PHYSICS 1: MECHANICS cơ học

Phan Hiền Vũ
Department of Physics - IU VNU-HCM
Office: A1.503
Email: [email protected]
 No of credits: 02 (30 teaching hours)
 Textbook: Halliday/Resnick/Walker (2018) entitled Principles of
Physics, 11th edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc.
Course Requirements
 Progressing: Attendance (5%) + Homework (5%) + Discussion
(10%) + Quiz (10%)
 Mid-term exam: 30%
 Final exam: 40%
 Absence more than 20%  not allowed to attend the Final exam
Preparation for each class
 Read text ahead of time
 Finish homework
Questions, Discussion
 Via email and/or make an appointment to meet at A1.503

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Content

Part A - Dynamics of Mass Point động lực học của điểm khối lượng
Chapter 1 Bases of Kinematics động học
Chapter 2 Force and Motion (Newton’s Laws)

Part B - Laws of Conservation định luật bảo toàn

Chapter 3 Work and Mechanical Energy
Chapter 4 Linear Momentum and Collisions
ng lng tuyn tính và va chm

Part C - Dynamics and Statics of Rigid Body cứng rắn

Chapter 5 Rotation of a Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis trục cố định
Chapter 6 Equilibrium and Elasticity sự cân bằng và sự đàn hồi
Chapter 7 Gravitation

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 Part A - Dynamics of Mass Point

CHAPTER 1. BASES OF KINEMATICS

1. 1. Motion in One Dimension chiều
vận tốc sự tăng tốc
1.1.1. Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
gia tốc không đổi
1.1.2. One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
1.1.3. Freely Falling Objects
1. 2. Motion in Two Dimensions
1.2.1. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
1.2.2. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration.
đạn
Projectile Motion.
tiếp tuyến
1.2.3. Circular Motion. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
1.2.4. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
tương đối
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 Measurements

 Use laws of Physics to describe our

understanding of nature
 Test laws by experiments
 Need Units to measure physical
quantities
 Three SI “Base Quantities”:
• Length – meter – [m]
• Mass – kilogram – [kg]
• Time – second – [s]
 Systems:
• SI: Système International [m kg s]
• CGS: [cm gram second]

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Examples of Motion

trạng thái
Pushing, pulling, or hitting objects change their state of motion
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 1.1. Motion in one dimension
• Kinematics – describes motion
• Dynamics – concerns causes of motion

 
F  ma
dynamics kinematics

To describe motion, we need to measure:

• Displacement: Δx = xt – x0 (measured in m or cm)
dịch chuyển
• Time interval: Δt = t – t0 (measured in s)
khoảng

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1.1.1. Position, Velocity and Acceleration
A. Position: determined in a reference frame hệ quy chiếu

Space vs. time graph

t=0 s: x=-5 m
t=3 s: x=0 m
Δx=0-(-5)=5 m DELTA DNG -> MOTION
RISE

Two features of displacement:

- its direction (a vector)
- its magnitude kích cỡ
Motion of an armadillo tatu
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Δx > 0 Δx < 0

DIRECTION OF THE MAN IS LEFT

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Example
A cyclist rides 3 km west and then turns around and rides 2 km east.
(a) What is her displacement? (b) What distance does she ride? (c)
What is the magnitude of her displacement?

choose coordinate system

(a) The rider's displacement is Δx = xf−x0 = −1 km.

(b) The distance traveled is 3 km+2 km = 5 km.
(c) The magnitude of the displacement is 1 km

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B. Velocity: (describing how fast an object moves)

B.1. Average velocity:

displacement

Unit: m/s or cm/s

The vavg of the armadillo:

6m
v avg   2m/s
3s
B.2. Average speed:

total distance
s avg 
Δt
Note: average speed does not include direction
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• If a motorcycle travels 20 m in 2 s, then its average velocity is:

cổ
• If an antique car travels 45 km in 3 h, then its average velocity is:

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 Example:
A car travels on a straight road for 40 km at 40 km/h. It then continues
in the opposite direction for another 20 km at 40 km/h. (a) What is the
average velocity of the car during this 60 km trip? (b) What is the
average speed?

(a)

total distance 40 + 20
(b) savg    40 (km/h)
Dt 1.5
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Problem 4. A car travels up a hill at a constant speed of 35 km/h and
returns down the hill at a constant speed of 60 km/h. Calculate the
average speed for the round trip.

Key equation: Average speed = total distance/time interval

D up  D down

D up + D down D up + D down s up  s down

s  2
t up + t down D up D down s up + s down
+
s up s down
s  44.2(km/h)

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 tức thời
B.3. Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
The average velocity at a given instant (Δt  0), which approaches a
limiting value, is the instantaneous velocity:

Δx(t) dx(t)
v(t)  lim 
Δt 0 Δt dt

x Tangent line
The slope (tanθ) of the
tangent line gives v(t)
θ đường tiếp tuyến
xi

0 ti t
Speed is the magnitude of velocity, e.g. v=±40 km/h, so s=40 km/h
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Example:
The position of an object described by:
x = 4 - 12t + 3t2 (x: meters; t: seconds) o hàm

(1) What is its velocity at t =1 s? v=dx/dt=-12+6t=-6 (m/s)

(2) Is it moving in the positive or negative direction of x just then?
negative
(3) What is its speed just then? S=6 (m/s)
(4) Is the speed increasing or decreasing just then?
0<t<2: decreasing; 2<t: increasing
(5) Is there ever an instant when the velocity is zero? If so, give the
time t; if not answer no. t=2 s
(6) Is there a time after t= 3 s when the object is moving in the
negative direction of x? if so, give t; if not, answer no.
no
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C. Acceleration:
C1. Average acceleration:
The rate of change of velocity:

Δv v 2  v1
a avg  
Δt t 2  t1
Unit: m/s2 (SI) or cm/s2 (CGS)
C2. Instantaneous acceleration:
At any instant:

Δv(t) dv(t) d  dx  d 2 x
a(t)  lim     2
Δt 0 Δt dt dt  dt  dt
 The derivative of the velocity (or the second one of the position)
with respect to time.

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a dng thì v dng
a âm thì v âm
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 1.1.2. Constant acceleration:

dv
a  a const
dt t
v  v0 +  adt v  v 0 + a(t  t 0 )
t0
If t0=0: v  v 0 + at (1)

dx
v
dt t t
x  x 0 +  vdt  x 0 +  [v 0 + a(t  t 0 )]dt
t0 t0
a(t  t 0 ) 2
x  x 0 + v 0 (t  t 0 ) +
2
1 2
If t0=0: x  x 0 + v 0 t + at (2)
2
From (1) & (2): v 2  v02  2a(x  x0 ) (3)
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Problem 27:
An electron has a = 3.2 m/s2
At t (s): v = 9.6 m/s
Question: v1 at t1 = t – 2.5 (s) and v2 at t2 = t + 2.5 (s)?

Key equation: v = v0 + at (v0 is the velocity at 0 s)

• At time t: v = v0 + at (1)
• At time t1: v1 = v0 + at1 (2)
(2) – (1)  v1 = v + a(t1 – t) = 9.6 + 3.2(-2.5) =1.6 (m/s)
• At time t2: v2 = v0 + at2 (3)
(3) – (1)  v2 = v + a(t2 – t) = 9.6 + 3.2(2.5)=17.6 (m/s)

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1.1.3. Freely falling objects:
• “Free-fall” is the state of an object moving solely under the
influence of gravity.
• The acceleration of gravity near the Earth’s surface is a constant,
g = 9.8 m/s2 toward the center of the Earth.

Free-fall on the Moon

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm63PvsqWfA Free-fall in vacuum

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 y
Example:
A ball is initially thrown upward along a y axis,
with a velocity of 20.0 m/s at the edge of a 50-
meters high building.
(1) How long does the ball reach its maximum
height?
(2) What is the ball’s maximum height?
(3) How long does the ball take to return to its
release point? And its velocity at that point?
(4) What are the velocity and position of the ball
at t=5 s?
(5) How long does the ball take to hit the
ground? and what is its velocity when it strikes
the ground?

Using two equations: v  v 0 + at

1 2
y  y 0 + v 0 t + at
2
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v0 = 20.0 m/s, y0 = 0, a = -9.8 m/s2 y

We choose the positive direction is upward

(1) How long does the ball reach its

maximum height?
coordinate system upward

v  v 0 + at  v 0  gt
v 0 20
t   2.04 (s)
g 9 .8
(2) What is the ball’s maximum height?
1 2
y  y 0 + v 0 t + at
2
1
y max  0 + 20  2.04 + (-9.8)(2.04) 2
2
y max  20.4 (m)
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 y
We can use: v 2  v 02  2a ( y  y0 )

At the ball’s maximum height:

0  20 2  2  9.8  ymax
ymax  20.4 (m)

(3) How long does the ball take to return to its

release point? And its velocity at that point?
1 2
y  y 0 + v 0 t + at
2
At the release point: y = 0
1
0  0 + 20t  9.8t 2
2
t  0 or t  4.08 (s)
So: t  4.08 (s)
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 y
v  v 0 + at  v 0  gt
v  20  9.8(4.08)  20 (m/s)
You can also use:

v 2  v 02  2a ( y  y0 )
v 2  v 02  v   v 0 : downward

(4) What are the velocity and position of the

ball at t=5 s?

v  v 0  gt  20  9.8  5  29.0 (m/s)

1
y  20t  9.8t 2  22.5 (m)
2

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(5) How long does the ball take to hit the ground? y
and what is its velocity when it strikes the ground?
When the ball strikes the ground, y = -50 m

1
y  20t  9.8t 2  50
2
t  5.83 (s) or t  1.75 (s)

So, t = 5.83 (s):

v  v 0  gt
v  20 - 9.8  (5.83)  37.1 (m/s)

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Conclusions:
1. Displacement (m): measuring the change in position of an object
in a reference frame
Δx = xt – x0 (one dimension)
2. Velocity (m/s): describing how fast an object moves
v = Δx/Δt
3. Acceleration (m/s2): measuring the rate of change of velocity
a = Δv/Δt
4. Motion equations:

v  v 0 + at
1 2
x  x0 + v 0 t + at
2
v 2  v02  2a(x  x0 )
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Homework:
Problems 3, 16, 20, 31, 33, 41, 45, 48, 50 in Chapter 2 in Textbook

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