AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

Second Semester Mock Examinations

2022

Aerospace Engineering (BEng/MEng) Yr 2

Mechanical Engineering (BEng/MEng) Yr 2

AERO213: Aeroengines

Time Allowed: THREE HOURS

Instructions to candidates:

Answer ALL five questions

All five questions carry equal marks (20 marks each)
Show all working in answers to numerical and mathematical questions

Data: See overleaf

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

Gas and fuel properties

Unless otherwise instructed, use the following data for gas and fuel properties.

Ratio of specific heats for air: 𝛾𝑎 = 1.4

Specific heat of air at constant pressure: 𝑐𝑝𝑎 = 1004.5 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 𝐾)

Specific gas constant for air 𝑅 = 287 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 𝐾)

For the combustion products: 𝛾𝑝 = 1.33 and 𝑐̄𝑝𝑝 = 1140 𝐽/(𝑘𝑔 𝐾)

The Lower Calorific Value of conventional hydrocarbon aviation fuel: 𝑄𝐿𝐶𝑉 = 45000 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Equation summary

Ideal gas equation 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇

Mass flow rate (𝑚̇) 𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑉

Thrust (F) 𝐹 = (𝑚̇𝑎 + 𝑚̇𝑓 )𝑉𝑒 − 𝑚̇𝑎 𝑉𝑎 + 𝐴𝑒 (𝑝𝑒 − 𝑝𝑎 )

2𝑉𝑎
Propulsive efficiency (ηp) 𝜂𝑝 =
𝑉𝑎 +𝑉𝑒

̇
Δ𝐾𝐸
Thermal efficiency (ηth) 𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝑚̇𝑓 𝑄𝐿𝐶𝑉

Gas constant (R) 𝑅 = 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣

𝑐𝑝
Ratio of specific heats (𝛾) 𝛾=
𝑐𝑣

Steady flow energy equation 𝑄̇ + 𝑃 = 𝑚̇∆ℎ0

𝛾
𝑇 𝛾−1 𝑝2 𝑝
Isentropic condition (𝑇2 ) =
𝑝1
or
𝜌𝛾
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
1

𝑉
Mach number (M) 𝑀=
𝑎

Speed of sound (a) 𝑎 = √𝛾𝑅𝑇

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

Δℎ𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
Degree of reaction (Λ) Λ=
Δℎ𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

Combustion equation
𝑐𝑝𝑎 𝑚̇𝑎 (𝑇03 − 298) + 𝑐𝑝𝑓 𝑚̇𝑓 (𝑇0𝑓 − 298) + 𝑚̇𝑓 𝜂𝑏 𝑄𝐿𝐶𝑉 = (𝑚̇𝑎 + 𝑚̇𝑓 )𝑐𝑝𝑝 (𝑇04 − 298)
Energy balance between compressor and turbine
𝑐𝑝𝑎 𝑚̇𝑎 (𝑇03 − 𝑇02 ) = 𝜂𝑚 (𝑚̇𝑎 + 𝑚̇𝑓 )𝑐𝑝𝑝 (𝑇04 − 𝑇05 )
1
Mach cone angle (𝜇) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜇 =
𝑀
𝛾
𝑝𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 2 𝛾−1
Critical pressure ratio in a choked nozzle =( )
𝑝0 𝛾+1

1
𝛾+1 2
𝛾 2 𝛾−1 𝐴𝑝0
Mass flow rate for choked flow 𝑚̇ = [ ( ) ]
𝑅 𝛾+1 √𝑇0

Where A = area, p = pressure, p0 = stagnation pressure, P = power, 𝑄̇ = heat transfer rate, R =

specific gas constant, T = temperature, T0 = stagnation temperature, V = velocity, 𝜂𝑏 = burner
efficiency, 𝜂𝑀 = mechanical transmission efficiency of the shaft and 𝜌 =density, h=enthalpy and
KE=kinetic energy.

Subscripts: a = air, f = fuel, t = throat and e = exit.

Isentropic efficiencies

T’ denotes the isentropic temperature

′ −𝑇
𝑇02 ′ −𝑇
𝑇03
𝑎 02
Diffuser (𝜂𝑑 ): 𝜂𝑑 = Compressor (𝜂𝑐 ): 𝜂𝑐 =
𝑇02 −𝑇𝑎 𝑇03 −𝑇02

𝑇04 −𝑇05 𝑇05 −𝑇𝑒

Turbine (𝜂𝑡 ): 𝜂𝑡 = ′ Nozzle (𝜂𝑛 ): 𝜂𝑛 =
𝑇04 −𝑇05 𝑇05 −𝑇𝑒′

Normal Shock Relations

Subscript 1 refers to conditions before the shock and 2 to conditions after the shock.

𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑝2 1+𝛾𝑀12 𝑇2 1+ 2 𝑀12 1+( 2 )𝑀12 𝜌2 (𝛾+1)𝑀12
= = 𝛾−1 𝑀22 = 𝛾−1 =
𝑝1 1+𝛾𝑀22 𝑇1 1+ 2 𝑀22 𝛾𝑀12 −( 2 ) 𝜌1 2+(𝛾−1)𝑀12

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

Q1. Multiple choice

Write down one answer for each question in the answer booklet. Incorrect answers are not
negatively marked.

i. When calculating the torque of an axial flow turbomachine, which is the correct air velocity
to use?
A. Absolute velocity
B. Relative velocity
C. Tangential velocity
D. Axial velocity
[2 marks]

ii. Which is the most efficient way to produce thrust using an aeroengine?
A. Use a small mass of gas with a large increase in velocity
B. Use a large mass of gas with a small increase in velocity
C. Either way it doesn't matter they both do the same thing
D. Nobody knows
[2 marks]

iii. Which of the following is correct when considering the gas in the control volume used to
derive the thrust equation?
A. The rate of change of mass is zero.
B. The rate of change of momentum is zero.
C. The total force acting on it is zero.
D. It has a constant density.
[2 marks]

iv. Which of the following processes will not change the speed of sound of a gas?
A. Expansion
B. Compression
C. Combustion
D. None, i.e. they all change the speed of sound
[2 marks]

v. Why do civil airliners have engines with cold thrust reversers rather than hot thrust
reversers?
A. Because most of the thrust is produced by the cold stream
B. Because there is no hot stream in a large bypass ratio engine
C. Because not much reverse thrust is required for civil applications
D. Because thrust reversers cannot be used in certification testing
[2 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

vi. If 𝑀 is mass, 𝐿 is length and 𝑇 is time, identify the correct dimensions of Power.
A. 𝑀𝐿2 /𝑇 3
B. 𝑀𝐿/𝑇 3
C. 𝑀/𝐿𝑇 2
D. 𝑀𝐿2 /𝑇 2
[2 marks]

vii. Where is the air used to cool the high pressure turbine blades bled from?
A. Bypass duct
B. Exit nozzle
C. Outside of the engine
D. High pressure compressor
[2 marks]

viii. In which of the following components is there no work done or heat transferred?
A. Fan
B. Compressor
C. Combustor
D. Nozzle
[2 marks]

ix. A higher bypass ratio will very likely lead to an engine with which one of the following?
A. Increased thrust specific fuel consumption
B. Increased specific thrust
C. Increased turbine entry temperature
D. Lower jet velocity
[2 marks]

x. Which component generally does the most work per stage?

A. Diffuser
B. Compressor
C. Turbine
D. Nozzle
[2 marks]

[Q1 = 20 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

Q2.

(a) Gas (air) at a pressure of 8.0bar and a temperature of 290oC enters the stator of an axial flow
compressor of constant mean diameter 1.1m. The mass flow rate is 300kg/s. The height of the
stator blades at inlet is 80mm. The absolute flow angle at mid-blade height, measured with respect
to the tangential direction, is 35o at inlet. The density of the air at the exit of the stator is
5.283kg/m3. The flow can be assumed to be isentropic.

i. Sketch the velocity triangle at stator inlet.

[2 marks]
ii. Calculate the axial, tangential and absolute air velocity at inlet to the stator.
[4 marks]
iii. Calculate the absolute air velocity at the exit of the stator.
[4 marks]

(b) Flow exits the rotor of an LP compressor with an axial velocity of 150m/s and a relative flow angle
of -25o. The LP turbine in the same engine rotates at 7500rpm.

i. Sketch the compressor rotor exit velocity triangle and calculate the absolute flow angle at
this location if the mean diameter of the compressor is 0.5m.
[5 marks]
ii. Sketch on a h-s (enthalpy-entropy) diagram the curves for both stagnation and static
enthalpy through a single stage turbine. Label which part of the curves corresponds to the
stator and which part of the curves corresponds to the rotor.
[4 marks]

iii. Indicate on your sketch in (ii) how the enthalpy curves would be different if the turbine was
isentropic.
[1 mark]

[Total Q2 = 20 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

Q3.

A turbojet engine propelling an aircraft in cruise conditions at a Mach number 0.8 has a pressure ratio of 27
(i.e. p03 / p02 using the numbering system given below) and a turbine entry temperature of 1600K (i.e. T04). The
ambient pressure and temperature are 28kPa and 225K. There are no mechanical transmission losses along
the shaft that connects the compressor and the turbine and no pressure losses across the burner (i.e. p04 = p03).
The fuel-to-air ratio is 0.018. The nozzle exit pressure is equal to ambient pressure.

The component efficiencies are:

Station Component Efficiency

a-02 Intake  D = 0.96

02-03 Compressor C = 0.92

03-04 Burner ηB = 1.00

04-05 Turbine t = 0.93

05-e Nozzle n = 0.97

Assuming all the flow processes are adiabatic, calculate:

(a) The stagnation temperature just before the compressor T02

[2 marks]
(b) The stagnation pressure just before the compressor p02
[3 marks]
(c) The stagnation temperature just after the compressor T03
[3 marks]
(d) The stagnation temperature just after the turbine T05
[3 marks]
(e) Calculate the stagnation pressure just after the turbine p05
[4 marks]
(f) Calculate the static temperature at exit Te
[3 marks]
(g) Calculate the velocity of exhaust gases Ve
[2 marks]

[Total Q3 = 20 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

Q4.

(a) Consider the channel, shown schematically in Figure Q5(a), through which either carbon-dioxide or air
is pumped at a velocity of 350m/s. The flow direction is from left to right and you may assume that the
flow is one-dimensional and inviscid. The channel is 1m high. A small disturbance is introduced at the
location indicated in the figure on the lower channel wall and we observe a Mach wave as sketched in
the figure. For carbon-dioxide, assume 𝑅 = 188.9J/kgK and 𝛾 = 1.33. The temperature in both cases
is 280K. You may assume that both gases are perfect and that sound only travels via the fluid in the
channel.
i. For both carbon-dioxide and air, compute the Mach angle and the distance d behind the
disturbance location where the Mach wave hits the upper wall.
[5 marks]
o
ii. If we know that the Mach angle is 60 in both gas flows, determine what the gas velocities
would have to be if the temperature is 280K.
[2 marks]

V
Figure Q4(a)

(b) Use the continuity equation, the ideal gas equation, the definition of the speed of sound and the
Mach number (all of which are in the equation summary at the front of this exam paper), along
with the momentum equation in the form,
𝑝1 𝐴1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 = 𝑚̇(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ).
To derive the following equation for the pressure ratio across a normal shock wave,
𝑝2 1 + 𝛾𝑀12
=
𝑝1 1 + 𝛾𝑀22
where subscripts 1 and 2 denote just before (upstream) and after (downstream) the shockwave
respectively.
[8 marks]
(c) A convergent-divergent nozzle is designed to have an exit Mach number of 1.9 when air is used.
Calculate the ratio of exit temperature to throat temperature at the design condition.
[3 marks]
(d) If a normal shock is present in the divergent part of the nozzle, i.e. between the throat and nozzle
exit and the flow just ahead of the normal shock wave has a Mach number of 1.6. Determine the
Mach number just after (downstream of) the shock wave.
[2 marks]

[Total Q4 = 20 marks]

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AERO213 School of Engineering Dr David JC Dennis

Q5.

An axial compressor consists of 8 stages each built from blades of identical cross-section and a constant
mid-height diameter. The axial velocity is constant throughout the machine and the flow enters each rotor
row axially. All processes may be assumed to be isentropic.

Mass flow rate = 42kg/s

Pressure ratio across each stage = 1.45
Degree of reaction for each stage = 50%
Rotational speed = 9500rpm
Inlet temperature and pressure = 290K and 1.1bar
Stator entry flow angle = 28° to axial

(a) At the compressor inlet (i.e. the first stage) draw the velocity triangles at rotor inlet, rotor
outlet/stator inlet and stator outlet at blade mid-height.
[4 marks]

(b) Determine the overall pressure and temperature rise through the compressor.
[5 marks]

(c) Determine the rotor absolute entry velocity for the first stage.
[7 marks]

(d) Determine the blade mid-height diameter.

[4 marks]

[Total Q5 = 20 marks]

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