Mathematics 10

Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module18
Polynomials and Polynomial
Equations
Mathematics – Grade 10
Quarter 1 – Self-Learning Module 18: Polynomials and Polynomial Equations
First Edition, 2020

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 Mathematics 10
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module18
Polynomials and Polynomial Equations
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Mathematics Grade 10 Self–Learning Module on Polynomial

and Polynomial Equations!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators both from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by
its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the self-learning module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
self-learning module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the self-learning
module.
 For the learner:

Welcome to the Mathematics Grade 10 Self–Learning Module on Polynomials

and Polynomial Equations!

This self-learning module was designed to provide you with fun and
meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace
and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This self-learning module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.
.
Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the
lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATION
1. Solve problems involving polynomial equations.

PRETEST
Directions: Read each question carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.
1. How many roots does 2x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 9 = 0 have?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 9
2. What are the roots of the polynomial equation (2x+1)(3x+2)(x-8) = 0?
A. , ,8 B. , , -8 C. - , - , 8 D. - , - , -8

3. Two of the roots of polynomial equation x3 + 9x2 + 23x + 15 = 0 are 1 and - .

What is the other root?
A. 1 B. C. – D. – 1
4. Find a cubic polynomial equation with roots –1, 2 and 3?
A. x3 – 4x2 + x + 6 = 0 C. x3 + 4x2 – x + 6 = 0
B. x – 4x – x + 6 = 0
3 2 D. x3 + 4x2 + x + 6 = 0
5. The roots of a polynomial equation are 1, 3 and 5. Which of the following
polynomial equations has these roots?
A. x3 + 9x2 + 23x + 15 = 0 C. x3 - 9x2 - 23x + 15 = 0
B. x - 9x + 23x - 15 = 0
3 2 D. x3 - 9x2 - 23x - 15 = 0

RECAP

The roots of polynomial equation are the values of x for which P(x)
is equal to zero.

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

If P(x) is a polynomial equation of degree n and with real coefficients,

then it has at most n real roots.

Multiple Roots of a Polynomial

If a polynomial P(x) has (x - r) occurring as a factor exactly n times,

then r is a root of multiplicity n of the polynomial equation P(x) = 0.
To solve polynomial equations for their roots:

1. Transform the polynomial equation into standard form if necessary.

2. Factor the polynomial expression.
3. Apply the zero-product property.
4. Solve each resulting equation.
5. Check.

LESSON

Rational Root Theorem

If the coefficients of anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + … + a1x + a0 = 0 are integers
(an ≠ 0 and a0 ≠ 0) , then each of the rational roots, after being reduced to
lowest terms, has a factor of a0 for its numerator and a factor of an for its
denominator.

If is a rational root of the polynomial equation, where is in lowest

terms, then p is a factor of a0 and q is a factor of an.
Whenever a polynomial has 1 as the leading coefficients, then any
rational root will be an integer that is a factor of the constant term of the
polynomials.
Example 1:
Find the rational roots of 4x3 – 16x2 + 11x + 10 = 0.
Solution:
List all possible numerators (factors of 10): ±1, ±2, ±5, ±10
List all possible denominators (factors of 4): ±1, ±2, ±4

Possible rational roots: ±1, ± , ± , ±2, ±5, ± , ± , ±10

Try out -1, and - .

By synthetic division, we find that 1 is not a root and - is a root as

shown:
-1 4 -16 11 10
-4 20 -31

4 -20 31 -21 1 is not a root

 -½ 4 -16 11 10
-2 9 -10

4 -18 20 0 - is a root

The polynomial 4x2 – 18x + 20 = 0 is a quadratic equation, so

2(2x2 – 9x + 10) = 0
2x2 – 9x + 10 = 0
(2x – 5)(x – 2) = 0

Hence, x = and x = 2.

Therefore, the three roots of the polynomial equation are – , and 2.

Example 2:
Find the rational roots of 2x4 + 9x3 + 15x2 + 11x + 3 = 0.
Solution:
List all possible numerators (factors of 3): ±1, ±3
List all possible denominators (factors of 2): ±1, ±2

Possible rational roots: ±1, ± , ±3, ±

Since all the terms in the polynomial are positive, the possible values that
are positive can be eliminated. Try out -1, -3, - , and - .

By synthetic division, we find that -1 is a root as shown:

-1 2 9 15 11 3
-2 -7 -8 -3

2 7 8 3 0
Try –1 again in the polynomial 2x3 + 7x2 + 8x + 3.
-1 2 7 8 3
-2 -5 -3

2 5 3 0
The remainder is again zero. So -1 again is a root.
The polynomial 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0 is a quadratic equation, so
2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
(2x + 3)(x + 1) = 0
Hence, x = - and x = -1.

Therefore, the three roots of the polynomial equation are -1 (with a

multiplicity of 3) and – .

Finding Polynomial Equation with Given Roots

To construct a polynomial from given roots, set x equal to each root,
move everything to one side, then multiply each resulting equation.
For each item below, give a polynomial equation with integral
coefficients that has the following roots.
a. 0, –1, 2
b. 2, , -1

Solutions:
a. 0, –1, 2
(x)(x + 1)(x – 2) = 0 use distributive property
(x2 + x)(x – 2) = 0
x3 – x2 – 2x = 0 polynomial equation

b. 2, , -1
(x – 2)(3x – 1)(x + 1) = 0 use distributive property
(3x2 – 7x + 2) (x + 1) = 0
3x3 – 4x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 polynomial equation

Model Situations using Polynomial

Example 1: The area of the rectangle is given by the polynomial expression
(x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 180 square units and its length given by (x – 3) units . Find
the width of the rectangle in terms of x.
Solution:
The area of the rectangle = (x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 18) square units
Length of the rectangle = (x – 3) units
The formula for area of the rectangle = length x width (A = lw)
Hence, to find the width of the rectangle, we need to divide the area by the
length.
Using synthetic division,
3 1 -3 -6 18
3 0 -18

1 0 -6 0
The quotient is the width of the rectangle. Hence, the width of the rectangle
is (x2 – 6) units.
Example 2: The distance covered by a bike is given by the expression (2x2 +
x – 21) kph. The time taken by the bike to cover this distance is given by the
expression (x – 2) hr. Find the speed of the bike.
Solution:
Since the formula for the distance is speed x time (d = st), hence we can
easily derive formula of speed from this formula of distance.

Speed =

Put the values in the questions in the above formula to get the speed:

Speed =

Using synthetic division,

3 2 1 -21
6 21

2 7 0
Hence, the speed of the bike is (2x + 7) km.
Example 3: One dimension of the cube is increased by 1 inch to form a
rectangular block. Suppose that the volume of the new block is 80 cubic
inches. Find the length of an edge of the original cube.
Solution:
Let x be the side of the cube.
Volume of the cube = x3
Volume of the rectangular block = x2(x + 1)

Equation: x2(x + 1) = 80 → x3 + x2 – 80 =0

Look for rational roots using Rational Roots Theorem.

Using synthetic division,
4 1 1 0 -80
4 20 80

1 5 20 0
Q(x) = x2 + 5x + 20 has no real roots
Therefore, the length of an edge of the original cube is 4 inches.
 ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: LET’S PRACTICE!

Directions: Find the roots of the following polynomial equations.

1. (x + 1)(2x + 1)(3x – 2) = 0
2. (4x + 3)(x + 9)(2x – 1) = 0
3. (5x + 3)2(x – 7)3 = 0
4. (3x – 1)2(x + 5) = 0
5. (7x + 3)3(x – 1)2 = 0

ACTIVITY 2: KEEP PRACTICING!

Direction: Find a polynomial equation with integral coefficients that has the
given numbers as roots.

1. 1, 2, 4
2. 1, -3, -5
3. 0, 4, -2, -3
4. ±3, ±5
5. ±1, 3,

ACTIVITY 3: TEST YOURSELF!

Directions: Read the problem carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.

The volume of the swimming pool is given by 3x3 + 4x2 – 17x - 6. If

the height of the pool is given to be x - 2, what are the dimensions of the
rectangular base of the pool?
A. (x – 3)(3x – 1)
B. (x – 3)(3x + 1)
C. (x + 3)(3x – 1)
D. (x + 3)(3x + 1)
 WRAP–UP
Rational Root Theorem
If anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + … + a1x + a0 = 0 where a0, a1, … , an are integers
(an ≠ 0 and a0 ≠ 0) and (in lowest terms) is a rational root of the polynomial
equation, then p is an integer factor of the constant term a0 and q is an
integer factor of the leading coefficient an.
To construct a polynomial from given roots, set x equal to each root,
move everything to one side, then multiply each resulting equation.

VALUING

Understand that organizing our thinking processes and thinking

logically are important in problem solving and in solving problems related to
our everyday life. Share your thoughts and insights about the given
statement in 3-5 sentences and write these in your notebook.

POSTTEST

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer.
1. How many roots does 4x3 + 8x2 – 11x + 3 = 0 have?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 8 D. 11
2. What are the roots of the polynomial equation (3x-2)(4x+1)(x-4) = 0?
A. , ,4 B. ,- , 4 C. - , , - 4 D. - ,- ,-- 4

3. Two of the roots of polynomial equation 4x3 + 8x2 – 11x + 3 = 0 are -3 and .
What is the other root?
A. 3 B. C. – D. – 3
4. Find a cubic polynomial equation with roots 1, -2 and -3?
A. x3 – 4x2 + x + 6 = 0 C. x3 + 4x2 – x + 6 = 0
B. x3 – 4x2 – x + 6 = 0 D. x3 + 4x2 + x – 6 = 0
5. The roots of a polynomial equation are 2, 4 and -3. Which of the following
polynomial equations has these roots?
A. x3 + 3x2 + 10x + 24 = 0 C. x3 - 3x2 - 10x + 24 = 0
B. x3 - 3x2 + 10x - 24 = 0 D. x3 - 3x2 - 10x - 24 = 0
 KEY TO CORRECTION

1. B
2. C
PRETEST
3. C
4. A
5. B

1. -1, - ,

2. - , -9,
ACTIVITY 1
3. - is a root of multiplicity 2, 7 is a root of multiplicity 3

4. is a root of multiplicity 2, -5

5. - is a root of multiplicity 3, 1 is a root of multiplicity 2

1. x3 – 7x2 + 14x – 8 = 0
ACTIVITY 2
2. x3 + 7x2 + 7x – 15 = 0
3. x4 + x3 – 14x2 – 24x = 0
4. x4 – 34x2 + 225 = 0
5. 2x4 – 7x3 + x2 + 7x – 3 = 0

Answer : D
ACTIVITY 3

1. A
2. B
POSTTEST 3. B
4. D
5. C
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