weakness with
diarrhoea with cold signs of
Plumbagin, chitranone, zeylinon ama.
watery stools and aversion to
Triterpenes Lupeol, lupenyl cold due to excessive kapha and * Guggulu in arthritis and ama-
Amino acids vata.
vata. Its solar quality absorbs
(Williamson 2002) water and dries excess fluids in * Licorice, pippali, ginger in
aggravated kapha in the
AYURVEDIC ACTION the intestines. It kills parasites. It
lungs.
Lekhanı-ya A ‘scraping’ herb is used in haemorrhoids with
Kr• mighna Worm-destroying congestion in the apanaksetra and CONTRAINDICATIONS
Pa-cana Digestive is a specific for non-bleeding Pregnancy, aggravated pitta.
Dı-pana Appetite stimulant (vata-kapha) piles (Bhavaprakaśa).
SAFETY
Gra-hı- Absorbs excess fluids from It is a superb rasayana for agni
the intestines assisting with absorption of
- known.
Amana-śaka Destroyer of toxins nutrients and treating abdominal
Śūlapraśamana Alleviates pain and bloating. DOSAGE
pain Joints Specific for ślesaka kapha 250mg–3g per day or 0.5–6ml
Bhedanı-ya A stagnation remover and ama in the joints; cold, wet, per day of a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
Śothahara Alleviates swellings damp type arthritis with pain, Overdose causes burning, vomit-
swelling, pitting and water ing and diarrhoea.
156
PART 2
NOTES
■ Chitraka is a perennial with beautiful white flowers some of its harsh irritant properties. Often
that thrives in the east and south of India and all combined with ghee into a rejuvenating
over Sri Lanka. compound.
■ The red variety is Plumbago indica. It is hotter than ■ Chitraka can be purified in lime juice to alleviate
the white variety. some of its harsher hot and penetrating qualities.
■ It is a superb herb for all diseases caused by ■ External application of the paste causes blistering.
manda-gni, low digestive fire. It should always be This is therapeutically employed in vitiligo and
used in combination with other herbs to moderate arthritis to stimulate peripheral circulation.
157
CHRYSANTHEMUM
Common name Chrysanthemum (E), Indian chrysanthemum (E), Gundandi (H) Sanskrit Sevantı̄ Latin
Chrysanthemum indica/morifolium–Flos (Compositae)
Sevantı- derives from the word

seva- meaning ‘service’ as it
encourages humility and devo-
tion. Its lightness balances the
heavy intensity of pitta. Its sweet
aroma awakens the heart and
cools the agitation of an imbal-
anced pitta. It goes straight to the
eyes and skin via the liver.
fever, thirst, headaches, general problems caused by aggravated
ENERGETICS malaise. It can be useful in pitta and kapha (Chen & Chen
Rasa (taste) Bitter, sweet reducing fevers through mild 2004).
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling diaphoresis (Bensky & Gamble
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) 1986).
COMBINATIONS
Pungent Eyes Chrysanthemum morifolium is * Lemongrass, vamsa lochana,
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light tulsi for acute respiratory infec-
a specific remedy for eye inflam-
Dos.a effect PK−, in excess V+ tions.
mation, swelling, redness, dry-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, ness and itching as it regulates * Rose water, jasmine water, fen-
nerve nel or triphala infusion for eye
alocaka and rañjaka pitta.
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- infections, internally and exter-
Specifically indicated for conjunc-
ratory, nervous nally.
tivitis, styes and inflamed eyelids
from eczema and red eyes. It * Licorice, peppermint, musta for
CONSTITUENTS regulating liver flow and cool-
Alkaloid Chrysanthemin makes the eyes bright and beauti-
ing pitta.
Vitamin Choline ful (Frawley & Lad 1994).
Liver Its mild, bitter taste * Brahmi, gotu kola, shankha-
Flavone Luteolin, apigenin, pushpi for nerve imbalance.
acacetin increases liver function and its
Use with triphala to regulate
Volatile oil Camphor, borneol, gentle sweetness ‘smoothes’ the
apana vayu and descend rising
chrysanthenone flow of pitta between the stom-
nervous agitation.
(Chen & Chen 2004) ach (amaśaya) and liver (yakrt). It
is indicated in bilious conditions, CONTRAINDICATIONS
AYURVEDIC ACTION sour taste in the mouth and Pregnancy as it stimulates the
Jvarahara Reduces fever hypochondrial pain under the uterus. As with all flowers, may
Raśa- yana Rejuvenative, ribs. increase vata in excess.
especially to the eyes and pitta Nerves Used to reduce hyperten-
Pittaśamaka Calming and SAFETY
sion and stress from high pitta or
cooling to pitta No drug–herb interactions are
irritation. When vata pushes pitta
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin known.
to the head and they mix
conditions together, headaches, dizziness DOSAGE
BIOMEDICAL ACTION and insomnia can occur. Used on 3–9g per day dried or 5–15ml of
Diaphoretic, ophthalmic, the emotional level for clearing a 1:5 @ 25% tincture.
alterative the heat of anger (Chen & Chen
2004).
INDICATIONS Skin Chrysanthemum indica is
Lungs Acute upper respiratory very bitter and is used for hot,
infections with heat; sore throat, inflamed and suppurating skin
158
PART 2
NOTES
■ Grown all over India for use in worship. The flowers ■ Chrysanthemum morifolium is sweeter to taste,
have a sweet smell and fragrant aromas, and are more specific for the eyes and clearing mild
considered to be the food of the gods. headaches from pitta–va-ta.
■ Chrysanthemum indica is intensely bitter and better
for inflamed skin with dampness from pitta–kapha.
159
CINNAMON
Common name Cinnamon (E), Ceylon cinnamon (E), Cassia (E), Dalchini (H) Sanskrit Da-ru-sita-, Twak
Latin Cinnamomum zeylanicum/cassia–Cortex (Lauraceae)
Twak means ‘skin’ or ‘bark’; the

bark of the cinnamon tree is used
in ayurvedic medicine as a major
digestive herb. As a bark protects a
tree, cinnamon protects and
strengthens the intestines.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent, sweet,
astringent INDICATIONS and tiredness (Chen & Chen
V ı-rya (energy) Hot Lungs Colds, cough, sinus con- 2004).
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) gestion, bronchitis with excess Urine Frequent urination; noc-
Sweet avalambaka kapha; it clears mucus turia caused by cold is treated
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light, pene- and encourages the circulation of by cinnamon’s hot and dry
trating vata throughout the respiratory qualities. Its ability to penetrate
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ system. Use it as a hot decoction deep into the tissues coupled
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, to clear ama in fevers by encour- with its sweet quality give it an
muscles, nerves, reproductive aging sweating (Frawley & Lad ability to nourish the reproduc-
Srotas (channels) Digestive, cir- 1994). tive system (śukra dhatu) and
culatory, respiratory, urinary, Digestion Cold digestion, slow treat infertility and male
nervous, reproductive digestion and mandagni in kapha impotence.
CONSTITUENTS and vata types. Increases agni Gynaecology Dysmenorrhoea;
Tannins and regulates samana vayu to excellent antispasmodic used
Essential oils Cinnamic aldehyde, treat flatulence and colic. Can be 3–4 days prior to period in
cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl useful in diarrhoea with loose kapha–vata types. It has an
acetate, eugenol, phellandrene and watery motions with undi- ironic action used to treat both
Coumarins gested food in the stool. amenorrhoea and menorrhagia;
(Mills 1991, Bone 2003) Cinnamon has an antifungal its blood-invigorating, warming
activity and may be used in and penetrating properties can
AYURVEDIC ACTION Candida albicans and imbalanced be utilised in wet and stagnant
Dı-pana Increases appetite intestinal flora (WHO 1999). conditions in the pelvic cavity;
-
Amana-śaka Destroys toxins Circulation Cold extremities, ovarian cysts, fibroids and
Hr• daya Cardiac tonic Raynaud’s syndrome, arthritis; endometriosis. Its drying astrin-
Va- tahara Reduces aggravated cinnamon stimulates vyana vayu gency comes to the fore if there
vata and pushes circulation to the is uterine bleeding (Bone 1996,
Śukrala Increases semen joints. Its warm, dry and light Paranjpe 2001).
Balya Imparts strength qualities help to clear excess
Va-takaphana-śaka Alleviates vata ślesmaka kapha and ama from the
COMBINATIONS
and kapha joints. These effects can also be of * Ginger, cardamom in digestive
sluggishness.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION use in cardiac insufficiency with
Carminative, antispasmodic, aro- cold extremities, difficulty * Cardamom, Indian bay leaf
(or cloves), known as trikulu
matic, stimulant, astringent, breathing, fluid accumulation
or trijata ‘the three aromatics’,
expectorant, diaphoretic
160
used to benefit digestive and cinnamic aldehyde acting as a
PART 2
CONTRAINDICATIONS
respiratory problems. High pitta. Bleeding signs, mucous membrane irritant
* Arjuna, turmeric, guggulu for especially of the GIT. Caution (Bone 2003).
circulatory or cardiac during pregnancy as it is a
DOSAGE
problems. uterine stimulant.
1–9g per day or 3–15ml per day
* Pippali, vasa, vamsa lochana in SAFETY of a 1:3 @ 45% tincture.
lung congestion.
No drug–herb interactions
* Myrrh, turmeric, ginger, are known. Allergic reactions
ashoka in uterine
can occur rarely due to
congestion.
NOTES
■ The famous ‘quills’ come from the zeylanicum species. ■ Twak is a very good all-round herb for regulating
This species is called da-ru-sita- or sva-dutvak, ‘the va-ta; it circulates va-ta by stimulating vya-na va-yu.
delicious bark’. It is native to Sri Lanka and is more ■ There are numerous other Cinnamomum species that
commonly known as Sinhali twak. The making of the are used medicinally (camphora, burmanni, iners,
quills is a traditional art, where the bark is peeled loureirii, massoia), from all over South East Asia.
from coppiced stems. ■ Tamalapatra (Indian bay leaf) is Cinnamomum
■ Cinnamomum cassia mainly comes from China. It tamal. It is a digestive stimulant with a hot quality
comes as broken pieces of bark and is slightly that is commonly used to reduce vāta. Used in
warmer and more astringent than the delicate and avipattika-ra cu-rn.a to balance the digestive fire.
sweet zeylanicum quills.
161
CLOVES
.
Common name Cloves (E), Lavang (H) Sanskrit Lavanga Latin Syzygium aromaticum–Flos (Myrtaceae)
Cloves are the dried flower buds of

this evergreen tree. They have very
effective antiseptic and fungal
properties that benefit digestion.
ENERGETICS
Pungent
Gun.a (quality) Unctuous, light,
penetrating
Dos.a effect KPV–
gal/antiseptic, antiemetic, anti- Pain Specific for toothache; use
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood,
spasmodic essential oil applied to the gums
muscle, nerve, reproductive
or tooth. Apply the essential oil
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, res- INDICATIONS
externally to relieve headaches,
piratory, digestive, reproductive Digestion Weak, sluggish diges-
arthritic pain, areas of poor cir-
tion with pain, flatulence and
CONSTITUENTS culation and back pain.
lack of interest in food. Increases
Volatile oil Up to 20%: eugenol,
agni without aggravating pitta if COMBINATIONS
eugenol acetate,
used moderately. Specifically * Cardamom, ginger for nausea
β-caryopyhllene, phenols,
used for nausea; its aromatic and vomiting.
ketones, methyl salicylate,
quality settles excess vata and * Pippali, vasa, vamsa lochana in
vanillin
kapha. Use a cold infusion to set- lung disorders with high kapha.
Tannins
tle nausea during pregnancy. * Ashwagandha, shatavari, nut-
(WHO 1999, Paranjpe 2001)
May be used to treat a wide meg in sexual dysfunction.
AYURVEDIC ACTION range of bacterial and fungal * Ginger oil in narayan oil in
Dı-pana Appetite stimulant conditions such as Candida albi- massage for arthritis, sciatica
Pa-cana Digestive cans (Bhavaprakaśa, WHO 1999). and pain.
Śva-sahara Antiasthmatic Lungs Congested lungs; dis-
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Kan.t.ha Benefits the throat perses prana vayu. Expels phlegm
High pitta; inflammatory condi-
Śirovirecana Clears the orifices of in cough, asthma, bronchitis and
tions.
the head pleurisy. Specific in laryngitis
Chardinigrahan.a Prevents and sore throats. Helps to pre- SAFETY
nausea vent spasmodic coughs No drug–herb interactions are
Hikka-nigrahan.a Stops hiccup (Bhavaprakaśa). Its ability to known.
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates reduce ama helps in clearing
DOSAGE
intestinal spasms fevers.
1–3g per day dried powder or
Vedana- stha- pana Analgesic Reproduction Low sex drive,
2–10ml of a 1:5 @ 70% tincture.
Agnima-ndyana- śaka Destroys lack impotence, premature ejacula-
of appetite tion and vaginal discharge.
Cloves Remove excess kapha in
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
artava and śukravahasrotas
Carminative, expectorant,
(Bensky & Gamble 1993, Frawley
analgesic, aphrodisiac, antifun-
& Lad 1994).
162
PART 2
NOTES
■ Indigenous to the Moluccas it is now cultivated ■ It reduces kapha and va-ta by its hot and bitter
around tropical Asia as a medium-sized evergreen. quality and reduces pitta by its cool action. This
■ The contradictory classification of its ‘hot’ rasa and cold action of cloves is displayed via its anti-
‘cold’ vı-rya energy is interesting. It reflects that inflammatory effect; it also feels cool as you
ayurvedic energetics are based on empirical evidence, draw air through your mouth when chewing a
subjective experience and therapeutic results. clove.
163
COLEUS
Common name Coleus (E) Sanskrit Ma-kandı- Latin Coleus forskohlii–Radix (Labiatae)
Coleus is a small perennial plant

that grows on the lower foothills
of India, Sri Lanka and Nepal. It has
received much scientific interest in
recent years and is now renowned
for its beneficial effect on the skin,
heart, on blood pressure and
glaucoma.
ENERGETICS
Pungent
reduces blood pressure at the SAFETY
doses necessary to enhance the No drug–herb interactions are
Dos.a effect VPK−
heart function (Bone 1996). known. Caution when used with
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood
Lungs It acts as an effective bron- other medication as it may poten-
Srotas (channel) Respiratory,
chodilator (Bone 1996). tiate its effects, and in patients
circulatory
Thyroid May stimulate thyroid with peptic ulcers (Bone 2003).
CONSTITUENTS activity (Tillotson 2001).
DOSAGE
Essential oil Allergies Used for allergic condi-
5–10g per day, 3–15ml of a 1:3 @
Diterpenes Forskolin (prev. tions, asthma, hayfever, eczema
25% tincture or 250–750mg three
coleonol) (Tillotson 2001). As these condi-
times per day of a 10:1 forskolin
(Bone 1996) tions are marked by low cAMP
extract.
and high platelet activating fac-
AYURVEDIC ACTION
tor (PAF) levels Coleus forskohlii
Caks• us• ya Benefits the eyes
is specifically indicated.
Kāsaśvāsahara Alleviates cough- NOTES
Psoriasis This is also a condition
ing and benefits breathing ■ Coleus forskohlii increases the
marked by low cAMP levels and
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin levels of intracellular cAMP,
benefits from increased levels of
diseases resulting in reduced mast cell
the enzyme.
Hr• daya Heart tonic histamine release, relaxation of
COMBINATIONS the arteries, increased insulin
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Ophthalmic, antiallergenic, * Amalaki, triphala, punarnava, production, improved thyroid
sevanti for glaucoma. function, and reduced platelet
bronchodilator, hypotensive,
cyclic adenosine monophosphate * Amalaki, punarnava, arjuna for activity (Murray 1992).
heart conditions. ■ Kerry Bone cites many
(cAMP) enzyme activator,
* Anthrapachaka, vasa, pippali, wonderful uses for forskolin but
alterative
ephedra for lung conditions. warns that when used as a herb
INDICATIONS * Guggulu and bola in thyroid the concentrations of forskolin
Eyes Specific use for glaucoma; underactivity. may not be sufficient enough to
it reduces intraocular pressure merit all of the above claims.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
(Burstein et al 1984). ■ My experience is that combined
Hypotension.
Heart Coleus improves heart with other herbs it is a useful
function and may benefit con- adjunct to formulas that are
gestive heart failure. It also tailored to specific patients.
164
PART 2
CORIANDER
Common name Coriander (E), Cilantro (E), Dhaniya (H) Sanskrit Dhanyāka Latin Coriandrum
sativum–Folium/Semen (Umbelliferae)
This popular Indian curry ingredient

is also an invaluable medicine; it
soothes an irritated digestive system
and cools any burning sensations
in the body. Its sweet aroma can
subtly lift the spirits. Dhanya-ka is a
proper noun also meaning ‘rich’.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent, bitter,
sweet
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling (leaves), Mu- trala Diuretic and internally for allergic rhinitis
warming (seed) Kus• t• haghna Alleviates hot skin from pitta (Frawley & Lad 1994).
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) conditions It specifically clears toxins from
Sweet the blood.
Gun.a (quality) Light, oily BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Carminative, diuretic, antialler- Lungs Its antispasmodic and
Dos.a effect VPK−, especially expectorant properties help to
pitta genic, alterative, diaphoretic,
clear mucus from the lungs
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, antispasmodic, expectorant, ver-
(Paranjpe 2001).
muscle mifuge, febrifuge
Heavy metals The leaf is used to
Srotas (channel) Digestion, uri- INDICATIONS help facilitate the safe excretion
nary, respiratory, nervous Digestion Coriander seed is an of heavy metals and other envi-
CONSTITUENTS excellent remedy for promoting ronmental toxins including lead,
Volatile oil Coriandrol, anethole, pitta digestion as it enkindles arsenic and mercury. Only use
camphor, limonene, geraniol, agni but does not aggravate acid- drop-by-drop doses and it must
borneol ity. It can be used safely when be accompanied by an intestinal
Flavonoids Rutin, quercetin, there is inflammation in the heavy metal toxin absorption
apigenin digestive system and when agni agent, such as chlorella.
Coumarins Psoralen, angelicin, needs strengthening. It is a use- Fever As the seeds are a mild
umbelliferone ful carminative herb prescribed diaphoretic it can help to alleviate
Phenolic acids in IBS and colic. Both the leaf a fever by allowing the displaced
Phthalides and seed are used for digestion agni, pitta and ama to be released
(Williamson 2003) to clear flatulence, griping and through the skin and the urine.
bloating. The powder of the seed
AYURVEDIC ACTION is used for worms in children COMBINATIONS
Dı-pana Appetite stimulant
- (Bhavaprakaśa). * Fennel, cumin, cardamom in
Amapacana Toxin digester Urinary A cold infusion of the digestive upsets.
Śu- lapraśamana Alleviates seeds is very useful for draining * Gokshura, manjistha and
intestinal spasms heat out of the urinary system. punarnava for urinary prob-
Da- haghna Alleviates burning in Useful in cystitis, dysuria and lems, especially stones and
the body cloudy urine (Bhavaprakaśa). Also burning.
Agnima-ndyana- śaka Alleviates beneficial in the hot type of dia- * Sariva, pit shirisha for skin
sluggish appetite betes (pittaja prameha) and for allergies, vasa for respiratory
Tr• s• n• a- ghna Alleviates thirst helping to reduce hot flushes. allergies.
Hr• daya Lifts the spirits Allergies The juice of the leaf is * Licorice, pippali for coughs.
Kr• mighna Worm killer used externally for allergic rashes * Fresh ginger for fever.
165
None known. A very safe remedy. No drug–herb interactions are 1–30g per day or 3–15ml per
known. day of a 1:3 @ 45% tincture.
NOTES
■ This annual member of the Umbelliferae, like fennel meaning ‘bed-bug’, alluding to the smell of
and cumin, is an aromatic carminative. the fresh leaves.
■ The flower water is a fantastic antispasmodic. ■ Often used with sugar to add to its anti-pitta
■ This is a world-famous remedy whose effect.
English name comes from the Latin ‘koros’
166
PART 2
CUMIN
Common name Cumin seed (E), Jira (H) Sanskrit Jı-raka Latin Cuminum cyminum–Semen (Umbelliferae)
This small shrubby annual thrives in

dry conditions. It counteracts
dampness and excessively wet con-
ditions in the body. Its Sanskrit
name literally means ‘promoting
digestion’ and it is a superb
addition to any formula when there
is a compromised digestive system.
ENERGETICS
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) INDICATIONS excess discharge. Like many
Pungent Digestion One of the best herbs Umbelliferae family seeds it ben-
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry for digestive sluggishness. Used efits stanyasrotas and the produc-
Dos.a effect VPK=, P+ in excess as a flavouring in cooking to help tion of breast milk.
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, the absorption of nutrients.
muscle COMBINATIONS
Specifically implicated in bloat-
Srotas (channel) Digestive, * Fennel, coriander, cardamom in
ing, gurgling, slow digestion from digestive difficulties.
respiratory disturbed vata and kapha. Also of
* Pippali, ginger, licorice in spas-
CONSTITUENTS benefit if vata is rebelling upwards modic coughs and excess
Essential oil Cuminaldehyde, and causing nausea or indiges- mucus.
pinene, phellendrene, limonene tion. It corrects the flow of vata
* Fresh ginger, tagarah in men-
Flavonoids Apigenin, luteolin and directs the wind downwards. strual pain.
(Williamson 2002) Its heating post-digestive prop- Ajwain, fennel, shatavari to aid
*
erty implies that it absorbs fluids milk production.
AYURVEDIC ACTION from the large intestine; it is con-
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestion stipative when there is diarrhoea CONTRAINDICATIONS
Pa-cana Digests toxins (Bhavaprakaśa). Not to be used in high doses
Va-ta-nulomana Redirects the flow Lungs Because it digests ama it where there is pitta or other
of vata downwards can be of use in counteracting inflammatory problems in the
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates catarrh and excess avalambaka digestive system.
intestinal spasms kapha on the chest. It regulates
Chardighna Alleviates vomiting SAFETY
the movement of udana and No drug–herb interactions are
Medhya Benefits intelligence prana vayu in the chest and helps
Śirovirecana Clears the head of known.
to relieve tightness.
mucus and congestion Gynaecology Its direct effect on DOSAGE
rasa dhatu sends its beneficial 0.5–5g per day or 3–15ml of a 1:3
BIOMEDICAL ACTION properties straight to the uterus @ 45% tincture.
Carminative, digestive, aromatic, and female reproductive system.
antispasmodic, diuretic, galacta- It reduces uterine inflammation
gogue and pain and also dries any
167
NOTES
■ Cumin is a very small annual plant thriving in the ■ Use roasted after a meal as a great folk remedy
hot and dry areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat. ‘cure-all’ for digestive problems.
■ Although it is a pungent herb it does not aggravate
pitta unless used excessively.
168
PART 2
DAMANAKA
Common name Mugwort (E), Davana (H) Sanskrit Na-ga-damanı-, Damanaka Latin Artemesia
vulgaris–Folium (Compositae)
This common roadside herb is very

warming and has an affinity for the
blood and the female reproductive
system. Damanaka literally means
‘subduing’ as it tames disease.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Astringent, bitter,
pungent
Pungent
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry diaphoretic, bitter tonic, antibac- External Specific treatment using
Dos.a effect VPK=, can P+ terial fresh leaf poultice to remove
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, warts. Also beneficial in a skin
INDICATIONS
muscle, marrow, nerve cream or as a wash for itchy
Gynaecology Specific herb for
Srotas (channel) Female repro- skin.
menorrhagia when this excessive
ductive, circulatory, digestive,
bleeding is caused by coldness, COMBINATIONS
respiratory, nervous
i.e. an excess of kapha and/or * Musta, shatavari, ginger for
CONSTITUENTS vata in the uterus. Useful in all uterine bleeding with cold; also
Volatile oils Cineole, thujone, cold conditions of the lower for abdominal pain.
linalool, myrcene abdomen where cold congeals * Kushtha, fennel, cinnamon for
Sesquiterpene lactones Vulgarin and creates dysmenorrhoea, digestive spasms.
Flavonoids Quercetin endometriosis or fibroids. Used * Neem as a wash for fungal or
Coumarins Umbelliferone, to prevent miscarriage when inflammatory conditions.
esculetin caused by coldness (Bensky &
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Triterpenes β-amyrin, β-sitosterol Gamble 1986). It can also be used
Caution in high pitta conditions.
(Williamson 2002) as a douche for vaginal dis-
Pregnancy and breast-feeding.
charge and kapha symptoms.
AYURVEDIC ACTION Digestion It acts as an antispas- SAFETY
Stambhana Stops bleeding
modic in the intestines for vata- No drug–herb interactions are
Dı-pana Awakens digestion
like cramps. It regulates the flow known.
Hr• daya Heart tonic
of śamana vata. Its affinity for the
Tridos.ajit Balances all three dosas DOSAGE
apanaksetra and the lower
Kus.h.takan.d.u-ghna Prevents skin 3–9g per day dried or 5–15ml
abdomen benefits all vata or
diseases and itching per day of a 1:5 @ 25% tincture.
nervous related symptoms in
Raktaśodhana Cleans the blood
this area (Frawley & Lad 1994).
of toxins NOTES
Heart Damanaka’s action on the
■ This aromatic perennial grows
BIOMEDICAL ACTION blood helps to nourish the heart
and strengthen the contractile all over the world.
Emmenagogue, haemostatic,
■ Used as the herb in
alterative, analgesic, force of the cardiac system. This
positive effect on circulation can moxibustion for warming the
anthelmintic, antispasmodic,
ease muscular pain (Gogte 2000). channels in Chinese medicine.
169
DARUHARIDRA
Common name Indian berberry (E), Daruhaldi (H), Darvi (H) Sanskrit Dāru-haridrā Latin Berberis
aristata/chitria–Radix (Berberidaceae)
Daruharidra means ‘tree turmeric’

after its yellow-coloured roots and
trunk visible after the bark is
peeled from this thorny bush. It is
a remarkable remedy for regulat-
ing the liver and clearing high
pitta from the system.
ENERGETICS
V ı-rya (energy) Hot tion. It effectively regulates * Karavella, gurmar, shilajit,
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) rañjaka pitta and works directly black pepper for diabetes.
Pungent on the rakta dhatu and blood.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
It is a specific herb for treating
Pregnancy; disorders of vata and
Dos.a effect KP−, V+ in excess imbalanced rakta dhatu agni.
the nervous system.
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat Its effect on the liver also helps
Srotas (channel) Excretory, circu- to treat aggravated alocaka pitta SAFETY
latory, digestive in the eyes in such conditions No drug–herb interactions are
as styes and conjunctivitis known.
CONSTITUENTS
(Gogte 2000).
Alkaloids Berberine, berbamine, DOSAGE
Skin Used for all skin problems
jatrorrhizine 1–6g per day or 3–9ml of a 1:3 @
with inflammation, redness and
Flavonoids Quercetin, rutin 45% tincture. It is a strong rem-
bleeding; eczema, psoriasis, fun-
Phytosterols β-sitosterol edy and can cause nausea or
gal infections with aggravated
(Williamson 2002) diarrhoea if used at too high a
bhrajaka pitta. As an effective
dose.
AYURVEDIC ACTION diaphoretic it helps to release
Lekhanı-ya Scrapes accumula- aggravated kapha via the skin. It
tions is used as part of the treatment NOTES
Kan.d.u-ghna Alleviates itching in sexually transmitted diseases ■ It is a spiny shrub that grows up
Svedala Diaphoretic (STDs) (Paranjpe 2001). to 3m tall and thrives at

Ropan.a Wound healer Piles It is a specific herb for kapha 1000–3500m above sea level in
Arśoghna Alleviates bleeding and pitta piles. the Himalayas and Nilgiris.
piles Diabetes It is used with turmeric ■ A preparation of equal parts
as part of a formula for diabetes daruharidra and boiled milk,

BIOMEDICAL ACTION
as berberine works directly on known as rasa-ñjana, is used as
Alterative, vermifuge, antiproto-
the pancreas. This combination is an external application for
zoal, cholagogue
called haridra dvaya or ‘the two infections and is especially
INDICATIONS turmerics’ (Paranjpe 2001). beneficial to the eyes.
Liver As an effective cholagogue ■ Considered to have very similar
it helps to protect the liver from

COMBINATIONS
properties to turmeric, they are
toxic damage. It can be used in * Turmeric, ajwain, kutki for often used together.
liver conditions.
liver diseases such as hepatitis,
cirrhosis and also in ‘sluggish * Manjishtha neem, bakuchi,
bhringaraja for skin conditions.
liver’, characterised by low
* Aloe vera, guduchi, neem,
appetite, anorexia and constipa-
triphala for haemorrhoids.
170
PART 2
DEVADARU
Common name Himalayan cedar wood (E), Deodar (H) Sanskrit Devada-ru Latin Cedrus deodara–Lignum
(Pinaceae)
This hardy tree thrives in the high

altitude of the western Himalayas.
It means ‘wood of the gods’. The
inner wood is aromatic and is also
distilled into essential oil. The outer
bark is astringent and is used for
diarrhoea and neuralgic pain.
ENERGETICS
INDICATIONS
Rasa (taste) Bitter, pungent headache and pain from high
Digestion Used in digestive dis-
V ı-rya (energy) Heating vata.
tension from weak digestion. As
it alleviates vata it can reduce COMBINATIONS
Pungent
intestinal spasms and cramping
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous * Fennel, ginger, ajwain in diges-
by relaxing the nervous system tive disturbance from high vata.
Dos.a effect VK−, P+
and easing flatulence. Very use-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, * Pippali, haritaki for cough and
ful in digestive disturbance mucus in the lungs.
muscle, fat
from nervous tension, it can
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- * Turmeric, jatamansi in muscu-
clear constipation by relaxing lar and neuralgic pain.
ratory, circulatory
and lubricating the bowel. Its
CONSTITUENTS hot resinous nature is beneficial CONTRAINDICATIONS
Essential oil Sesquiterpenes for reducing ama from the intes- High pitta.
Flavonoids Deodarin, taxifolin, tines and excess weight and SAFETY
quercetin cholesterol from medas-dhatu No drug–herb interactions are
(Williamson 2002) (Gogte 2000). known.
Lungs Its bitter and pungent
AYURVEDIC ACTION DOSAGE
Dı-pana Increases digestive func-
flavour is the perfect combina-
tion to remove kapha; it dries the 0.5–5g per day or 1–10ml of a 1:3
tion @ 45% tincture.
-
Amapa-cana Removes toxins from
excess mucus and therefore
helps to clear the wet stagnation.
the bowel
Its snigdha and unctuous prop-
Va-ta-nuloma Redirects the flow of NOTES
erty loosens phlegm and facili-
vata downwards ■ Its harvesting is controlled by
tates expectoration helping to
Vibandhahara Alleviates consti- the Indian Forest Department
alleviate kapha and dry excess
pation and sources must come from
mucus. It is also used when
Ka-sahara Alleviates coughing certified dealers. The essential
there are fevers that are affecting
Hr• daya Nourishes the heart oil usually comes from the
breathing (Gogte 2000).
Vedana- stha- pana Analgesic uprooted stumps of felled trees.
Pain Devadaru is an excellent
Va-takaphahara Alleviates vata
anti-inflammatory that relieves
and kapha
cold, spasm and contraction in
BIOMEDICAL ACTION the muscles. Its pungent and
Carminative, antispasmodic, aro- warm properties increase circula-
matic, analgesic, cholestero- tion and relax muscular tension.
laemic, diaphoretic Use in arthritis, sciatica,
171
DHATTURA
Common name White thorn apple (E), Datura (H) Sanskrit Dhattu-ra Latin Datura
metel/stramonium–Folium (Solanaceae)
Dhattura is steeped in legend. The

sublimely enticing flowers draw
you towards them. It has psy-
chotropic qualities that give it a
mythical character. Ayurvedically
the leaves are a potent remedy for
diffusing the lungs and circulating
pra-n.a.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Astringent, sweet,
bitter
bronchioles of the lungs. They nervous system, which may
are antispasmodic and can exacerbate the effects of the med-
swiftly relieve wheezing and ication (Low Dog 2002, Harkness
Pungent
tightness of the chest. It is used & Bratman 2003).
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry;
as a drying remedy to counteract
spreads throughout the body DOSAGE
mucus and congestion in the
(vyavayi) Maximum of 150mg per day
lungs when avalambaka kapha has
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ (UK 1968 Medicines
accumulated (Paranjpe 2001).
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood Act/Statutory Instrument 2130
Fevers As this remedy moves
Srotas (channel) Respiratory, 1977), or 1.5ml per day of a 1:10
upwards and outwards it can
circulatory, mental @ 45% tincture.
help to induce diaphoresis and
CONSTITUENTS therefore break a fever.
Alkaloids 0.25% of hyoscyamine,
COMBINATIONS NOTES
hyoscine and atropine (British
■ This is an enigmatic plant.
Herbal Medicine Association * Always use with licorice as this
can help to relieve the toxicity Folklore abounds as to its
1983)
and its excessively dispersing psychotropic abilities, which are
AYURVEDIC ACTION nature. mainly associated with the seed
Ma-dana Induces intoxication * Ginger, pippali for lung dis- and the root.
Kāsaśvāsahara Relieves coughing orders. ■ Stramonium relates to the Latin
and asthma root for madness.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
■ Dhattura is extremely powerful;
BIOMEDICAL ACTION Pregnancy.
only use within the
Antispasmodic, bronchodilator,
SAFETY recommended range and up to
narcotic
Caution with anticholinergic a month at a time.
INDICATIONS medication (e.g. atropine, benz-
Lungs Dhattura leaves are a tropine or ipratropium bromide)
powerful remedy for dilating the due to dhattura’s action on the
172
PART 2
EPHEDRA
Common name Ephedra (E) Sanskrit Somalata- Latin Ephedra sinensis/gerardiana–Folium (Gentaceae)
Ephedra is a dry, stalky plant that

favours dry, barren land, and is spe-
cific for cold, wet, damp lung and
circulatory conditions. It is invalu-
able for acute asthma and allergic
respiratory attacks with kapha and
cold symptoms. Somalata means
the ‘soma creeper’ referring to
‘soma’ the divine plant that induced
transcendental states. Although
Ephedra spp. have been associated release of histamine from mast SAFETY
with soma this is not confirmed and cells but should only be used Due to its ephedrine content it
ephedra is not a creeper. when there is a cold component. may interact with caffeine and
Its superb bronchodilatory action MAO inhibitors, exacerbating
ENERGETICS
directly relaxes the muscles effects and elevating blood pres-
Rasa (taste) Pungent, astringent
around the lungs and eases
V ı-rya (energy) Hot sure; beta-blockers by reducing
shortness of breath (Mills 1991)
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) drug efficacy due to opposing
Circulation Cold extremities and activity; ephedrine (Sudafed,
Pungent
arthritis with high ślesaka kapha etc.) by additive sympatho-
and swollen joints. Its vasodilat- mimetic effects inducing further
Dos.a effect: K−, PV+
ing properties relax the skin and
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, muscle, toxicity and arrhythmia; and
this helps to expel cold while its steroids (e.g. dexamethasone) by
marrow, nerve
diuretic properties drain any enhancing clearance levels and
swelling and oedema. thus reducing effectiveness of
nervous, circulatory, urinary
the drug (Treasure 2000). Averse
COMBINATIONS
CONSTITUENTS effects appear as dizziness, anxi-
Alkaloids Ephedrine, pseu- * Vasa, anthrapachaka, pippali in ety, palpitations, tachycardia,
lung congestion and allergic
doephedrine, norephedrine headache, insomnia and seizure
reactions.
Volatile oil (Low Dog 2002).
Tannins * Cinnamon, ginger to encourage
sweating in jvara/fever of a
(Williamson 2002) DOSAGE
cold nature.
Ephedra is very strong and sub-
AYURVEDIC ACTION * Gokshura, coriander as diuret- ject to legal restrictions in the
Śva-sahara Antiasthmatic ics in oedema and water reten-
UK; the maximum dose is 1.8g
Ka-sahara Alleviates cough tion.
per day (UK 1968 Medicines
BIOMEDICAL ACTION * Licorice to ameliorate its harsh Act/Statutory Instrument 2130
dispersing nature.
Bronchodilator, expectorant, 1977) or 9ml per day of a 1:5 @
diaphoretic, circulatory stimu- CONTRAINDICATIONS 25% tincture. Traditionally, in a
lant, diuretic, antiallergenic Heart weakness, hypertension, combined formula of herbs, it
palpitations, hyperthyroid, glau- has been used at higher doses of
INDICATIONS
coma, insomnia, benign prostatic up to 9g per day.
Lungs Colds with high kapha,
hypertrophy, during pregnancy.
and allergies from cold and
Traditionally never used with
damp; hayfever, acute rhinitis,
any vata disturbance or any heat
asthma, wheezing. As an antial-
signs.
lergenic herb it prevents the
173
NOTES
■ Ephedra grows in the Himalayas at an altitude of ■ Ephedra can cause night sweats, palpitations,
2000–4000m. nervousness and excess urination (especially in va-ta
■ Its very rajasic and stimulating nature can injure the and pitta types); discontinue if these symptoms arise.
body fluids; being hot and dry it opposes ojas. ■ Recently banned in USA due to ephedrine content.
174
PART 2
FENNEL
Common name Fennel (E), Sounf (H) Sanskrit Śata-pus• pa, Madhurikā Latin Foeniculum vulgare–Fructus
(Umbelliferae)
Its name shatapushpa means ‘one

hundred flowers’. Its other name
Madhurika- means ‘the sweet one’.
This is another member of the
Umbelliferae family that aromati-
cally warms digestion. Like its
flower head it spreads and moves
outwards, thus preventing conges-
tion and stagnation in the centre.
ENERGETICS
bitter BIOMEDICAL ACTION and uterus (Bhavaprakaśa). Its
V ı-rya (energy) Heating (a little) Carminative, aromatic, diuretic, nourishing effect on majja dhatu
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) antispasmodic, galactagogue, tonifies the brain and nervous
Sweet expectorant, antitussive system.
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry Lungs Useful in vata–kapha
INDICATIONS
Dos.a effect Tridoshic, VPK= obstruction type cough. Helps
Digestion Digestive discomfort;
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, flatulence, borborygmus,
to clear phlegm by reducing
muscles, nerve aggravated avalambaka kapha
cramps, nausea and low agni.
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- that congests the alveoli and
Although a heating herb, it bene-
ratory, nervous, urinary, repro- bronchioles.
fits digestion without aggravat-
ductive, lactation Gynaecology Its specific effect on
ing pitta. In fact its sweet
rasadhatu can increase the flow of
CONSTITUENTS post-digestive action leaves a
milk in lactating mothers. Useful
Essential oils Anethole, estragole, residual cooling effect. A specific
in menstrual difficulty caused by
fenchone herb for inguinal hernias and
vata and kapha obstruction in the
Flavonoids lower abdominal pain (Bensky &
lower abdomen with pain,
Organic acids Gamble 1993). It relaxes the
cramps and a dragging sensation
Sterols β-sitosterol smooth muscles and is a specific
(Bhavaprakaśa).
(Mills & Bone 2000) herb for lower abdominal pain
from lower bowel tension. COMBINATIONS
AYURVEDIC ACTION Fennel water is used for colic in * Cumin, peppermint for GIT
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive babies. disturbance.
fire Urinary Cystitis, difficult urina- * Ginger, chitraka, cinnamon for
Pa-cana Digestive tion, burning and dark yellow low agni.
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates intes- urine, cloudy urine. Its diuretic * Coriander, gokshura in urinary
tinal spasms properties clear pitta from problems with aggravated vata
Anuloma Redirects the flow of mutravahasrotas. and kapha.
vata downwards Nerves Use fennel when nerv- * Pippali, anthrapachaka, licorice
Chardinigrahan.a Antiemetic ous tension in mamsa dhatu and in vata–kapha type coughs.
Ka-sa Benefits coughs contraction in the smooth muscle * Brahmi, gotu kola for mental
Śva-sa Antiasthmatic system restricts the flow of vata. tension relief and to enhance
Sattva Increases clarity of con- All spasms are relieved by fen- antispasmodic activity.
sciousness nel, especially in the GIT, lungs * Shatavari, ajmoda for lactation.
175
CONTRAINDICATIONS the body at twice the normal rate DOSAGE
None known. Fennel is a very when taken with fennel (Low 500mg–9g per day dried or
safe herb. Dog 2002, Harkness & Bratman 3–15ml per day of a 1:3 @ 45%
SAFETY 2003). tincture.
There is some theoretical concern
that ciprofloxacin is cleared from
NOTES
■ Fennel is a hardy perennial that thrives in dry, hot ■ It specifically warms and strengthens agni and
climates and is opposed to wet, damp, cold digestion. Its special quality is that it does this without
conditions. aggravating pitta or other heat signs.
■ The ‘sweetness’ of anethole is common in the Indian ■ Helpful for digestion to chew some roasted seeds
variety (Bown 1995). after meals.
176
PART 2
FENUGREEK
Common name Fenugreek (E), Methi (H) Sanskrit Met.hika- Latin Trigonella foenum-graecum–Semen
(Fabaceae)
Fenugreek is a very warming seed

that benefits kapha and va-ta. It is
used to treat constipation, high
cholesterol, diabetes and obesity.
Its smell is very pungent, and it is a
nourishing seed.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent, astringent,
bitter, sweet
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) diuretic, diaphoretic, aphro- acts as a soothing demulcent that
Pungent disiac can heal ulcers and also increase
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous the bulk of the stool; it is a useful
Dos.a effect VK–, P+ INDICATIONS mild laxative. Its bitter quality
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat, Diabetes Its beneficial effect on helps the liver function and
bone, nerve, reproductive the water channels (ambuvahasro- improves assimilation of nutri-
Srotas (channel) Digestive, excre- tas) and the urinary system ents (Frawley & Lad 1994).
tory, water, sweat, respiratory, (mutravahasrotas) indicate its use Gynaecology Fenugreek seed has
reproductive, lactation in diabetes. It can help to clear a particular affinity for the
some of the fatty deposits that uterus and female reproductive
CONSTITUENTS accumulate in the channels that system as a whole. Its saponin
Saponins Diosgenin should be nourishing to the pan- containing phyto-oestrogen pre-
Coumarins creas. It helps to balance sugar cursor, diosgenin, plays an
Flavonoids Quercetin, lilyn, levels in both types 1 and 2 dia- important role in female health.
kaempferol betes. The active components are It is taken post-partum to
Alkaloids Trigonelline, lecithin, found in the trigonelline and encourage bowel movements
mucilage coumarin content. Clinically and clean the uterus. Its nourish-
(Williamson 2002) effective trials have used 50g per ing effect on rasa dhatu also helps
day of the defatted seeds to encourage a healthy flow of
AYURVEDIC ACTION
Dı-pana Appetite builder
(Murray 1992). breast milk. If there is dysmenor-
Cholesterol Its direct action on
Pa-cana Digestive rhoea its warming effect and
medovahasrotas makes it useful as stagnation reducing properties
Anulomana Encourages vata to
part of a formula to reduce cho- are beneficial (Gogte 2000).
move downwards
lesterol. Use 10–20g per day to Reproduction Used in formulas
Virecana Mild laxative
reduce low-density lipoprotein to treat impotence, premature
Vātakaphaghna Alleviates vata
(LDL) cholesterol levels (Murray ejaculation and low libido
and kapha
1992). (Bensky & Gamble 1993). Its
Pramehaghna Alleviates symp-
Digestion It is an invaluable rem- heating energetics stimulate the
toms of diabetes
edy to treat sluggish and gaseous reproductive system, while its
BIOMEDICAL ACTION digestion from impaired kapha unctuousness and sweet nature
Carminative, cholesterolaemic, and vata. It can benefit diarrhoea nourish śukra dhatu.
bulk laxative, antidiabetic, and inflammation in the intes- Pain As a superb remedy to set-
demulcent, expectorant, tines. Its high mucilage content tle vata it is indicated in lower
177
back problems, sciatica and * Ashoka, shatavari for men- DOSAGE
arthritis with swelling and pain. strual problems. 2–50g per day or 3–30ml per day
A notable diagnostic clue is the * Shatavari, fennel for milk proof a 1:3 @ 45% tincture.
sensation of cold on the back duction.
and thighs (Bensky & Gamble * Nutmeg, ashwagandha,
1993). Its ability to strengthen kapikacchu, bala for male NOTES
asthi dhatu indicates its use in reproductive problems. ■ Fenugreek grows wild as a
osteoporosis, back pain, struc- * Punarnava, guggulu, trikat.u for small, leafy shrub in the north
tural weaknesses and hair loss. swollen arthritic conditions. of India but is now cultivated
External A poultice made from everywhere as an annual crop.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
the powder is very useful for ■ The leaves are a delicious
High pitta.
drawing infections, boils, splin- vegetable.
ters and arthritic swelling from SAFETY ■ It enters the sweat channels
the body. As a known hypoglycaemic and its characteristic aroma is
there may be a positive interac- soon noticeable on the body
COMBINATIONS
tion and it is advisable to moni- odour.
* Gurmar, turmeric, neem, trikat. u tor patients on diabetic
in diabetes. ■ It is part of a famous formula
medication. The claims that known as caturbı̄ja. This
* Guggulu, turmeric in high fenugreek interacts with war-
cholesterol. contains fenugreek,
farin appear to be mistaken, but chandrashura (Lepidium
* Fennel, cumin, coriander for it does appear to inhibit iron
bloating and constipation. sativum), krishna jiraka (Nigella
absorption at a high dosage sativa) and yavani.
(Bone 2003)
178
PART 2
FRANKINCENSE (INDIAN)
Common name Frankincense (E), Indian oli–banum (E), Salai guggul (H) Sanskrit Śallakı-,
Kapitthapar. n. ı, Konkanadhu-pa Latin Boswellia serrata–Resina (Burseraceae)
.
Frankincense has dual energetics

of being both heating and cooling.
It is heating due to its blood circu-
lating property and cooling due to
its anti-inflammatory action.
Frankincense has had a long-term
connection with the spiritual realm
and religious ceremony. It is also
used in psychiatric and mental
conditions.
ENERGETICS
astringent, sweet Lekhana Clears adhesions from chronic kapha or ama involve-
V ı-rya (energy) Heating and cool- the body ment causing obstruction and
ing Vedana- stha- pana Analgesic stagnation in any of the channels
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Va- jı-karan.a Aphrodisiac or tissues. Consider frankincense
Pungent Sandha-na Bone mender instead of non-steroidal anti-
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light, pene- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
trating BIOMEDICAL ACTION This action is the result of the
Dos.a effect VKP−, may aggravate Analgesic, anticholesterol, rheu- boswellic acid reducing the
either pitta or vata in excess matic, anti-inflammatory, emme- activity of pain and inflamma-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, nagogue, antispasmodic tion causing leukotrienes by
muscle, fat, bone, nerve, repro- inhibiting the production of the
INDICATIONS
ductive 5-lipoxygenase enzyme
Pain All types of pain, specifi-
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, cally arthritic or post-trauma
(Tillotson 2001, Bone 2003).
nervous, reproductive Gynaecology Excels in the treat-
where there is inflammation and
ment of fibroids, cysts, painful
CONSTITUENTS congestion. Energetically applied
periods with clots and pain
Triterpenes Boswellic acid to cold and damp types of pain
caused by congestion in
A and B and swelling. It circulates vyana
apanaksetra and the uterus.
Sugars Arabinose, arabic acid vayu and clears toxic ama; this
Reproduction Specific herb for
Essential oils Bassorin, pinene, effectively clears blockage of the
impotence and sexual debility; it
dipentene channels (srotorodha). Used to
brings blood to the penis and
(Williamson 2002) hasten the healing of wounds,
therefore facilitates erectile func-
broken bones and bruises via its
AYURVEDIC ACTION tion (Paranjpe 2001).
- blood-circulating and granula-
Amana-śaka Destroys toxins tion-enhancing actions (Bensky
Cholesterol Reduces LDL count
Kaphava-tahara Reduces kapha & Gamble 1993).
in the blood. Clears ama from the
and vata blood.
Inflammation Useful in inflam-
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative matory diseases, especially of the
Mental Opens the mind. Said
Strı-roga Useful in gynaecology joints, lungs, GIT and skin, and
to have a specific effect on
Śirovirecana Cleansing to the ori- ajña cakra, the spiritual centre
is a specific for osteo- and
fices of the head connected with the pituitary and
rheumatoid arthritis, asthma,
Anulomana Redirects the flow of bronchitis, colitis, Crohn’s dis-
hypothalamus gland. The essen-
vata downwards tial oil is especially appropriate
ease and psoriasis where there is
for this.
179
* Shatavari, rose, safflower for
COMBINATIONS SAFETY
* Guggulu, myrrh, turmeric in menstrual pain, cysts and No drug–herb interactions are
inflammatory and arthritic con- fibroids. known.
ditions with kapha–vata aggra-
vation. This combination may
Caution during pregnancy due 3–9g per day resin in decoction,
also be used in high choles-
to its vigorous ‘moving’ nature. 250–750mg three times per day
terol.
Low dose in pitta prakrti and of a 1:4 concentrated powder, or
* Gokshura, ashwagandha, bala with weakened digestion as gas- 2–10ml per day of a 1:5 @ 90%
for male sexual debility.
tric irritation may occur. tincture.
NOTES
■ Frankincense is a medium-sized tender tree ■ Tastes disgusting when used in decoctions!
growing up to 10m in height. ■ High resin content requires tincture to be at 90%
■ The best-quality frankincense comes from the volume of alcohol.
driest areas, especially Rajasthan and Gujarat, and is ■ If using tinctures add 10% licorice first as a saponin-
gathered at the hottest time of year. containing suspending agent to prevent
■ The resin is extracted as an exudate from the precipitation and to reduce its harsh flavour.
branches.
180
PART 2
GARLIC
Common name Garlic (E), Laśuna (H) Sanskrit Laśuna, Rasona Latin Allium sativum–Bulbus (Liliaceae)
The delicious bulbs of this annual

are a veritable herbal panacea.
Ayurveda focuses on its positive
digestive effect when there is cold
and sluggishness, but warns of its
inappropriate use in times of emo-
tional stress and environmental
heat. Rasona means ‘lacking a
taste’, derived from rasa meaning
‘taste’ and una meaning ‘lacking’,
as it lacks the sour taste.
ENERGETICS Śu-laghna Alleviates abdominal As a rejuvenative for vata it
Rasa (taste) Pungent, sweet pain encourages the free flow of
Vı-rya (energy) Heating Kr• mighna Vermifuge breath, specifically udana and
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Ka-saghna Removes coughs pranavayu. As an expectorant it
Pungent can help to clear wet and sticky
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous,
BIOMEDICAL ACTION mucus. A very useful cold rem-
Carminative, vermifuge, edy with classic kapha symptoms;
penetrating
vasodilator, expectorant, anticho- catarrh, heavy feeling, sluggish-
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues
lesterol, antibacterial/antifungal ness, loss of appetite, shivering,
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- INDICATIONS aching limbs, myalgia. Garlic
ratory, circulatory, reproductive, Digestion Garlic is a classic folk helps to expel the congestion and
mental medicine used for gastric distur- ama by inducing diaphoresis.
bances—flatulence, worms, para- Immunity It enhances the body’s
CONSTITUENTS immunity as well as directly
sites, infections, dysentery,
Volatile oil Alliin, which converts removing pathogens. It can be
typhoid, food poisoning, Candida
to allicin on crushing, diallyl both a prophylactic and a cure
albicans. Its ability to remove
disulphide for many infections.
pathogenic bacteria without
Mucilage Heart It directly benefits the
depleting the body’s natural flora
Germanium heart by reducing kapha and ama
takes it a step beyond being just a
Glucokinins in the rasa, rakta and medas dhatus
‘herbal antibiotic’. As it cleans the
(Mills 1991) and this has the effect of lower-
intestinal flora it may increase
AYURVEDIC ACTION wind for a few days. It is useful ing blood cholesterol and reduc-
Br• m han• a Nourishing whenever there is a disturbance ing clotting; potential use in
•
Vr• s• ya Aphrodisiac of kledaka kapha or apana vayu in thrombosis and varicose veins.
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive the intestines as it clears both Its inclusion in a preventative
fire mucus and gaseous distension. It regime to reduce the chances of
Sa-ra Eases the flow of stool can also stimulate a sluggish liver atherosclerosis in kapha and vata
-
Amana-śaka Destroys toxins (Mills 1991). types seems wise (Mills 1991). As
Pittaraktavardhana Aggravating Lungs The little white bulbs have a circulatory stimulant it warms
to pitta and blood a potent therapeutic effect on the the whole body. This regulatory
Va-tarasa-yana Rejuvenator to vata lungs; the volatile oils actually effect on the circulation and the
Hr• dayarogahara Cures diseases appear on the breath having arteries is further demonstrated
of the heart cleaned the bronchioles and alve- by either lowering or raising
Jvaraghna Destroys fevers oli. It is strongly decongestant. blood pressure depending on the
181
condition; it balances, restores CONTRAINDICATIONS direct evidence that garlic and
and regulates. Pregnancy as its hot and sharp warfarin will interact but caution
External With kapha–vata skin qualities can disturb the fetus, but is advised. Caution with
disorders garlic is very useful as it is fine for lactation (Low Dog hypotensive medication as garlic
a paste or oil; ringworm, fungal 2002). Conditions where the blood reduces diastolic blood pressure.
infections, ear infections. An is vitiated; skin conditions or Avoid garlic for 10 days prior to
external oil rub may benefit bleeding. Also in other pitta prob- operative surgery. There may be
arthritis, sciatica, oedema lems, hyperacidity, high blood a positive interaction with statins
(Paranjpe 2001). pressure from heat, ulcers. As it is by increasing the cholesterol
overly stimulating it may also be lowering effects and monitoring
COMBINATIONS
contraindicated in premature ejac- is advised (Low Dog 2002, Braun
* Ginger, fennel, chitraka, hingu, ulation and spermatorrhoea. & Cohen 2003, 2004, Harkness &
black pepper for digestive
Bratman 2003)
weakness. SAFETY
* Pippali, licorice, ajwain for Caution in patients taking DOSAGE
coughs. antiplatelet medication as it may 1–3 cloves per day, 6–15g dry or
* Guggulu, pushkaramoola, arjuna potentiate anticoagulation effects 1–6ml per day of a 1:3 @ 45%
and bibhitaki for the heart. of these medicines. There is no tincture.
NOTES
■ The bulb is pungent, the leaves are bitter, the stem the mind and create desire. It is an inappropriate
is astringent, the tips of the stem are salty and the food for those practising a sattvic or yogic lifestyle.
seeds are sweet. ■ Avoid too much heating activity (exercise,
-
■ As a tonic for vata it is best taken fried with ghee. sunbathing, anger) while taking garlic to maximise
■ It is considered to be extremely rajasic or passion its therapeutic benefits and reduce the chance of
inducing. Its heat and penetrating nature aggravate any aggravations.
182
PART 2
GINGER
-
Common name Ginger (E), Adrakh (H), Sont (H) Sanskrit Ardraka (fresh), Śun.t. hı- (dry), Viśvabhes. aja
Latin Zingiber officinale–Rhizoma (Zingiberaceae)
A-rdraka means ‘moist’ and śun• t• hı-

means’ dry’. It is also known as
vishwabheshaja, the universal med-
icine benefiting everybody and all
diseases (if you can say all in
Ayurveda!), especially va-ta
disorders. This is the herbalist’s
best friend. When using ginger
think ‘digestion, lungs and
circulation’.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent, sweet Kāsaśvāsahara Alleviates cough Arthritis Dry ginger is used as an
V ı-rya (energy) Heating (fresh is and breathing difficulties ama-clearing, ślesaka kapha-
warm and dry is hot) Vedana- stha- pana Alleviates pain reducing, toxin-digesting, anti-
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) inflammatory in arthritis (ama-
Sweet vata) in many traditional
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Gun.a (quality) Fresh: unctuous ayurvedic formulas, e.g. triphala
Fresh Diaphoretic, expectorant,
and heavy; dry: dry, light and guggul, yograj guggul.
carminative, antispasmodic,
penetrating Lungs Clears phlegm in kapha-
antiemetic
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ vata coughs and colds.
Dry Stimulant, carminative, anti-
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues Digestion Warms the digestive
spasmodic, emmenagogue
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- system, increases agni and the
ratory, circulatory INDICATIONS
secretion of digestive enzymes.
Cold Clears cold; fresh increases
CONSTITUENTS Fresh ginger especially benefits
peripheral circulation and causes
1–2% volatile oil Zingiberine, rasadhatvagni while dry ginger
vasodilation and sweating. It
zingerone, camphene, borneol, clears ama and is better for
clears ama from plasma and
phellandrene, citral kledaka kapha aggravations.
blood. Fresh ginger is more
Pungent principle Gingerol, gin- Useful in nausea (morning, post-
peripherally active while dry
gerdiones, shogaols operative, and travel sickness),
ginger is more centrally stimulat-
(Mills & Bone 2000, Williamson flatulence, griping. Specific activ-
ing and warming (Mills & Bone
2003) ity against Escherichia coli and
2000; the volatile and diaphoretic
Shigella bacillus (Bensky &
AYURVEDIC ACTION essential oils β-sesquipphellan-
- Gamble 1993, Bhavaprakaśa,
Amana-śaka Destroys toxins drene and zingiberene decom-
Tillotson 2001).
Pa-cana Digestive pose on drying. The warming
Gynaecology Used in menstrual
Chardinigrahan.a Prevents nausea gingerol principle transforms
cramps—hot, fresh ginger tea.
Hikka-nigrahan.a Stops hiccups into shogoals on drying, making
Regulates vata in the apanaksetra
Agni dı-pana Enkindles the diges- it more centrally heating). Dry
(lower abdomen). Despite its
tive fire ginger may be of benefit in car-
‘warm’ energy it also inhibits
Gra-hı- Absorbs fluids from the diac disorders due to increasing
the activity of inflammatory
intestines circulation and potential blood-
prostaglandins. It is a warming
Arśoghna Removes piles thinning properties when used
anti-inflammatory (Tillotson
Śı-tapraśamana Reduces feelings at a high dosage (Mills & Bone
2001). Energetically, its sweet
of cold 2000).
post-digestive effect is cooling.
183
It also nourishes the śukra dhatu CONTRAINDICATIONS SAFETY
and reproductive system as a In high pitta with heartburn, Ginger may increase the absorp-
whole. ulcers and sweating. Not more tion of allopathic medication.
than 2g per day of dry ginger in Theoretical interaction with anti-
COMBINATIONS
pregnancy. According to the coagulant medication is not
* Cinnamon, lemongrass for a Commission E monograph even proven by human clinical trials.
cold to induce sweating.
fresh ginger is contraindicated Used at less than 3g per day it is
* Pippali, vasa for a cough with in pregnancy, but this is a theo- safe in patients susceptible to
high kapha and aggravated vata.
retical supposition (Blumenthal haemorrhage or taking warfarin
* Black pepper, pippali as a part 1998, Low Dog 2002). While gin- or aspirin. It may reduce the
of trikat.u, The Three Pungents
ger is widely used during preg- effect of antacids, as it increases
formula used for kapha, low
nancy to alleviate nausea, keep gastric secretions (Mills & Bone
digestion and respiratory com-
the dose low. Apply care and 2000, Low Dog 2002, Bone 2003).
plaints. This is often combined
treat according to the pattern
with honey to add to its drying DOSAGE
presented. Caution in high
effect. Fresh: 1.5–5g per day or 2–10ml
blood pressure, peptic ulcers,
* Arjuna, guggulu in congestive gastro-oesophageal reflux and
per day of a 1:2 @ 90% tincture;
heart conditions and poor cir- dry: 1–2g per day or 0.5–2ml per
skin diseases with inflamma-
culation. day of 1:2 @ 90% tincture.
tion. Not recommended in
* Turmeric, rose for menstrual patients with gallstones due to
pain.
its cholagogue effect.
NOTES
■ Ginger is a perennial that thrives all over India and ■ As it increases digestion of nutrients it may also
Sri Lanka, especially in hot and damp environments. increase assimilation of pharmaceutical drugs.
■ Fresh ginger will not aggravate pitta as much as dry. ■ The anti-inflammatory action is a very good
■ Fresh ginger is better for calming an aggravated va
- example of the prabha-va or ‘unique effect’. Its post-
ta and for sweating. It is harder to digest and better digestive quality is sweet. This means that its long-
as a laxative than dry ginger. term effect is anti-inflammatory and nourishing
■ Dry ginger, being hot, is better for stimulating while its initial activity is warm and stimulating to
agni and clearing kapha; it dries water in the colon digestion. It blocks inflammatory prostaglandins and
(gra-hı-) but it still removes constipation as its thromboxane.
penetrating quality ‘breaks up’ (vibandhabhedinı-)
impacted faeces.
184
PART 2
GOKSHURA
Common name Puncture vine fruit (E), Caltrops (H), Gokhru (H) Sanskrit Goks• ura Latin Tribulus
terrestris–Semen, Herba (Zygophyllaceae)
This spiky fruit looks like the cloven

hoof of a cow and hence the
name go-ks.ura (cow-hoof). ‘Ks.ura’
also means ‘scratcher’ and as this
thorny shrub is found growing in
sandy wasteland all over the sub-
continent it is responsible for scar-
ring the hide of many a sacred
cow. It is a superb diuretic that
Vedana- stha-pana Reduces pain uterus and the gonads. Used in
clears excess fluids from the sys-
Śothahara Reduces swellings infertility and impotence where
tem. Its hormonal precursor com- Vr.s.ya Increases sexual appetite there is an obstruction due to vata
pounds actively nourish the Va- jı-karan. a Enhances sexual or kapha in the reproductive tis-
reproductive system. It is also very potency sue. Its saponin and flavonoid
useful for itchy skin, especially on Śukraśodhana Sperm purifier content act as hormonal precur-
the hands and feet. Raktaśodhana Blood purifier sors. Protodioscin is converted to
Br.m. han.a Increases body mass dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
ENERGETICS
Balya Enhances strength and thus enhances sexual func-
Rasa (taste) Sweet, bitter
Tridos.ahara Reduces all three tion (Williamson 2002).
dosa Nerves (Fruit) Useful in all vata
aggravations of the nervous sys-
Sweet BIOMEDICAL ACTION
tem. It draws all three dosas
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous Diuretic, lithotriptic, aphrodisiac,
downwards and can treat
Dos.a effect VPK=, with primarily reproductive tonic, nervine, anti-
headaches, hives, itchy skin and
V− spasmodic, anabolic, alterative
eye inflammations. Its harmala
INDICATIONS alkaloid content has MAO
muscle, fat, nerve, reproductive
Urinary (Fruit) Bladder or kidney inhibitor activity, which can be
Srotas (channel) Urinary, nerve,
infections, renal colic, kidney utilised for psychological and
reproductive, respiratory
stones, urinary retention, cloudy nervous imbalances to enhance
CONSTITUENTS urination, haematuria. It has a the balance of serotonin in the
Tribuloside direct affinity for the mutravahas- brain.
Saponins Protodioscin, stigmas- rotas, ambuvahasrotas as well as Skin (Fruit) Gokshura is very
terol, terrestonins mamsa and medas-dhatu. It useful for stopping itching in the
Alkaloids Harmala soothes the urinary tract mem- skin caused by vata or kapha
Potassium nitrate branes and promotes urination. obstructing the muscle, blood or
Flavonoids Kaempferol, Gokshura is specific for prostate plasma. A specific herb for
quercetin problems, urinary retention or lesions on the palms of the
Aspartic and glutamic acids obstructed urinary flow hands or soles of the feet.
(Paranjpe 2001, Williamson 2002) (Bhavaprakaśa).
COMBINATIONS
Reproductive (Aerial parts and
AYURVEDIC ACTION * Punarnava, guggulu, coriander,
fruit) As a tonic herb with a sweet
Mu-travirecana Diuretic manjishtha in urinary prob-
post-digestive effect it nourishes
Mu-trakr.cchraghna Dispels lems, retention, stones and
the śukra dhatu increasing virility,
dysuria dysuria. Also a good combina-
fertility, sperm production, and
Aśmarihara Lithagogue tion to tonify the kidneys and
lactation. It rejuvenates the repro-
Bhedana Scratches accumula- strengthen the lower back.
ductive system, especially the
tions from the system
185
* Ashwagandha, kapikacchu, * Kapikacchu for Parkinson’s
SAFETY
tila/black sesame seeds, disease. Caution with antipsychotic
frankincense for male * Neem, manjishtha and gotu drugs (especially MAO inhibitor
reproductive deficiency with kola for inflammatory skin medication) as its harmala alka-
impotence and for encouraging conditions. loid content may speed up the
spermatogenesis. * Equal parts of guduchi and breaking down of the medication
* Shatavari, rose, saffron, mus- amalaki in rasayana curna; in the digestive system, thus
taka for female reproductive a general tonic formula for reducing the effectiveness of the
and gynaecological problems. enhancing immunity and drug.
Also useful post-partum for reproductive strength.
DOSAGE
strengthening the uterus.
CONTRAINDICATIONS 1–9g per day as decoction,
* Brahmi, gotu kola and Dryness. Caution during preg- 3–15ml per day of a 1:3 @ 25%
jatamansi for nervous system
nancy as it moves downwards. tincture.
imbalances.
NOTES
■ Its diuretic effect is balanced by its valuable ■ The fruit, aerial parts and root are used in Ayurveda.
moistening and nourishing effect on the mucous The aerial parts appear to have the widest
membranes. spectrum of rejuvenative activity for the
■ It is a rejuvenative for pitta and a balancer for vāta. reproductive system. The fruits are best known for
It specifically moves apāna vāyu downwards. their lithotropic activity and for their action on the
■ A main ingredient of gokshuradi guggulu. A superb skin.
formula for clearing stagnation and vāta in the
urinary system.
186
PART 2
GOTU KOLA
Common name Indian pennywort (E), Gotu kola (S), Kula kudi (H) Sanskrit Man.d.ūka-par.nı̄
Latin Centella asiatica–Folium (Apiaceae) Syn. Hydrocotyle asiatica
Man• d.u-ka-par• nı- refers to its leaf-

shape resembling the webbed feet
of a frog. The leaf also looks like
the cerebellum and is one of the
finest examples of the ‘doctrine of
signatures’ as gotu kola is tradi-
tionally renowned for its intellect-
promoting, nervous-system
soothing and general mind-
enhancing properties.
Vayah.stha-pana Antiageing wound healing and reducing
ENERGETICS Hr• daya Heart tonic scars. The flavonoids act as cir-
Rasa (taste) Bitter, astringent, Nidra-janana Promotes sleep culatory stimulants that develop
sweet the blood vessels in the skin. It
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling increases the rate of keratinisa-
Alterative, nervine, antipyretic,
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) tion of the skin, which helps to
mind tonic, antispasmodic,
Sweet strengthen the outer protective
analgesic
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light layer of the body. This points to
Dos.a effect VPK=, primarily INDICATIONS use in skin inflammation and
KP− Nerves In conditions of stress, cellulite. The saponin content
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, insomnia, epilepsy, emotional acts as a cleansing and softening
muscle, fat, bone, nerve turbulence; beneficial with agent, the oligosaccharides are
Srotas (channel) Nervous, circu- pitta/vata aggravation. It relaxes moisturising and the phyto-
latory, digestive the central nervous system. sterols are protective. It is useful
Useful in behavioural and devel- in external applications for hair
CONSTITUENTS
opmental imbalances such as loss via its pitta-reducing effect
Flavonoids Quercetin, astragalin
autism, Asperger’s syndrome or (Tillotson 2001).
Triterpenoids Asiatic acid
ADHD (Tillotson 2001). Joints Traditionally used for
Saponins Asiaticoside, brahmo-
Mind Improves concentration, arthritis, gout and joint inflam-
side, brahminoside
intelligence, memory and alert- mation. This reflects its ability to
Phytosterols Stigmasterol, sitos-
ness. Used in Alzheimer’s dis- clear toxins and inflammation.
terol
ease, senility, stroke, and to slow
Volatile oils COMBINATIONS
ageing as it benefits sadhaka pitta
(Williamson 2002)
which promotes intellect. It * Brahmi, jatamansi, shankha-
pushpi, tagarah, nutmeg for
AYURVEDIC ACTION nourishes majja dhatu and this
nervous conditions and is often
Medhya Intellect-promoting protects the brain and by reduc-
used as a ghee compound.
Raktapittahara Prevents bleeding ing ‘stress’ it prolongs life.
from high pitta Skin Gotu kola is a specific herb * Neem, manjishtha, guduchi
and bakuchi for inflammatory
Raktaśodhana Purifies the for inflammatory skin condi-
skin conditions.
blood tions: eczema, urticaria, acne,
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin dis- STDs. Gotu kola balances all * Guduchi, guggulu and turmeric
for joint inflammations.
eases three dosas and has wondrous
Rasa- yana Rejuvenates life and effects on the skin and bhrajaka * Tulsi and ginger in fevers.
pitta pitta. Very useful for hastening
187
CONTRAINDICATIONS metabolism it should not be DOSAGE
Large doses can be narcotic and used with benzodiazepines or 1–30g per day as an infusion,
cause a vata headache or dizzi- barbiturates. Caution with hypo- 3–15ml per day of a 1:3 @ 25%
ness. Caution during pregnancy. glycaemic and cholesterol-lower- tincture or 25ml per day fresh
ing medication. juice.
SAFETY
As it inhibits liver enzymes
responsible for barbiturate
NOTES
■ Hydrocotyle refers to the aquatic habitat of this (Namjoshi et al 1978). There seems to be some
perennial creeper and the cup-like shape of the discrepancy in the texts but both Suśruta and
leaves. Another Sanskrit name, man.d.u-kı-, means Va-gbhat.a, as well as the Bha-vapraka-śa, state that
that ‘like a frog’ it is always near water. It thrives the two are different plants but have the same
throughout India and Sri Lanka. There is both a medhya or mind-enhancing activity.
small-leafed and a broad-leafed variety. ■ An excellent herb for rejuvenating and restoring
■ Gotu kola is the Singhalese name. cerebral function often taken with ghee to enhance
■ As gotu kola grows alongside rivers, many of which this effect.
are heavily polluted in India, make sure that your ■ One of the great meditator herbs. High in sattva.
supply is cultivated. ■ Its prabha-va is to optimise brain function (medhya).
■ There is a fair amount of ayurvedic debate as to ■ It is best used as a cold extraction as heat can
whether Bacopa monniera or Centella/Hydrocotyle destroy its properties.
asiatica is the real brahmi. According to The ■ Fresh herb juice is considered the strongest way to
Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Bacopa is brahmi and use gotu kola, so if you are using dried herb the
Centella/Hydrocotyle is Man.d.u- ka-pa-r.nı- leaves must be vital and green to ensure efficacy.
188
PART 2
GUDUCHI
Common name Guduchi, Giloy (H) Sanskrit Gud. u-cı-, Amr. ta-, Cakra-laks. an.a Latin Tinospora
cordifolia–Caulis (Menispermaceae)
Guduchi is described as ‘the one

who protects the body’. ‘Amr• ta’
means ‘divine nectar’ referring to
the life restoring drops that Lord
Indra sprinkled from heaven to
bring life back to the devotees of
Lord Rāma after they were slain in
battle. This is a virile creeper that
grows throughout the forests of
India. Those growing up neem Medhya Nerve tonic toxins and uric acid via the uri-
trees are said to be the best as the Jvarahara Reduces fevers nary system that have accumu-
synergy between these two bitter Da-hapraśamana Reduces burn- lated in raktavahasrotas. It also
plants enhances guduchi’s efficacy. ing sensations removes ama toxins from the sys-
-
Its therapeutic strength lies in its A mana-śaka Destroys toxins tem without destabilising any of
rejuvenating and strengthening Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin disor- the other dosa.
properties while also detoxifying ders Immunity All autoimmune dis-
and cleansing the whole system, Āmava-taghna Reliever of eases causing inflammation.
gout/arthritis Applicable in degenerative dis-
specifically via the liver.
Raktaśodhana Cleans the blood eases such as cancer, AIDS and
ENERGETICS Śukraśodhana Purifier of sperm arthritis as it boosts the immune
Rasa (taste) Bitter, astringent, Vayah.jı-karan.a Increases sexual system. Use to offset the ulcera-
pungent potency tive and toxic effects of chemora-
V ı-rya (energy) Heating Vayah.stha- pana Increases life span diotherapy (Thatte et al 1988).
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Tridos.ahara Reduces all three Skin Suppurative and inflamma-
Sweet dosa tory skin conditions such as
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous eczema, psoriasis, systemic
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Dos.a effect VPK=, primarily lupus erythematosus. Useful
Cholagogue, detoxicant, alter-
VP− when there is high tejas and pitta
ative, immune tonic, anti-inflam-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, that has burnt immune-protect-
matory, diuretic, anthelmintic,
muscle, fat, nerve, reproductive ing ojas away, resulting in
nervine
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, inflammatory skin conditions.
digestive INDICATIONS Skin problems from excessive
Liver Liver damage, viral hepati- alcohol, recreational drug and
CONSTITUENTS
tis or poisoning from alcohol, pharmaceutical drug use may
Glucoside Giloin
chemicals or recreational and indicate the use of guduchi.
Bitter principles
medicinal drugs. Useful in Specific for burning sensations
Alkaloid Tinosporin, protoberber-
repairing fibrosis and regenerat- on the skin (daha) (Caraka
ine alkaloids
ing liver tissue (Tillotson 2001). Samhita, Bhavaprakaśa).
(Paranjpe 2001)
Applied in all conditions of Digestion Guduchi heals a bowel
AYURVEDIC ACTION aggravated ran-jaka pitta and pitta affected by constipation, intes-
Dı-panı-ya Increases appetite in the blood. tinal bleeding, haemorrhoids or
Tr. s. n.a-nigraha Quenches thirst Joints Gout (vata rakta), arthritis dysentery. Useful at redressing
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative (ama vata) and other inflamma- intestinal floral imbalance with
Balya Increases strength tory joint conditions (Tillotson candida-like symptoms (krmi,
-
Ayus. aprada Promotes life 2001). It acts by clearing pitta grahani) such as bloating,
189
ance as its sweet post-digestive * Amalaki, licorice in hyperacid-
flatulence and malabsorption. Its
bitter yet heating qualities are effect nourishes śukra dhatu. ity and imbalanced agni in pitta
used to stimulate raktadhatvagni types.
COMBINATIONS
and strengthen digestion in pitta * Ginger and aloe vera in gout
types. * Manjishtha, bhumiamalaki, and arthritis.
pippali in hepatitis and liver
Metabolic It regulates blood
degeneration. * Gokshura, shatavari, kapikac-
sugar levels via its direct effect chu, safed musali in male
on rakta and medas-dhatu thus * Guggulu, myrrh, ginger, reproductive problems.
turmeric, ashwagandha in
benefiting diabetes and hypogly-
arthritic amavata conditions. CONTRAINDICATIONS
caemia. Guduchi is very calming
to vata and the nervous system * Kutki and chiretta in immuno- Caution during pregnancy.
deficiency.
via its unctuous nature, soothing SAFETY
nervous irritation. * Coriander, neem, sandalwood No drug–herb interactions are
in sannipata fevers involving all
Reproductive Its ability to clear known.
three dosa.
heat is applied when sexual dys-
* Neem, gotu kola, manjishtha, DOSAGE
function is caused by a hyper-
bakuchi in inflammatory skin 1–15g per day in a decoction or
heat condition. It is often used in
conditions. 3–15ml per day of a 1:3 @ 25%
formulas for male sexual dys-
function caused by pitta imbal- * Gurmar, tumeric, amalaki, shi- tincture.
lajit in diabetes
NOTES
■ It has very interesting energetics. It is bitter, ■ Its prabha-va is to clear toxins (a-ma).
astringent, pungent, yet heating and also sweet ■ Specific for clearing a-ma; + ginger for a-mava-ta,
post-digestively. Its bitter and astringent quality + pipali for a-makapha, + neem for a-mapitta.
clears pitta and kapha, its heating energy burns ■ It is also known as cakralaks.an.a- meaning ‘marked
a-ma, while its enduring sweet effect regulates va-ta with a circle’ as the transverse section of the vine
and gives it an aphrodisiac quality that nourishes stem clearly reveals a cartwheel pattern.
reproductive fluids.
190
PART 2
GUGGULU
Common name Indian bedellium (E), Indian myrrh (E), Guggul (H) Sanskrit Guggulu, Deva-dhu-pa Latin
Commiphora mukul–Resin (Burseraceae)
Guggulu resin has a remarkable

cholesterol controlling action. It is
used in Ayurveda to literally scrape
out toxic accumulations that
aggravate va-ta and cause arthritis.
It is a renowned yogava-hı-, mean-
ing that it carries other substances
with it deep into the tissues.
ENERGETICS
astringent, sweet
V ı-rya (energy) Heating Ka- n.t.hya/Svarya Affinity for heal- it increases blood flow, reduces
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) ing and promoting the voice blood clots and clears atheroscle-
Pungent A-rtavajanana Promotes menses rosis (Tillotson 2001). It regulates
Gun.a (quality) Light, penetrating, Su-ks.m . a Subtle properties vyanavayu, moves avalambaka
dry enabling it to enter deeply into kapha and raktavahasrotas as well
Dos.a effect VPK−, can aggravate the tissues as scraping ama deposits from
P in excess Āmana-śaka: Destroys ama the channels.
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues Gynaecology Used to clear
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, endometriosis, polycystic ovar-
Anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet,
digestive, nervous, respiratory ian syndrome and clots. It
anticholesterolaemic, astringent,
reduces all accumulations and
CONSTITUENTS antiseptic, immune stimulant,
ama in the apanaksetra of the
Lignans emmenagogue
lower abdomen. It regulates the
Guggulligan 1 and 2
INDICATIONS cycle and is a strong emmena-
Sterols Guggulsterone, guggul-
Cholesterol It reduces cholesterol gogue.
sterol and β-sitosterol
(LDL) and prevents accumula- Skin Guggulu can be used for
Terpenes Cembrene, mukulol
tion (Bone 2003). It has a lekhana skin inflammations. Clinical tri-
Essential oil Myrcene, eugenol
property that ‘scrapes’ deposits als have proven efficacy in acne
(Williamson 2002)
from the channels, joints and tis- as opposed to antibiotic treat-
AYURVEDIC ACTION sues (Bhavaprakaśa). Guggulu is ment (Thappa & Dogra 1994). It
Sarvados.ahara Alleviates all a specific herb for obesity and is used in stubborn skin lesions
dosas excessive weight; this works via that are chronic, ‘stuck’, and
Medhoghna Clears fat tissue its pungency, lekhaniya property resistant to other treatment. It
Prameha Antidiabetic and ability to enhance thyroid also benefits general inflamma-
Raktaśodhaka Blood purifier function. It stimulates medas- tions of the mucous membranes
Lekhanı-ya Scrapes waste residues dhatu-agni, which regulates fat throughout the body, mouth
from the channels metabolism. ulcers and lung infections. It
Dı-panı-ya Enkindles digestive fire Arthritis Anti-inflammatory activ- helps to regenerate tissue granu-
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative ity and detoxifying action. Very lation and enhance healing;
Balya Promotes strength good in kapha/vata types of arthri- clears tumours, dead tissue and
Vr• s• ya Promotes sexual appetite tis to reduce pain and swelling. reduces lipomas.
Sandha- nı-ya Bone mender Heart Ischaemic heart disease, Infections Its ability to increase
Vedana- stha- pana Analgesic angina, congestive heart failure; the white blood cell count helps
191
to clear infections, reduce sore COMBINATIONS SAFETY
throat and promote the immune * Frankincense, turmeric, Guggullipid is reported to reduce
response. fenugreek for cholesterol and the effect of antihypertensives
Bones As a resin guggulu corre- arthritis. such as propranolol and dilti-
lates to rakta dhatu (the blood tis- * Guduchi, neem, turmeric, azem and so medication should
sue); this is responsible for healing triphala in acne be adjusted accordingly (Low
deep-seated wounds and is tradi- * Arjuna, punarnava, Dog 2002). Caution with hypo-
tionally used for healing fractures pushkaramool for heart glycaemic medication.
and nourishing majja dhatu conditions.
(Bhavaprakaśa. See Frawley & Lad
DOSAGE
* Safflower, mustaka, shatavari for 3–9g per day in a decoction,
1994 for a useful correlation menstrual difficulties.
250mg–3g per day pills,
between the tissues and plant * Guduchi, gokshura and ginger 250–750mg three times per day
parts. Rasa = leaf juice, Rakta = in gout and back pain.
of 1:4 concentrated powder or
resin and sap, Mamsa = softwood, * Haritaki, trikat.u, triphala, 3–10ml per day of a 1:5 @ 90%
Medas = gum and hard sap, Asthi turmeric for mending bones.
tincture. While using guggulu, a
= bark, Majja = leaf, Śukra = flow-
ers and fruits).
CONTRAINDICATIONS pitta-aggravating lifestyle (sour
Acute kidney infections, exces- foods, alcohol, anger and exces-
Cancer Used to treat all growths,
sive uterine bleeding, thyrotoxi- sive sunlight and sexual activity)
accumulations and cancers
cosis. Pregnancy and should be avoided.
(granthi) (Bhavaprakaśa).
breast-feeding (Low Dog 2002).
NOTES
■ Growing in dry, arid areas (Gujarat, Mysore) 0.5–1kg ■ Commonly used in combination with other herbs
of resin is collected annually from each plant. in the ‘guggul’ formulas: triphala guggul,
Guggulu is a small thorny tree that is difficult to gokshuradi guggul, kanchanara guggul.
harvest without damaging it. ■ It is one of the best herbs for va-ta conditions;
- -
■ According to the Bha vapraka śa there are five arthritis, pain, gynaecological inflammations, back
varieties. The dark brown (mahis.a-ks.a) and yellow- pain, urinary system.
brown (kanaka) guggulu varieties are preferred. ■ Va-ta is regulated by its sweet flavour and warm
■ Therapeutically a fresh component (nava guggulu) energy.
and an old component (pura-n.a guggulu, stored for ■ Pitta is alleviated by its astringent taste.
over a year) are used; the new is considered to be ■ Kapha is reduced by its bitter, astringent and
more nourishing and rejuvenative, while the old is pungent tastes.
a specific remedy in cancers and for scraping toxins ■ Its traditional connection with the spiritual realm is
out of the body. affirmed by its other Sanskrit name Devadhūpa, the
■ The purification (śodhana) process is mentioned in incense of the gods.
Bha-rat Bhais.ajya Ratna-kara where the guggulu is ■ Guggullipid is a registered medicine and brand
purified by boiling it in triphala, milk, cow’s urine, name; standardised extract of the oleogum resin
vasa or Vitex nirgundi and turmeric and removing was recently implicated in interfering with
the ‘scum’ that comes to the surface. It is then pharmaceutical drug metabolism.
fried in ghee, dried and ground to become
Suddha guggulu.
192
PART 2
GURMAR
.
Common name Periploca of the wood (E), Gurmar (H) Sanskrit Madhu-vina-śinı-, Mes.a-śr.ngı-
Latin Gymnema sylvestre–Folium (Asclepiadaceae)
Eating the fresh leaves numbs the

taste buds to the sense of sweet or
bitter; hence the name means
‘sweet destroyer’ (madhu-vinaśhi,
gur-mar). A fantastic herb for bal-
ancing blood sugar levels.
ENERGETICS
Pungent sweet, unctuous and heavy sub- conditions as it can stimulate the
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light stances. Best used in combina- heart.
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ tion with other herbs to address
SAFETY
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat, the wide spectrum of symptoms
As gurmar is hypoglycaemic,
reproductive caused by diabetes. It particu-
patients on diabetic medication
Srotas (channel) Digestive, circu- larly benefits mutravahasrotas by
should monitor their blood sugar
latory, urinary, reproductive reducing the need for urinary
and medication accordingly.
output. It can be used for both
CONSTITUENTS
types 1 and 2 diabetes. DOSAGE
Saponins Gymnemic acids
Digestion Gurmar regulates the 5–10g per day, 10–20ml per day
including gymnemasaponins
craving for sweet food and helps of a 1:5 @ 25% tincture for dia-
Polypeptide Gurmarin
to reduce an excessive appetite betes, 1–5ml per day for sweet
(Bone 1996, 2003)
(Brala & Hagen 1983). It is poten- cravings.
AYURVEDIC ACTION tially useful as part of a weight
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative to pitta loss programme when a few
Prameha Antidiabetic drops are taken every three
NOTES
hours.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION ■ A woody creeper with many
Hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic, COMBINATIONS branches. The leaves are

diuretic, hypocholesterolaemic * Guduchi, kutki, gokshura to harvested prior to flowering.
balance blood sugar levels and ■ It can help to reduce the
INDICATIONS
clear kapha. appetite.
Diabetes Specific herb to increase
insulin production in pancreas. * Turmeric, karela (bitter gourd), ■ Gurmarin is the sweet taste
fenugreek seeds, black pepper suppressor and it must come

By acting directly on rakta dhatu
for regulating blood sugar lev- into contact with the tongue to
it helps to regulate blood glucose
els. work effectively.
levels and enhance glucose toler-
ance (Shanmugasundaram 1990). * Shilajit for building energy in ■ Best used over a period of 6
diabetics. months for lasting results. (See

It also helps to address the
Tillotson 2001 for an excellent
weakness in the medas-dhatu and CONTRAINDICATIONS
herbal approach to the
normalise metabolism in this tis- Not to be used by patients with
treatment of diabetes.)
sue responsible for digesting hypoglycaemia. Caution in heart
193
HARITAKI
Common name Chebulic myrobalan (E), Harde (H), Hara (E) Sanskrit Harı̄takı̄, Abhayā Latin Terminalia
chebula–Fructus (Combretaceae)
Haritaki is described as the

‘remover of diseases’. Hara is also
the name of Lord Shiva, thus
reflecting the sacred nature and
exalted position of the plant but it
literally means ‘green’ like the fruit.
It is also ‘abhaya- ‘ or ‘fearless’ of any
disease. It is said to have origi-
nated when a drop of immortal
nectar (amr.ta) fell from heaven to
earth. It is considered to be the Lekhanı-ya Scrapes accumulations piles. Haritaki’s astringency
best herb for the digestive system from the tissues and channels and mucous membrane healing
and lungs. Caks.us.ya Improves the eyesight effects can benefit prolapse,
Anulomana Corrects the flow of ulcers, intestinal permeability
ENERGETICS vata downwards and ‘leaky gut syndrome’.
Rasa (taste) All but salty, mainly Stanyaśodhana Purifies breast Cholesterol It reduces lipid
astringent, bitter milk deposits in the blood and
V ı-rya (energy) Heating Recana Purgative liver (Tillotson 2001). Use
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Vibandhahara Alleviates consti- with honey to help reduce
Sweet pation cholesterol.
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry Ka-sahara Antitussive Lungs Wet, kapha-type coughs
Dos.a effect VPK= Medhya Improves intellect are cleared. Haritaki astringes all
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues -
Ayurvardhaka Increases longevity leakages from the body. It sends
Srotas (channel) Digestive, Arśoghna Antihaemorrhoidal accumulated vata downwards
excretory, nervous, respiratory
and helps to clear wheezing,
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
CONSTITUENTS weak voice and asthma
Laxative, astringent,
Tannins Tannic acid up to 45%, (Bhavaprakaśa).
anthelmintic, nervine, expecto-
gallic acid, chebulic acid Eyes Used in all sorts of eye
rant, tonic
Mucilage disorders: inflammation,
Anthraquinones Sennoside A INDICATIONS conjunctivitis (Bhavaprakaśa).
Triterpenoid glycosides Digestion Its sennosides treat Use as a wash.
Chebulosides, arjunin constipation and the tannins treat Mucous membranes Gargle in
(Williamson 2002, Chen & Chen diarrhoea; use a high dose (6g) sore throat. Swill for stomatitis,
2004) for the former and low dose (2g) gingivitis and periodontal dis-
for the latter. It is salutary in ease; with cold water this
AYURVEDIC ACTION digestive upset or dysentery encourages its astringent nature.
Dı-panı-ya Increases appetite caused by parasites or infection
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative; espe- (Shigella spp. and Entamoeba his-
COMBINATIONS
cially to vata and the large intes- tolytica; Williamson 2002), inflam- * Psyllium, hemp seed in vata
tine (purisavahasrotas) constipation.
mation of mucous membranes,
Br.m
. han.a Nourishing flatulence and borborygmus. It * Kutki, amalaki in pitta constipa-
Yogava-hı- Catalyst enhancing the increases the digestive fire and
tion.
action of other herbs clears undigested residues (ama). * Bibhitaki, pippali in kapha con-
Pa-cana Digestive As it descends apana vayu it treats
stipation.
Gra-hı- Absorbs fluids from the the root cause of hiccups and
intestines (water decoction)
194
* Cardamom, fennel and
PART 2
ajmoda for indigestion Do not use during pregnancy 3–9g per day in a decoction,
and bloating. due to its laxative and descend- 250mg–5g as powder, or
* Vasa, anthrapachaka, pippali in ing nature. 3–12ml per day of a 1:3 @ 25%
cough and asthma. tincture.
SAFETY
known.
NOTES
-
■ There are seven types of haritaki—vijaya , rohin
-
. ı, ■ It has all flavours bar salty; it is a common feature
- - - - - - -
putana, amr. ta, abhaya, jı vantı and cetakı —which for rejuvenative plants to possess a full spectrum of
grow in different areas of India. Vijaya-, growing in tastes, e.g. amalaki.
the Vindhaya Mountains, is a rounder fruit and is ■ Its special action is to alleviate any excesses and to
said to be the best. Rohin.-ı grows in Northern India balance all three dos.as: pitta due to its sweet, bitter
(Paithan), pu-tana- grows in Southern Pakistan and astringent tastes, kapha due to its astringent,
(Sindhu), amr. ta- and abhaya- varieties grow in bitter and pungent tastes, and va-ta due to its sour,
Bhagalpur district in Eastern India in Bihar, jı-vantı- in sweet and pungent tastes.
Saurashthra in Gujarat, and cetakı- in the Himalayas. ■ Use with rock salt for kapha.
■ Haritaki is a very large tree growing throughout the ■ Use with sugar for pitta.
deciduous forests of India and Sri Lanka at altitudes ■ Use with ghee for va-ta (Bha-vapraka-śa).
up to 2000m. ■ Using it with warm water promotes its anuloma or
■ Images of the Medicine Buddha show him holding laxative effect.
Terminalia chebula. This represents the respect and ■ It is cooked with castor oil (1:4) to make gandharva
awe in which haritaki was held for maintaining haritaki, a demulcent purgative for alleviating va-ta.
health and curing disease. Also combined with amalaki and bibhitaki to make
■ Its ironic activity, both laxative and astringent, reveals triphala.
the diverse actions of this remarkable herb. As a ■ Its prabha-va or unique action is to balance all three
decoction it is more astringent as the tannins are dos.as. Its other prabha-va is that while it is a laxative
water-soluble and as a tincture or powder it is more it is also nourishing. Its sweet post-digestive quality
laxative. nourishes śukra dha-tu and enhances immunity.
■ Used unripe increases its laxative effect (balharitaki)
but lessens its rejuvenative qualities.
195
HEMP SEED
Common name Hemp seed (E), Bhang ke beej (H) Sanskrit Vijaya- , Siddhi Latin Cannabis indica–Semen
(Urticaceae)
The seeds of this infamous plant

make a superb demulcent laxative.
They also have a perfect balance of
omega-3, -6 and -9 essential fatty
acids, pointing to its use as an anti-
inflammatory, nervous restorative,
and cardiac tonic. Vijaya- means
‘victorious’ as it is victorious over
so many diseases.
ENERGETICS Anulomana Redirects the flow of deposits and blood coagulation
Rasa (taste) Sweet vata downwards (Leson 1999).
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling Vibandhahara Alleviates consti- Diabetes It reduces numbness
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) pation (vata type) and tingling (Leson 1999).
Sweet Inflammations Arthritis, Crohn’s
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous BIOMEDICAL ACTION
disease, PMS (Leson 1999).
Dos.a effect VP−, K+ Demulcent, restorative, tonic,
COMBINATIONS
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues emollient, anti-inflammatory,
Srotas (channel) Digestive, nerv- anticholesterolaemic * Psyllium, triphala in vata consti-
pation.
ous, reproductive INDICATIONS
Digestion Constipation; vata-type * Rhubarb root in stubborn con-
CONSTITUENTS stipation due to high pitta.
Essential fatty acids Omega 3 constipation with dryness, wind
and hard-to-pass stool (Bensky & CONTRAINDICATIONS
(21%), Omega 6 (63%), Omega 9 Do not use excessively with ama
(13%) Gamble 1986). May also benefit
ulcers and inflamed mucous or phlegm.
Volatile oil
Calcium membranes. The whole seeds are SAFETY
Iron best for treating this dry type of No drug–herb interactions are
(Leson 1999) constipation. known.
Skin As an oil, hemp seed can DOSAGE
AYURVEDIC ACTION reduce inflammation in eczema, 5–15g of ground seed, up to 45g
Snigdha Demulcent psoriasis, and acne (Leson 1999). ground in a decoction, 15–100ml
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative Heart Used as an oil it reduces per day as an oil.
LDL cholesterol levels and fatty
NOTES
■ An annual growing all over India, mainly in Bihar, pitta and va-ta in excess causing insomnia, low
Bengal, Himachala and Uttar Pradesh. libido and sluggishness. It is a vyava-yi, meaning
■ Most modern research points to use of the cold- that it spreads rapidly throughout the system
pressed oil. before being digested (Bha-vapraka-śa).
■ The seed is not a common ayurvedic medicine but ■ It is famously used on Shivaratri, the night of Lord
is used as food in areas where the plants grow. Shiva. It is the festival when social taboos are lifted
■ Medicinally the flowering plant has been used in and devotees get divinely intoxicated (mast) by
India as a traditional medicine in Ayurveda. Known drinking a delicious beverage called t.han.d.a--ı, a
as bhang it is used as an appetite stimulant, for mixture of almonds, pistachios, milk, sugar and
reducing interocular pressure, as an boiled bhang leaves.
antispasmodic, as an aphrodisiac and for relieving ■ The flowering buds and resin are currently illegal
pain. It reduces va-ta and kapha but can aggravate for use in most countries of the world.
196
PART 2
HINGU
.
Common name Asafoetida (E), Devil’s dung (E), Hingu (H) Sanskrit Hingu, Sahasra-vedhı- Latin Ferula
asafoetida/foetida–Resin (Umbelliferae)
Hingu is a very calming herb used

to treat spasmodic pain. It first
stimulates but then, like most stim-
ulants, causes a burning out and
dullness of the mind. It is a very
useful, pungently aromatic, anti-
spasmodic and carminative herb.
ENERGETICS
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) BIOMEDICAL ACTION and other vata disorders caused
Pungent Digestive, carminative, by obstructed vyana vayu.
Gun.a (quality) Unctuous, heavy, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, Gynaecology It immediately
penetrating analgesic, emmenagogue, expec- enters artava srotas via rasa dhatu
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ torant and has a powerful influence
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, INDICATIONS
on menstruation. It can specifi-
muscle, bone, nerve cally clear leucorrhoea with a
Digestion Its sharp, hot and unc-
Srotas (channel) Digestive, nerv- kapha pathology. It has a
tuous property helps to clear
ous, respiratory, excretory, beneficial effect on ovulation
high vata in the digestive tract,
female reproductive and menstruation as it warms
treating bloating, flatulence, colic
the uterus and prevents
CONSTITUENTS and undigested food in the stool;
spasms.
Volatile oil Polysulphides, it moves samana vayu and draws
Reproduction As a hot and stim-
sulphated turpenes, pinene, apana vayu down. Hingu is use-
ulating herb it can be used for
cadinine, vanillin ful for addressing flora imbal-
cold and sluggish conditions
Resin 40–60%, asaresinotanols, ance, especially Candida albicans
such as low libido and impo-
ferulic acid and worms (Tierra 1992,
tence. It can also benefit infertil-
Gum Glucose, galactose, Bhavaprakaśa). Its hot quality
ity when there is a congested
rhamnose strengthens agni but can easily
uterus from excess kapha.
Coumarins Asafoetidin, aggravate pitta (Bhavaprakaśa).
umbelliferone, foetidin Nerves An excellent antispas- COMBINATIONS
(Williamson 2003) modic in cough, asthma, cramps * Ginger, cardamom, fennel for
and intestinal spasm. It prevents digestion and increasing agni.
AYURVEDIC ACTION apana vayu from reversing its * Vasa, pippali for spasmodic
Dı-panı-ya Digestive flow upwards and sends it down cough and especially whooping
Pacaka Toxin digestive (Lad & Frawley 1994). It is of cough.
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates benefit in high vata conditions Arjuna, haritaki for heart prob-
*
intestinal spasms such as paralysis, sciatica and lems with pain.
Śva-sa Helps breathing epilepsy as it nourishes majja * Ashoka, turmeric for dysmen-
Kr.mina-śaka Vermifuge dhatu. Useful for stagnation in orrhoea.
Anulomana Redirects the flow of the nervous system due to * Vacha, pippali for nervous dis-
apanavata downwards exhaustion or blockages. orders and epilepsy.
A-rtavajanana Promotes the flow Heart Its stimulating properties * Nutmeg, ashwagandha for
of the menses can help to clear cardiac pain fertility.
Vedana-stha-pana Analgesic
197
High pitta; inflammatory condi- No drug–herb interactions are Use a low dose—100mg–1g per
tions of the liver and brain; preg- known. day or 1–3ml per day of a 1:3 @
nancy. 75% tincture.
NOTES
■ Primarily from Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan and inflammatory effects. Raw is fine for chest
some parts of Kashmir. conditions requiring stimulation.
■ Store in an airtight container away from other ■ It is usually blended with flour or maize to be used
aromatic herbs as its smell spreads everywhere. It’s as a powder. Pure hingu should dissolve in water
not known as ‘devil’s dung’ for nothing! leaving a milky-white colour to the water without
■ The resin is collected as an exudate from the root. any residue settled at the bottom of the glass.
■ For digestive, nervous and gynaecological ■ The main ingredient in hiñgvas.t.akacu-rn.a, a major
purposes it should only be used fried in oil or digestive formula for regulating apa-na va-yu.
ghee as this reduces some of its harsher
198
PART 2
JASMINE
Common name Jasmine (E) Sanskrit Ja-tı- Latin Jasminium grandiflorum/officinale–Flos (Oleaceae)
Jasmine flowers are very useful to

help balance emotional distur-
bance and to alleviate anxiety.
Considered to be a very sattvic
flower, it opens the heart cakra
and bestows a feeling of love
upon the lucky imbiber.
ENERGETICS
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling Gynaecology Jasmine has an
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) * Turmeric, myrrh and safflower
affinity for rakta dhatu and it for clots, endometriosis and
Pungent moves blood in the uterus; it is pain.
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry beneficial premenstrually for
Dos.a effect KPV−, can increase V * Kutki, bhumiamalaki in hepatic
impending cramps and reduc- disorders with high pitta. With
in excess ing clots. It circulates prana and guduchi this is also a good
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, apana vayu in the lower combination for ‘cleaning’ the
bone, nerve, reproductive abdomen. Its bitterness and blood of high pitta.
Srotas (channel) Nervous, repro- astringency are useful at
ductive, circulatory CONTRAINDICATIONS
treating excessive menstrual
Caution during pregnancy; cold-
CONSTITUENTS bleeding (Holmes 1989). It
ness and high vata.
Alkaloid Jasminine has a nourishing effect on
Volatile oils Linalool, benzyl śukra dhatu and is an effective SAFETY
acetate aphrodisiac. No drug–herb interactions are
Phenolic glycosides Salicylic acid Liver Its cooling, antibilious known.
Resin nature helps to regulate rañjaka
DOSAGE
(Holmes 1989, The Ayurvedic pitta and heal the liver in hepati-
5–30g dried flowers per day as
Pharmacopoeia of India 2001) tis and cirrhosis.
an infused tea or 5–10ml per day
Blood Jasmine helps to reduce
AYURVEDIC ACTION of a 1:2 @ 90% tincture. Use 5
skin and mucous membrane
Va- jı-karan.a Reproductive inflammations in high pitta kapha
drops of essential oil in an oil
Stambhana Stops bleeding imbalances via its blood cooling
burner as aromatherapy.
Raktaśodhana Purifies the blood effect on rakta dhatu and bhrajaka
BIOMEDICAL ACTION pitta. NOTES
Nervine, haemostatic, alterative, External Washing the eyes with a ■ Jasmine is a creeper producing
aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, cold infusion can relieve burning an abundance of flowers. It

diuretic and irritation. The oil is good for thrives in the tropical heat of
the ears and hearing. India.
INDICATIONS ■ It is an excellent herb to include
Nerves Calms an irritated and COMBINATIONS
alongside spiritual practice.
‘hot’ nervous system. Good for * Brahmi, gotu kola, ashwa- Drink the tea or just smell the
stress, ‘burn out’, insomnia and gandha and tagarah for stress,
essence.
depression. It is best for pitta or exhaustion, ME.
■ Beware of chemical solvents in
kapha types of depression, ten- * Shatavari, mustaka, rose, man- absolutes; they should not be
sion or nervousness as its light- jishta in menstrual pain and
taken internally.
ness can increase vata if used in excessive bleeding.
excess.
199
JATAMAMSI
Common name Indian spikenard (E) Sanskrit Jat.a--ma-m - - -
. sı , Bhuta-jat. a Latin Nardostachys grandiflora
syn. jatamansi–Rhizoma (Valerianaceae)
Jatamamsi means ‘whose flesh is

like a dreadlock’; it is known as
jatamamsi because its roots resem-
ble the matted hair of the
Himalayan ascetics. It has a superb
rejuvenating effect on the mind. It
is a sought-after nervous relaxant
and antispasmodic.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter, astringent,
Romasañjanana Promotes hair ‘dries’ ama and kapha and helps to
sweet
growth
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling circulate samana vayu.
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) BIOMEDICAL ACTION Gynaecology Jatamamsi’s pene-
Pungent trating and warm quality is useful
Nervine, antispasmodic, carmi-
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous, in dysmenorrhoea with dragging
native, emmenagogue, aromatic
penetrating pain, ovarian discomfort, lower
Dos.a effect VPK= INDICATIONS abdominal distension and pain.
Dha-tu (tissue) Blood, nerve Nerves Hysteria, nervousness, Lungs Helpful in spasmodic
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and cough, asthma, whooping cough;
digestive, nervous, respiratory, insomnia. It cools and nourishes high vata–kapha lung problems.
reproductive a ‘hot’ and ‘exhausted’ nervous Hair It has a special use for pro-
system; clears pitta, calms vata, moting hair growth, preventing
CONSTITUENTS reduces kapha. By virtue of its hair loss and greying hair
Essential oils Gurjunene, benefiting majja dhatu-agni it (Paranjpe 2001).
patchoulene, ketone, jataman- enhances the intellect and Skin It is highly valued for skin
sone, valeranone induces mental clarity. Its ‘pene- disorders with a nervous compo-
Nardosinone, nardostachone trating quality’ is useful in clear- nent. It acts on rakta dhatu and
Bitter principle ing headaches and ‘muzzy’ head via the nervous system, espe-
(Tisserand & Balacs 2000, syndrome. cially beneficial in itching and
Paranjpe 2001) Heart Palpitations, angina, essen- burning sensations
AYURVEDIC ACTION tial hypertension (Swami Sada (Bhavaprakaśa).
Medhya Brain tonic Shiva Tirtha). When vata pushes COMBINATIONS
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative to the pitta it causes it to rush in the
channels and this is especially * Gotu kola, brahmi, shankha-
mind pushpi, aswagandha in nerve
Nidra-janana Promotes sleep aggravating to the sites pitta can disorders.
Manorogaghna Alleviates mental influence, hence the connection Arjuna, punarnava, bala in car-
between the heart, the blood and *
diseases diac palpitations and pain.
Pa-cana Digestive pitta, causing palpitations.
Digestion Digestive cramps, bor- * Cardamom, ginger, licorice in
Kāsaśvāsahara Alleviates coughs digestive discomfort.
and breathing difficulties borygmus, flatulence, bloating
and vata constipation with dry, * Mustaka, shatavari, ajwain and
Kus• t• haghna Stops skin diseases turmeric in menstrual pain.
and itching hard and gaseous stool (Paranjpe
* Vasa, ajmoda, pushkaramoola
Da-hapraśamana Stops burning 2001). It relaxes the bowel and in breathing disorders.
sensations encourages peristalsis inhibited
Varn.ya Benefits complexion by tension. Its aromatic nature
200
PART 2
Use with caution during preg- No drug–herb interactions are 250–500mg three times per day
nancy. High doses will cause known but caution with sedative, as powder, 1–10g per day dried
nausea, colic and urinary prob- antihypertensive and antidepres- root or 3–12ml per day of a 1:3 @
lems. sive medication. 45% tincture.
NOTES
■ This high Himalayan herb is CITES (Convention on ■ It grows at an altitude of 3000–5000m.
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild ■ Its lightness prevents some of the dulling effects of
Fauna and Flora) Appendix 3 listed and must be other nervines.
from a cultivated source to be exported from India ■ Its special action (prabha-va) is as a brain
and Nepal. If you buy it without proof of certification rejuvenative.
you are probably depleting natural stocks.
201
KALAMEGHA
Common name King of bitters (E), Andrographis (E) Sanskrit Kālamegha Kirāta, Mahātikta, Bhūnimba
Latin Andrographis paniculata–Folium (Acanthaceae)
Kalamegha literally means ‘black

cloud’ perhaps attesting to its har-
vest time just before winter. Also
known as bhunimba meaning
‘Neem of the earth’ referring to its
bitter neem-like taste and effects.
Kalamegha is a very bitter tasting
herb with a renowned immune-
stimulating effect. It is used to
treat infections, fevers and septic
conditions of the blood.
Kus.t.ha Skin problems kalamegha is a specific for pitta
ENERGETICS Kr.mi Worms in the blood and an aggravated
Rasa (taste) Bitter Śva-saka-sa Breathing problems rañjaka pitta. As it has very effec-
Vı-rya (energy) Cooling Yakr.duttejaka Liver disorders tive hepatoprotective as well as
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Pittahara Reduces pitta antiviral activity it should be
Pungent considered in hepatitis and all
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry, pene- BIOMEDICAL ACTION forms of sluggish liver where
trating Alterative, febrifuge, bitter tonic, there is a reduced ability to
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ cholagogue, hepatoprotective, digest fats or alcohol.
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood immunostimulant, anti-inflam- Digestion It is historically used
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- matory, anthelmintic in bacillary dysentery and enteri-
ratory, circulatory, urinary tis (Bensky & Gamble 1986). The
INDICATIONS
CONSTITUENTS bitterness is useful for ulcers as
Immunity Lowered immunity in
Bitter principle well as removing parasites and
acute and chronic infections.
Diterpenoid lactones intestinal infections with proto-
Kalamegha is an immune stimu-
Andrographoloides, diterpene zoal, fungal or bacterial infesta-
lant rather than solely being anti-
glucosides tions. Especially useful where
bacterial and has a proven use in
Flavonoids pacaka pitta is aggravated causing
treating influenza, upper respira-
(Bone 1996) colitis, sensations of burning in
tory tract infections, sore throat,
the abdomen and diarrhoea from
AYURVEDIC ACTION parasite infestation in the GIT
high pitta. Combine with warm-
Bhedanı-ya Accumulation breaker and also for urinary infections
ing aromatic herbs such as
Lekhana Scrapes accumulations (Bone 1996, WHO monograph
cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
from the channels 1999). These recommendations
and cinnamon (Cinnamonum
Chedana Toxin-removing via the include treating the common
zeylanicum) to prevent aggrava-
action of scratching them from cold, high fevers, malaria,
tion of vata and stimulate the
the tissues coughs, sinusitis, mouth ulcers,
appetite and reduce mucus.
Raktapitta Bleeding disorders herpes zoster, HIV, otitis media,
Lungs Useful in respiratory
Raktaśodhana Purifies the blood vaginitis and cystitis. It treats san-
infections with high pitta with
Dı-pana Appetite stimulant nipata jvara, a type of fever
green mucus, thirst and fevers.
Pa-cana Digests ama involving all three dosa.
Its bitter, light, dry and penetrat-
Tr.s.n.a-ghna Thirst alleviating Liver It increases bile flow and
ing properties help to cut
Jvarahara Fever reducing offers liver protection. Its bitter
through thick phlegm from high
Da-hapraśamana Alleviates burn- and cooling qualities clear liver
kapha.
ing sensations infections and inflammation, as
202
* Manjishtha, neem, daruharidra prove beneficial as a liver pro-
PART 2
Skin Hot, inflammatory skin con-
ditions, sores and eczema are and rose for pitta aggravation tective when taking hepatic-
effectively treated. It can also be of the blood. harmful tricyclic
used externally as a wash or in a * Neem, brahmi and turmeric in antidepressants (Brinker 1998).
cream (Paranjpe 2001). skin problems.
DOSAGE
Urine Useful when pitta aggra- * Punarnava, coriander, rose and 1–6g per day dried or 5–15ml
vates the urinary channel gokshura for urinary infections.
per day of a 1:5 @ 25% tincture.
(mutravahasrotas) causing urinary
infections with dysuria, pyuria, CONTRAINDICATIONS
haematuria and proteinuria Pregnancy. It may aggravate NOTES
(WHO monograph 1999). digestion in some people (vata ■ This small green annual shrub
constitution). High vata. Must be grows throughout India in

COMBINATIONS
balanced with ‘hot’ herbs if there the shade. It is intensely bitter.
* Kutki, guduchi and ginger for are any cold signs. A superb herb for any
fevers.
derangement of pitta.
* Black pepper for infectious SAFETY
■ Scandinavia’s most popular
fevers from malaria or blood No negative drug–herb interac-
herbal flu remedy.
toxins. tions are known although cau-
* Ashwagandha and guduchi for tion with immunosuppressive
immunodysfunction. medication is advised. It may
203
KANCHANARA
Common name Mountain ebony (E), Kañchanara (H) Sanskrit Ka-ñchana-ra Latin Bauhinia
variegata–Cortex (Caesalpiniaceae)
The skin of the bark of kanchanara

is specifically used for treating glan-
dular swellings especially in the
lymphatic system. It is commonly
used in gynaecological conditions
caused by uterine congestion.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Astringent, bitter
Pungent
Dos.a effect KP−, V+ INDICATIONS dysentery. It has the ability to
Dha-tu (tissue) Blood, muscle, fat, Gynaecology It is especially use- reverse prolapses and haemor-
bone, reproductive ful for congestion and accumula- rhoids (Gogte 2000).
Srotas (channel) Female repro- tions in the pelvic cavity; Blood Its haemostatic qualities
ductive fibroids, endometriosis and help to stop bleeding throughout
cysts. The dry, light and astrin- the body. It treats all forms of
CONSTITUENTS
gent properties all help to reduce rakta pitta bleeding disorders
Phytosterols Stigmasterol,
kapha. It is effectively used to from high pitta causing blood to
β-sitosterol
treat menorrhagia and leucor- move out of its correct channel.
Tannin
rhoea (Caraka Samhita, Paranjpe Lungs Its mild expectorant action
Flavonoid
2001). coupled with its dry quality
Glycosides
Tumours Kanchanara’s ability to reduces avalambaka kapha in the
(Paranjpe 2001)
remove accumulations in the lungs. A gargle of the decoction
AYURVEDIC ACTION lymphatic system indicates its is useful for treating sore throats.
Gan.d.amalaghna Alleviates cervi- use in all forms of swellings, Skin Kanchanara clears swollen,
cal adenitis lumps and growths; it specifi- oozing and inflamed skin con-
Gulmaghna Alleviates swollen cally treats gandamala (cervical ditions as it is cooling and dry-
glands and lumps adenitis), apachi (chronic swollen ing. It is an effective alterative
Kus.t.haghna Alleviates skin glands) and granthi (lit. ‘knot’ and anti-inflammatory
disorders meaning any abnormal growth). (Bhavaprakaśa).
Vr.n.ya Treats ulcers Palpable and impalpable masses Bones It has a direct affinity for
Pradaraghna Alleviates men- are reduced (Bhavaprakaśa). It strengthening ashti dathu and is
strual disorders directly reduces medas dhatu and used to treat osteoporosis
Kr.mina-śaka Vermifuge kapha and so treats the root cause (asthikaśaya) (Paranjpe 2001).
of swellings and growths and is
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
commonly used to treat cancer COMBINATIONS
Lymphatic, alterative, astringent,
and lymphadenitis. * Myrrh, turmeric, ashoka in
haemostatic, vulnerary, uterine
Digestion Its astringent quality gynaecological conditions with
tonic, antispasmodic, emetic,
works directly on purisavahasro- solid masses.
expectorant, anti-inflammatory
tas and treats diarrhoea and
204
PART 2
* Guggulu, punarnava, triphala, CONTRAINDICATIONS NOTES
trikat u in lymphatic swelling. Pregnancy; constipation. ■ Kanchanara is a medium-sized
* Bibhitaki, kutki in diarrhoea SAFETY tree growing all over India at

and inflammation. altitudes up to 1800m.
* Manjishtha for bleeding known. ■ An excess can cause vomiting.
disorders. ■ The main ingredient in
* Punarnava, manjishtha, neem DOSAGE kanchanara guggul which is

for skin disorders. 1–10g per day or 3–15ml of a 1:3 used to treat lymphatic
* Guggulu, frankincense, @ 45% tincture. swellings.
bakuchi, ginger and ashwa-
gandha for osteoporosis.
205
KAPIKACCHU
Common Name Cowhage (E), Kapikacchu (H) Sanskrit Kapikacchu, Ātmagupta- Latin Mucuna
pruriens–Semen (Fabaceae)
This broad-bean-sized seed is a

superb restorative to the reproduc-
tive system. Like many seeds it has
the ability to potentiate the repro-
ductive tissue as well as the nerv-
ous system. It is also used to treat
tremors and spasms. The surface of
the seed-pods is ‘velvety’ like a
monkey’s skin. It is also an aller- AYURVEDIC ACTION indicates its use in paralysis,
genic which causes an itch, hence Va- jı-karan.a Aphrodisiac spasms, twitching and cramps
the name ‘one who scratches like a Medhya Enhances the intellect treating all vata disorders in
monkey’. A-tmagupta- means ‘secret Balya Promotes energy majja dhatu.
self’ referring to its therapeutic Pa-cana Digestive Digestion Its digestive and anti-
seed concealed within the irritating Vr• s• ya Improves sexual vitality spasmodic function can help
Va-taśamana Pacifies aggrava- alleviate intestinal spasms, pain
bean pod.
tions of vata and gas. Its sara or flowing qual-
ENERGETICS ity can help with constipation.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
COMBINATIONS
Aphrodisiac, antispasmodic,
carminative * Ashwagandha, safed musali,
shatavari, gokshura, frankin-
Sweet INDICATIONS
cense for reproductive tissues.
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous Reproduction Kapikacchu is a
Dos.a effect VP−, K+ tonic to the whole śukra dhatu * Brahmi, gotu kola, jatamansi,
tagarah and gokshura for mus-
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues, espe- system treating low libido, infer-
cular and nervous spasm.
cially nerve, reproductive tility, impotence, spermator-
Srotas (channel) Nervous, repro- rhoea, premature ejaculation. It * Fennel, ginger, chitraka in
digestive problems.
ductive, digestive is considered to be one of the
ultimate Ayurvedic reproductive CONTRAINDICATIONS
CONSTITUENTS
tonics for both men and women High ama and congestion. Acute
Amino acid Levodopa (L-dopa,
(Bhavaprakaśa). conditions.
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)
Nerves As it contains L-dopa, an
Alkaloids Mucinine, mucunadine SAFETY
essential precursor of dopamine,
Triterpenes β-sitosterol, stigmas- Enhances effect of levodopa.
it is a specific remedy for
terol
Parkinson’s disease (noted for DOSAGE
Fatty acids Oleic, linoleic,
the severe loss of dopamine from 5–15g per day as powder or in a
linolenic, lecithin
the basal ganglia). Its overall decoction, or 6–20ml of a 1:3 @
influence on the nervous system 25% tincture.
NOTES
■ This creeping twine grows all over India, especially that have MAO-inhibiting (MAOI) activity and
in the tropical regions. hence enhance the efficacy of the L-dopa (Stuart
■ There is a black and a white variety. Fitsimmons MNIMH, pers. comm.).
■ As L-dopa is broken down by MAO in the mucous ■ It can be rajasic or overstimulating in excess.
membranes of the intestines it is traditionally ■ Often combined with milk and honey to add to its
combined with Tribulus terrestris in Parkinson’s restorative effects.
disease. Tribulus contains some harmala alkaloids
206
PART 2
KARAVELLA
Common name Bitter gourd (E), Bitter melon (E), Karella (H) Sanskrit Kāravella Latin Momordica
charantia–Fructus immaturus (Cucurbitaceae)
Karavella is a common vegetable

also used to regulate blood sugar
levels and treat urinary disorders. It
is a very bitter remedy that has a
wonderful healing effect on the
blood.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter, pungent
INDICATIONS Urine Its effect on the water
Pungent
Diabetes Karavella has become channels (ambuvahasrotas) helps
renowned for its antidiabetic to clear kapha from the system.
Dos.a effect VKP−
properties. Charantin is an effec- It can be included in a formula
tive hypoglycaemic and the for urinary stones as it has a
muscle, fat
polypeptide P lowers blood direct effect on the urinary
Srotas (channel) Digestive, water,
sugar levels more effectively channel (mutravahasrotas)
excretory
than insulin without some (Gogte 2000).
CONSTITUENTS of the side-effects (Murray Skin Its alterative nature treats
Terpenoids Triterpene glyco- 1992). The bitter principle inflammatory skin conditions
sides, momordicosides clears the kapha that is obstruct- and benefits bhrajaka pitta.
Sterols Charantin, campesterol, ing the pancreatic function Having a thorough effect on the
stigmasterol, β-sitosterol in diabetes and stimulates detoxifying capabilities of the
Bitter principle medodhatvagni to metabolise whole system it regulates rañjaka
(Murray 1992, Williamson 2002) fats and sugars efficiently. It pitta, clears bile from the liver,
reduces blood and urine sugar acid via the urine and toxaemia
AYURVEDIC ACTION via the bowel.
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive
levels by reducing insulin
resistance. Blood It has an affinity for the
fire
Digestion It acts as an blood. It is a traditional remedy
Bhedanı-ya Purgative clearing
anthelmintic in the intestines. It for anaemia as it stimulates the
accumulations
- has the added vermicidal effect tissue fires (dhatvagni) to work at
Amapacana Clears ama toxins
optimum efficiency. It helps to
Pa- n.d.ughna Cures anaemia
of flushing bacterial and para-
sitic infections from the intes- build haemoglobin count by
Pramehaghna Alleviates diabetes
tines as it mildly purges the enhancing absorption
Kr.mina-śaka Destroys worms
bowel. It also reduces inflamma- (Bhavaprakaśa).
BIOMEDICAL ACTION tion in the intestines. A special
COMBINATIONS
Antidiabetic, carminative, ver- quality of karavella is that it
mifuge, bitter tonic, cholagogue, does not aggravate vata, which is * Gurmar, fenugreek, trikat. u,
turmeric in diabetes.
purgative, diuretic, lithotriptic, rare for a bitter substance
alterative, vulnerary (Bhavaprakaśa). * Manjishtha, bhumiamalaki,
gokshura for urinary stones.
207
* Neem, garlic for worms. SAFETY NOTES

* Amalaki in acidity and inflam- Caution in patients on hypogly- ■ This annual creeper is cultivated
mation. caemic medication. all over India for its fruiting
* Neem, manjishtha, kutki in DOSAGE vegetables.
skin disorders. ■ Although it is bitter it does not
5–10g dry per day or 3–15ml of
CONTRAINDICATIONS a 1:2 @ 40% fresh tincture. aggravate va-ta (tiktam-va-talam).
Pregnancy as it has a bitter and ■ Successful clinical trials have
descending effect. used the equivalent of 60ml of

the fresh juice per day.
208
PART 2
KRISHNA JIRAKA
Common name Black cumin (E), Love-in-the-mist (E), Kalonji (H) Sanskrit Kr• s• n• a-Jı-raka, Ka-lika-, Ka-la-ja-jı-
Latin Nigella sativa–Semen (Ranunculaceae)
These little black seeds are marvel-

lous for calming and strengthen-
ing digestion. It is an effective
destagnator of the lungs, uterus,
channels and mind.
ENERGETICS
Pungent
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light, pene-
trating rant, bronchodilator, antialler- Liver Useful in congested liver,
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ in excess genic jaundice and poor fat metabolism.
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, Its cleansing effect on rañjaka pitta
reproductive
INDICATIONS
can help in inflammatory eye dis-
Digestion Black cumin has a spe-
Srotas (channel) Digestive, uri- orders and pitta-type headaches
cific affinity for purisavahasrotas
nary, female reproductive, respi- that manifest with sharp pain at
and treats loose stool, diarrhoea,
ratory the vertex, temples and forehead
dysentery, bloating and gas. It
CONSTITUENTS (Gogte 2000).
also clears intestinal parasites
Alkaloids Asparagine, arginine, Nerves With a specific tonic
(Bhavaprakaśa).
nigellidine effect on majja dhatu it directly
Lungs Asthma, cough, hayfever.
Flavonoid glycosides Quercetin, calms the mind and is useful
Useful where there may be
kaempferol in nervous disorders. As a
increased histamine release as it
Saponins medhya herb it enhances the
appears to have antiallergenic
Phytosterols β-sitosterol, stig- power of the brain and
properties.
masterol enhances clear thinking and
Masses Clears tumours and
concentration.
Volatile oil Thymol, carvone, masses. It contains β-sitosterol,
limonene which has a specific anticarcino- COMBINATIONS
Fats Omega 3 and 6 oils, trypto- genic activity acting on the breast * Astringents in diarrhoea;
phan (Tierra 1992, Duke 2004). It manjishtha, kutaja.
(Tierra 1992, Williamson 2002) reduces toxic ama accumulations * Anthrapachaka, pippali, vasa
from all the dhatu (Gogte in respiratory disorders.
AYURVEDIC ACTION
Kr.mina-śaka Vermifuge
2000). * Guggul, myrrh, turmeric in
Dı-pana Appetiser
Gynaecology It clears kapha accu- uterine congestion.
Pa-cana Digester of toxins
mulations from the uterus, effec-
CONTRAINDICATIONS
tively treats dysmenorrhoea and
Medhya Increases intellect Pregnancy, as the seeds can
an irregular menstrual cycle. It
Caks.us.ya Benefits the eyes cause miscarriage in large dose.
has a tonic effect on śukra and
BIOMEDICAL ACTION artava dhatu. It nourishes SAFETY
Carminative, antispasmodic, stanyavahasrotas and increases No drug–herb interactions are
galactagogue, aromatic, diuretic, breast milk; use the seeds and oil known.
stimulant, vermifuge, expecto- (Gogte 2000).
209
DOSAGE NOTES
1–10g per day dried or 3–12ml of ■ It thrives in the dry climate of western India but originally comes from
a 1:3 @ 45% tincture. the Mediterranean region.
■ In the ayurvedic texts it is classified along with the other ‘cumins’—
caraway/carum carvi (kala- jı̄ra or black cumin), common

cumin/Cuminum cyminum (śukla jı̄ra or white cumin).
■ Used all over the Middle East and in Unani medicine.
210
PART 2
KUSHTHA
Common name Costus root (E) Sanskrit Kus• t• ha, Latin Saussurea lappa–Radix (Compositae)
Kushtha means ‘skin disease’ and

refers to its ability to treat many
skin disorders. It is a large plant
with sweet aromatic roots. It looks
a bit like burdock (they are from
the same family). When you smell a
plant with such a warm fragrance
think ‘digestive promoter’, ‘fluid
drying’ and ‘stagnation clearing’.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent, sweet, bit-
Mu-travirecana Diuretic by virtue of its expansive effect
ter, astringent
Raktaśodhana Purifies the on the pranavahasrotas. Its
warming aromatic nature can
blood
Kus.t.haghna Alleviates skin dis- help to dry excess kapha secre-
Pungent
eases tions.
Stambhana Stops leakages Skin As an alterative and
trating
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative for prana circulatory stimulant it can
Dos.a effect VPK=, VP+ in excess
benefit skin conditions with itch-
and the blood
Stanyajanana Promotes lactation ing and inflammation. Its cleans-
Srotas (channel) Digestive, circu-
ing effect on rakta dhatu benefits
latory, respiratory, nervous BIOMEDICAL ACTION
bhrajaka pitta. It is used exter-
Carminative, digestive, alter-
CONSTITUENTS nally for skin problems from
ative, diuretic, antispasmodic,
Alkaloid Saussurine bacterial infection (Paranjpe
bronchodilator, aromatic, astrin-
Essential oils 2001).
gent, aphrodisiac, analgesic
Phytosterols Stigmasterol Joints Specific usage as a blood
Inulin INDICATIONS purifier and especially for gout
Tannins Digestion Kushtha benefits the as it regulates the urinary
Bitter principle digestive tract and regulates output of inflammatory pitta
(Nadkarni 1954) vata, especially śamana and and irritant vata toxins. It
apana vayu in the centre of the helps to reduce pain in the
AYURVEDIC ACTION abdomen and lower digestive body by reducing inflammation
Lekhanı-ya Toxic residue scraper tract. It clears nervous spasm, and stopping spasms
Śukraśodhana Semen purifier pain, cramps, bloating, flatu- (Bhavaprakaśa).
Va- jı-karan.a Enhances sexual lence and nausea. It is a Gynaecology Used in painful
appetite specific in diarrhoea and menses and for lack of or scanty
Dı-pana Appetiser dysentery. Its bitter flavour periods due to stagnation in
Pa-cana Digests ama helps to regulate liver function artavavahasrotas. It stimulates
Śu-lapraśamana Stops intestinal (Nadkarni 1954). ovulation and promotes a
spasms and pain Lungs It calms ‘marut’, the regular cycle.
Vedana-stha-pana Analgesic wind, and hence reduces Reproduction It benefits śukra
Jvaraghna Alleviates fever spasms and bronchorestriction dhatu and is renowned for puri-
Ka-saśva-sahara Alleviates cough in the chest. Useful in asthma, fying the reproductive system
and breathing difficulties hiccups, wheezing and coughs (Gogte 2000).
211
COMBINATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS NOTES
* Cardamom, fennel, ginger for With excess dryness and very ■ Kushtha grows at 2500–3000m
abdominal bloating, flatulence high vata it should be combined in the Himalayas and thrives in
or pain from obstructed prana with demulcent herbs such as damp places, indicating its
or cold due to excess vata. sesame, shatavari, bala. Caution ability to absorb dampness.
* Manjishtha, kutki, chiretta in with high pitta in the digestive ■ It can cause constipation at
bloody/’mucusy’ stool. tract. high doses.
-
* Triphala, senna, rhubarb to reg- SAFETY ■ It is CITES Appendix 1 listed
ulate peristalsis. and all sales of the herb must
* Trikat. u in asthma or allergic known. be validated proving
attacks. cultivation rather than wild
* Guduchi in gout with pitta and DOSAGE harvesting. In China it is
vata conditions of the joints. commonly replaced with
1–9g per day dried or 3–15ml of
* Shatavari, ajwain, turmeric, a 1:3 @ 25% tincture. Vladimiria souliei due to this
rose for uterine spasms. restriction on trade.
* Turmeric, ashwagandha for
benefiting sperm quality.
212
PART 2
KUTAJA
Common name Kutaj (H), Kureya (H) Sanskrit Kut.aja Latin Holarrhena antidysenterica–Cortex, Semen
(Apocynaceae)
The skin of the bark of this small

tree is a very effective remedy for
diarrhoea, piles and parasitic
amoebic infections.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Astringent, pungent,
bitter
Pungent
Dos.a effect KP−, V+
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood Shigella spp. Its astringent proper- Bleeding Its astringency helps to
Srotas (channel) Digestive, lacta- ties help to cure diarrhoea and stop bleeding from anywhere in
tion, excretory, reproductive heal the mucous membranes of the digestive, urinary and respi-
the intestinal walls (purisavahasro- ratory system.
CONSTITUENTS
tas) that are so often irritated by
Alkaloids Conessine, holar- COMBINATIONS
bacterial invasion. Use in colitis
rhimine, regholarrhenine, anti- * Pomegranate rind and bibhi-
or Crohn’s disease where mucus
dysentericine (Williamson 2002) taki for diarrhoea and dysen-
and blood are present in the stool.
tery.
AYURVEDIC ACTION Beneficial in general intestinal
Dı-pana Enkindles digestive fire dysbiosis with bloating and flatu- * Fennel, cumin, hingu for bloat-
- ing and flatulence.
Amapacana Digests ama lence (Bhavaprakaśa, Williamson
Vamaka Emetic 2002). * Ginger, pippali, kutki for
piles.
Arśoghna Alleviates haemor- Piles A superb remedy for first-
rhoids and second-degree haemor- * Sariva, bakuchi, punarnava and
manjishtha for suppurating
Atı-sa-raghna Alleviates diarrhoea rhoids when there is bleeding
skin problems.
Raktapitta Benefits bleeding prob- and protrusion. Piles are often
lems caused by a congested liver, con- CONTRAINDICATIONS
Kus• t• haghna Benefits skin diseases gested veins in the rectum, and a As it is a strong remedy, use for
Kan• d• u-ghna Alleviates itching low digestive fire, and kutaja only a short period at a time, up
Kr• mighna Kills worms specifically treats these symp- to a month maximum.
toms (Paranjpe 2001). Contraindicated in aggravated
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Skin It is a beneficial alterative vata or constipation.
Astringent, carminative, amoebi-
balancing excess pitta in the rak-
cidal, vulnerary, alterative, anti- SAFETY
tavahasrotas and excess kapha in
bacterial, vermifuge No drug–herb interactions are
the rasa dhatu. It helps to dry
known.
INDICATIONS kapha–pitta type skin problems
Digestion Kutaja is a virtual cure where there is suppuration, DOSAGE
all for amoebic and bacillary crusting, inflammation and 1–12g per day powder or 3–12ml
dysentery. It is effective against itching. per day of a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
both Entamoeba histolytica and
213
NOTES
■ The kutaja tree with white flowers that comes from Indrayava has a hot energy and is best for digesting
Saharanpur is considered to be the best variety. It a-ma.
grows up to 9m in height. ■ Kutaja is said to have originated from the monkey
■ The bark should come from trees that are more servants of Lord Rāma whose blood turned to
than 10 years old to ensure appropriate activity. amrita, the immortal nectar, after they were slain.
■ It is often confused with Wrightia tinctoria, which is Lord Indra then restored them to life.
not medicinally useful. ■ It is presently banned for use in the UK under the
■ The seeds are called Indrayava, which means 1977 Medicines Order (www.mhra.gov.uk).
‘Indra’s seed’. Indra is the lord of divine realm.
214
PART 2
KUTKI
Common name Picrorrhiza (E), Kutki (H) Sanskrit Kat.uka- Latin Picrorrhiza kurroa,
scrofulariiflora–Rhizoma (Scrophulariaceae)
Kutki is a very bitter root that has

wonderful anti-inflammatory and
antibacterial properties. It grows in
the freezing climate of the
Himalayas and evidently absorbs
some of this ‘cooling’ property
from its surrounding environment.
Kat. uka- literally means ‘pungent’
which is strange as it is a very bit-
ter tasting herb.
ENERGETICS Kr.mināśaka Vermifuge and kapha. Used in bronchial
Rasa (taste) Bitter, pungent Jvaraghna Febrifuge asthma for its expectorant prop-
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling Āmaghna Destroys ama and is erties.
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) detoxifying Immunity It is useful in
Pungent autoimmune conditions as
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light an immune stimulant with
Hepatoprotective, cholagogue,
Dos.a effect KP−, V+ inflammations of a pitta–kapha
laxative and cathartic, bitter
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat, variety; arthritis, psoriasis, acute
tonic, anti-inflammatory, antial-
nerve, reproductive and chronic infections. Clinical
lergenic, immunostimulator,
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, trials for inflammatory and
anthelmintic, expectorant
eliminative, female reproductive, allergic conditions showed sig-
digestive, respiratory, nervous INDICATIONS nificant improvements (Bone
Liver Kutki protects the liver 1996).
CONSTITUENTS Digestion At a low dose (<1g
Iridoid glycosides Picrosides, against damage from the hepati-
tis C virus (Bone 1996). It per day), can increase digestive
kutkoside fire, agni and peristalsis. Large
Curcubitacin glycosides, apo- increases the flow of bile and
reduces such bilious pitta symp- doses will purge the bowel
cynin, androsin (purisavahasrotas). Useful in
(Bone 1996) toms as sour or bitter taste in the
mouth, acidity and nausea. Use dysentery with bleeding, bloat-
AYURVEDIC ACTION in all forms of liver damage, cir- ing, mucus and parasites
Lekhanı-ya Reduces accumula- rhosis and inflammation of the (Bensky & Gamble 1986). It
tions liver. scrapes toxic accumulations
Bhedanı-ya Purgative Heart As it clears heat from from the intestines and blood.
Dı-panı-ya Enkindles the digestive rañjaka pitta and the blood it can This scraping action is also used
fire also benefit the heart; especially to clear fat from the body and to
Yakr. duttejaka Increases the palpitations caused by pitta irri- stimulate the digestive fire in
strength of the liver tating rakta. medas-dhatu so that it can
Raktadāhaghna Reduces heat in Allergies Its anti-inflammatory metabolise the earth and water
the blood effect on rasa dhatu is used for elements effectively.
Raktaśodhana Purifies the blood immune reactions and hypersen- COMBINATIONS
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin disor- sitivity to environmental aller- * Bhumiamalaki, amalaki,
ders gens; asthma, rhinitis, eczema guduchi, manjishtha in liver
Vis.aghna Destroys poisons with signs of heat and high pitta inflammation and infection.
215
* Anthrapachaka, pippali, CONTRAINDICATIONS this is not reflected in its tradi-

ephedra, licorice in allergic High vata. Can cause diarrhoea tional use.
reactions; especially the lungs and flatulence. Use with caution
SAFETY
and skin. in a weak digestive system. Do
* Ashwagandha, chiretta, licorice not use in pregnancy. Some
known.
in compromised immunity and authorities mention concern
low ojas. about its immune-stimulating DOSAGE
* Rhubarb root, senna, fennel, properties contraindicating it in 500mg–2g per day dried root or
ginger, cardamom in constipa- autoimmune diseases, although 3–12ml per day of a 1:3 @ 25%
tion or diarrhoea. tincture.
NOTES
■ This hardy perennial grows at high altitudes in the ■ Picrorrhiza kurroa is presently CITES Appendix 3
Himalayas, usually 2500–3600m. It should be listed and suppliers must have a certificate to prove
slightly black inside the root. source of cultivation. In light of the increased trade
■ Use with warming aromatic herbs to prevent any in P. scrophulariiflora it is prudent to ensure that
intestinal griping. your supply is also from a cultivated source.
■ Once known as dhanvantarigrasta ‘the plant that
was eaten by Dhanvantari’. Dhanvantari is one of

the fathers of Ayurveda.
216
PART 2
LEMON AND LIME
Common name Lemon (E), Bara nimbu (H); Lime (E), Nimbu (H) Sanskrit Jambira, Nimbu-ka Latin Citrus
limonum/acida or medica–Fructus (Rutaceae)
Lemons and limes are delicious INDICATIONS

remedies for treating the digestive Digestion Both lemon and lime
and urinary systems with the aid digestion and agni by stimu-
added bonus of having a high lating salivary and digestive
vitamin content. secretions. The sour flavour has a
sympathetic reaction on the liver,
ENERGETICS enhancing bile flow and the
Rasa (taste) Sour, astringent, emulsion of fats. This aids its lax-
bitter ative effect and ability to clear
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling stagnation in the bowels. It helps
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) to enhance the appetite and is
Sour beneficial in anorexia, nausea
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry, pene- (especially morning and travel via its astringing action on capil-
trating sickness) and indigestion. The laries and veins (Gogte 2000).
Dos.a effect VPK−, P+ when peel has a stronger effect on the Kidneys The high citrate content
aggravated digestive system. The limonene helps to reduce urinary calcium
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, content is known to help dissolve output which can help to prevent
muscle, fat, bone, nerve gallstones and strong lemon juice kidney stones (Tillotson 2001).
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- can be drunk daily as a prophy- This beneficial effect on mutrava-
ratory lactic (Tillotson 2001). hasrotas may help with other
Lungs Lemon juice can help to acidic conditions as it helps to
CONSTITUENTS calm a cough by clearing mucus reduce uric acid.
Volatile oil Limonene, berg- and sedating vata. Its ability to COMBINATIONS
amotene, geraniol, neral draw tissues inwards, experienced
Flavonoids Hesperidine * Roasted with salt and ginger
as a ‘puckering’ effect, holds prana, for stimulating digestion in a
Acids Malic, citric blood and the tissues in place. It preparation known as bhavana
Vitamins A, B, C, K also has a strongly antibacterial śunthi or prepared ginger.
(Holmes 1989) action, which is used as a gargle to
* Salt water as a laxative and
AYURVEDIC ACTION treat sore throats (Gogte 2000). toxin remover (1tsp/500ml).
Dı-pana Enkindles digestive fire Blood Lemon and lime have a
* Turmeric, gokshura in gall- and
-
Amapa-cana Toxin digester direct affinity for the blood via kidney stones.
Vātaśamana Va-ta pacifier their high vitamin C content.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Ka-sahara Alleviates coughs They directly nourish rasa and
Avoid milk, mangoes or tomatoes
Caks.us.ya Benefits the eyes build nutritious fluids in the sys-
tem. As the source of rasa is in as they are incompatible.
Vibandhaghna Alleviates consti- Contraindicated when pitta is agg-
pation the heart, they help to nourish
ravated. Some patients with ulcers
Kr• mina-śaka Destroys worms the heart and benefit sadhaka
are aggravated by lemon juice.
Hr• daya Heart tonic pitta. Although the sour flavour
can aggravate pitta and the SAFETY
BIOMEDICAL ACTION blood, limes are an exception to No drug–herb interactions are
Carminative, expectorant, decon- this rule. It is an alterative that known.
gestant, laxative, cholagogue, clears toxins from the blood. It
DOSAGE
alterative, antiseptic, anti-inflam- can prevent bleeding of the gums
1–15ml per day or 250mg–5g of
matory, vulnerary and internal mucous membranes
the peel per day.
217
NOTES
■ Although lemon can aggravate a pitta that is already ■ Their general use is as a nourishing as well as a
out of balance it is a world famous cooling remedy. detoxifying remedy; they clear excess acids, toxins
■ Although lemon and lime have slightly different and congestion, while nourishing deficiency and
energetics, with lime being slightly more sour yet weakness.
less pitta-aggravating, they essentially have the ■ They can be used as a vehicle (anupa-na) to send
same therapeutic uses. remedies to the liver.
218
PART 2
LEMONGRASS
Common name Lemongrass (E) Sanskrit Bhu--tr• n• a Latin Cymbopogon citratus–Folium (Graminaceae)
Lemongrass is an aromatic
diaphoretic that relaxes the
peripheral circulatory system and
is useful in fevers. It also benefits
the digestion, lungs and menstrua-
tion. Bhu--tr• n• a literally means ‘earth
grass’.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent, bitter, sour
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) INDICATIONS that can help to remove arthritic
Pungent Digestion The combination of inflammation and pain in the
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry, pene- pungent and bitter flavours in joints (Tisserand & Balacs 2000).
trating lemongrass stimulates agni with-
COMBINATIONS
Dos.a effect VPK−, V+ in excess out aggravating pitta. It regulates
* Fennel, coriander, mint in
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, śamana and apana vayu in the
digestive bloating and gas.
muscle, marrow intestines to relieve gas, cramps
and colic (Frawley & Lad 1994). * Pippali, vasa in respiratory
Srotas (channel) Sweat, urinary, conditions.
respiratory, digestive, urinary, Lungs Its pungency dries aggra-
vated avalambaka kapha and helps * Ajwain, fresh ginger, turmeric
female reproductive for menstrual pain.
to expectorate excess phlegm.
CONSTITUENTS The bitterness helps to clear hot * Tulsi, cinnamon in fevers.
Essential oil Citral, limonene lung infections with yellow CONTRAINDICATIONS
(Tisserand & Balacs 2000) mucus. Its broncho-relaxing None known.
AYURVEDIC ACTION effect helps to reduce asthma
SAFETY
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive (Gogte 2000).
fire Fevers Its mild diaphoretic effect
- known.
Amapa-cana Reduces ama clears the displaced heat that has
Vātānulomana Directs the flow of moved from the digestive tract DOSAGE
vata downwards to rasa dhatu. It treats the source 1–9g per day or 5–15ml of a 1:5
Jvaraghna Alleviates fevers of fevers by clearing ama from @ 45% tincture.
Kāsaśvāsahara Alleviates coughs the digestive tract (Frawley &
and breathing problems Lad 1994).
NOTES
Gynaecology Its affinity for rasa
■ Lemongrass thrives in warm
BIOMEDICAL ACTION and raktadhatu helps with painful
Carminative, diaphoretic, climates and produces copious
menses due to inflammation or
febrifuge, analgesic, expectorant, aromatic long leaves.
spasm in the uterus from high
■ It is primarily extracted as a
anti-inflammatory, antispas- pitta and vata. Its nourishing
modic, diuretic, emmenagogue, fragrant essential oil.
effect on rasadhatvagni encour-
■ Use a larger dose for fevers and
galactagogue ages milk production.
a smaller dose for digestive
External The essential oil is a
complaints.
wonderful circulatory stimulant
219
LICORICE
Common name Licorice (E), Jethimadh (H) Sanskrit Yas. t. ı-madhu Latin Glycyrrhiza glabra–Radix
(Leguminosae)
Yas.t.-ı madhu means the ‘sweet

stick’. The sweetness of licorice is
50 times greater than sucrose. Its
sweet flavour indicates its tonify-
ing effects; it directly strengthens
the kidneys, nourishes the nervous
system, is a superb anti-inflamma-
tory and balances all three
dos.as.
ENERGETICS Kāsaśvāsahara Benefits coughs tions and spasms with pain. It is
Rasa (taste) Sweet, bitter and breathing difficulties very useful in hyperacidity as
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling Medhya Benefits the nervous licorice cools pacakapitta. It is
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) system often used for arresting bleeding
Sweet Kan.d.u-ghna Eliminates itching in the intestines and lungs. Its
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, moist Śon.itasthāpana Alleviates demulcent nature moistens and
Dos.a effect VPK−, K+ in excess bleeding relaxes the bowel and is helpful
Dha-tu (tissue) Every tissue is Pitta/va-tahara Reduces pitta and in vata–pitta types of constipation
affected vata (Bartram 1995, Mills & Bone
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- 2000). At low dose it is antiemetic
ratory, nervous, excretory, repro- BIOMEDICAL ACTION (if nausea is caused by heat) and
ductive Expectorant, demulcent, anti- in high doses it is an emetic.
inflammatory, adrenal tonic, ape- Liver Hepatoprotective action in
CONSTITUENTS rient, emetic, diuretic hepatitis and chronic liver dis-
Triterpenoid saponins
INDICATIONS ease. Licorice works on
Glycyrrhizin
Lungs Asthma, bronchitis, rañjakapitta and soothes the heat
Flavonoids Liquiritin, isoliquir-
wheezing. Use with dry coughs that travels via the liver to the
itin
with difficult-to-expectorate blood. Used for skin conditions,
Phytosterols Stigmasterol,
phlegm, sore throat, laryngitis such as acne, with heat and
β-sitosterol
and tonsillitis, as licorice lique- inflammation (Bhavaprakaśa,
Coumarins
fies mucus. Specific for vata-type Paranjpe 2001). Its affinity for the
Glycyrrhetinic acid
cough due to aggravated blood and pitta help to soothe
Volatile oils Anethole, estragole,
pranavayu. It is a specific rasayana alocakapitta and any eye
eugenol
for vata by virtue of its sweet, irritations.
(Mills & Bone 2000)
heavy and unctuous properties. Kidneys and nerves As part of a
AYURVEDIC ACTION It is also useful in infections with formula for nervous exhaustion
Vr• s• ya Sexual potentiser yellow/green sputum indicating licorice is a strong adrenal tonic
Śukrala Increases semen high pitta inflammations. At a giving enduring energy. It is a
Jı-vanı-ya Vitalising high dose it is an emetic used in rasayana for the śukra dhatu and
Rasa- yana Benefits all seven tis- vamana therapy to clear kapha the whole reproductive system.
sues from the lungs and stomach Its cortisol-like action is useful in
Caks.us.ya Benefits the eyes (Bhavaprakaśa). Addison’s disease. As it is used
Vran.aropan.a Heals ulcers and Digestion Specific for ulcers— to tonify majja dhatu, it can nour-
wounds peptic, gastric, duodenal, oral. ish an exhausted and hyperac-
Ka-n.t.hya Benefits the throat Useful in all intestinal inflamma- tive vata and pitta in such
220
conditions as ME and chronic * Fennel, shatavari, amalaki, in the blood by decreasing
PART 2
fatigue syndrome (CFS). The kutki for ulcers and GIT plasma clearance and so caution
sattvika nature of licorice calms inflammation. is advised with corticosteroids,
the mind (Frawley & Lad 1994, * Guduchi, manjishtha, pippali especially prednisolone.
Mills & Bone 2000). for liver disorders. Hypokalaemia can occur over
Urine Its cooling action and unc- * Ashwagandha, bala, shatavari extended periods (4–6 weeks)
tuous nature are beneficial in for nervous exhaustion. and so diligence is advised
-
inflammations of the urinary * Triphala for eyewashes. when blood pressure increases
tract and it should be used to in any patient taking licorice, or
CONTRAINDICATIONS
treat cystitis and painful, burn- with elderly patients or those
High kapha. Contraindicated in
ing urination (Gogte 2000). with hypertension, cardiac, renal
choleostatic liver disorders,
Skin It is a useful emolliating or hepatic disease. It can exacer-
hypertension, congestive heart
herb for preventing itching with bate the effects of a high salt
failure or oedema. During preg-
dry skin. Its anti-inflammatory diet. It may counteract the con-
nancy and breast-feeding up to
pitta-reducing effects are com- traceptive pill. It has a positive
3g per day is safe. Be vigilant in
monly employed to treat red, interaction with NSAIDs by
long-term use.
hot, inflamed skin disorders. reducing the gastric irritation
SAFETY and ulceration they can cause
COMBINATIONS Care in osteoporosis as it (Low Dog 2002, Bone 2003,
* Bala, pippali, tulsi, bibhitaki, inhibits calcium and potassium Braun & Cohen 2003, 2004).
haritaki, anthrapachaka for absorption. It can exacerbate
lung congestion. DOSAGE
potassium loss when used with
0.5–10g per day dried, 3–12ml
* Fresh ginger, ephedra for potassium-depleting drugs (thi-
per day of a 1:3 tincture, or
influenza causing lung azide diuretics, laxatives) and
impairment. 2–6ml per day of a 1:1 fluid
this can increase sensitivity to
extract.
cardioactive glycosides. It
extends the activity of cortisone
NOTES
■ Licorice grows all over the world. In northern India strength to the whole formula while also
it is a perennial shrub that has an intense network neutralising any harsh aspects of stronger herbs
of underground creepers. (e.g. bitters/anthelmintics).
■ Specifically classified as useful for the quality of the ■ Often mixed in ghee to enhance its healing effects
eyes and the skin, this action works via its affinity on inflammatory mucous membrane conditions
for calming and cooling pitta while also nourishing and to promote its rasa-yana effect on śukra dha-tu.
va-ta and majja- dha-tu. ■ Licorice’s popularity has caused it to be
■ Traditionally used as a detoxicant herb to overharvested from the wild. Make sure you buy
harmonise a formula and enhance the properties of licorice from a sustainably cultivated source.
the other herbs. Its sweet taste gives balya and
221
LOTUS
Common name Lotus (E) Sanskrit Padma, Kamala Latin Nelumbo nucifera–Radix, Nodus, Folium, Semen,
Stamen, Flos (Nymphaeaceae)
The lotus is the supreme symbol of

the evolution of the soul. As she
grows from the murky depths of
the muddy lake waters to her
majestic flowering on the clear
surface of the water of life she is a
living metaphor for our growth
from ignorance to wisdom. It is
very useful as a brain and repro-
ductive tonic.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Sweet, astringent INDICATIONS Nerves The seeds, root and sta-
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling Bleeding The node and root are men help to calm a nervous sys-
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) specific for bleeding disorders tem and strengthen a ‘frazzled’
Sweet from the lungs, GIT and uterus. vata. By nourishing rakta dhatu
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous It astringes and cools the oily and cooling pitta this directly
(seeds and root); dry, light heat of pitta overflowing from its influences the heart function
(nodes, stamen) site in the small intestine (Gogte 2000).
Dos.a effect PVK−, K+ in excess (Bhavaprakaśa).
COMBINATIONS
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues Reproduction The seed and sta-
men are aphrodisiac and are * Manjishtha, amalaki, safflower
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- for bleeding with the node.
ratory, circulatory, reproductive, used in spermatorrhoea. The
* Ashwagandha, kapikacchu,
nervous seeds are a tonic and rasayana
shatavari for tonifying repro-
helping to increase śukra dhatu.
CONSTITUENTS duction with the seed and
They also benefit the develop-
Saccharides Raffinose stamen.
ment of language, speech and
Alkaloid Asparagine expression as they nourish * Nutmeg, haritaki, amalaki for
Tannin diarrhoea and piles with the
majja dhatu and manovahasrotas.
Minerals Calcium, iron seed, stamen and node.
This specifically helps vata
(Bensky & Gamble 1986) imbalances due to slow devel- * Brahmi, gotu kola and
shankhapushpi for the nerves
AYURVEDIC ACTION opment and malabsorption of
with the seed and root.
Stambhana Stops leakage of nutrients (Frawley & Lad 1994).
fluids; blood, semen, mucus The seeds also have a direct CONTRAINDICATIONS
Kas.a- ya Astringent affinity for the uterus, promot- Sluggish digestion, food stagna-
Raktapittahara Prevents bleeding ing fertility and nourishing the tion with ama or constipation.
from high pitta fetus.
SAFETY
Śon.itastha- pana Haemostatic Digestion All parts of the lotus
Va- jı-karan.a Aphrodisiac benefit the intestines as they help
known.
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative to stop diarrhoea and nourish the
Medhya Brain tonic mucous membranes lining the DOSAGE
annavaha and purisavahasrotas 0.5–10g per day dried or
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
(Bhavaprakaśa, Bensky & Gamble 3–20ml per day of a 1:3 @ 25%
Haemostatic, nutritive tonic,
1986). tincture.
aphrodisiac, nervine, astringent
222
PART 2
NOTES
■ The lotus grows all over the lakes of India, their heart and reproductive system. The stamen,
flowers opening in the morning and closing at kiñjalka, is astringent, aphrodisiac, and again
dusk. benefits pitta with burning. The flower stalk, mr. n.āla,
■ There are three main medicinal varieties—white, increases breast milk. The root, śa-luka, is astringent,
red and blue. stops bleeding, heals the colon. The roots benefit
■ All parts of the lotus are used. The petals, mu-ladhāra and base chakra tissues, the seeds
sam.vartikā, are best for cooling pitta, bleeding, anāhata and heart chakra tissues.
thirst, painful urination. The seeds, padmabı̄ja, clean ■ Neelota (Nymphoea stellata) is also used in certain
the blood, are good for pitta, and a tonic to the preparations such as chywanaprasha.
223
MANJISHTHA
Common name Indian madder (E), Manjith (H) Sanskrit Man-jis• t• ha Latin Rubia cordifolia–Radix
(Rubiaceae)
Manjishtha is a perennial climber

and like a vine it ‘spreads’ through-
out the whole system, especially
working on the arterial, circulatory
system and skin. It literally means
‘bright red’ attesting to its red
roots, which have an affinity for
the blood; the red pigment can be
seen in the urine.
ENERGETICS Raktapittahara Prevents bleeding chronic lesions. Also used in sca-
Rasa (taste) Bitter, sweet, astrin- from high pitta bies and tinea pedis. It also bene-
gent Śonitasthāpana Haemostatic fits these conditions when used
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling Vedana-stha-pana Analgesic as a wash or in a cream. It is a
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Purı-s.asam . grahan.ı̄ya Stool form- wonderful rejuvenative to the
Pungent ing complexion (Frawley & Lad
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, dry Pittaśamana Reduces pitta 1994).
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ Śless• amana Reduces kapha Bleeding Manjishtha stops bleed-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, Sandha-nı-ya Bone mender ing by two methods; cooling the
muscles, bone Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin dis- ‘heat’ that causes blood to burst
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, eases out of its proper channel, and
female reproductive, excretory, Yoni Uterine herb clearing congested blood that can
bone cause blood to overflow out of its
BIOMEDICAL ACTION appropriate pathway. Very good
Alterative, haemostatic, astrin- in raktatisara and diarrhoea with
CONSTITUENTS
gent, diuretic, lithotriptic, emme- bleeding, Crohn’s disease, dysen-
Glucosides Manjishtha, pur-
nagogue, antipyretic, antitumour tery, bleeding ulcers. It can also
puroxanthin, purpurin
Anthroquinone glycosides treat haemoptysis, epistaxis, men-
INDICATIONS orrhagia, metrorrhagia and
Lucidin, alizarin, rubiadin Skin Its affinity for raktadhatu is
(Swami Prakashananda Ayrveda haematuria in the appropriate
specifically utilised to clean, cool pattern. It acts as a vulnerary and
Research Centre 1992, and clear the blood of all excess
Williamson 2002) hastens the healing time of skin
pitta, heat, inflammation, visha trauma and broken bones
AYURVEDIC ACTION (toxins) and ama. Used for itch- (Bhavaprakaśa, Bensky & Gamble
Varn.ya Improves complexion ing in eczema, psoriasis, der- 1986).
Jvarahara Destroys fever matitis, vitiligo, acne, acne Gynaecology Useful in signs of
Mūtrajanana Diuretic rosacea and herpes (kustha, vis- congested uterus and pain
Aśmarı-bhedana Lithagogue arpa). It normalises rakta dhatu (yoniśula) with dysmenorrhoea
Svedajanana Diaphoretic agni. A favourite herb to help fixed pain, clots, amenorrhoea
Vis.aghna Destroys toxins relieve pruritus when the liver and endometriosis; use a cold
Lekhanı-ya Reduces accumula- and bhrajaka pitta are aggravated. infusion. All menstrual imbal-
tions Its circulatory invigorating prop- ances involving aggravations of
Raktaśodhaka Blood purifier erties make it a superb remedy pitta and kapha disturbing the
Kan.d.u-ghna Eliminates itching for removing stubborn and artavasrotas. Also used to prevent
224
miscarriage and excessive uterine agents helping to draw excess * Guggulu, turmeric for tumours
PART 2
bleeding (Madanaphala Nighantu, calcium from the system. Also and accumulations all over the
Bensky & Gamble 1986). used to stop haematuria body.
Tumours/accumulations (Frawley & Lad 1994, Mills & * Arjuna, licorice, myrrh,
Manjishtha breaks accumula- Bone 2000, Paranjpe 2001). turmeric in fractures.
tions of kapha in the bladder, Mind Its cooling effect on sadhaka * Gokshura and shilajit for blad-
liver and kidneys. pitta has a balancing effect on the der and kidney stones.
Urine Its pitta-reducing quality emotions and is used in epilepsy * Sandalwood, gokshura, corian-
helps to clear pittaja prameha, and agitation with high pitta der for urinary discomfort with
particular types of diabetes (Paranjpe 2001). burning.
involving repeated infections,
COMBINATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS
boils, inflammatory conditions,
neuropathy, retinopathy and * Neem, turmeric, gotu kola, aloe High vata.
vera in skin conditions with
nephropathy. Also for SAFETY
high pitta.
manjishtha prameha where the No drug–herb interactions are
excessive urination is also * Lotus node, amalaki in bleed- known.
ing with raktapitta.
coloured red. It is also a specific
* Safflower, shatavari, guggulu DOSAGE
for gradually dissolving kidney
in congestion of the uterus with 0.5–10g per day dried or 3–12ml
and bladder stones as the
pain. per day of a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
anthraquinones act as chelating
NOTES
■ This tall, creeping plant has long thin roots and stimulating property. However, this goes against
grows throughout the subcontinent of India, Nepal, many of its therapeutic activities and my
Iran and Afghanistan. experience and so I have listed it here as cooling.
■ The red root has a specific affinity for the blood and ■ Manjishtha has recently been banned in Germany
all imbalances affecting it. due to concerns about its alizarin content acting as a
■ It is one of the primary herbs used to clear potential carcinogenic. This is despite the fact that the
excessive pitta. studies were carried out on Rubia tinctoria not Rubia
■ In all the texts that mention manjishtha it is cordifolia (Blomeke 1992). As noted above manjishtha
classified as hot (us.n.a) as it has a circulatory- is used for removing tumours in Ayurveda.
225
MINT
Common name Mint (E), peppermint (E), horsemint (E), Pudı- na (H), Puthia (H) Sanskrit Pudı-na
Latin Mentha piperita or arvensis–Folium (Labiatae)
This hardy perennial is famously

fragrant. It is full of aromatic men-
thol, which ‘wakes up’ the senses
and decongests the orifices of the
head as well as calming and relax-
ing digestion.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Sweet, pungent
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling and heat-
ing
Skin Peppermint water as an
inflammation and irritation caus-
ing gastritis and enteritis. The external spray is excellent for
Pungent
aromatic essential oils cool the cooling and soothing skin
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry, pene-
heat of pacaka pitta and regulate inflammation, hot flushes and
trating
samana vayu. This can help to allergic itching (Tillotson 2001).
Dos.a effect PKV−, V+ in excess
Gynaecology Often combined in
alleviate morning sickness, vom-
iting and spasms in the gastroin- formulas that help the flow of
nerve
testinal tract. vata in the lower abdomen and
Srotas (channel) Digestive, circu-
Colds Commonly used as a hot ease menstrual congestion, pain
latory, respiratory, nervous
tea at a high dose to cause and amenorrhoea (Frawley &
CONSTITUENTS sweating in colds and flu. As Lad 1994).
Flavonoids mint moves upwards and out-
COMBINATIONS
Bitter principle wards it is especially useful
Tannin where ama blocks the pores and * Kutki, guduchi, shatavari for
high pitta in the intestines.
Essential oils Menthol, menthone they need opening. It is useful
Vitamin Choline where the lungs are congested * Cardamom, fennel, ajwain for
high vata and intestinal spasms,
(Mills & Bone 2000, Duke 2004) with catarrh and constricted by
flatulence, etc.
spasm, causing wheezing or
AYURVEDIC ACTION * Pippali, fresh ginger, cinnamon
Dı-pana Enkindles appetite
asthma (Frawley & Lad 1994).
for colds to induce sweating.
Nerves It normalises the flow of
Anuloma Redirects the flow of * Brahmi, gotu kola, licorice for
prana vayu all over the body. By
vata downwards the mind and tension.
moving upwards and outwards
Svedana Diaphoretic
it spreads any congested vata CONTRAINDICATIONS
Śirovirecana Purges the orifices
blocked from whatever cause; High vata; sensitive individuals
of the head
ama, kapha, high vata or high and epileptics need to regulate
BIOMEDICAL ACTION pitta. The high levels of the space dosage.
Carminative, diaphoretic, anal- element (akaśa tattva) present
SAFETY
gesic, antipruritic, nervine, aro- within peppermint with its
May interact with iron medica-
matic expansive nature moving
tion, should be avoided by
upwards and outwards opens
INDICATIONS patients with oesophageal reflux,
the mind and lifts the ‘heaviness’
Digestion Nervous digestion, and it may negate the effect of
of mental and emotional tension
flatulence, bloating, IBS, ulcers, gastric reflux medication (Bone
and constriction. It opens spaces
nausea, and anorexia (Bartram 2003). The World Health
and creates room for movement.
1995). Specific for pitta
226
Organisation (WHO) stones to move into the bile duct
PART 2
DOSAGE
recommends caution in patients and if they are too large they 1–30g per day or 3–20ml per day
with gallstones as it may cause may become stuck (WHO 1999). of a 1:3 @ 45% tincture.
NOTES
■ There are different classifications of the various mints ■ Regarding energetics, the dose and method of
as ‘heating’ or ‘cooling’ (see Aristotle, Galen; Tierra taking the remedy are all important. A low dose is
1992, Bensky & Gamble 1993, Holmes 1999). It is a relaxing, benefiting a va-ta stagnated by
lengthy debate! Mentha piperita appears to have constriction; a medium dose (preferably taken at a
both qualities; its pungency acts as a stimulant cool temperature) benefits the anti-inflammatory
diaphoretic while its sweet and bitter flavour has needs of pitta, and a high dose of a hot drink clears
anti-inflammatory activity. The menthol appears to kapha. This returns us to the human nature of
be both stimulant and anti-inflammatory. herbalism and Ayurveda; it is all about the person,
■ Ayurvedically speaking, peppermint reduces all their individual constitution and condition as well
three dos.as; its warming pungency dries kapha via as the dose of the medicinal herb.
diaphoresis, its sweet cooling effect reduces pitta; ■ Mentha arvensis is also commonly used in India and
and its relaxing sweet pungency reduces va-ta. The has a specific antispasmodic and emmenagogue
stimulating effect of high doses may aggravate action.
va-ta. The Nighan.t.u ratna-kara describes Mentha ■ Mint is not mentioned in the early ayurvedic
arvensis as pungent in taste, hot in energy and literature.
pungent post-digestively.
227
MUSTAKA
Common name Nut grass (E), Motha (H) Sanskrit Mustaka, Musta Latin Cyperus rotundus–Rhizoma
(Cyperaceae)
This small aromatic tuber is com-

monly found next to rivers. It loves
damp conditions and is very good
at treating them. When consider-
ing using mustaka think of its
aromatic, drying, antispasmodic
qualities for gynaecology and
digestion.
ENERGETICS
astringent Stanyaśodhana Purifies breast to descend. Interestingly, this
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling milk gynaecological activity is scien-
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Jantuhara Vermifuge tifically confirmed as mustaka
Pungent Jvarahara Alleviates fevers also contains a phyto-oestrogen
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry Svedana Diaphoretic substance (β-sitosterol)
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ (Williamson 2002; also see Mills
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, BIOMEDICAL ACTION
& Bone [2000] for a very clear
muscle, nerve Carminative, emmenagogue,
discussion of phyto-oestrogen
Srotas (channel) Digestive, circu- galactagogue, cholagogue, alter-
activity), and so is relevant in all
latory, female reproductive ative, astringent, antispasmodic,
signs of high oestrogen; swollen
anthelmintic, analgesic, aromatic,
CONSTITUENTS breasts, pain, family history of
diaphoretic, febrifuge
Essential oils Amphene, breast cancer, short cycle. It has
limonene, cyperol, rotundone, INDICATIONS an affinity for the smooth muscle
cyperene, patchoulenone Digestion It regulates disturbed in the uterus and is a specific for
Triterpenes β-sitosterol, oleanolic digestion, diarrhoea, colic, flatu- PMS with bloating, pain, irri-
acid lence, borborygmus and bloat- tability, depression and a
Flavonoids ing. Its antispasmodic effects delayed onset. Its effect on rasa
(Williamson 2002, Duke 2004) treat pain in the intestines. It also dhatu is also considered to be
has a specific use for Candida beneficial for purifying and
AYURVEDIC ACTION albicans and parasites when used nourishing breast milk.
Dı-panı-ya Enkindles digestion at a high dose. When used at a Liver As one of the main diges-
Pacanı-ya Digests undigested low dose mustaka balances vata, tive stimulants for pitta it also
food especially śamana and apana has a special affinity for the liver
-
Amapa-cana Digests toxins vayu, and stimulates digestion and rañjaka pitta. Its stimulating
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates intes- without aggravating pitta or cre- effect on the liver may help with
tinal spasms and pain ating any heat problems the release of bile, metabolism of
Purı-s.asam . grahan.ı̄ya Stool-form- (Frawley & Lad 1994). hormones, haemoglobin and fats
ing, stops diarrhoea Gynaecology One of the best (Frawley & Lad 1994). Its cooling
Lekhanı-ya Reduces accumula- herbs for the menstrual cycle as effect on rakta dhatu can be of use
tions it regulates pitta and the flow of in inflammatory skin problems
Kan.d.u-ghna Stops itching vata in the apanaksetra (the abode such as eczema and pruritus.
Kus.t.ha Benefits skin diseases of apana vayu in the lower Fever It directly treats all the
A-rtavajanana Promotes menses abdomen). This helps apana vayu causes of fever; low agni, ama
228
* Shatavari, ginger, rose in gynae-
PART 2
and excess pitta in the rasa dhatu. DOSAGE
Its diaphoretic effect can be very cological problems with pain, 0.5–12g per day or 3–15ml of a
useful for clearing ama and intermittent bleeding and an 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
excess heat from the plasma and irregular cycle.
blood while also rectifying the * Guduchi, neem, daruharidra NOTES
digestive fire (Gogte 2000). for liver congestion.
■ Mustaka grows all over India as
COMBINATIONS * Tulsi and kalmegh for fevers a grassy shrub.
from high pitta.
* Sariva, coriander, cardamom in ■ Its aromatic nature moves and
pitta digestive problems. CONTRAINDICATIONS relaxes va-ta. Its prabha-va is to
* Bilva, kutaja, pomegranate rind Do not use a high dose in exces- prevent spasms and muscular
for diarrhoea. sive vata aggravation as it can be constriction caused by nervous
* Hingu, turmeric, cinnamon, too drying. tension.
kutki for yeast and parasite
SAFETY
infections.
known.
229
MUSTARD SEED
Common name Mustard seed (E) Sanskrit Siddha-rthaka, Sarsapa, Ra-jika Latin Brassica
•
nigra/juncea–Semen (Brassicaceae)
These little black or brown seeds

have a warming and stimulating
effect on the digestion and lungs.
A wonderful home remedy for
nipping the onset of a cold in
the bud.
ENERGETICS
Pungent
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry, pene- Lungs It is a great expectorant; CONTRAINDICATIONS
trating clears white, sticky phlegm from Signs of heat, inflammation and
Dos.a effect KV−, P+ the respiratory tract due to aggra- high pitta.
Dha-tu (tissue) Blood, muscle vated avalambaka kapha. Mustard
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- seeds are beneficial in kapha-vata
SAFETY
ratory, circulatory No drug–herb interactions
breathing problems—asthma,
known.
bronchitis, pneumonia. Also use-
CONSTITUENTS
ful in colds where a mustard DOSAGE
Glucosilonates Sinigrin, myrosin
‘plaster’ on the upper chest and 1–6g per day dry or 1–6ml per
Volatile oil Allylisothiocyanate
throat can clear an imminent cold day of a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
(Williamson 2003)
within a few hours (do not apply
AYURVEDIC ACTION directly to the skin, place the
Dı-pana Appetiser poultice on a gauze first to pre-
NOTES
Pa-ka Digestive vent blistering) (Tierra 1992).
■ Mustard is a small perennial
Kr.mina-śaka Vermicide Joints Useful in arthritis caused

shrub that thrives in dry
Agnivardhana Increases the climates and helps to clear
by a cold, wet, damp environ-
dampness from the whole
appetite ment and lifestyle. Clears ama
Anuloma Redirects the flow of system.
and regulates vata. Can prevent
■ A useful addition to the diet in
vata downwards pain and swelling. Commonly
kapha and damp imbalances.
used as a massage oil for consti-
BIOMEDICAL ACTION ■ A cold water infusion releases
tutional kapha conditions
Carminative, vermicide, expecto- the pungency of the seeds by
(Frawley & Lad 1994).
rant, analgesic, rheumatic activating the myrosine
INDICATIONS COMBINATIONS enzyme (Bown 1995), and this
Digestion Mustard seed clears * Dry ginger, guduchi, pippali, is the active ingredient that
black pepper for low digestive gives mustard its spicy
accumulations of food caused by
fire. pungency.
low agni, high kapha and ama. It
warms the digestive system, * Pippali, pushkaramoola, ■ The leaves are part of the
stimulates agni and clears slug- anthrapachaka for lung conges- traditional winter warming diet
gish congestion due to excess tion and high kapha. of north India.
intestinal mucus. It is also used * Guggulu, myrrh, frankincense
to kill worms (Bhavaprakaśa). for arthritis with amavata.
230
PART 2
MYRRH
Common name Myrrh (E), Bdellium gum (E), Bol (H) Sanskrit Bola, Daindhava, Rasagandha Latin
Commiphora myrrha/molmol–Resina (Burseraceae)
Myrrh is extracted as a resin from

the trunk of this thorny desert
shrub. Its main feature is an affinity
for the blood, heart and female
reproductive systems but it is also
a great antibacterial.
ENERGETICS
pungent, sweet
BIOMEDICAL ACTION inflammation when ślesaka kapha
Pungent
Alterative, cholesterolaemic, is causing swelling and degener-
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, dry
anti-inflammatory, expectorant, ation of the joints (Tillotson
Dos.a effect KVP−
emmenagogue, antithrombotic,
2001).
analgesic, vulnerary, antibacter- Mucous membranes Myrrh is the
Srotas (channel) Circulatory,
ial/fungal, leucocytogenic No.1 herb for mouth ulcers and
lymphatic, nervous, reproduc-
cold sores. Its ability to increase
tive, respiratory INDICATIONS
white blood cell count is
Heart Congestive heart disor-
CONSTITUENTS reflected in its popular use as a
ders, hypercholesterol, athero-
Volatile oil Sesquiterpenes, heer- herbal antibiotic and antifungal
sclerosis. As with all oleo-resins,
abolene, dipentene, cinnamic effective against Escherichia coli,
it ‘scrapes’ cholesterol out of the
aldehyde Candida albicans and
body (Bartram 1995)
Resin Triterpenes, commiphoric Staphylococcus aureus. It helps to
Lymph Lymphatic congestion,
acid, commiphorinic acid, com- heal ulcerated intestinal surfaces
inflammation, lymphoedema; all
miferin (Bone 2003).
fluid congestion and swellings in
Gum Arabinose, galactose
the body. It is used as a gargle COMBINATIONS
(Williamson 2003, Chen & Chen
for sore throats and spongy, * Safflower for chest pains from
2004)
bleeding gums (Tillotson 2001). vata obstructed by kapha and
AYURVEDIC ACTION Gynaecology Endometriosis, pitta.
Lekhanı-ya Reduces accumula- fibroids, painful periods with * Turmeric, manjishtha for cir-
tions clots, high pitta–kapha in rhosis and abdominal pain that
Hr• daya Benefits the heart apanaksetra, inflammation and is in a fixed location.
Kaphahara Reduces kapha congestion in the lower * Turmeric, shatavari, mustaka
Dı-pana Appetiser abdomen. Myrrh vigorously for regulating the menstrual
Pa-cana Toxin digester moves blood and ‘breaks’ stag- cycle; dysmenorrhoea,
Ka-saghna Clears coughs nant pools of blood (Bensky & irregularity and clots due to
Raktadhara Improves Gamble 1986, Bhavaprakaśa). Also kapha obstructing the flow
circulation used in amenorrhoea to stimu- of vata.
Raktahara Cures diseases that late blood flow. * Frankincense, ashwagandha,
originate in the blood Pain All neuralgia around the turmeric for arthritis.
Garbha-śayaviśuddhi Clears impu- body. Use externally to repair * Rose, haritaki as an antibacter-
rities from the uterus traumas, bruises and broken ial, anti-inflammatory mouth-
A-rtavajanana Promotes menses bones. Myrrh is a specific for wash.
Tridos.ajit Alleviates all three dosa treating arthritis and joint
231
CONTRAINDICATIONS contact dermatitis in sensitive 5–10ml per day of a 1:5 @ 90%
Pregnancy, excessive uterine individuals (Bone 2003). tincture. Only use in the short-
bleeding, kidney problems. term (up to 4 weeks continu-
DOSAGE
ously), as it is hard to digest.
SAFETY 3–12g per day dried resin,
No drug–herb interactions are 250–750mg three times per day
known. May cause nausea or of a 1:4 concentrated powder or
NOTES
■ This desert-loving, thorny shrub is collected as an agent containing saponins such as licorice to
exudate from the branches and then dried for use. prevent this. If using tinctures add 10% licorice first
■ Although similar in use to guggul, myrrh’s primary to prevent precipitation and to reduce its harsh
action is on the female reproductive system flavour.
whereas guggul’s is on arthritic conditions and ■ As a resin it can tax the kidneys, so use
cholesterol levels. intermittently: 6 weeks on, 2 weeks off.
■ Myrrh tastes revolting in decoctions; use as a pill or ■ It is a very strong herb so use it as less than 10% of
concentrated powder when you can. a formula, as traditionally prescribed.
■ The resin in the alcoholic extract precipitates in
water and so it is helpful to add a suspending
232
PART 2
NEEM
Common name Neem (E), Margosa (E), Nim (H) Sanskrit Nimba Latin Azadirachta indica–Folium, Semen,
Cortex, Resin (Meliaceae)
Myths abound concerning the

healing properties of neem; its
curative nature is said to have
begun when a drop of nectar
(amr.ta) fell on to it from the cup of
immortality. Its bitter principle indi-
cates its use in inflammations of
the skin and digestive tract.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) BIOMEDICAL ACTION disease with high pitta and
Pungent Alterative, antipruritic, anti- kapha. It clears mucus and
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry inflammatory, antipyretic, anti- bleeding from the GIT. Useful
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ septic, antibacterial, antifungal, in fissures, fistulas and haemor-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, rhoids due to local congestion
reproductive anthelmintic, bitter tonic, in the lower bowel. It clears
Srotas (channel) Digestive, circu- antacid, hypoglycaemic the intestines of parasites and
latory, respiratory, urinary, repro- worms. Neem leaf is very
INDICATIONS usefu in chronic intestinal
ductive
Skin Most effective in inflamma-
dysbiosis such as with Candida
CONSTITUENTS tory skin conditions due to
albicans, protozoal infections
Triterpenes Nimbin, nimbidin aggravated rakta and pitta with
and bacterial infestation
Limonoids Azadirachtin, mar- itching, oozing, burning and
(Tillotson 2001).
gocin, margocilin infection; eczema, psoriasis
Lungs The bitter and dry
Fixed oil Salannin, nimbinin when active with Auspitz sign
qualities are very useful for
Polysaccharides and bleeding, acne, urticaria,
clearing kapha and pitta
(Williamson 2002) ringworm, scabies, lice. The oil is
accumulations from the
especially effective when applied
AYURVEDIC ACTION respiratory passages.
externally for treating fungal and
Kus.t.hakan.d.u-ghna Prevents skin Metabolic Its affinity for medova-
bacterial infections and as a mos-
diseases and itching hasrotas is utilised in diabetes
quito repellant (use externally at
Kr• mighna Anthelmintic mellitus to support the system
2–5% dilution). Its intense bitter-
Gra-hı- Absorbs fluids from the and regulate blood sugar levels
ness found in azadirachtin has
colon and causes constipation (Bhavaprakaśa, Bone 2003). It
renowned antibacterial and fun-
Vran.aghna Heals wounds clears kapha accumulations from
gicidal activity. This property,
Jvaraghna Alleviates fevers the pancreas and activates medas-
plus its chlorophyll content,
Dahapraśamana Alleviates burn- dhatu-agni; this rectifies the com-
adds to its potential as a deodor-
ing sensations promised fat and water
ant for putrid-smelling sweat
Netrya Benefits the eyes metabolism so common in dia-
and infected sores (Bhavaprakaśa,
Amlapittaghna Relieves hyper- betes.
Bone 2003).
acidity Mouth Neem has a traditional
Digestion Neem is used in
Raktapittaghna Alleviates bleed- usage for toothache, gingivitis
intestinal inflammation and
ing from high pitta and general oral hygiene; use an
is specific for hyperacidity,
Raktaśodhana Purifies the blood infusion of the leaves as a
ulcers, colitis and Crohn’s
Vis.aghna Destroys poisons mouthwash. The young twigs
233
are used as the Indian tooth- COMBINATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS
brush. * Turmeric, gotu kola, High vata, wasting and debility.
Fevers Useful in high fever from manjishtha, guduchi, rose for Any condition with cold signs.
pitta and accumulations of ama; inflammatory skin conditions. Considered to be bad for the
especially in the intermittent * Kutki, licorice, shatavari, hari- heart and unpleasant for the
fevers of malaria-like diseases taki, amalaki for intestinal mind by the Bhavaprakaśa.
(Paranjpe 2001). inflammation.
Reproduction As with many bit-
SAFETY
* Myrrh for mouth ulcers and No drug–herb interactions are
ter herbs it reduces śukra dhatu gingivitis.
known.
and lowers sperm count. It has * Black pepper, castor oil in
an affinity for the uterus and can intermittent fevers with ama. DOSAGE
reduce any inflammatory disor- 0.5–5g per day or 3–15ml per
ders. day of a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
NOTES
■ Neem thrives as a large tree in well-drained soil all inflammation in the skin, muscles and deeper
over India at altitudes up to 1000m. It is a tender tissues.
tree, not surviving in temperate climates where ■ Also a very effective insecticide/fungicide in the
there is excessive rainfall. garden; spray an infusion on the plant for excellent
■ Often confused with Melia azadirachta (this is organic results.
known as maha-nimba in Ayurveda). This is a tree ■ It is a very strong herb. As with all very bitter and
with very similar properties that can survive in concentrated flavours it should only be used short-
hardier climates. term at high doses. Use for up to a month
■ Used in the famous pañcatiktaghr . ta, a medicated maximum. However, if used at a low dose then it
ghee incorporating five bitter herbs used for can be used for longer.
234
PART 2
NUTMEG
Common name Nutmeg (E), Jaiphal (H) Sanksrit Jātı̄ -phala, Mada-śaun.d.a Latin Myristica
fragrans–Fructus (Myristicaceae)
Ja-tı--phala means ‘caste fruit’ and

Mada-śaun.d.a means ‘intoxicating
fruit’. Its aromatic quality gives nut-
meg its wonderful sedative proper-
ties that deeply relax the whole
nervous system. It also has potent
aphrodisiac qualities.
ENERGETICS
Hr• daya Heart tonic It is a useful anthelmintic
astringent
Nidra-janana Promotes sleep (Bhavaprakaśa).
Madakarı- Intoxicating Reproduction Used in male infer-
tility and premature ejaculation.
Pungent BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Another ‘clever’ herb with dual
Gun.a (quality) Light, oily, pene- Astringent, nervine, sedative,
action, it both stimulates erectile
trating psychotropic, carminative,
function and astringes ejaculation.
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ aphrodisiac, stimulant, expecto-
It is one of the primary aphrodisi-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, muscle, rant
acs used to tonify śukra dhatu. It
bone, nerve, reproductive
INDICATIONS also reduces excessive urination
Nerves Insomnia, agitated mind from high vata and kapha and is
nervous, reproductive
and lack of concentration. When used in prostatic disease and
CONSTITUENTS there is excitation and high vata incontinence. Also useful in
Volatile oils Myristicin, cam- in the mind it draws the expan- female infertility when there is
phene, eugenol, pinene, sive nature of vata inwards. Its disruption of the menstrual cycle
limonene heavy nature can ‘dull’ the mind; with pain (Paranjpe 2001).
Lignans Myrisfragransin, therefore use for short periods Lungs Its hot and penetrating
fragnasols of time at a low dose (Frawley & properties can help to clear
Diterpenes Lad 1994). Use 1⁄8 teaspoon in excess avalambaka kapha from the
Fixed oil Myristic, palmic acids warm milk (almond or cow) lungs (Gogte 2000).
(Williamson 2002) before bed to aid sleep and
COMBINATIONS
stops restless leg syndrome.
AYURVEDIC ACTION * With bitters for inflammations,
Useful for transient insomnia
Pa-cana Digests toxins bleeding and aromatic herbs
Dı-pana Enkindles the appetite
where the sleep is interrupted.
for spasms and gas.
Also helps to relax the muscles
Kr.mighna Vermifuge * Ashwagandha, brahmi,
and prevent pain associated
Śulapraśama Stops intestinal jatamansi for nervousness
with angina, fibromyalgia and
spasms and insomnia.
arthritis.
Vedana-stha-pana Analgesic * Amalaki, haritaki, kutki,
Digestion Nutmeg helps absorp-
Stambhana (mala, rakta, śukra) fennel, cardamom for
tion in the small intestine and
Astringent, especially in diar- digestive upset.
purisavahasrotas. Its astringency
rhoea, bleeding and premature * Haritaki, kushtha and bakuchi
draws nutrients into the blood-
ejaculation for diarrhoea from coldness.
Va- jı-karan.a Aphrodisiac
stream. It can help to stop diar-
* Ashwagandha, gokshura,
rhoea and dysentery with excess
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative, espe- lotus seeds for impotence and
vata and kapha. It calms intestinal
cially to reproductive tissues and premature ejaculation.
spasms, pain, gas and bloating.
intestines
235
* Shatavari, rose for female infer- SAFETY NOTES

tility and menstrual irregularity. No drug–herb interactions are ■ A large fruit tree indigenous to
known but caution with seda- the Indonesian spice islands.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
tive, antihypertensive and anti- Now cultivated in tropical
Never use high doses (>6g) as it
depressant medication. climates around the world.
can be intoxicating, causing hallu-
cinations, headaches, dizziness, DOSAGE ■ Used with buttermilk in
nd heart palpitations. Caution in 0.5–6g per day or 1–6ml of a 1:3 childhood diarrhoea.
high pitta. @ 45% tincture. ■ Notoriously susceptible to
carcinogenic aflatoxins. Ensure

that your supply has been
analysed.
236
PART 2
PEPPER
Common name Black pepper (E), Kalimirch (H) Sanskrit Marı̄ca Latin Piper nigrum–Fructus (Piperaceae)
Named after one of the names of

the sun, marı-ca, it has the same
qualities as this macrocosmic
source of heat and light. It is
warming, drying and stimulating
to the circulatory, digestive and
respiratory systems.
ENERGETICS
V ı-rya (energy) Hot BIOMEDICAL ACTION Black pepper infused oil or ghee,
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Digestive stimulant, carminative, applied into the nose, can be a
Sweet expectorant, antibacterial, wonderful decongestant to the
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry, pene- diaphoretic, analgesic, febrifuge, sinuses blocked with kapha or
trating anthelmintic ama.
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ Fevers It can help to ‘cook’ the
INDICATIONS
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat, pathogens and then induce a
Digestion Useful for low
nerve sweat to release the misplaced
appetite, sluggish digestion,
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- agni that has moved from the
abdominal pain, toxins or ama
ratory, circulatory, excretory stomach to the plasma tissue. It
and borborygmus. Black pep-
clears ama from rasa dhatu and
CONSTITUENTS per’s hot and penetrating quali-
normalises the digestive fire in
Essential oil Sabinene, camphene, ties are a great stimulant to agni
the stomach. Used as part of
limonene, myrcene, piperonal as they help to increase enzy-
treatment in intermittent fevers
Alkaloid Piperine, piperidine, matic secretions. This helps to
such as malaria when it is often
piperanine enhance absorption of nutrients
combined with bitter and cool-
Fixed oil and literally ‘burn’ ama. Its affin-
ing herbs (Paranjpe 2001).
Chromium ity for purisavahasrotas coupled
Circulation Pepper has the ability
(Williamson 2002, Duke 2004) with its anthelmintic qualities
to stimulate microcirculation in
helps to remove worms. It can be
AYURVEDIC ACTION the capillaries. This can be useful
Dı-pana Enkindles appetite
used as part of the physical treat-
in cirrhosis, hepatitis and skin
ment of anorexia to stimulate
Pa- cana Digests toxins diseases with signs of stagnant
- hunger and interest in food. As it
Amana- śaka Destroys toxins blood; red or purple patches and
Pramathı- Removes accumulated
contains chromium, a compo-
chronic lesions. This can also be
nent of glucose tolerance factor,
dosas from the dhatus of benefit in cold congestion in
black pepper is a useful part of
Śirovirecana Purges the head of the uterus and apanaksetra with
many diabetes treatments; it nor-
toxins dysmenorrhoea and amenor-
malises medas dhatu and prevents
Śvāsa Helps breathing rhoea. External application of the
ama overflowing into the pan-
Kr• mighna Kills parasites essential oil can help to relieve
Śu-laghna Removes colicky pain
creas and urine (Tillotson 2001).
neuralgic and arthritic pain with
Lungs Specific for cold, wet,
Rasa- yana (Pra-n.avāhasrotas) cold swellings (Gogte 2000).
damp, kapha conditions in the
Rejuvenative to respiratory sys-
pranavahasrotas with white, sticky COMBINATIONS
tem
Kaphava-tajit Alleviates kapha and
mucus and a productive cough; * Ginger, long pepper as part of
asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia the famous trikat.u formula for
vata
and sore throats (Bhavaprakaśa).
237
pepper is prescribed (Harkness
lung problems with sticky irritate the mucous membranes.
mucus. Hyperacidity; dryness as it can & Bratman 2003). Other sources
* Tulsi, vamsa lochana, haritaki, aggravate vata in excess. report that in its whole form it
bibhitaki for cough from kapha is a short-term bioavailability
SAFETY
excess. enhancer, increasing nutrient
The piperine content of black
* Tulsi, neem in fevers of the absorption, quickening absorp-
pepper, when used as an iso-
kapha and pitta variety. tion and reducing blood levels
lated ingredient, has been asso-
* Gotu kola, myrrh, turmeric in of medication (Williamson
ciated with enhancing blood
stagnation of the capillary 2002).
levels of certain medication
beds.
such as propranolol, theo- DOSAGE
* Aloe vera juice to stimulate
phylline, and rifampicin, as it 1–5g per day dried or 1–2ml of a
rasadhatvagni and this can help
may inhibit drug metabolism in 1:5 @ 70% tincture. Due to its
treat anorexia, anaemia and
the liver if used over long peri- intense hot quality as well as
amenorrhoea.
ods of time at high doses. Hence safety issues, do not use at a
CONTRAINDICATIONS all patients taking drugs that are high dose (>5g per day) for long
With an excess of heat and metabolised in the liver must be periods of time. A low dose is
inflammation black pepper can carefully monitored if black safe for long-term use.
NOTES
■ This parasitical creeper grows up host plants and ■ Often combined with honey to dry moisture and
thrives in the humid climates of south-west India excessive secretions.
and Sri Lanka. ■ Its stimulating quality is very powerful and its rajasic
■ The fruit is first green, then red, then yellow and quality must be balanced with other sweet herbs.
finally goes black on drying. ■ Chavya (Piper cubeba) is used in formulas to clear
■ Green pepper is less heating, does not aggravate kapha. See candraprabha- va- ti in the formula
pitta and is sweet after digestion. section.
■ White pepper comes from soaking the mature fruit
in water and peeling off the black skin. It is very low

in essential oils.
238
PART 2
PIPPALI
Common name Long pepper (E), Pipal (H), Pimpli (H) Sanskrit Pippalı̄ Latin Piper longum–Fructus (Piperaceae)
This small shrub grows all over the

tropical forests of India. It is a fine
rejuvenative to the respiratory sys-
tem; its sweet post-digestive effect
is very nourishing to the deeper
reproductive tissues of the body.
ENERGETICS
V ı-rya (energy) Mildly heating Jvarahara Mitigates fevers turmeric root (used at 1:10). Its
not hot Vr• s• ya Aphrodisiac anthelmintic qualities are used
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Rasa- yana Rejuvenative, specifi- as part of a formula to kill
Sweet cally to plasma, blood, fat and worms, amoebas and parasites.
Gun.a (quality) Oily, light, pene- reproductive tissues It helps to treat diarrhoea from
trating Medhya Improves the intellect cold symptoms and constipation
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ (vibandha) from stagnant apana
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat, vayu. Also used in diabetes as it
Digestive stimulant, carminative,
nerve, reproductive reduces any excess of and reju-
expectorant, bronchodilator,
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, venates the medas dhatu (Koul &
anthelmintic, analgesic, circula-
digestive, respiratory, Kapil 1993, Tillotson 2001).
tory stimulant, aphrodisiac
reproductive Reproduction Its sweet post-
INDICATIONS digestive effect points to its abil-
CONSTITUENTS
Lungs Primarily used for cold, ity to tonify the śukra dhatu and
Volatile oil β-bisabolene,
wet and ‘mucousy’ conditions of reproductive tissue, which is
β-carophyllene
the lungs. It is a rejuvenative for useful in infertility, impotence
Alkaloids Piperine, piperlongu-
the lungs, pranavahasrotas and and premature ejaculation. It is
mine, piplartine
avalambaka kapha. It encourages one of the only heating and pen-
Lignans Sesamin, fargesin
vasodilation and therefore etrating substances to do this as
Fixed oil Esters
increases circulation, specifically heating substances usually con-
(Williamson 2002)
to the lungs. Used with honey in sume śukra dhatu (Bhavaprakaśa).
AYURVEDIC ACTION asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia Circulation Its pungency and
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive and compromised immunity in sweetness invigorate blood and
fire the respiratory system to reduce nourish rakta. By enhancing the
Pa-cana Digests toxins kapha. It is also used to treat mild digestive fire in the tissues it is a
-
Amana- śaka Destroys toxins fever by removing the ama from rasayana to rasa and rakta dhatu as
Bhedanı-ya Purgative rasa dhatu and alleviating the con- it helps to assimiliate more nutri-
Chedana Scratches toxins from current aches in the muscles and ents for building the plasma and
the tissues joints (Frawley & Lad 1994). the blood. It can also help to
Kr• mighna Vermifuge Digestion Used to stimulate agni penetrate the cold pain of sciat-
Medohara Reduces fat tissue and clear weak digestion with ica (Gogte 2000).
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin dis- symptoms of nausea, slow diges- Liver It has a hepatoprotective
eases tion, flatulence with a cold and effect that may benefit fibrosis
Śva-saka-sahara Benefits breathing painful abdomen. In malabsorp- (Tillotson 2001).
Sirovirecana Clears toxins from tion it can increase assimilation Nerves Its ability to nourish majja
the head of nutrients. Clinical studies dhatu, due to its sweet vipaka,
Hikkānigrahan.a Alleviates show that that piperine increases helps in vata disorders and also
hiccups the absorption of curcumin in to nourish the brain.
239
a short-term bioavailability
COMBINATIONS SAFETY
* Ginger, black pepper as trikat u The piperine content of long enhancer, increasing nutrient
for low agni, kapha, ama and pepper, when used as an isolated absorption, quickening absorp-
weak lungs. ingredient, has been associated tion and reducing blood levels of
* Haritaki, licorice, with enhancing blood levels of medication (Williamson 2002).
pushkaramoola for allergic certain medication such as pro-
DOSAGE
rhinitis, hayfever and atopic pranolol, theophylline, and
1–5g per day powder or 5–15ml
asthma. rifampicin, as it may inhibit drug
of a 1:5 @ 60% tincture. Due to
* Gokshura, kappikacchu and metabolism in the liver when it
safety issues do not use at a high
ashwagandha for male repro- is used over a long period of
dose (>5g per day) for long peri-
ductive function. time at a high dose. Hence all
ods of time. Low dose is safe for
* Kutki, neem, bhumiamalaki in patients taking drugs that are
long-term use as attested to by
hepatitis. metabolised in the liver must be
the vast amount of ayurvedic
carefully monitored if long pep-
CONTRAINDICATIONS formulas containing pippali.
per is prescribed (Harkness &
Excess pitta and inflammations
Bratman 2003). Other sources
of the intestines.
report that in its whole form it is
NOTES
■ Pippali thrives in more temperate conditions than (1:1 reduced to 1) and drunk daily. 1 long pepper is
black pepper. added daily for 14 days (up to 14 pippali) and then
■ Its sweetness gives it rejuvenative properties and its reduced by the same ratio for 14 days. Excellent for
oiliness make it less drying and not as excessively asthma where there is no dairy intolerance.
heating as black pepper. ■ Pippali moola, Piper longum–Radix, is also used in
■ The fresh green pippali reduces pitta and increases Ayurveda. It has similar properties as the fruit, but is
kapha. a more ‘condensed’ heat. Combining it with trikat.u
■ Often boiled with milk for deficient lungs. Pippali makes chaturushna, The Four Pungents. It has the
vardhanam is a cumulative treatment where 1 long same properties as trikat.u but is slightly stronger.
pepper is boiled in a glass of milk and water
240
PART 2
PIT SHIRISHA
Common name Shirish (H), Siris (H) Sanskrit Pitta-Sı-rs. a Latin Albizzia lebbeck–Cortex (Leguminosae/Mimosa)
The bark of this tree is renowned

for strengthening the lungs and
clearing mucus accumulations
from the lymph and lungs. It is a
potent antiallergenic herb.
ENERGETICS
pungent
V ı-rya (energy) Slightly warming INDICATIONS COMBINATIONS
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Lungs Its affinity for pranavahas- * Anthrapachaka, pippali, vasa
Pungent rotas benefits asthma of the in respiratory congestion and
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry vata–kapha variety—a wet, allergies.
Dos.a effect VPK− damp cough with wheezing, * Neem, turmeric, manjishtha in
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, worse in the morning and skin inflammation.
muscle, fat, nerve evening. Its śirovirecana action * Guggulu, bola for high choles-
Srotas (channel) Respiratory, helps in reducing allergic reac- terol and a congested lym-
blood, fat tions in the head such as aller- phatic system.
gic rhinitis, hayfever and
CONSTITUENTS asthma in atopic individuals.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Saponins Dry conditions with excess vata.
Human clinical trials attest to
Cardiac glycosides its efficacy in early-onset SAFETY
Tannins asthma (Tripathi et al 1979). No negative drug–herb interac-
Flavonoids Skin Its antiallergic, anti-inflam- tions are known but it may inter-
(Bone 1996) matory and pitta-reducing effect act positively with
AYURVEDIC ACTION is beneficial in atopic and aller- antihistamines (Braun & Cohen
Śva-saka-sahara Benefits breathing gic conditions; eczema, urticaria, 2003, 2004).
Śirovirecana Clears toxins from dermatitis. This is by virtue of
its affinity for rasa and rakta
DOSAGE
the head 1.5–10g per day dried or 3–15ml
Kus• t• haghna Prevents skin dhatu. It is a specific for itching
problems and suppurating inflammations
Udarapraśamana Antiallergenic (Bone 1996).
Lymph It helps to reduce NOTES
Śothaghna Clears oedema
■ This large tree grows all over
Vis• aghna Detoxifies poisons swellings in the lymphatic
system and clears kapha from India.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION -
■ Its unique prabha va is to
the plasma tissue
Expectorant, antiallergenic, (Bhavaprakaśa). destroy a-ma toxins in the
anti-inflammatory, alterative, plasma, skin and respiratory
diuretic system.
241
POMEGRANATE
Common name Pomegranate (E), Anar (fruit) (H), Anardana (seeds) (H) Sanskrit Da-d• ima Latin Punica
granatum–Fructus, Semen, Pericarpium (Punicaceae)
This beautiful red fruit is famed for

its taste as well as being a fertility
symbol. It specifically balances an
acidic digestion, nourishes the heart
and balances levels of oestrogen.
ENERGETICS
and sour
Sweet
Gun.a (quality) Light and unctu-
Śukrala Increases semen astringent qualities are beneficial
ous
Medhyava-ha Increases intelli- in bleeding anywhere in the cir-
Dos.a effect VPK−
gence culatory system (Gogte 2000).
Reproduction Pomegranates are
reproductive BIOMEDICAL ACTION a well-known aphrodisiac. They
Srotas (channel) Digestive, repro- Carminative, antacid, antidiar- benefit the semen (śukrala) via
ductive rhoea, oestrogenic, haemostatic the plasma or rasa dhatu. The
CONSTITUENTS decoction of the rind can be used
INDICATIONS
(Fruit) as a douche in leucorrhoea
Digestion The sweet juice of the
Vitamin C (Gogte 2000). There is recent
fruit is a wonderful cooling
Pectin interest in using pomegranates to
drink for soothing an inflamed
Sterols Estrone treat prostate problems including
stomach and intestines. It is a
(Rind) BPH and prostatic cancer.
specific for hyperacidity and the
Alkaloids Pelletierine, punicala- Menopause Pomegranates are
resulting nausea. Its mild astrin-
gin, punicalin useful for maintaining healthy
gency helps to slow the move-
Tannins Gallic acid, ellagic acid levels of oestrogen as they
ment of vata and alleviates any
Triterpenes contain small amounts of
excess pitta. The rind is a fine
(Williamson 2002) estrone. Eat the fresh fruit, juice
astringent that will bind a loose
AYURVEDIC ACTION bowel very quickly. It is a com- or seeds regularly during
Dı-pana Increases digestive func- mon folk remedy for dysentery menopause. The sweet flavour
tion with bleeding and mucus. It also can help to cool sensations of
Atı-sa-raghna Alleviates diarrhoea kills parasites; it is a specific for burning and flushing (Tillotson
Kr• mighna Vermifuge tapeworms, pinworms and 2001).
Chardinigraha Antiemetic roundworms. The dry, roasted Nerves The beneficial effect of
Tridos• aghna Balances all three seeds are a great benefit to those the fruit on majja dhatu helps to
dosas with an excessive appetite, nourish the brain and nervous
Da-hana-śana Alleviates sensations tiksnagni, as they help to balance system.
of heat and burning the excess pitta (Lad 1998).
Raktapitta Alleviates bleeding Heart As a wonderful cordial COMBINATIONS
diseases herb it strengthens the heart. Its * Coriander, cumin for pitta
Tarpan• a Increases satisfaction affinity for the blood helps to digestion with the seeds or
Hr• daya Heart tonic nourish rakta dhatu. Its sweet and fruit juice.
242
* Haritaki, amalaki for diarrhoea * Shatavari for the menopause
PART 2
DOSAGE
and acidity with the rind and with the fruit and seed. 0.5–5g of the rind in diarrhoea
fruit juice. and tapeworms. Drink the juice
CONTRAINDICATIONS
* Rhubarb root following a dose Constipation.
freely. 1–3g of the roasted seeds
of the rind to loosen the tape- as an appetiser.
worm from the gut wall. SAFETY
* Arjuna, bala, ashwagandha for No drug–herb interactions are
strengthening the heart. known.
NOTES
■ Originally from Persia, this small tree now grows all ■ Although most herbs with a sour flavour are
over India. classified as aggravating to pitta, pomegranate is
■ Its traditional ayurvedic classification verifies one of the exceptions (As.t.āngahr.daya).
this fruit as truly beneficial to both men and ■ The bark is banned for use in the UK under the
women. 1977 Medicines Order (www.mhra.gov.uk).
243
PSYLLIUM
Common name Psyllium husk (E), Isaphgul (H), Isabgol (H), Blond psyllium (E) Sanskrit Aśva-karn• a-bı-ja
Latin Plantago ovata–Semen (Plantaginaceae)
Aśva-karn. a means ‘horse’s ear’ and

relates to the shape of the small
pink seed resembling the equine
ear. Psyllium is a very useful
demulcent bulk laxative for treat-
ing constipation from dryness.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Sweet
V ı-rya (energy) Cool
Sweet
Gun.a (quality) Unctuous, heavy, diarrhoea. The roasted seeds are COMBINATIONS
slimey used for diarrhoea and dysen- -
Dos.a effect VP−, K+ * Triphala, rhubarb for constipa-
tery and have been shown to be tion.
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, muscle effective against different species -
Srotas (channel) Digestive, excre- * Triphala, kutki for diarrhoea.
of Entamoeba. It helps to absorb * Licorice for dry coughs.
tory, respiratory mucus and bacteria in inflamma- * Punarnava, gokshura for uri-
CONSTITUENTS tory intestinal conditions. It nary pain.
Polysaccharides Mucilage drags toxins and worms out of
the alimentary canal. It is salu-
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Monoterpene alkaloids Indicaine,
Low digestive fire. Prolonged
plantagonine tary for treating peptic and duo-
use reduces fertility.
Iridoids Aucubin denal ulcers (Svoboda 1992,
Triterpenes Sterols Williamson 2002) SAFETY
Sugars Lungs As a soothing demulcent It may slow the absorption of
(Williamson 2002) it can ease the dryness of vataja other medication. It is best taken
coughs and facilitates expectora- 1 or 2 hours after prescribed allo-
AYURVEDIC ACTION tion (Gogte 2000). pathic or other herbal medication.
Snigdha Demulcent Urinary The sympathetic reflex of It is also wise to ensure cardiac
Virecana Mild laxative mucus production between the glycoside, carbamazepine and
Vran.aghna Alleviates ulcers intestinal tract and lungs is con- lithium salts are taken at as great
Ka-sahara Alleviates vata-type of tinued into the urinary system an interval as possible from psyl-
cough where painful urination is eased lium to ensure clinical doses are
BIOMEDICAL ACTION (Gogte 2000). received. It may be necessary to
Bulk laxative, demulcent, anti- Blood fats and sugars Its soluble reduce diabetic medication
inflammatory, anthelmintic, fibre content has been used to (WHO 1999, Harkness & Bratman
expectorant reduce LDL cholesterol when 2003).
used at 15g per day for 30 days.
INDICATIONS It has also been shown to reduce
DOSAGE
Digestion As a bulking agent it 5–10g per day taken with plenty
blood sugar levels in type 2 dia-
helps to relieve both constipation of liquid to prevent intestinal
betes mellitus, showing potential
and diarrhoea. The husk soaked obstruction.
use in controlling blood sugar
with milk is used for constipa- levels in hyperglycaemia
tion and water or buttermilk for (Williamson 2003).
244
PART 2
NOTES
■ This small annual thrives in dry regions and is to an aggravation of kapha and an accumulation
abundantly cultivated in Gujarat. The husk is of a-ma.
separated from the pink seed. ■ Similar usage to Plantago psyllium and P. indica (the
■ As it is very wet and heavy it can dampen the darker brown and black varieties) but P. ovata is
digestive fire when used to excess. This can lead more mucilaginous.
245
PUNARNAVA
Common name Indian hogweed (E), Gadhapurana (H) Sanskrit Punarnavā Latin Boerhaavia
diffusa–Radix (Nyctaginaceae)
Punarnava means ‘one that renews

the old body’. Its rejuvenative
action works via its opening and
cleansing activity allowing effec-
tive nourishment to reach the tis-
sues. It is a superb diuretic and it
benefits the heart.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Mu-trava-harasa- yana Rejuvenative tions and arthritic swellings with
Pungent to the urinary system pitting and coldness (Paranjpe
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light Aśmarı-ghna Lithotriptic 2001).
Dos.a effect VPK−, V+ in excess Mu-trakr.cchaghna Alleviates Digestion It increases the diges-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat, dysuria tive fire and is useful in a slug-
nerve, reproductive gish digestive system. It absorbs
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Srotas (channel) Digestive, fluids from the digestive system
Diuretic, lithagogue, cardiotonic,
urinary, plasma and can be constipating. It pre-
digestive
vents intestinal spasms and pain
CONSTITUENTS
INDICATIONS helping to treat flatulence, bloat-
Alkaloids Punarnavine
Heart Fluid congestion, cardiac ing and worms. Also tradition-
oedema, general oedema from ally used for treating the
Lignans Liriodendrin
heart function deficiency. kapha-type of anaemia where
Rotenoids Punarnavoside
Laboured breathing from the kapha obstructs the raktadhatvagni
Xanthones Boerhavine
resultant congestion in the chest resulting in low quality and
Salts Potassium nitrate
is eased. By clearing the excess quantity of blood (Bhavaprakaśa).
(Nadkarni 1954, Paranjpe 2001,
of avalambaka and kledhaka kapha Diabetes Punarnava’s ability to
Williamson 2002)
from the chest and stomach it reduce medas dhatu and nor-
AYURVEDIC ACTION clears the channels of obstruc- malise mutravahasrotas is utilised
Dı-pana Enkindles appetite tions. It is especially beneficial in the treatment of diabetes.
Śothaghna Destroys oedema for allowing rasa and rakta, the Arthritis Punarnava can effec-
Ka-sahara Alleviates coughs circulatory fluids, to flow unim- tively treat swollen joints with
Vyastha-pana Promoter of youth peded. Hence punarnava is a fluid retention with pitting
and longevity rejuvenative and increases ojas. from a kapha imbalance by mov-
Rasa- yan.a Rejuvenative Kidneys Any symptoms of ing toxic accumulations out of
Hr• daya Nourishes the heart nephritis or impaired urinary the joints and tissues and
Stambhana Astringes bleeding function. It is used in bladder excreting them via the kidneys
Caks.us.ya Benefits the eyes infections and systemic oedema. and urine. Beneficial in gout
Arśoghna Reduces haemorrhoids A superb herb for reducing and arthritis.
Gra- hı- Absorbs fluids from the excess fluids, swelling, oedema Gynaecology As it helps to pre-
intestines and is constipative and congestion from excess vent the breakdown of the
Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates colic kapha. Specifically useful in blood-clotting protein fibrin, it
Mu-trala Diuretic ascites, congestive heart condi- can be used in menorrhagia and
246
excessive menstrual bleeding. tion of ACE inhibitors
PART 2
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The punarnavoside is considered Diarrhoea. (Williamson 2002).
to be the antifibrinolytic agent
SAFETY DOSAGE
(Paranjpe 2001, Williamson
No drug–herb interactions are 1–10g per day dried or 3–15ml of
2002).
known but caution with seda- a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
COMBINATIONS tive, antidepressive and
antiepileptic medication. There is
* Arjuna, guggulu, turmeric in
heart deficiency from high vata potential for a positive potentia-
and kapha.
* Coriander seed, gokshura,
guduchi in oedema and kidney
NOTES
infections.
■ This water-loving, creeping, blue. It can be adulterated with
* Coriander, gokshura and perennial flowers during the Trianthema species.
kalamegha in urinary tract
monsoon and grows all over ■ It is the main ingredient in
infections.
India and Sri Lanka. punarnavadi guggulu the
* Guduchi, dry ginger in arthri- ■ Three varieties are discussed in famous ayurvedic formula for
tis, vatarakta and amavata.
the ayurvedic literature; red reducing water retention,
* Guduchi and shilajit in dia- (Boerhaavia diffusa), white congestive heart conditions,
betes.
(Boerhaavia verticillata), and and treating oedematous
* Ashoka, manjishtha in uterine
inflammatory joint diseases.
bleeding.
247
PUSHKARAMOOLA
Common name Indian elecampane (E), Poharmool (H) Sanskrit Pus• kara-mu-la, Ka-sa-ri Latin Inula
racemosa–Radix (Asteraceae)
This hardy perennial is in the same

family as Europe’s elecampane
(Inula helenium). Pushkaramoola lit-
erally means ‘lotus root’ and is a
big-rooted, aromatic tonic with a
specific affinity for the heart, lungs
and digestive tract.
ENERGETICS
Pungent and kapha. All chest pain and ulence, and sluggishness. Its
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous heart disease from ischaemia. strong aromatic nature opposes
and penetrating Human clinical trials have sug- dampness, regulates samana vayu
Dos.a effect VK–, P+ gested that it acts like beta- and fragrantly dries the watery
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, blockers (Tripathi et al 1988, residues. It also reduces ama and
muscle, nerve, reproductive Dwivedi et al 1989). undigested toxins. Specifically
Srotas (channel) Digestive, respi- Lungs Its hot, bitter and pungent recommended for hiccups as it
ratory, urinary, female reproduc- qualities alleviate the congestion regulates vata in the intestines
tive, circulatory, nervous of pranavahasrotas in bronchitis and lungs (Paranjpe 2001).
and asthma with white and Gynaecology It is used to
CONSTITUENTS
frothy mucus and a productive strengthen the flow of blood to
Sesquiterpene lactones
cough. It acts as an antispas- the uterus and ease menstrual
modic and helps to relieve problems with underlying weak-
Essential oil
wheezing. Also specifically rec- ness and low strength. It can
(Bone 1996)
ommended for pleurisy benefit dysmenorrhoea and
AYURVEDIC ACTION (prasavasu-la) and any type of amenorrhoea (Gogte 2000).
Dı-pana Awakens digestion damp, kapha lung problems
Hr• daya Affinity for the heart and . COMBINATIONS
(Astanga Hr.daya Samhita,
a heart tonic Bhavaprakaśa). In colds with * Arjuna, guggulu for angina,
Śva-sahara Removes breathing
high blood pressure and high
underlying vata and kapha (feel-
cholesterol.
difficulties ing cold, shivers, phlegm, aches
Hikka-nigrahan.a Alleviates hiccups * Anthrapachaka, pippali, vasa
in the muscles, loss of appetite)
for coughs and respiratory
its upward and outward nature
BIOMEDICAL ACTION problems.
can help to induce a sweat,
Cardiac relaxant, antianginal, * Ginger, chitraka, cardamom,
digest the ama and restore the
hypotensive, carminative, anti- cumin for digestive sluggish-
digestive fire to the stomach.
spasmodic, expectorant, bron- ness.
Digestion Its pungent, bitter
chodilator, diaphoretic, diuretic, * Turmeric, rose, shatavari for
flavour enkindles the appetite
uterine stimulant and emmena- menstrual irregularity and dys-
and can be used in low agni and
gogue menorrhoea.
malabsorption, which are the
INDICATIONS root causes of excessive phlegm. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Heart Angina, heart pain, high It is also used for general diges- None known.
blood pressure from high vata tive discomfort, indigestion, flat-
248
PART 2
SAFETY DOSAGE NOTES
No drug–herb interactions are 2–6g per day dried or 3–15ml of ■ It grows in temperate climates
known. a 1:3 @ 25% tincture. and thrives at 2500m in the
Himalayas.
-
■ Also known as kasa ri, an enemy
of coughs, and also kas.mara as

it thrives in Kashmir.
■ Potentially threatened species
that is red-listed in India; ensure

that your supply comes from a
cultivated source.
249
RHUBARB
Common name Rhubarb root (E), Revand chini (H) Sanskrit Amla-vetasa, Kan• kus••tha Latin Rheum
palmatum/officinale/australe–Radix (Polygonaceae)
Growing in the Himalayas, this

powerful laxative is an invaluable
herbal remedy for intestinal
congestion, bleeding and blood
toxicity.
ENERGETICS
astringent
Pungent
trating INDICATIONS Cholesterol Reduces cholesterol
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ Digestion Rhubarb root has an (LDL) and it is also used to treat
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat affinity for purisavahasrotas and is obesity (Chen & Chen 2004).
Srotas (channel) Digestive, excre- used in both constipation and Gynaecology Clears adhesions
tory, circulatory, female repro- diarrhoea; its action is dose- and clots in pitta–kapha problems;
ductive dependent. The anthroquinones endometriosis, fibroids and dys-
purge the bowel while the tan- menorrhoea. Also used in vagi-
CONSTITUENTS
nins astringe and maintain its nal infections and STDs (Bensky
Anthraquinone glycosides
tone. As a laxative it takes about & Gamble 1986).
Chrysophanic acid, emodin,
8 hours to work and should be Mucous membranes Its tropism
aloe-emodin, rhein, sennoside
combined with antispasmodic for rasa dhatu make it a specific
Tannins
herbs to prevent griping. for mouth ulcers and ulceration
Phenols
Beneficial in clearing the high of the whole GIT (anti-
Oxalic acid
pitta and kapha that manifests in Helicobacter pylori) with pitta
(Bensky & Gamble 1986,
dysentery and other damp-heat signs.
Williamson 2002)
symptoms with blood and Bleeding Stops bleeding from
AYURVEDIC ACTION mucus in the stool. Used in post- heat in rakta pitta conditions;
Pa-ćana Digests toxins fever constipation to clear ama. haemorrhoids, ulcers, haema-
-
Amana- śaka Destroys toxins Also used to clear abdominal turia, melaena (Williamson
Anulomana Directs the flow of swelling (Tillotson 2001). 2003).
vata downwards, a laxative Liver Its affinity for rakta dhatu Cancer Useful adjunct to treat-
Recana A medium strength and bitter flavour make it a use- ment to clear tumours, ama and
laxative ful cholagogue. It can be used in to remove toxins from the bowel.
Kr.mina- śaka Vermifuge acute hepatitis and cirrhosis with COMBINATIONS
Gulmana- śaka Removes abdomi- heat and liver congestion. It may
nal tumours and obstructions be useful as part of a programme * Fennel, ginger, peppermint to
stop griping.
Raktaśodhana Blood purifier that purges small (<0.5mm) gall-
* Licorice, psyllium husk, hemp
stones from the gall bladder. Do
BIOMEDICAL ACTION seed to prevent dryness in the
this only under the guidance of a colon.
Purgative, emmenagogue, alter-
qualified herbalist (McLean &
ative, anti-inflammatory, haemo-
Lyttleton 2002).
static, astringent, diuretic
250
* Manjishtha, shatavari, amalaki
PART 2
SAFETY DOSAGE
for high pitta and ulceration in It may reduce the absorption of 0.5g is astringent and constipat-
the GIT. iron (Harkness & Bratman ing, 1g is laxative, 3g+ is purga-
* Turmeric, myrrh, pippali for 2003). It may cause griping and tive and it is also haemostatic
female reproductive stagna- should be used with appropri- when used at up to 9g per day in
tions with ama. ate antispasmodics. Laxatives a decoction. As a tincture use
containing anthroquinone gly- 1–6ml per day of a 1:3 @ 25%.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
cosides should not be used at a
Pregnancy and breast-feeding
high dose for more than 2 NOTES
as emodin is excreted through
weeks at a time due to the ■ It grows at 2500–4000m in the
the breast milk. Vata-type of
potential risk of causing an elec- Himalayas.
diarrhoea with weakness. Gout
trolyte imbalance if diarrhoea is ■ The root should be 3 years old
due to oxalic acid content. Use
caused. Hence caution with car- prior to harvesting.
with caution in intestinal
diac glycoside medication, thi- ■ Originally imported from China
inflammation; never use in
azide diuretics, and concurrent and Tibet as Rheum palmatum
intestinal obstruction with
hyperkalaemia from long-term and officinale, the Indian
abdominal
laxative abuse due to potential species is Rheum australe.
pain of unknown origin. Avoid
problems caused by further ■ Suitable for short-term use only
in physical debility as it drains
electrolyte imbalance (WHO as it can cause habituation of
the energy and prana down-
1999). the bowel.
wards.
251
ROSE
Common name Rose (E), Gulab (H) Sanskrit Śata-patrı- Latin Rosa centifolia/damascena–Flos (Rosaceae)
Rose petals treat the heart and

nerves, and lift the spirits. They
have an affinity for the blood and,
like all Rosaceae family, have a cer-
tain astringency that stops bleed-
ing and reduces inflammation.
Śata-patrı- literally means the
‘hundred-petalled’.
ENERGETICS
astringent useful in excessive menstrual purating skin conditions;
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling bleeding, vaginal infections and eczema, psoriasis, urticaria, itch-
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) inflammation. It clears pitta from ing and irritation.
Sweet the uterus and blood and is used Digestion Good for ulcers,
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light in dysmenorrhoea, metrorrhagia, inflammation, acidity, enteritis
Dos.a effect VPK= endometriosis and fibroids. It is and heartburn. Its astringent
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, specific for use in the menstrual flavour is useful in diarrhoea
nerve, reproductive cycle, during the final flare of the from heat (use a high dose).
Srotas (channel) Female repro- pitta phase from day 14 to 28, Roses can help with fat metabo-
ductive, circulatory, nervous and can help to alleviate PMS lism and hence help to reduce
CONSTITUENTS symptoms associated with irri- blood lipid levels.
Essential oils Citronellol, geran- tability, emotional sensitivity and Reproduction Its calming effect
iol, eugenol heat (Holmes 1989). Its action on on the emotions and the heart
Organic acids Gallic śukra dhatu enhances sexual are complemented by its aphro-
Tannins (10–24%) desire and fertility. Very useful disiac effect. Its sweet vipaka
Flavonoids Quercetin during menopause with hot helps to increase semen, sexual
(Holmes 1989) flushes; use a rosewater spray interest and fertility
for instantaneous cooling. (Bhavaprakaśa).
AYURVEDIC ACTION Nerves Rose’s nourishing effect
Dı-pana Awakens digestion on majja dhatu make it useful for
COMBINATIONS
Hr• daya Affinity for the heart and nervous depression and anxiety. * Safflower, shatavari, turmeric
benefits blood flow for excessive menstrual bleed-
Its cooling quality can reduce
Śukrala Increases semen ing with clots and pain.
symptoms of high pitta; red
Medhya Improves the intellect tongue tip, agitation, palpita- * Brahmi, gotu kola, arjuna for
Dos.atrayaraktajit Balances all palpitations and tight chest.
tions and headaches behind the
three dosas and the blood eyes (Bhavaprakaśa). It opens the * Neem, manjishtha, chrysanthe-
mum for skin inflammations
BIOMEDICAL ACTION heart chakra, anahata, thus
with heat signs.
Carminative, emmenagogue, increasing patience, compassion
* Amalaki, guduchi in high pitta
nervine, antidepressant, astrin- and love.
and acid conditions of the intes-
gent, anti-inflammatory, laxa- Skin Roses are a specific for
tines.
tive, aromatic, aphrodisiac inflamed eyelids. They are a
* Ashwagandha, shatavari,
useful face wash for astringing
INDICATIONS kapikacchu and gokshura in
the skin and clearing acne. Also
Gynaecology Its affinity for the infertility.
used in inflammatory and sup-
blood and rakta dhatu make it
252
PART 2
CONTRAINDICATIONS NOTES
None known, although caution ■ Roses thrive in acidic soil and grow up to 3m in height.
during pregnancy. ■ Out of the hundreds of varieties any fragrant variety can be used
SAFETY medicinally.
It may reduce the absorption of ■ Gulkand—rose petal jam—is highly recommended as a cooling spread
iron (Harkness & Bratman 2003). or drink which also acts as a mild laxative.
■ Traditionally made into an attar which is a divine mixture of
DOSAGE sandalwood oil with rose vapour infused through it— gulab attar.
1–10g per day or 5–15ml of a 1:2
@ 50% fresh tincture. Drink rose-
water freely (5–50ml per day).
253
SAFED MUSALI
Common name White musali (E), Musi (H) Sanskrit Musalı- (Safed is Hinate) Latin Asparagus adscendens–Radix
(Liliaceae)
Like most members of the

Asparagus genus safed musali is
considered to be a fertility tonic
which nourishes the tissues of the
mind, nervous and reproductive
systems.
ENERGETICS
Sweet INDICATIONS COMBINATIONS
Gun.a (quality) Moist, unctuous, Reproduction As it directly nour-
heavy * Ashwagandha, bala, kapikac-
ishes the śukra dhatu it is used as chu, frankincense, gokshura,
Dos.a effect VP−, K+ in excess a sweet tonic and rejuvenative guduchi for male reproductive
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues, espe- for the reproductive system. It problems.
cially plasma, reproductive treats infertility, premature ejacu-
Srotas (channel) Reproductive, * Shatavari, turmeric, bala,
lation, impotence and low sperm licorice for female gynaecologi-
digestive, lactation count. It also nourishes artavaha- cal conditions such as dis-
CONSTITUENTS srotas and promotes healthy ovu- charge, dryness and infertility.
Glycosides Asparagin lation in women (Bhavaprakaśa). * Fennel, ajwain for improving
Saponins Sarsapogenin, dios- Gynaecology Useful during preg- lactation.
genin nancy as a nutritive tonic for * Amalaki, manjishtha, licorice
(Paranjpe 2001) mother and fetus. Post-partum it for intestinal inflammation.
replenishes lost fluids, prana, ojas
AYURVEDIC ACTION CONTRAINDICATIONS
and improves the quantity and
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative, espe- flow of breast milk. It is also
With excess mucus, congestion,
cially to the reproductive system kapha or ama.
used in chronic leucorrhoea.
Jı-vaniya Prolongs life Digestion Its sweet and unctuous
Va- jı-karan.a Aphrodisiac properties treat intestinal inflam- SAFETY
Śukrala Increases sperm produc- mation caused by dysentery and No drug–herb interactions are
tion food intolerances. All cases of known.
Ojovardhana Increases ojas high pitta benefit. It softens the DOSAGE
Pittaśamaka Cools and alleviates stool and may be helpful in pit- 3–15g per day dried or 3–15ml of
pitta taja types of haemorrhoids a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
Stanya Increases breast milk and (Nadkarni 1954).
eases the flow Urine Its cooling and soothing
BIOMEDICAL ACTION effects are beneficial for mutrava-
Adaptogen, demulcent, anti- hasrotas and conditions involving
inflammatory, aphrodisiac, galac- aggravated pitta with painful
tagogue, diuretic and malodorous urination
(Gogte 2000).
254
PART 2
NOTES
■ There is some dispute over the true species of rejuvenative properties that also benefit the female
musali. Asparagus adscendens grows as a climbing reproductive and menstrual cycle. It is also used
shrub with typical asparagus-like striated leaves in for strengthening the lower back, bones and
northern India. Chlorophytum borivillianum, also of kidneys when boiled with milk (cow or almond) and
the Liliaceae family, is also a contender for the safed mixed with digestive spices to enhance nutritive
musali ‘award’ as it has lily-like like straight leaves quality.
which various textual references state as necessary. ■ Equal parts of kapikacchu, gokshura and safed
■ There is also a black variety, kali musali, that is musali make musalı- cu-rn. a, which is renowned for
considered to be Curculingo orchioides from the its reproductive tonic properties.
Amaryllidaceae family. This has the same virilising
255
SAFFLOWER
Common name Safflower (E) Sanskrit Kusumbha Latin Cartharmus tinctorius–Flos (Compositae)
These beautiful red flowers have a

direct affinity for the blood. Use it
when there are signs of stagnant
blood in the heart, uterus or exter-
nally on bruised skin.
ENERGETICS
Pungent
trating
Dos.a effect KP−, V+ INDICATIONS Bleeding In bleeding conditions
Dha-tu (tissue) Blood, Gynaecology It has a tropism for caused by high pitta
reproductive artava dhatu and the uterus that (Bhavaprakaśa); it should only be
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, rectifies menstrual pain that is used at a low dose for this and
digestive, female reproductive fixed in one place with clots, when bleeding is caused by over-
CONSTITUENTS amenorrhoea or endometriosis. flowing out of the channels due
Benzoquinone pigments It treats delayed or lack of to a blockage. At a high dose out-
Cartharmone (red colouring menses caused by obstructions side the recommended dosage
pigment) in the pelvic cavity due to high range it can cause bleeding.
Flavones kapha and pitta.
COMBINATIONS
Lignans Trauma For bruises, strains and
stiff ligaments use a tincture * Guggulu, myrrh, turmeric,
Triterpene alcohols rose, mustaka for amenorrhoea
Polysaccharides Xylose, fructose, internally and externally.
and pain with clots.
galactose Heart Its affinity for rakta dhatu
benefits the heart and chest pain, * Bola, frankincense, turmeric for
Fatty acids Palmitic acid, stearic skin trauma.
acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, ischaemic heart disease and
* Arjuna, bala, guggulu for heart
linolinic acid angina. It has been used to help
conditions.
(Williamson 2002) normalise cholesterol levels
(Bensky & Gamble 1993) * Pippali, mint to induce a mild
AYURVEDIC ACTION sweat.
Skin Its positive effect on stag-
Raktapittahara Alleviates nant blood normalises bhrajaka CONTRAINDICATIONS
bleeding pitta and treats supperative Pregnancy as it stimulates the
Raktavardhaka Increases rashes and measles. Very useful uterus.
circulation for spider naevi spreading over
Hr• daya Benefits the heart SAFETY
the skin; use internally and as an
Kaphahara Reduces phlegmatic No drug–herb interactions are
external tincture application. It is
conditions known but as it is used to thin
also considered to be antifungal
the blood with an anticoagulant
BIOMEDICAL ACTION as a wash.
action it should be used cau-
Emmenagogue, uterine stimu- Tumours It is used to remove
tiously with antiplatelet medica-
lant, analgesic, carminative, static, palpable and unpalpable
tion such as warfarin and
diaphoretic, vulnerary masses from the body
heparin (Chen & Chen 2004).
(Williamson 2002).
256
PART 2
DOSAGE NOTES
0.5–9g per day dried or 5–20ml ■ Used as a replacement for the more expensive and clinically stronger
per day of a 1:5 @ 25% tincture. saffron (Crocus sativus).
At high doses it clears conges- ■ This is a very useful herb for the skin and blood circulation.
tion in the blood tissues and ■ The dried flowers should only be kept for one year.
channels; at low doses it regu-
lates blood flow.
257
SAFFRON
Common name Saffron (E), Kesar (H) Sanskrit Kun• kuma, Ghusr• n• a Latin Crocus sativus–Stigmata (Iridaceae)
In India saffron is cultivated in

Kashmir and when it is flowering it
fills the fields with a fantastic red
glow. It is a small perennial growing
to about 20cm with violet leaves
and each flower producing three
stamens. It takes about 160 flowers
to produce 1g of dried saffron. Think
gynaecology, blood, heart and
reproduction when using saffron.
Va- jı-karan.a Aphrodisiac

ENERGETICS treat impotence and low libido.
Pa- n.d.ughna Alleviates anaemia It rejuvenates the śukra dhatu and
V ı-rya (energy) Hot nourishes the reproductive tis-
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) BIOMEDICAL ACTION
sues (Frawley & Lad 1994).
Pungent Emmenagogue, nervine, circula-
Nerves Its nourishing effects
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous tory stimulant, antianginal,
subtly feed the nervous and
Dos.a effect VPK=, VK− diuretic
reproductive tissues indicating its
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues, espe-
INDICATIONS use for debilitating and degenera-
cially blood and reproductive tive diseases. Use when there is
Gynaecology It has a nourishing
Srotas (channel) Female repro- vata disturbance, depression,
effect on rasa dhatu and an invig-
ductive, reproductive, digestive majja dhatu deficiency and general
orating action on the blood. This
CONSTITUENTS can help to bring on delayed nervous debility (Gogte 2000).
Volatile oil Cineol, isophorone, menses and increase the flow. It Urine It goes directly to mutrava-
safranal is also used in dysmenorrhoea. It hasrotas and a cold infusion is
Glycosides Crocin, picrocrocin, is a wonderful tonic herb that beneficial for painful urination.
lycopene nourishes the deeper tissues. Use External As a paste it helps to
b-carotene with any fertility problems with alleviate discoloration of the
Fixed oil śukra dhatu deficiency or obstruc- skin, acne and eczema. It can
(Paranjpe 2001, Williamson 2002) tion (Gogte 2000). also be applied to the forehead
Anaemia Its affinity for the blood to clear headaches caused by
AYURVEDIC ACTION and rakta dhatu is complemented vata and cold.
Dı-pana Increases the digestive
by its ability to increase haemo-
fire COMBINATIONS
globin levels. This connection
Pa-cana Digestive * Turmeric, ginger, myrrh in
with the blood helps alleviate
Varn.ya Improves the complex- amenorrhoea and dysmenor-
other symptoms that can arise
ion rhoea.
from anaemia such as heart con-
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin
ditions with pain and liver con- * Amalaki, ashwagandha in
diseases anaemia.
gestion (Paranjpe 2001).
Śonitastha-pana Alleviates * Arjuna and punarnava in heart
Heart Its positive effects on rasa
bleeding conditions.
and rakta dhatu actively encour-
Śirorogajit Alleviates headaches * Shatavari, ashwagandha,
ages blood flow through the cir-
Vamanakara Stops vomiting kapikacchu for the reproduc-
culatory system. It is indicated in
Yogava-hı- Catalyst to other medi- tive system.
angina and cardiac congestion.
cines
Reproduction It is a renowned * Brahmi, gotu kola, jatamansi
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative for nervous disorders.
aphrodisiac herb that can help
258
* Gokshura, licorice for painful
PART 2
SAFETY NOTES
urination. No drug–herb interactions are ■ Saffron is also known as
known. ghusrina as it is sacred to
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Pregnancy, as it stimulates the DOSAGE Ghrishneshvara, Lord Shiva.
flow of blood in the uterus. 100–250mg per day (1–5 ■ It is a very sattvic herb; its
strands). action on the blood and the

heart encourages compassion
and love.
■ It is best extracted by soaking
in warm milk and should be

taken raw, not boiled.
259
SALT
Common name Salt: rock, sea, black, Sambar Sanskrit Lavan. a, Saindhava, Sa-mudra-, Vid• a, Sauvarcala,
Sa-kambharı-ya, Audbhijja Latin Sodii chloridum
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Salty, sweet
V ı-rya (energy) Heating (apart
from saindava rock salt, which is
cooling)
Sweet
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, wet, pene-
trating
Dos.a effect KP+, V−
Srotas (channel) Digestive, uri-
nary, nervous
CONSTITUENTS
Sodium chloride INDICATIONS cause water retention. Its iodine
Potassium Digestion Salt stimulates diges- content (especially found in sea
Sodium carbonate tion by increasing digestive salt) plays a part in preventing
Sodium sulphide enzymes and so benefits low goitre (Nadkarni 1954).
Iodine appetite and indigestion. It also Nerves Helps to settle the nerves
Trace minerals works directly on the taste recep- by descending vata and calming
(Nadkarni 1954) tors and clarifies the sense of the emotions.
AYURVEDIC ACTION taste. Higher doses can work as
COMBINATIONS
Dı-pana Appetite stimulant a laxative or emetic. The yogic
. * With digestive herbs to calm
- practice of śankhapraks.alan.a and
Amapa-cana Digests toxins vata. Salt is a crucial ingredient
Srotarodhaghna Clears s.at.karma utilises the osmotic
in the hingashtaka formula.
obstructed channels properties of salt to draw toxins
* Licorice, vasa, ginger for
Suks.maga-mi Penetrates the out of the mucous membranes
mucus congestion.
minute channels of the body prior to purgation (Swami
* Guggulu and frankincense for
Bhedanı-ya Purgative Satyananda).
lumps and masses.
Sles.mala Increases kapha and Lungs Salt has the ability to
liquefy mucus and kapha in the CONTRAINDICATIONS
mucus
lungs. It dislodges deep-seated High blood pressure, acidity,
Anulomana Causes vata to move
phlegm and facilitates expectora- skin diseases.
downwards
Tı-ks.n. a Very penetrating to the tion (Bhavaprakaśa).
SAFETY
subtle channels Tumours Salt has the specific
ability to dissolve masses, lumps
known but its ability to cause
BIOMEDICAL ACTION and tumours in the body. As it
high intracellular sodium levels
Digestive, alkaline, expectorant, clears the channels it removes
can antagonise certain diuretics
demulcent, lubricant, laxative, obstructions. Care must be taken
and hypotensive medications.
emetic, water retentive, osmotic, when treating these conditions
irritant, rubifacient with salt due to its tendency to DOSAGE
250mg–10g per day.
260
PART 2
NOTES
■ Saindhava rock salt comes from open mines inland. ■ Sauvarchala salt is made from rock salt with sodium
It is considered the best salt as it is easy to digest chloride, sulphide and carbonate. It has a hot vipa-ka
and does not cause water retention as readily as and stimulates the appetite.
the other types. It is also classified as netrya and is ■ Audbhida (Potassium nitre) is also known as fossilised
beneficial to the eyes. salt. It increases kapha.
■ Sea salt (Sodic muras) contains many trace minerals ■ In excess salt causes oedema, hypertension, high
and aggravates kapha. blood pressure, flaccidity of the skin, early greying
■ Sambar salt comes from lake Sambar in Rajasthan. It and loss of hair, depletion of śukra, impotence,
greatly increases pitta. acidity, bleeding, corruption of plasma (rasa) and
■ Bid lavan
-
. a is also known as black salt or kalanamak blood (rakta).
in Indian markets. It is a manufactured product ■ When used externally as a ‘salt pack’ it reduces
made from rock salt and sodium carbonate kapha, clears fluid swellings and acts as a light and
(sarjaks.ara) with amalaki and haritaki. It directs va-ta drying substance.
downwards. ■ Essential for life in the correct proportions.
261
SANDALWOOD
Common name White sandalwood (E) Sanskrit Candana (Śveta), Srı--gandha Latin Santalum
album–Lignum (Santalaceae)
Sandalwood is famed for its cool-

ing fragrance and aroma. It is used
for cooling pitta and clearing heat
from the urinary, digestive and res-
piratory systems.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter, sweet, astrin-
gent
Vr• s. ya Increases sexual Nerves The aromatic nature of
Pungent
potency sandalwood is immediately
calming to an aggravated nerv-
Dos.a effect VPK−, V+ (in excess) BIOMEDICAL ACTION
ous system; it balances vyana
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, Alterative, carminative, chola-
vayu and cools sadhaka pitta,
muscle, nerve, reproductive gogue, expectorant, antispas-
making it useful for treating
Srotas (channel) Circulatory, modic, analgesic, aromatic,
depression and mental imbal-
digestive, respiratory, nervous, refrigerant
ance. It cools any excessive
urinary
INDICATIONS ‘heat’ in the nervous system
CONSTITUENTS Chest When there is stagnation from excessive exposure to the
Essential oils (2.5–6%) Santalol, and tightness in the thoracic sun, fire, emotions, etc.
santalene, curcumene, borneol, region sandalwood can clear Useful in headaches from high
santene, santenone, santalic acid, pain and encourage the flow of pitta with pain behind the eyes
sanatal aldehyde prana and vyana vayu. It clears radiating along the temples,
(Paranjpe 2001, Williamson 2002) the airways obstructed with sensitivity to light, aggravated
phlegm as it dries high kapha and by irritation and heat (coffee,
AYURVEDIC ACTION regulates nervous spasmodic acidic foods, sour, salty, pun-
Pittakaphaśamaka Calms pitta
cough in high vata. Its antibacter- gent flavours) (Frawley & Lad
Dı-pana Awakens digestion
ial properties clear infection. 1994).
Kāsaśvāśahara Alleviates breath-
Sandalwood is used with any Skin Useful in skin formulas,
ing difficulties
aggravation in the heart with externally and internally. It
Mu-trala Diuretic
anxiety, inflammation or conges- relieves the inflammation and
Mu-trakr.cchraghna Alleviates
tion affecting heart rhythm itching of pitta and kapha on the
dysuria
(Bensky & Gamble 1986). skin. Used for any burning sen-
Tr.s.n.a-ghna Alleviates thirst
Digestion It cools inflammation sation, redness, swelling;
Da-hapraśamana Alleviates burn-
of the intestines and regulates eczema, acne, urticaria (Caraka).
ing sensations
samana vayu by encouraging a It specifically helps to stop
Vis.aghna Destroys toxins
smooth digestive process. It bleeding anywhere in the body
Kus.t.akan.d.u-ghna Alleviates skin
treats colitis, enteritis, ulcers and alleviates sensations of
problems and itching
and dysentery with signs of burning and heat.
Varn.ya Beneficial to the complex-
pitta and kapha; bleeding, heat, Urine Sandalwood is excreted via
ion
mucus and inflammation. Its the mutravahasrotas and can be
Raktapittaghna Stops bleeding
bitter and aromatic nature help used for burning and dark urine
Śramahara Pleasing to the mind
the flow of rañjaka pitta through as it soothes an irritated bladder
the liver (Paranjpe 2001). and urethra.
262
* Coriander, gokshura, punar- with the cytochrome P-450
PART 2
COMBINATIONS
* Arjuna, cardamom, guggul for nava for urinary infection with enzyme caution is advised with
chest pain and stagnant prana pitta aggravation. pharmaceutical medications that
vayu. are also metabolised through this
CONTRAINDICATIONS
* Shatavari, amalaki, guduchi, pathway.
None known, but caution during
mustaka for intestinal inflam-
pregnancy due to its moving DOSAGE
mation.
properties. Avoid in kidney dis- 0.5–5g per day of powdered
* Brahmi, gotu kola and eases due to its high volatile con- heartwood or 3–12ml of a 1:3 @
shankhapushpi for nervous
tent. Do not use for longer than 6 50% tincture.
tension and agitation.
weeks due to its dispersing
* Guduchi, manjishtha, kalmegh nature (Tillotson 2001).
for skin inflammations.
* Vasa, anthrapachaka, SAFETY
pushkaramoola for lung con- No drug–herb interactions
gestion. known but as it may interfere
NOTES
■ Native to the south-west Indian region of Mysore as ■ Quality is an issue with the essential oil. The wood
a medium-sized evergreen tree. It is parasitical and contains 2–6% volatile oils. Good quality oil should
requires a host plant to live on for about the first 15 contain 90% santalols but these are often only in
years of its life. the 60–70% reference range.
■ The historical restriction on cultivation has led to an ■ Rakta chandana or red sandalwood (Pterocarpus
illicit trade in this valuable crop and demise in its santalinus) has similar properties that benefit pitta,
population. This limitation has recently been lifted clear heat from the digestive tract and stop
and hopefully we will see the return and bleeding. It is CITES Appendix 2 listed with a special
proliferation of this excellent medicine. proviso on the ban of the trade in logs, wood-chips
■ It must come from a sustainable source where the and unprocessed broken material.
girth of the tree is allowed to reach 60cm and be ■ Sandalwood contains the perfect energetic
over 25 years old. Most sandalwood on the market combination of flavours to balance pitta—bitter,
is not from a sustainable source. Be cautious of astringent and sweet.
adulteration with castor oil and cedarwood oil. ■ Used in religious ceremonies as a purifying scent.
■ A species from Australia, Santalum spicata, has ■ It has a specific effect on a- jña- cakra that is very
recently become available. While there is a useful for pitta/va-ta constitution and enhancing the
replanting programme in place the sustainability of quality of meditation.
this programme is disputed. This species is not as
potent as Santalum album.
263
SARIVA
Common name Indian sarsaparilla (E), Sugandhi (H) Sanskrit Sa-riva, Ananta-mu-la Latin Hemidismus
indica–Radix (Asclepiadaceae)
Sariva smells sweet and is also

known as sugandhi ‘the fragrant
one’ in Hindi. Its red colour relates
to its affinity for the blood and it
treats all conditions with heat or
toxins in the blood; dermatologi-
cal, musculoskeletal, urogenital,
gynaecological.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Sweet, bitter, astrin-
gent Dos.atrayana-śana Clears an lates the mutravahasrotas to clear
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling excess of all three dosas excess water without straining
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Śukrala Improves the quality of the kidneys.
Sweet sperm Digestion Useful herb for stimu-
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous lating the appetite in pitta prakrti
Dos.a effect VPK− BIOMEDICAL ACTION
without aggravating any acidity.
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, Alterative, febrifuge, diuretic,
It rectifies mandagni and sluggish
muscle, reproductive anti-inflammatory, antimiscar-
digestion. Used in inflammation
Srotas (channel) Digestive, circu- riage, vulnerary, fertility tonic
of the mucous membranes
latory, nerve, female reproduc- throughout the body. Also used
INDICATIONS
tive in hot, smelly and watery diar-
Skin Its cooling, sweet and bitter
CONSTITUENTS flavours and affinity for rakta rhoea with excess vata drawing
Coumarins dhatu clears inflammation from pitta downwards (Bhavaprakaśa).
Essential oil the skin; used in eczema, psoria- Arthritis Its specific anti-inflam-
Saponin sis, urticaria, acne rosacea and matory action is indicated when
(Paranjpe 2001) acne from aggravated bhrañjaka the joints are hot, red and
pitta. It ‘cleans’ the blood, inflamed. Also useful in acute
AYURVEDIC ACTION reduces lymphatic swellings, and chronic gout.
Kus.t.ha Benefits skin problems stops itching and reduces suppu- Nerves Its sweet and cooling
-
Amavis.ana-s’ana Destroys toxic ration. The root powder is used quality nourishes sadhaka pitta
poisons to treat STDs that are damp and and the mind. Hence its use in
Varn.ya Improves the complexion hot. It is a specific for acne. Also disturbed, angry or irritated emo-
Jvara Used in fevers of great benefit in burning sensations from high pitta aggravating
Da-hapraśamana Relieves burn- tions (daha) anywhere around the the equilibrium of the mind.
ing sensations body. It is used as an external Gynaecology Traditional use for
Prameha Benefits urinary prob- paste or as a cream to benefit the maintaining pregnancy and pre-
lems above skin problems (Paranjpe venting habitual miscarriages.
Pittaśamana Cools pitta and 2001). Also may be of benefit for men-
inflammations Urinary Urinary infections with orrhagia caused by pitta over-
Raktapittaghna Alleviates bleed- dark red, cloudy, painful urina- flowing from its channel in
ing disorders from heat tion; cystitis, urethritis, kidney artavahasrotas (uterine system).
Sugandhi Aromatic infections, prostatitis. It stimu- Its nourishing effect on rasa dhatu
264
helps to increase the quantity * Guduchi, daruharidra and
PART 2
NOTES
and quality of breast milk turmeric for inflammatory
■ Sariva grows throughout
(Bhavaprakaśa). arthritis.
central and south India and in
Male fertility Classified as * Gotu kola, rose, brahmi for Sri Lanka. It is a thin, creeping
śukrala, a sperm-increasing herb, ‘hot’ emotions and disturbed
plant growing up to 3m. It
it is of value in fertility problems pitta.
spreads throughout the
and low libido. Its saponin con- * Ashoka, manjishtha, shatavari,
circulatory system and cools
tent is considered to have a rose for bleeding.
any area of excessive heat.
steroidal effect that enhances the * Gokshura, ashwagandha, safed ■ Another name for it is ananta-
production of testosterone. musali, shatavari in male infer-
mu-la ‘the eternal root’ as its
tility.
COMBINATIONS root spreads for a long way
CONTRAINDICATIONS underground and it survives
* Neem, manjishtha, guduchi, periods of climatic stress (e.g.
gotu kola, sandalwood, licorice None known.
for skin inflammation. droughts).
SAFETY -
■ Śvetasariva, white sariva
* Coriander, gokshura, sandal- No drug–herb interactions are (Hemidismus indicus) and
wood for urinary infections. known. kr.s.n.asa-riva, black sariva
* Coriander, fennel, cumin for (Cryptolepis buchanani) are
pitta digestion. DOSAGE
1–10g per day dried or 3–15ml of mentioned in the texts.
* Haritaki, bilva, kutaja in diar- ■ Its use is very similar to
rhoea. a 1:3 @ 45% tincture.
Jamaican sarsaparilla, Smilax
ornata and dwipautra, Smilax
china.
265
SARPAGANDHA
Common name Rauwolfia (E), Indian snake root (E) Sanskrit Sarpagandha Latin Rauwolfia
serpentina–Radix (Apocynaceae)
Sarpagandha is a strong remedy

for reducing blood pressure, sedat-
ing the nervous system and induc-
ing sleep. Sarpagandha means
‘smell of the snake’ and it is
renowned as an antidote for poi-
sonous snake bites.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter
V ı-rya (energy) Hot INDICATIONS in colic from intestinal inflamma-
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Nerves Sarpagandha’s sedative tion and spasm (Gogte 2000).
Pungent properties are legendary. It nour-
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light COMBINATIONS
ishes majja dhatu and reduces vata
Dos.a effect VPK− to benefit insomnia and agitation. * Jatamamsi, brahmi, licorice,
Dha-tu (tissue) Blood, nerve, It is also used in manic psycho-
gotu kola in nervous conditions.
reproductive * Arjuna, cardamom, rose in high
logical disturbance as a sedating
Srotas (channel) Mental, nervous, blood pressure and palpita-
tranquilliser. It is a wonderful
circulatory, reproductive tions.
brain tonic going directly to
manovahasrotas (Gogte 2000). * Turmeric, fennel, ginger in
CONSTITUENTS pain.
Indole alkaloids Reserpine, Heart Its affinity for the blood
rescinnamine, resperpinine, takes it directly to the heart. It CONTRAINDICATIONS
ajmaline swiftly dilates the blood vessels, Pregnancy, breast-feeding,
(WHO 1999, Williamson 2002) causing high blood pressure to asthma, ulcers, kidney pain and
drop and the heart rate to reduce. depression.
AYURVEDIC ACTION Use drop-by-drop doses until the
Apara-jita Alleviates insanity blood pressure has reduced. If the
SAFETY
Nidra-janana Promotes sleep dose is wrong it can cause
Do not use with alcohol, selec-
Śu-lapraśamana Pain relieving hypotension and lead to giddi-
tive serotonin reuptake
analgesic inhibitors (SSRIs), beta-blockers
ness and sleepiness. It is a symp-
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive tomatic remedy that treats the
or MAO inhibitors, levodopa, tri-
fire cyclic antidepressants, or
- high blood pressure via the nerv-
Amapa-caka Digests ama toxins ous system and so benefits high
digoxin, as they may interact
Vis.aghna Destroys poisons with or potentiate the herb.
blood pressure caused by high
Kr• mighna Anthelmintic Sarpagandha can cause diar-
vata and arteriosclerosis. It should
Hr• daya Treats the heart rhoea, low libido and weight
be used with a diuretic to prevent
gain in larger doses.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION fluid retention and to support its
Sedative, nervine, carminative, antihypertensive effect (WHO DOSAGE
hypotensive, vasodilator, car- 1999, Tillotson 2001). 250–750mg per day powder or
diotonic, alterative, antispas- Pain Its analgesic properties 2–12 drops of a standardised
modic, analgesic are useful in dysmenorrhoea tincture (1.0% weight/volume
with a spasmodic uterus and also total alkaloids) (Tillotson 2001).
266
PART 2
NOTES
■ Sarpagandha is a thin shrub growing up to 1m in ■ Only use under the guidance of a trained herbalist
height. It grows all over India and Sri Lanka. as misuse can cause severe reactions.
■ It is an exceptionally powerful herb and must be ■ It has a controversial reputation due to the isolated
used with caution and only when true high blood alkaloid reserpine causing such strong side-effects.
pressure or tension is diagnosed. The whole root is much safer.
■ Check the legal status of using this herb as it is ■ It is CITES Appendix 2 listed and must be sold with
subject to various rulings in different countries. It the appropriate trade documents.
is banned for use in the UK unless prescribed by a
doctor.
267
SENNA
Common name Senna (E) Sanskrit Ra-ja-vr• ks• a, Ma-rkan.d. ika Latin Cassia angustifolia–Folium (Leguminosae)
The leaf and pod of senna are

powerful laxatives. It thrives in the
dry and hot conditions of Gujarat
and is especially good at purging
dampness and heat. Ra- ja-vr. ks.a
literally means ‘snake smell’.
ENERGETICS
Pungent
trating small intestine. Its affinity for high dose for more than
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ purisavahasrotas treats lower 2 weeks at a time due to the
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat bowel rectal problems such as potential risk of causing an elec-
Srotas (channel) Digestive, piles, anal fissure and fistula trolyte imbalance if diarrhoea is
excretory, circulatory where soft stool is required caused. Hence caution with car-
(Bartram 1995, Bhavaprakaśa). diac glycoside medication, thi-
CONSTITUENTS Liver It can clear heat from azide diuretics and concurrent
Anthraquinone glycosides rañjaka pitta and benefits skin hyperkalaemia from long-term
Sennosides, palmidin, aloe diseases via its action on the laxative abuse, due to potential
emodin liver (Gogte 2000). problems caused by further elec-
Flavonoids trolyte imbalance (WHO 1999,
Naphthalene glycosides COMBINATIONS
Harkness & Bratman 2003).
Polysaccharides * Ginger, fennel to prevent grip-
Mucilage ing, used as 25–50% of the DOSAGE
Tannin mixture. 1–3g is laxative, 3–6g is purga-
(Williamson 2003) * Kushtha and mustaka to help tive, 5–10ml per day of a 1:5 @
clear intestines. 25% tincture.
AYURVEDIC ACTION * Gotu kola, manjishtha, neem,
Virecana Medium strength laxa- bakuchi in skin problems with
tive constipation.
Anuloma Redirects the flow of
vata downwards CONTRAINDICATIONS NOTES
Kus.t.hahara Remover of skin dis- Inflammatory bowel disease, ■ Senna grows to 1.5m tall and
eases intestinal obstruction, pregnancy thrives in Gujarat and Tamil

Gulmaghna Alleviates abdominal and lactation. Nadu.
■ The leaf is stronger than the
obstructions and tumours SAFETY
pods.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION It may reduce the absorption of
■ Long-term use can create
Laxative, carminative, alterative iron. It may cause griping and
dependency.
should be used with appropriate
■ When used without carminative
INDICATIONS antispasmodics. Laxatives con-
Digestion Acute constipation herbs it can be irritating to the
taining anthroquinone glyco-
from heat. It clears pitta from the intestines.
sides should not be used at a
268
SHANKHAPUSHPI
PART 2
Common name Shankhapushpi (H), Shankhahuli (H) Sanskrit Śan• khapuspı-, Śan• khinı- Latin Evolvulus
alsinoides–Folium (Convolvulaceae)
Shankhapushpi means ‘the plant

with flowers shaped like a conch’.
The conch or shankha is one of
Lord Shiva’s sacred instruments
often used in ritual worship. This is
an auspicious plant. It effectively
calms the nervous system.
ENERGETICS
astringent
Sweet tive, vulnerary, haemostatic, Skin It has a useful alterative
Gun.a (quality) Unctuous, light tonic function on the rakta dhatu and
Dos.a effect VKP− benefits skin diseases with a
INDICATIONS
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, nerve, Nerves It goes directly to majja
nervous component (Gogte
reproductive 2000).
dhatu and treats disorders of the
Srotas (channel) Nervous, men- nervous system; pain, anxiety, COMBINATIONS
tal, excretory, reproductive insomnia, epilepsy and convul- * Vacha, brahmi, kushtha in
CONSTITUENTS sions. It enters the manovahasro- epilepsy, nerve conditions; use-
Alkaloids Shankapushpine, tas and alleviates stress and ful in speech impediment and
evolvine, betaine promotes the integrity of the to improve memory.
Essential oils nervous system. Its descending * Gokshura, coriander, fennel for
(Paranjpe 2001) nature draws the rising vata digestive gurgling and
downwards and helps to clean swelling.
AYURVEDIC ACTION all the dhatu (Bhavaprakaśa). * Manjishtha, amalaki for bleed-
Medhya Promotes intellectual Digestion Slow digestion, ing.
capacity water retention, borborygmus * Ashwagandha, shatavari, safed
Majja- dha-tu rasayana and constipation. It is specifi- musali, kapikacchu in
Rejuvenative to the nervous tis- cally beneficial where digestion infertility.
sue is upset by nervousness and * Gotu kola, manjishtha, neem in
Unma-daghna Alleviates insanity anxiety. Its sweet and sara quality skin disorders.
and emotional instability encourages the bowel to flow
Vr• s. ya Aphrodisiac CONTRAINDICATIONS
freely.
Pacanabala Increases the None known.
Bleeding Its astringency is useful
strength of the digestive system for stopping bleeding in the SAFETY
Chedana Laxative intestines, urinary and reproduc- No drug–herb interactions are
Nidra-janana Promotes sleep tive system. known but caution with all seda-
Tridos.ahara Alleviates all three Reproduction Its affinity for the tive medication due to potential
dosa deeper tissues and śukra dhatu is positive interactions.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION used to promote fertility in men
DOSAGE
Nervine, sedative, antispas- and women (Bhavaprakaśa,
2–10g per day dried or 3–15ml of
modic, cephalic, digestive, laxa- Paranjpe 2001).
a 1:5 @ 25% tincture.
269
NOTES
■ Shankhapushpi is a small creeper growing all over listed in Indian Medicinal Plants as shankhapushpi.
wasteland in India. Clitoria ternata is used in south India for
■ Caraka considered this the best of all the nervine shankhapushpi. Although these different species are
herbs. used interchangeably for their medhya properties they
■ The exact species of shankapushpi is used do not necessarily compare in other actions. My
interchangeably around India. In the translation of experience is with Evolvulus alsinoides.
the Bha-vapraka-śa that I have used shankhapushpi ■ All these species are multi-branched, indicating its
is classified as Convolvulus pluricaulis, as it is in the ability to ‘spread’ throughout the nervous system.
Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Evolvulus alsinoides is
270
PART 2
SHATAVARI
Common name Wild asparagus (E), Shatavar (H) Sanskrit Śata-varı- Latin Asparagus racemosus–Radix
(Liliaceae)
Shatavari can mean ‘one hundred

roots’ (literally ‘one hundred
below’) but is commonly referred
to as ‘the woman who has a hun-
dred husbands’. As this name sug-
gests it is a renowned tonic for the
female reproductive system. It is
also a superb anti-inflammatory.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter, sweet
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling Śukraśodhana Purifies sperm strength. It can be used to help
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Raktapittaghna Alleviates bleed- prevent miscarriage. Shatavari
Sweet ing from heat is very useful in menopausal
Gun.a (quality) Unctuous, heavy Caks• us• ya Benefits eyesight symptoms with hot flushes, irri-
Dos.a effect VP−, K+ Śu-lapraśamana Alleviates colic tability, irregular memory and
Dha-tu (tissue) All tissues dryness (Frawley & Lad 1994).
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Srotas (channel) Digestive, Lactation Its nourishing effect on
Demulcent, galactagogue, anti-
female reproductive, respiratory rasa dhatu makes it a specific for
inflammatory, aphrodisiac,
increasing milk flow and quan-
CONSTITUENTS female reproductive tonic, sper-
tity.
Alkaloids Asparagamine matogenic, antihaemorrhagic,
Digestion Its unctuous, bitter and
Steroidal glycosides and saponins expectorant, adaptogen,
sweet qualities soothe inflamma-
Shatavarin, sarasapogenin, dios- immunomodulator, antibacterial
tion of the mucous membranes
genin
INDICATIONS with high pitta; colitis, Crohn’s
Mucilage
Gynaecology Shatavari is the disease, dysentery with bleeding,
(Williamson 2002)
foremost uterine tonic. inflammation and pain. It is
AYURVEDIC ACTION Primarily used as a menstrual specifically active against
Balya Gives strength regulator in dysmenorrhoea, Entamoeba histolytica. For condi-
Vr• s. ya Aphrodisiac menorrhagia and menstrual tions of gastric hyperacidity
Va- jı-karan.a Enhances sexual irregularity. As pitta dosa moves (amlapitta) with sour reflux and
appetite in both the blood and the burning in the stomach it is a
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative, espe- artavasrotas, the cycle is often cooling anti-inflammatory. Its
cially to the female reproductive disturbed by excess heat. This demulcent properties are specifi-
system heat can condense the blood cally useful for healing bleeding
A-rtavajanana Promotes menses (due to dehydration), cause it to ulcers and gastritis (Paranjpe
Va- jı-karan.a Promotes fertility move too quickly (due to its cat- 2001, Williamson 2002).
Praja- stha- pana Prevents miscar- alytic activity), cause it to over- Lungs Where there is inflamma-
riage flow (due to its ‘rebellious’ tion from dryness and heat
Ojovardhanam Increases ojas nature) and cause inflamma- shatavari increases moisture.
Stanyajanana Nourishes breast tions (due to its irritating ten- Used in dry cough, sore throat
milk dency). Its affinity for śukra and haemoptysis.
Medhya Nervine dhatu tonifies female fertility; Male fertility Whenever there is
Mu-travirecana Diuretic the unctuous properties increase low sperm count and irregularity
Śukrajanana Promotes sperm the reproductive fluids, enhanc- consider using shatavari
production ing both conception and uterine (Bhavaprakaśa).
271
* Ashwagandha, kapikacchu,
Urine Very useful in dysuria with CONTRAINDICATIONS
hot and smelly urine with gokshura, amalaki for boosting Acute lung congestion, high
haematuria. sperm quality and quantity. kapha, low digestive fire, high
Anabolic Shatavari’s rasayana * Fennel, ajmoda for increased ama.
properties increase mamsa dhatu breast milk.
SAFETY
building body mass, muscle tis- * Amalaki, manjishtha, kutki for No drug–herb interactions are
sue and nourishing the blood. It intestinal inflammation.
known.
nourishes ojas and can enhance * Licorice, vasa, neem for lung
immunity in the treatment of heat and high pitta problems. DOSAGE
cancer (Tillotson 2001). * Coriander, sandalwood, gok- 3–30g per day dried or 3–15ml of
Nerves It nourishes majja dhatu shura for urinary difficulty, a 1:3 @ 25% tincture.
and calms the nerves. It specifi- pain, bleeding.
cally nourishes the brain and
reduces vata disorders; spasms,
pain and insomnia.
NOTES
COMBINATIONS
■ Thriving all over tropical India and Asia, it grows a mass of tuberous and
* Ashoka, rose, turmeric, mustaka juicy roots. It is a thorny perennial with striated leaves.
for gynaecological conditions.
■ Top quality shatavari is peeled to become yellow shatavari.
* Manjishtha and ashoka for pre- ■ It is commonly boiled with milk, ghee and digestive spices to increase
venting miscarriages.
its tonic properties and assist in the reduction of pitta.
* Ashwagandha as a uterine -
■ A major ingredient in narayana tail, a massage oil used for high va ta and
tonic and for infertility (male
muscular weakness with dry skin.
and female).
272
PART 2
SHILAJIT
Common name Mineral pitch, vegetable asphalt, bitumen (E) Sanskrit Śila--jit Latin Asphaltum
Shilajit literally means ‘rock over- Reproduction Use in male repro-

powering’ and is a natural exudate ductive problems with prema-
from the rocks of the Himalayas ture ejaculation, spermatorrhoea,
and other mountainous regions of impotence and spermaturia. It
the world. Its high mineral content strengthens the whole reproduc-
tive system and is a tonic to the
oozes out in the heat of the sum-
sex organs. It also benefits the
mer. It is a superb mineral supple-
female reproductive system
ment that benefits the kidneys, where there is weakness, infertil-
urinary and reproductive systems. ity, dysmenorrhoea and PMS
ENERGETICS arising in someone who is defi-
Rasa (taste) Pungent, bitter, salty, cient and weak with high vata
astringent (Nadkarni 1954).
V ı-rya (energy) Heating Chedana Scratches accumulated Blood It has a specific affinity for
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) toxins from the tissues and chan- the blood; anaemia, high sugar
Pungent nels levels, high cholesterol levels are
Gun.a (quality) Dry, heavy Tridos.aghna Alleviates all three all treated.
Dos.a effect VPK=, P+ in excess dosas Bones As it builds both rakta
Dha-tu (tissue) All the tissues BIOMEDICAL ACTION
and asthi dhatu it is used as part
Srotas (channel) Urinary, nerv- of a treatment strategy to heal
Diuretic, lithotriptic, antidiabetic,
ous, reproductive broken bones. Its high mineral
nervine, tonic
content indicates it for the
CONSTITUENTS INDICATIONS treatment of osteoarthritis and
Resins Benzoic acid, hippuric Urinary It goes straight to osteoporosis.
acid, fulvic acid mutravahasrotas and treats disor-
Minerals Silica, iron, antimony, COMBINATIONS
ders of the urinary system with
calcium, copper, lithium, magne- painful urination, cystitis, stones, * Gokshura, guggulu for stones
sium, manganese, molybdenum, and prostatitis.
incontinence and glycosuria. In
phosphorus, sodium, strontium, prostatitis shilajit can help to * Punarnava, guggulu for
zinc oedema and fluid retention.
clear stagnation of kapha and
(Tillotson 2001) vata. It tonifies vata and can help * Gurmar, karavella, neem,
turmeric, black pepper for
AYURVEDIC ACTION to redirect the flow of apana vayu
hyperglycaemia.
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative to the through the pelvic region
Ashwagandha, gokshura
(Bhavaprakaśa). *
lipid tissue kapha and the urinary for male reproductive prob-
system Diabetes Shilajit’s affinity for
lems.
Va- jı-karan.a Enhances sexual the fat tissue (medas-dhatu)
and the water channel (ambu- * Shatavari, licorice for female
potency reproductive conditions.
Medhya Enhances the intellect vahasrotas) can help balance
Amalaki, ginger, shatavari for
Mu-trakr.cchraghna Alleviates hyperglycaemia and regulate the *
anaemia.
painful urination blood sugar levels. Its scraping
Apasmaroma-daghna Alleviates effect on the fat tissues can
CONTRAINDICATIONS
disorders of the nervous system help to balance overweight con-
Not with high uric acid levels or
Medohara Reduces fat tissue ditions where there may be a
heavy and hot-natured foods.
Sandha-nı-ya Heals broken bones tendency to acquire type 2 dia-
betes (Tillotson 2001).
273
SAFETY DOSAGE dose of 12g per day and it needs
No drug–herb interactions are 2–3 pills three times per day or to be taken for two months to
known. 500mg–5g per day. The Caraka attain maximum benefit.
Samhita recommends a minimum
NOTES
■ There are four varieties mentioned in the mountains of Asia and in Europe. These variable
Bha-vapraka-śa; red, yellow, blue and black. The black factors account for the different varieties as well as
variety appears to be the best for medicinal for the variable energetics and chemical
purposes. constituents.
■ The origins of shilajit are not absolutely certain but ■ Its prabha-va is to be able to cure any disease when
it appears to be the result of a complex of factors used with other appropriate medications.
including the composted residue of certain resin- ■ To ‘purify’ it, shilajit is often macerated in a decoction
or latex-containing plants, the local environment of triphala and bhringaraja and left to dry
.
from where it comes, the temperature, the (Sa-rngadhara Sam.hita).
humidity and the geological nature of the rock that ■ Good-quality shilajit should not smoke on burning.
it exudes from. It has been found all over the
274
PART 2
TAGARAH
Common name Indian valerian (E), Tagar (H) Sanskrit Tagara Latin Valeriana wallichi–Radix
(Valerianaceae)
Tagarah is a very heavy herb con-

taining lots of the Earth element
(pr.thivı- tattva). It sedates the nerv-
ous system and va-ta. Too much
can dull the mind and be exces-
sively sedating.
ENERGETICS
sweet, astringent
Pungent
anxiety and restlessness from intestines. It balances samana
Gun.a (quality) Light, unctuous
high vata. It is used in insomnia, vayu and can help to regulate the
Dos.a effect VPK−
panic attacks and lack of concen- movement of apana vayu; tagarah
tration. It specifically cleans the has a mild laxative effect in vata
muscle, nerve
channels of toxins and tension. prakrti. It prevents intestinal fer-
Srotas (channel) Digestive, nerv-
It can also be used in the treat- mentation that is so common in
ous, respiratory
ment of mild depression when vata types. Its hot and penetrat-
CONSTITUENTS there are signs of mania. It is ing qualities can increase diges-
Alkaloids useful in helping to reduce tive metabolism in kapha types
Iridoids Valepotriates, valtrate withdrawal symptoms from (Frawley & Lad 1994).
Essential oil Pinene, limonene, addictions to cigarettes, amphet- Gynaecology Its heavy and anti-
cineole, borneol, malliol amines and benzodiazepines. spasmodic qualities can ease
(Paranjpe 2001) Good for diseases of the head menstrual pain and cramps. Its
from aggravated vata; dull sedative properties can calm
AYURVEDIC ACTION
Unma-daghna Treats insanity and
headaches at the back of the menopausal irritability and pre-
head with dizziness. It has a vent insomnia.
emotional instability
Nidra-janana Promotes sleep
renowned traditional usage in Lungs Its warm and unctuous
Dı-pana Awakens digestive fire
the treatment of epilepsy and energetics benefit the wheezing
possession (Bhavaprakaśa). and spasmodic coughing of
Hr• daya Benefits the heart
Heart Its relaxing qualities treat asthma and bronchitis. The pun-
Śirśarogaghna Has a specific
palpitations, tightness in the gency dries and moves the kapha
affinity for treating diseases of
chest and high blood pressure. and the demulcent properties
the head
Sa-ra Laxative
It clears excessive vata from the oppose the dryness of vata.
thoracic region by regulating
BIOMEDICAL ACTION COMBINATIONS
vyana and prana vayu.
Nervine, sedative, antispas- Digestion As a warming carmina- * Brahmi and gotu kola in nerv-
modic, carminative, laxative, ous problems. This is a helpful
tive it is useful in a formula for
hypotensive, anxiolytic, aromatic combination as the cool, light
vis.amagni with erratic digestion,
and bitter nature of brahmi and
bloating and constipation. It
INDICATIONS gotu kola oppose the warm,
soothes all spasms in the intes-
Nerves The heaviness and heavy and pungent nature of
tines and prevents the movement
warmth ground the agitation tagarah.
of stress from the mind to the
caused by excessive tension,
275
* Combines well with vacha to CONTRAINDICATIONS SAFETY

give a calm mental clarity and Caution in high pitta. Caution with central nervous
oppose the heavyness of Therapeutic experience points to system (CNS) depressants
tagarah. certain ‘hot’ individuals being including alcohol. It may poten-
* Arjuna, punarnava for tachy- aggravated by tagarah; the tiate hypotensive medication.
cardia and constricted chest. warmth of the herb increases
DOSAGE
* Haritaki, cardamom, fennel for aggravated heat and can exacer-
3–9g per day dried root or
spasms in the intestines. bate insomnia from high pitta.
3–15ml per day of a 1:3 @ 45%
* Turmeric, ginger, guggul for This is simply overcome by
tincture.
dysmenorrhoea. adjusting dosage and using
* Vasa, anthrapachaka, with other appropriate cooling
pushkaramoola for respiratory herbs. Contraindicated in depres-
blockages. sion.
NOTES
■ Tagarah is a hardy perennial surviving the rigours of ■ It balances all the five va-yu as excessive movement is
the Himalayan climate, growing at an altitude of up restrained and insufficient movement stimulated. By
to 4000m. relaxing constriction it opens the channels for va-ta
■ In prolonged usage (>6 weeks) it can increase to flow freely.
tamas and feelings of inertia and stagnation in the ■ It is traditionally associated with the cerebrospinal
system. fluid, manova-hasrotas and rasa dha-tu.
■ It can be added to a bath to help induce a deep ■ Useful to combine with a light and stimulating herb
sleep. to offset excessive dullness.
276
PART 2
TILA
Common name Sesame seed (E), Til (H) Sanskrit Tila Latin Sesamum indicum–Semen (Pedaliaceae)
Sesame is an annual plant with

beautiful flowers. It grows in dry
soil and it treats dry conditions; it is
an antidote to the climate in
which it thrives. It is excellent for
high va-ta with dry mucous mem-
branes, weak muscles, bones and
reproductive system.
ENERGETICS
astringent, bitter
V ı-rya (energy) Heating BIOMEDICAL ACTION eczema, dermatitis and psoriasis
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) Laxative, demulcent, emollient, when there is not suppuration or
Pungent nutritive tonic broken skin. The oil is also used
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous as a gargle for swollen and
INDICATIONS
Dos.a effect V−, PK+, ama+ bleeding gums.
Digestion Its unctuous property
Dha-tu (tissue) All the tissues Rejuvenation The seeds and oil
treats dry constipation in the
Srotas (channel) Digestive, bone, are considered to be an excellent
elderly and vata individuals. The
excretory, respiratory tonic to mamsa, majja and śukra
seeds are hard to digest and can
dhatu. They help to assist recov-
CONSTITUENTS easily aggravate pitta due to
ery after illness and for increas-
Essential fatty acids Oleic, linoleic their heating nature, and kapha
ing strength, memory and
Lignan Sesamin, sesamolin, due to their unctuous nature.
fertility (Bhavaprakaśa).
sesamolinol Used in haemorrhoids and
Gynaecology The nutritive tonic
Calcium ulcerated surfaces of the intes-
action may benefit amenorrhoea
(Paranjpe 2001, Trease & Evans tines it heals rakta dhatu and
and scanty periods from rasa and
2002) purisavahasrotas to lubricate the
rakta deficiency.
bowel and soften the stool
AYURVEDIC ACTION COMBINATIONS
Balya Increases strength
Br.m
Lungs As a superb demulcent * Haritaki, psyllium, hemp seeds
. han.a Promotes bulk and is (snehana) the seeds can soothe for vata dry constipation.
building
a dry, hacking cough from Licorice, bala, pushkaramoola
Prı-n.ana Gives satisfaction *
aggravated udana and prana for a dry and painful cough.
Rasa- yana Rejuvenative for all tis-
sues
vata. It helps to strengthen weak * Guggulu, pippali, ashwa-
lungs by tonifying pranava- gandha for bone strength.
Vr• s. ya Aphrodisiac
Su-ks.ma Enters the smallest chan-
hasrotas. * Shatavari, licorice for vata skin
Bones Sesame nourishes asthi problems.
nels
Snehana Oleating
dhatu and is a useful source of * Shatavari, ashwagandha for
calcium for bones, teeth and hair. reproductive problems with
Snighdavirecana Demulcent
It is used to prevent osteoporosis weakness.
laxative
from asthigatavata, when vata
Keśya Benefits the hair CONTRAINDICATIONS
enters the bone tissue.
Tvakprasa-dana Skin tonic High ama and congestion. Skin
Skin Used internally and exter-
Vran.a Wound healer eruptions from heat.
nally for dry skin it reduces high
Medhya Enhances memory and
vata. Externally it can benefit dry
intelligence
277
SAFETY NOTES
No drug–herb interactions are ■ Sesame grows as an annual shrub up to 1m in height.
known. ■ There are five varieties: black, white, red, wild and small.
DOSAGE ■ The black variety is considered more nutritious and beneficial to the
5–30g per day. reproductive system than the other varieties.

■ The oil is the foremost massage oil that is used in Ayurveda, especially
for va-ta conditions.

-
■ It has a special prabha va as a hair tonic (keśya).
278
PART 2
TRIVRUT
Common name Trivrut (H), Nishoth (H) Sanskrit Tri-vr• ta Latin Operculina turpethum/ipomea–Radix
(Convolvulaceae)
Trivrut literally means ‘having three

parts’ possibly referring to its
twisted vine. It is a useful laxative
that effectively treats constipation,
colic and haemorrhoids.
ENERGETICS
sweet, astringent
Pungent in individuals with a mrdu kostha, CONTRAINDICATIONS
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry, pene- a soft bowel that has become con- Pregnancy; high vata.
trating stipated. It is used in conditions SAFETY
Dos.a effect PK−, V+ with deep-seated toxins that No drug–herb interactions are
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood cause inflammation and swelling known.
Srotas (channel) Excretory, circu- such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout
latory and inflammatory bowel disease. DOSAGE
It purges pitta and kapha from the 10–30mg per day of the powder.
CONSTITUENTS
bowel. It is very useful for haem-
Glycosides Turpethene
orrhoids (Gogte 2000).
Volatile oil
Skin Trivrut drains inflammatory
Resin NOTES
watery accumulations from rakta
(Paranjpe 2001) ■ Trivrut is a creeper growing all
and medas-dhatu and this helps to
over India.
AYURVEDIC ACTION alleviate chronic skin conditions.
■ Caraka mentions two varieties,
Virecana Laxative It is pitta śodhana and clears pitta
white and a black. The white
Bhedanı-ya Purgative and accu- from the system.
variety should be used as a mild
mulation-breaking Obesity Its affinity for the fat tis-
- laxative as the black variety is a
Amapacana Clears ama sue enkindles medas-dhatau-agni
violent purgative.
Raktapitta Alleviates bleeding and clears cholesterol (Gogte
■ The central part of the root
diseases 2000).
should be removed and the
Vimlapana Anti-inflammatory
COMBINATIONS root bark should be used.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION * Always include antispasmodic ■ It is used as part of virecana
Laxative, purgative, circulatory herbs to prevent griping. purgative therapy in pan~ca

stimulant, alterative * Triphala for haemorrhoids. karma to clear kapha and pitta
* Manjishtha, kutki, punarnava, and prevent seasonal disorders.
INDICATIONS
neem for skin problems. ■ It is used with salt, ginger and
Digestion Its penetrating property
* Guggulu, ginger, turmeric for amalaki for va-ta; sugar and
enters purisavahasrotas and
high cholesterol and weight raisins for pitta; hot water for
purges the bowel of all stagnant
problems. kapha.
accumulations. It should be used
279
TULSI
Common name Holy basil (E), Tulsi (H) Sanskrit Tulası-, Vis• n• u-priya-, Divya- Latin Ocimum sanctum–Folium
(Labiatae)
As its Latin name implies it is con-

sidered a very sacred plant. It is
high in sattva imparting the quality
of lightness and spiritual clarity. An
excellent herb for lifting the heavi-
ness of fevers, coughs and colds.
ENERGETICS
Pungent
INDICATIONS and total cholesterol levels (WHO
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, Lungs Tulsi clears kapha and 1999, Gogte 2000).
mucus from the lungs and upper Nerves Used as a mild nervine
nerve, reproductive
respiratory tract. Its action on for heightening awareness and
rasa dhatu helps treat fevers and mental clarity. A tea of the leaves
digestive, nervous, circulatory,
flu by encouraging sweating and is also used for tension
urinary
therefore bringing the tempera- headaches from high vata and
CONSTITUENTS ture down. Its action on pranava- from congestion headaches from
Essential oil Eogenol, hasrotas is used in asthma, excess kapha.
methyleugenol, carvacrol, lima- bronchitis, rhinitis and other res- Heart Its affinity for rasa dhatu
trol, carophyllene piratory allergies. Human clini- helps to increase circulation
Sterols β-sitosterol, stigmasterol cal trials have shown that tulsi through the heart where there is
Flavonoids can increase vital lung capacity congestion from high vata and
Fatty acids and reduce laboured breathing. kapha (Gogte 2000).
(Williamson 2002) Tulsi specifically increases prana
COMBINATIONS
and the vital life force. Its pun-
AYURVEDIC ACTION * Pippali, anthrapachaka,
gency and penetrating nature
Jvarahara Alleviates fevers pushkaramoola for lung con-
clears the dampness and toxic
Śvedala Diaphoretic gestion with white, wet and
ama that can cause chest infec-
Śva-saka-sahara Benefits breathing sticky mucus.
tions and fevers. Its prabhava or
and alleviates coughing * Pippali, vasa, pit shirisha in
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive
special power is to be used in all
nasal allergies with high
fevers regardless of their cause
fire kapha.
(WHO 1999 Tillotson 2001).
Hr• daya Specific affinity for the * Ginger, fennel, cardamom in
Digestion Its aromatic pungency
heart digestive malabsorption and
helps to move vata through the
Kus.t.ha Alleviates skin disorders flatulence.
intestines and calms a fermentive
Mu-trakr.cchraghna Alleviates * Brahmi, vacha, gotu kola for
digestive tract. It moves apana
dysuria (seed) benefiting the mind and
vayu downwards. It also increases
clarity.
BIOMEDICAL ACTION the appetite and is a good warm-
Expectorant, febrifuge, ing stimulant to the digestion. It CONTRAINDICATIONS
diaphoretic, antispasmodic, anti- acts on medas-dhatu-agni and can In respiratory infections with
bacterial, nervine, carminative, help to reduce weight as well as high pitta without other cooling
aromatic be used to reduce blood sugar herbs.
280
PART 2
SAFETY NOTES
No drug–herb interactions are ■ Tulsi is a prolific shrub growing to about 75cm.
known, although there is theo- - -
■ There are different varieties: śrı ra ma tulsi is the green variety, krishna
retical evidence that its eugenol tulsi is the red type and vrina tulsi is the larger variety.
content may deplete glutathione ■ It is commonly found in Hindu courtyards and is used as part of the
from the liver. Therefore caution daily ritual to Vishnu, the Lord of Preservation.
should be used in patients using ■ The tea is often combined with honey to aid its decongesting
glutathione-depleting medica- properties.
tion such as paracetamol (WHO ■ It is used externally as a poultice for fungal infections and boils.
1999). ■ The fresh juice is popular in India.
DOSAGE ■ The root and seed are also used, the root in fevers and the seeds as a
1–9g per day dried or 5–15ml mucilagenous demulcent.

281
TURMERIC
Common name Turmeric (E), Haldi (H) Sanskrit Haridra- Latin Curcuma longa–Rhizoma (Zingiberaceae)
Turmeric is a perennial grown

throughout the tropical parts of
Asia. It favours a warm and humid
climate. Haridra- literally means ‘yel-
low’ and its strong yellow colour
signifies its use as a liver herb that
is good at drying damp and mov-
ing stagnation in the blood.
ENERGETICS
astringent Sandha-nı-ya Heals broken bones output. This helps to dissolve
V ı-rya (energy) Heating Śirovirecana Useful in clearing and prevent gallstones. It is tra-
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) stagnation from the head ditionally considered a blood
Pungent Stanyaśodhaka Purifies breasts ‘purifier’ and is often used for
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light and breast milk beautifying the skin and clearing
Dos.a effect VPK−, PV+ in excess systemic toxaemia; eczema,
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Dha-tu (tissue) All the tissues urticaria, psoriasis and acne. As
Emmenagogue, blood tonic,
Srotas (channel) Digestive, circu- with many liver herbs it is also
carminative, antibacterial, chola-
latory, respiratory, female repro- good for the eyes; a wash is used
gogue, alterative, vulnerary, anti-
ductive in conjunctivitis and styes
inflammatory, antiplatelet,
hypolipidaemic, antioxidant,
CONSTITUENTS Gynaecology Turmeric is used to
anticarcinogenic
Phenylpropanoids Yellow pig- clear kapha accumulations from
ments; curcumin, curcumenone, INDICATIONS the lower abdomen, uterus and
curcumenol Digestion For all intestinal infec- apanaksetra. Fibroids, cysts,
Essential oils Sesquiterpene tions and mucus conditions. endometriosis, dysmenorrhoea,
ketones, zingiberine, phellan- Turmeric helps to promote amenorrhoea and leucorrhoea are
drene, borneol, cineole ‘sweet’ intestines by reducing all treated by reducing conges-
Glycans Ukonans pathogenic bacteria and destroy- tion. As a specific herb for rasa
(Mills & Bone 2000, Williamson ing ama. It has recently been dhatu it also works on its second-
2002) proven to have an affinity for the ary tissue stanyasrotas and is used
large intestine and to play a pre- to purify breast milk as well as to
AYURVEDIC ACTION ventative role in bowel cancer. promote the flow of the menses.
Lekhanı-ya ‘Scraping’ property Other clinical trials have proven A poultice can be very effective in
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive its efficacy at treating dyspepsia mastitis (Atreya 1998).
fire and stomach ulcers. Its bitter and Inflammation Curcumin reduces
Prameha Useful in diabetes pungent flavours act on the agni inflammation caused by arachi-
Pa-n.d.ughna Used in anaemia of rasa dhatu and enhance its donic acid (cf usage for dysmen-
Raktaśodhana Blood purifier ability to nourish the plasma and orrhoea). It is used in dermatitis,
A- rtavajanana Promotes menses blood. Traditionally used in dia- eczema, urticaria, psoriasis, colitis,
Jvaraghna Alleviates fever betes to clear ama, kapha and asthma, rheumatoid arthritis,
Vis.aghna Destroys poisons excess fat tissue (Paranjpe 2001, osteoarthritis. Hence it is used in
Kr. mighna Worm destroying Bone 2003). pitta–kapha conditions at low
Varn . ya Complexion enhancer Liver A stimulant effect to the doses and mixed with other bitter
Kus.t.hagna Removes skin diseases liver and rañjaka pitta increases herbs. It is also a renowned anti-
Kan.d.u-ghna Stops itching the flow of blood through the bacterial (Bone 2003).
Vedana-stha-pana Analgesic hepatic system and increases bile
282
* Neem and guduchi as anti-
PART 2
Joints It treats inflammation of DOSAGE
the joints, alleviates pain and inflammatory treatment with a 1–10g per day dried root or
strengthens the joints and ten- kapha–pitta pathology. 3–15ml per day of a 1:3 @ 45%
dons. Useful for treating gout, * Guggulu, arjuna, amalaki for tincture.
arthritis, broken bones and heart conditions such as angina
wounds. and atherosclerosis.
NOTES
Heart Turmeric nourishes the * Neem, kutki, long pepper for
heart by virtue of its raktavardhaka liver disease. ■ Although at high doses it can
aggravate pitta, used

and blood building quality. By * Ginger, licorice and cloves in
increasing blood flow and reduc- sore throats and fevers judiciously it is an excellent
remedy for all diseases of rasa
ing total cholesterol turmeric * Neem leaf externally for infec-
helps the functions of the heart. tions and inflammations. and rakta. It has a particular
affinity for blood-related
It has an antiplatelet activity and * Myrrh for pain and bruises.
disorders.
scrapes accumulations from the * Frankincense, guggulu, black
channels (lekhaniya) which helps pepper, musta and triphala for ■ Traditionally popular with yogis
to prevent coagulation and arthritis. to help stretch ligaments and

reduce kapha in the blood (Gogte repair injuries. Also said to clean
CONTRAINDICATIONS the na-d.ı- network of channels.
2000).
Caution in high vata and pitta. Be ■ It has another yogic use as part
Infections Turmeric is an excel-
vigilant if gallstones are present. of ganesh kriya; a freshly peeled
lent antibiotic useful in fevers,
As turmeric stimulates the root is inserted into the anus to
sore throat and septicaemia.
movement of blood it is used cleanse the rectum and
External Excellent for reducing
with caution at medicinal doses physically help to open
pain as a topical application in
during pregnancy and in those mu-la-dha-ra cakara (Swami
bruises, infections, sprains and
trying to conceive. Not in acute Satyananda Saraswati)
pain. Use it carefully as it stains
jaundice and hepatitis (Bone -
■ Turmeric alleviates va ta and
the skin and anything it comes
2003). kapha by virtue of its hot
into contact with.
SAFETY energy and pitta via its bitter
COMBINATIONS flavour.
Much of the literature recom-
* Kutki, bhumiamalaki, pippali mends that turmeric should not ■ Its pungency combined with its
in liver congestion with high bitter taste, dries and clears
be given if antiplatelet or antico-
kapha and pitta; hepatitis, jaun- a-ma from the system.
agulant medication is being
dice. ■ Many Curcuma species have
taken, as cyclooxygenase (COX)
* Amalaki and daruharidra in medicinal uses. Karchur
inhibition by turmeric will disen-
diabetes and for ‘cooling’ the (Curcuma zedoaria) is used to
able platelets and further
liver. reduce kapha and increase
encourage clotting prevention.
* Small amounts (1:10) of black Bone advises a maximum dosage circulation.
or long pepper as the piperine
of 15g per day, hence it is not
content enhances the anti-
contraindicated, but patients on
inflammatory activity of
warfarin should be monitored
turmeric.
closely so that the cumulative
* Guggulu, mustaka, punarnava blood-thinning effect of both
for congestion in the lower
medicinals does not exacerbate
abdomen and menstrual imbal-
the effects of warfarin and neces-
ance with pain, tumours and
sitate dosage adjustment (Bone
clots.
2003, Treasure 2000).
283
VACHA
Common name Calamus root (E), Sweet flag (E), Vach (H) Sanskrit Va- ca- , Ugragandha Latin Acorus
calamus–Rhizoma (Araceae)
Vacha literally means ‘speech’.

Calamus thrives in wet, damp
marshland and is a semi-aquatic
perennial. Its qualities treat similar
‘terrain’ in the whole system; slug-
gish, congested, heavy and wet
conditions, like those of a marsh-
land, are opposed by the warm,
drying, penetrating and stimulat-
Manosrasa- yana Rejuvenative to sia, flatulence and borborygmus;
ing qualities of vacha.
the mind vacha reduces both samana vayu
ENERGETICS Śirovirecana Purges the orifices and kledaka kapha. It is a rejuve-
Rasa (taste) Pungent, bitter, astrin- of the head of kapha and ama native to medas-dhatvagni and can
gent Sa-ra Laxative help to reduce obesity.
V ı-rya (energy) Heating Lungs Vacha clears damp, wet
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) coughs from the lungs. It also
Carminative, cephalic, nervous
Pungent has an affinity for the throat
stimulant, anthelmintic, laxative,
Gun.a (quality) Dry, light, pene- and viśuddhi cakra; it clears
antispasmodic, anti-inflamma-
trating ‘obstructions’ from the throat.
tory, expectorant
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ Its purgative effect on the head
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, muscle, INDICATIONS makes it an excellent remedy for
fat, nerve, reproductive Mind Its primary application is to sinus congestion, nasal polyps
Srotas (channel) Nervous, diges- open the mind, improve concen- and rhinitis from kapha aggrava-
tive, circulatory, respiratory, tration, clarity and speech. Its tion. High doses can cause vom-
reproductive stimulating effect on majja dhatu iting and it is used as an emetic
makes it useful in treating depres- in pan~ca karma (Frawley & Lad
CONSTITUENTS
sion and mental sluggishness 1994).
Essential oils Acorin, calamine,
where there is mental ama. It actu- Urine Used traditionally for
acoretin, asarone
ally scrapes mental ama and stag- urinary gravel and infections
(Williamson 2002)
nation from the subtle channels of by removing the kapha
AYURVEDIC ACTION the mind. This acrid root is also deposits.
Dı-pana Awakens digestive fire used in childhood developmental
COMBINATIONS
Pa-cana Digests toxins problems and in post-stroke
Lekhanı-ya Scrapes out accumula- speech difficulties. It encourages * Brahmi, gotu kola, shankha-
pushpi for mental clarity
tions the flow of udana and prana vayu.
and to remove speech impair-
Pramathı- Removes accumulated By nourishing sadhaka pitta it
ments.
dosas from the dhatus specifically strengthens the ability
Kr.mina-śaka Destroys worms of the mind to receive information * Cardamom, fennel, ginger
for cold, damp deposits in the
Unma-daghna Benefits emotional and recall from memory (Paranjpe
GIT.
problems 2001).
Apasma-raghna Used to treat Digestion Its aromatic heating * Licorice, vasa, tulsi in lung
congestion.
epilepsy effect helps to calm the gastric
Sam ~- - * Gokshura, shilajit, coriander for
. jnasthapana Restores con- nerves, prevent fermentation and
urinary gravel.
sciousness clear excess kapha with dyspep-
284
PART 2
Pregnancy or breastfeeding. Use ■ It is mainly cultivated in north India as an evergreen rhizome.
one month on, one month off. ■ Acorus gramineus also grows in India.
DOSAGE - -
■ Four varieties are mentioned in the Bhavaprakaśa but Acorus calamus is
1–5g per day dried root or the accepted species.

1–5ml per day of a 1:5 @ 60% ■ It is sometimes purifed by boiling it in ginger juice or milk.
tincture. ■ Always combine it with other aromatic herbs to offset the emetic
SAFETY nature; e.g. fennel, cardamom and peppermint.

■ It is banned in the USA by the Food and Drink Administration (FDA)
known. because it containins β-asarone which is considered to be carcinogenic.
β-asarone is not present in all varieties.
285
VAMSA LOCHANA
Common name Bamboo manna, the inner pith of bamboo (E), Vam •
śa-locana (H) Sanskrit Vamśa-
locana, Tavaks• -ırı- Latin Bambusa arundinaceae (Graminaceae)
Although all parts of the bamboo

are used, in Ayurveda true Vamsa
lochana is found inside the hol-
low bamboo at the internodes as
a silica-like secretion. Vam.śa-
locana literally means ‘bamboo
eye’, referring to the exudates of
the silica appearing through an
eye-like crack in the bamboo. Its INDICATIONS * Arjuna, punarnava for heart
rarity is due to the difficulty of its Lungs Cough from high kapha disorders.
harvest. It is especially good at and pitta indicated by an * Amalaki or manjshtha to stop
clearing lung infections. infected cough producing yel- bleeding from high pitta.
low-green sputum, which may * Gokshura, coriander for pitta-
ENERGETICS be blood-streaked; asthma, bron- like urinary symptoms.
chitis, pneumonia. It enters rasa
V ı-rya (energy) Cooling CONTRAINDICATIONS
dhatu and helps to clear fevers
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) High levels of dryness and vata
from ama and pitta in the plasma. aggravation need to be balanced
Sweet
It has nourishing and tonic prop- by using with demulcent ghee
erties that help to repair and and aromatic pungent herbs.
Dos.a effect VPK−, K+ in excess
strengthen lung tissue
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, SAFETY
(Bhavaprakaśa).
nerve No drug–herb interactions are
Heart As a rejuvenative to
Srotas (channel) Respiratory, known.
avalambaka kapha it has cardio-
nervous
protective qualities and is used DOSAGE
CONSTITUENTS with signs of chest pain, heavi- 1–9g per day (dried).
Silica ness and congested blood flow.
(Paranjpe 2001) Bleeding Its haemostatic effect
on rakta dhatu make it a useful
AYURVEDIC ACTION herb to include as a part of a for- NOTES
Kāsaśvāsahara Benefits breathing ■ Bamboo grows all over India,
mula for bleeding from high pitta
Jvaraghna Reduces fevers especially Assam.
anywhere in the body
Da-hapraśamana Alleviates burn- ■ The leaves are also used to
(Bhavaprakaśa).
ing sensations clear pitta from the lungs and
Urine Its diuretic effect on
Stambhana Astringent and pre- to encourage menstrual flow.
mutravahasrotas can help with
vents leakages ■ It is commonly adulterated and
cloudy and concentrated urine
Raktapitta Stops bleeding produced synthetically. The
with a pungent smell due to
Mu-travirecana Diuretic genuine natural substance is a
high pitta. It also benefits dysuria
Va- jı-karan.a Increases sexual white, crumbly product.
from high vata (Gogte 2000).
potency
Br.m. han.a Nourishing tonic COMBINATIONS
BIOMEDICAL ACTION * Vasa, anthrapachaka for pitta–
kapha coughs.
Expectorant, diuretic, febrifuge,
lung tonic * Pippali, cinnamon for fevers.
286
PART 2
VARUNA
Common name Three-leafed caper (E), Varuna (H), Varna (H) Sanskrit Varun.a Latin Crataeva
nurvala–Cortex (Capparidaceae)
The bark of varuna is a renowned

diuretic helping to clear pain
and stones from the bladder and
kidneys.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter, sweet, astrin-
gent
Pungent
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ INDICATIONS COMBINATIONS
Dha-tu (tissue) Blood, fat, bone Urinary Its affinity for mutravaha- * Gokshura, punarnava, licorice
Srotas (channel) Digestive, srotas coupled with its bhedaniya in kidney, bladder and ureter
circulatory, urinary, excretory property clears urinary deposits stones.
and urinary pain in cystitis and * Punarnava, guggulu, ginger,
CONSTITUENTS
inflammation. It clears kidney, kanchanara in lymphatic
Alkaloids Cadabicine
ureter and bladder stones. It is swelling.
Tannins
also used for other urinary symp- * Cardamom, fresh ginger in low
Triterpenes Diosgenin,
toms with urinary incontinence, agni for vata types.
β-sitosterol, lupeol
enuresis, hypotonic, atonic and
Flavonoids Rutin, quercetin CONTRAINDICATIONS
neurogenic bladder. Used in
(Williamson 2002) Pregnancy, due to its descending
benign prostatic hyperplasia,
action.
AYURVEDIC ACTION cystitis, interstitial cystitis and
Bhedanı-ya Purges deposits from chronic urinary tract infections SAFETY
the urinary system (Bhavaprakaśa, Bone 2003). No drug–herb interactions are
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive Lymph Its effect on both rasa and known.
fire medas-dhatu helps to clear
Vātānulomana Directs the flow of
DOSAGE
inflamed lymphatic nodes, espe-
1–6g per day or 3–15ml of a 1:3
vata downwards cially in the neck. It also helps to
Gan• d• amalana-śaka Clears
@ 25% tincture.
clear fatty deposits from the
lymphatic swellings blood and to reduce lipid cells
Mu-trakr.cchraghna Reduces (Gogte 2000).
dysuria Digestion It balances vis.amagni
Aśmarı-ghna Clears urinary calculi in vata types and directs apana NOTES
vayu downwards. This helps to ■ Varuna is a medium-sized tree
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
clears worms and abdominal growing all over India, and
Lithotriptic, diuretic, bladder
distension. thriving in Madhya Pradesh.
tonic, lymphatic, carminative
287
VASA
Common name Malabar nut (E), Vasaka (H), Adusa (H) Sanskrit Va-sa- , Va-saka Latin Adhatoda vasica,
syn. Justicia adhatoda–Folium (Acanthaceae)
Vasa means ‘perfume’ and is a

common evergreen perennial
shrub growing all over the plains
of India and Sri Lanka. It is a pow-
erful bronchodilator and expecto-
rant for use in respiratory
conditions with high kapha and
pitta.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Bitter, astringent INDICATIONS clear kapha toxins trapped in rasa
V ı-rya (energy) Cold Lungs It is a specific for respira- dhatu.
Vipa-ka (post-digestive effect) tory congestion and wheezing. As Gynaecology Its astringency
Pungent a powerful bronchodilator it eases causes contraction of the uterus.
Gun.a (quality) Light, dry breathlessness and bronchospasm. This can be useful in bleeding
Dos.a effect KP−, V+ It clears inflammatory pitta heat and prolapse. Its oxytocic proper-
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat and liquefies congestive kapha. It ties make it useful as a parturient
Srotas (channel) Respiratory, cir- can be used where there is inflam- to facilite labour but it should not
culatory, digestive mation from an allergic response be used at any other stage during
as it clears the lungs and nostrils. pregnancy (Bone 1996).
CONSTITUENTS Its diaphoretic properties act on Heart Vasa stimulates the vagus
Alkaloids Vasicine, vasicinone, nerve and causes vasodilation of
rasa dhatu and can be utilised in
vasicinol, maiontone
fevers to clear ama and displaced the capillaries. This can help to
Essential oil Ketone increase the contractile ability of
pitta. As it disperses stagnation
(Bone 1996) the heart and also lower blood
and strongly scatters prana vayu it
AYURVEDIC ACTION can aggravate vata (Bone 1996). pressure (Gogte 2000).
Kāsaśvāsahara Alleviates breath- Blood It is eulogised in the
COMBINATIONS
ing difficulties Sanskrit literature for stopping
Udarapraśamana Antiallergenic bleeding (raktastambhana). Its * Anthrapachaka, bibhitaki, pip-
pali, licorice in lung congestion
Chardinigrahan.a Prevents nausea effect on raktapitta is to astringe
from bronchospasm. Can be
Jvaraghna Reduces fever the mucous membranes and it is
used with dhattura for a
Raktapittahara Prevents bleeding effective in bleeding from ulcers,
stronger effect.
diseases menorrhagia, epistaxis and the
Raktaprasa-dana Nourishes blood gingivitis with high pitta * Trikat. u and honey in asthma.
Hr• daya Heart tonic (Paranjpe 2001). * Manjishtha in bleeding from
heat and high pitta.
Kus• t• haghna Alleviates skin Skin Its ability to clear heat from
diseases rakta dhatu and cool bhrajaka pitta * Neem, chrysanthemum,
manjishtha in skin disorders.
make it a useful herb for inflam-
BIOMEDICAL ACTION matory skin diseases with a * Rose, shatavari in excess
Bronchodilator, expectorant, uterine bleeding from heat.
pitta–kapha pathology. Its mild
antispasmodic, alterative,
diaphoretic action can help to
styptic, uterine contractor,
diaphoretic, febrifuge.
288
tussive medication (Braun &
PART 2
Pregnancy (safe post-partum); Cohen 2003, 2004). ■ It is exceptionally powerful and
high vata. should only be used under the
DOSAGE
SAFETY 0.5–1.5g per day powdered leaf guidance of a herbalist.
No negative drug–herb interac- or 2.5–7.5ml per day of a 1:5 @ ■ Only use short-term (up to 6
tions are known but it may cause 45% tincture. weeks maximum).
a positive interaction with anti- ■ Excess use can cause
hypotension.
289
VIDANGA
Common name Embelia (E), Viranga (H), Vaividanga (H) Sanskrit Vid• an• ga Latin Embelia ribes–Fructus
(Myrsinaceae)
Vidanga is a renowned remedy for

treating digestive disorders, espe-
cially those characterised by
abdominal bloating caused by
worms.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Pungent, Bitter
Pungent
trating
Dos.a effect VK−, P+ BIOMEDICAL ACTION blood and lymph of ama toxins
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, fat, Vermifuge, alterative, carmina- causing swollen glands and sup-
reproductive tive, laxative, contraceptive, perative skin problems. It stimu-
Srotas (channel) Digestive, excre- diuretic lates rasadhatvagni to clear fatty
tory, urinary, reproductive toxins circulating in the plasma
INDICATIONS and lymphatic systems. It is
CONSTITUENTS Digestion Traditionally used to
Volatile oil also used in formulas for vitiligo
clear vata from the intestines. It and faults in the pigmentation of
Tannin
specifically kills bacterial, fungal the skin. Can be applied as a
Quinones Embelin, vilangin
and worm infestations (round-, mediciated oil to clear fungal
Alkaloid Christembine
thread- and tape-) and is consid- infections of the skin (Paranjpe
Fatty acids
ered gentle enough to treat child- 2001).
(Williamson 2002)
hood worms. Powdered vidanga Urinary It helps to drain kapha
AYURVEDIC ACTION is taken with honey on an empty and vata out via the urinary sys-
Kr• mighna Vermifuge stomach and then castor oil is tem. Its effect on medas-dhatu can
Dı-pana Enkindles the digestive used as a purgative the follow- help in treating diabetes. Used in
fire ing day to flush out the dead
- dysuria, stones, high uric acid
Amapa-cana Digests ama worms. It strengthens agni very levels and cloudy urine. It
Su-lapraśamana Alleviates intes- effectively and hence treats the colours the urine red.
tinal colic underlying cause of parasitical Reproduction Modern research
Kus• t• haghna Destroys skin dis- infestations. Also benefits stag- has found that it reduces male
eases nation in the purisavahasrotas and fertility by reducing testosterone
Vibandhaghna Clears constipa- frees constipation. It cures śula levels (Williamson 2002).
tion causing colic and flatulence
-
Amapacana Removes toxins (Bhavaprakaśa). COMBINATIONS
Bhedanı-ya Purgative that forcibly Skin As it clears kapha from the * Kutaja, garlic for worms.
expels toxins skin it prevents itching. It is a * Sariva, bakuchi, manjishtha for
Mu-travirecana Diuretic fine alterative and cleans the skin conditions.
290
* Punarnava, gokshura for doses well the above normal
PART 2
SAFETY
urinary problems. No drug–herb interactions are therapeutic range.
known. Vidanga has been associ-
ated with damaging peripheral
Pregnancy; pitta aggravation. 1–15g per day or 3–15ml per day
vision when taken at very high
NOTES
■ It grows all over India as a small shrub. ■ It is presently banned for use in the UK under the
■ The tincture has proven the most effective way to 1977 Medicines Order.
clear worms.
■ Use a high dose to kill worms and follow with a
purgative.
291
VIDARI
Common name Vidarikand (H) Sanskrit Vida- rı- Latin Pueraria tuberosa–Radix (Fabaceae)
This enormous bulbous root is a

renowned rejuvenating tonic for
the reproductive systems of both
men and women. It is sweet and
nourishing.
ENERGETICS
Rasa (taste) Sweet
Sweet considered for clearing inflam- COMBINATIONS
Gun.a (quality) Heavy, unctuous mation and dryness from the * Gokshura for urinary prob-
Dos.a effect PV−, K+ urethra, bladder and kidneys. lems.
Dha-tu (tissue) Plasma, blood, It specifically works on pitta * Shatavari, fennel for lactation
muscle, reproductive and vata in the lower abdomen. and post-partum.
Srotas (channel) Reproductive, It is a demulcent for a deficient * Bala, ashwagandha for rejuve-
lactation and dry meda dhatu nation.
(Bhavaprakaśa). * Licorice, ginger, bala for dry
CONSTITUENTS
Lactation A great herb to increase coughs.
Isoflavones Diadzein, puerarin,
breast milk production as it
purerarone CONTRAINDICATIONS
directly tonifies rasa dhatu and
(Paranjpe 2001) None known.
stanyavahasrotas. It also benefits
AYURVEDIC ACTION the mother post-partum, build- SAFETY
Balya Strengthening ing strength and energy No drug–herb interactions are
Br• m
•
han• ı-ya Weight-increasing (Suśruta). known.
Stanyavardhana Increases breast Rejuvenation As a rejuvenative
milk anabolic (brmhana) herb it
DOSAGE
Śukrala Increases sperm 1–15g per day or 3–15ml per day
helps whenever vata has
Ka-n.t.hya Benefits the throat increased, especially during
Varn.ya Complexion-improving convalescence and old age.
Rasa- yana Rejuvenator Also used to increase śukra dhatu, NOTES
fertility, reproductive essence ■ This perennial tuber grows in
BIOMEDICAL ACTION
and sperm production the northern regions of India.
Diuretic, nutritive, anabolic,
(Bhavaprakaśa). ■ Ipomea digitat, also known as
galactagogue, alterative, aphro-
disiac
Lungs Vidari is very effective ks• -ı ravida-rı-, is mentioned in the
for alleviating coughs and texts and is used
INDICATIONS clearing mucus. Its cooling interchangeably.
Urinary In any disorder of the property helps to soothe sore
urinary channels vidari can be throats.
292
Burstein NL, et al 1984 Expert Eye Research 39:745
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Chapter Six

Plant Profile Template 118 Daruharidra 170 Lotus 222

Tulsi 280 Varuna 287 References 293

PLANT PROFILE TEMPLATE fluid effect on the mucous membranes; pene-

As with all members of the

like the petals of its flower head, is dispersing and

Deliciously aromatic, ajwain is a

The Indian name for aloe vera is Raktapitta Alleviates bleeding

‘Amla’ literally means ‘sour’;

This climber grows all over the

AYURVEDIC ACTION 1954). cumulative toxicity use only

A gentle laxative used to clear pitta

Arjuna means ‘white’ or ‘shining’,

Ashoka is a famous uterine tonic

The irony of ashwagandha is that it

These little black seeds are famous

Bala means ‘strength’. Its stem

Bhallataka means ‘like a spear’,

all rasa-yana substances.

Bhringaraja oil is a famous hair

This is a very bitter-tasting small

Bibhitaki is the ‘one who keeps

* Gokshura, coriander, CONTRAINDICATIONS DOSAGE

This fruit is a fantastic remedy for

Brahman is the Hindu name given

* Cloves (2 parts), cardamom SAFETY DOSAGE

These aromatic seed pods are

Castor oil is considered the king of

This is an especially bitter herb

AYURVEDIC ACTION (Bhavaprakaśa). It clears waste and grows at 1500–3000m.

Chitraka means the ‘spotted one’,

Sevantı- derives from the word

for inflamed skin with dampness from pitta–kapha.

Twak means ‘skin’ or ‘bark’; the

Cloves are the dried flower buds of

Coleus is a small perennial plant

This popular Indian curry ingredient

This small shrubby annual thrives in

pitta unless used excessively.

This common roadside herb is very

Daruharidra means ‘tree turmeric’

Svedala Diaphoretic (STDs) (Paranjpe 2001). to 3m tall and thrives at

as part of a formula for diabetes daruharidra and boiled milk,

it helps to protect the liver from

This hardy tree thrives in the high

Dhattura is steeped in legend. The

and asthma root for madness.

Ephedra is a dry, stalky plant that

Its name shatapushpa means ‘one

Fenugreek is a very warming seed

Frankincense has dual energetics

The delicious bulbs of this annual

A-rdraka means ‘moist’ and śun• t• hı-

This spiky fruit looks like the cloven

Man• d.u-ka-par• nı- refers to its leaf-

Guduchi is described as ‘the one

Guggulu resin has a remarkable

Eating the fresh leaves numbs the