Motori e Biofuel ENG

Drive train
The transmission is the system that includes engine, which burns fuel to produce
mechanical energy, the transmission which changes the gearbox differential to
efficiently make the engine power transmitted to the axle. It includes the fuel system
which consists of the tank, various filters, fuel injectors or carburettors, the exhaust
system, the cooling system and the braking system. The transmission is automatic or
manual. The manual gearbox features a device, controlled by the driver, that
transmits power to the wheels and has mechanical gear set engaged by the gear lever
operated by the driver. The automatic transmission doesn't need the driver's input and
let him free to concentrate on driving. The automatic transmission is electronically
controlled by the vehicle's transmission control system, so the computer in the car
decides when and which gear to engage. The job of all transmissions is to match
engine speed to vehicle speed. Internal combustion engines produce useful power
over a specific range of engine speed rpm (revolutions per minute). The transmission
is used to keep the engine at a precise rpm across the vehicle's speed range.
The four-stroke engine

Currently most vehicles use the four-stroke combustion cycle (also known as the Otto
cycle, named after Nikolaus Otto) to convert fuel into motion. The driving force is a
device called an internal combustion engine. Inside the engine, there’s a continuous
cycle of ignition and combustion. The fuel is ignited by the spark plugs and burns the
air to create an explosion. Through four steps, the motor produces mechanical energy.
The four strokes:
Fuel and air intake. During the upward stroke of the piston, a mixture of fuel and air
inject into the cylinder through a carburettor or injection system. The piston work
optimally with the correct supply of fuel and air mixture.
Compression. When the piston is near the top of the cylinder, it compresses the
mixture of fuel and air injected into the cylinder. Compression increases the
explosiveness of a combustible material.
Combustion and power. When the piston hit the top of the cylinder, the fuel is ignited
by a spark plug. As a result of combustion, the piston is pushed towards the bottom of
the cylinder.
Exhaust. When the piston is pushed down, the residue of the combustion residue is
expelled through exhaust valve in the cylinder wall and exits through the exhaust
pipe.
After completion of entire cycle, the engine is ready for the next cycle. In an engine,
the linear motion of the pistons is converted into rotational motion by the crankshaft
which drives the car's wheels. The area of compression and combustion is called the
combustion chamber. The difference between the maximum and minimum volume of
the combustion chamber is called displacement.
The two-stroke engine

A two-stroke engine uses a mixture of fuel and oil as fuel. In the first step the piston
compresses the air / fuel mixture in the combustion chamber and at the same time
draws a fresh air / fuel mixture into the crankcase for the next cycle. In the second
step the mixture burns and the piston is pushed down, opening the exhaust port and
simultaneously forcing the mixture that was in the crankcase into the combustion
chamber. The oil in the mixture lubricates the engine for this reason oil and fuels are
mixed together. One of the main parts of two-stroke engine is a crankcase that border
all other parts of the engine. Inside there are crankshaft, connecting rod and single
piston. It also has an intake port, reed valve, exhaust port and cylinder. The
crankshaft in a two-stroke engine rotates, moving the piston thanks to connecting rod
that is connected to the crankshaft at one end and the piston at the other, which
translates the movement of the crankshaft so that the piston is moved up and down. A
two-stroke engine is commonly found in lower-power applications. Some of the
devices that may have a two-stroke engine include garden equipment (lawn mowers,
chainsaws, trimmers), dirt bikes, mopeds, jet skis and small outboard motors. The
main reason, that made famous this type of engine, is the low cost. Most small
projects use gasoline lubrication, with the oil being burned in the combustion
chamber, causing residual exhaust gases. This is one of the main reasons why two-
stroke engines have been replaced by four-stroke engines in many applications.
The diesel engine

In 1893, the German mechanical engineer Rudolf Diesel invented this engine. The
main difference between a diesel engine and a gasoline engine is that a gasoline
engine needs an ignition system that uses an electric spark to start. In a diesel engine,
fuel is sprayed into the combustion chambers through the fuel injector nozzles when
the air in each chamber has been placed under such high pressure that it is hot enough
to ignite the fuel spontaneously. When the ignition key is turned, a process begins
where fuel is injected into the cylinders under such high pressure that it heats the air
in the cylinders on its own. The time it takes to warm up is approximately 1.5
seconds. Diesel fuel is less volatile than gasoline and is easier to start if the
combustion chamber has preheated, so glow plugs have been added to preheat the air
in the cylinders. With fuel management techniques and higher injection pressures
they create enough heat to touch the fuel without glow plugs, but the spark plugs are
still there for emission control as the extra heat they provide helps burn the fuel more
efficiently. When there is pressure on the accelerator and the ignition key is turned to
start the fuel passes through a pair of fuel filters which clean it before it can get to the
fuel injector nozzles. Proper filter maintenance is important in diesel engines because
fuel contamination can clog up the small holes in the injector nozzles. Diesel engines
are used in heavy equipment, locomotives, ships and vehicles.
Biofuels
Biofuels are one of the most important forms of renewable energy. They can be solid,
gases or liquid, although they are usually liquid. The use of biofuels from renewable
sources is excellent for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels are produced
from organic material: biomass is organic material that has stored sunlight in the form
of chemical energy, while biogas is a naturally produced gas. There are three main
types of biofuels.
Ethanol is a type of alcohol that results from the fermentation of plants. When ethanol
is mixed with gasoline it improves combustion performance and lowers carbon
monoxide emissions and is used in engines that burn gasoline.
Biodiesel is made from biodegradable materials such as animal fats and vegetable oil.
It can be mixed with conventional diesel or pure burned in compression ignition
engines.
Biojet fuel is used in aircraft.

Motori e Biofuel ENG

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Drive train

The four-stroke engine

The two-stroke engine

The diesel engine

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