Bce 223 L Sim Ulo 1

College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building

Matina Campus, Davao City
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Civil Engineering Program
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: BCE 223L – CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

TESTING
Name of Teacher: Engr. REYNALDO P. SAHAGUN JR.
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR REPRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE
OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
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Table of Contents
Course Outline: BCE 223L – Construction Materials and Testing .........................................3
Course Information ...........................................................................................................7
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 1a. .............................................................................................7
Metalanguage.......................................................................................................................... 7
Essential Knowledge ................................................................................................................ 8
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF BUILDING STONES & STRUCTURAL CLAY...........................................................8
AGGREGATES ................................................................................................................................................12
What is ASTM?..............................................................................................................................................13
What is AASHTO?..........................................................................................................................................14
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR REDUCING SAMPLES OF AGGREGATE TO TESTING SIZE ...................................15
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TOTAL EVAPORABLE MOISTURE CONTENT OF AGGREGATE BY DRYING ..18
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATES ................................................................................................................20
Determination of Unit Weight of Aggregates ..............................................................................................24
SPECIFIC GRAVITY & ABSORPTION DETERMINATION OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES .......................25
I. Specific Gravity Determination of Aggregates ..........................................................................................25
STANDARD METHOF OF TEST FOR BULK DENSITY (“Unit Weight”) AND VOIDS IN AGGREGATE (UNIT
WEIGHT DETERMINATION)...........................................................................................................................29
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES .......................................34
DETERMINATION OF FINENESS MODULUS ..................................................................................................36
SOUNDNESS TEST .........................................................................................................................................39
Results:.................................................................................................................................. 41
Typical Values: ..............................................................................................................................................41
Calculations (Interactive Equation) ..............................................................................................................41
ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATE (COLOUR TEST) .......................................................................42
ABRASION TEST OF AGGREGATES ................................................................................................................44
Self-Help: ............................................................................................................................... 48
Let’s Check............................................................................................................................. 48
Let’s Analyze.......................................................................................................................... 49
In a Nutshell .......................................................................................................................... 49
Q&A List ................................................................................................................................ 50
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 1b. ...........................................................................................51
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Course Outline: BCE 223L – Construction Materials and Testing
Course Coordinator: Reynaldo P. Sahagun Jr., RCE

Email: [email protected]
Student Consultation: By appointment through BB
Mobile: 0919-8559782
Phone: (082) 2961084 or local 131 Office
Effectivity Date: May 25, 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-Line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 36 Hours lecture and 54 Hours laboratory
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: CE 117
Co- requisite: BCE 222
Credit: 2 units lecture, 1unit laboratory
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all scheduled
Virtual or face to face sessions.
COURSE OUTLINE POLICY

Areas of Concern Details
Contact and Non-contact Hours This 2-unit and 1-unit laboratory course self-
instructional manual is designed for blended learning
mode of instructional delivery with scheduled face to
face or virtual sessions. The expected number of
hours will be 36 hours lecture and 54 hours
laboratory including the face to face or virtual
sessions. The expected number of hours will be 90
including the face-to-face or virtual sessions. The
face-to-face sessions shall include the summative
assessment tasks (exams) since this course is
crucial in the licensure examination for civil
engineers.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd, 5th,
7 and 9th week of the term. The assessment paper
th
shall be attached with a cover page indicating the

title of the assessment task (if the task is
performance), the name of the course
coordinator, date of submission and name of the
student. The document should be emailed to the
course coordinator. It is also expected that you
already paid your tuition and other fees before the
submission of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time through

the features in the Blackboard Learning
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Management System, the schedule shall be

arranged ahead of time by the course coordinator.
Since this course is included in the licensure

examination for civil engineers, you will be
required to take the exam inside the University.
This should be scheduled ahead of time by your
course coordinator. This is non-negotiable for all
licensure-based programs.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all
(if necessary) assessment tasks are required to be submitted
through Turnitin with a maximum similarity
index of 30% allowed. This means that if your
paper goes beyond 30%, the students will either
opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing
addressed to the course coordinator the reasons
for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
reached more than 30% similarity index, the
student may be called for a disciplinary action in
accordance with the University’s OPM on
Intellectual and Academic Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or
people to complete the task for you have severe
punishments (reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after
Assignments/Assessments the designated time on the due date, without an
approved extension of time, will be reduced by
5% of the possible maximum score for that
assessment item for each day or part day that the
assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment

paper has a valid reason, a letter of explanation
should be submitted and approved by the course
coordinator. If necessary, you will also be
required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2)
Assessments weeks
after the submission. This will be returned by
email or via Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course

coordinator will require some or few of the
students for online or virtual sessions to ask
clarificatory questions to validate the originality
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of the assessment task submitted and to ensure

that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the
course
coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an
assessment task. The resubmission is premised on
the student’s failure to comply with the similarity
index and other reasonable grounds such as
academic literacy standards or other reasonable
circumstances e.g.
illness, accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program
coordinator your intention to appeal or contest
the score given to an assessment task. The letter
should explicitly explain the reasons/points to
contest the grade. The program coordinator shall
communicate with the students on the approval
and disapproval of the
request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean
with
the original letter of request. The final decision
will
come from the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the

usual
University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or
inadequate,
use the general practice of the APA 6 th Edition.
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao email
account which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal.
Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
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students to have access to the materials and

resources of the course. All communication
formats: chat, submission of assessment tasks,
requests etc. shall be through the portal and other
university recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in

person through the scheduled face to face
sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student

email,
please contact the course coordinator or program
head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Contact Details of the Program Engr. Showna Lee T. Sales
Head Email: [email protected]
Phone: (082) 296-1084 or 300-5456 loc. 133
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate
with the course coordinator about the nature of
his or her special needs. Depending on the nature
of the need, the course coordinator with the
approval of the program coordinator may provide
alternative assessment tasks or extension of the
deadline of submission of assessment tasks.
However, the alternative assessment tasks should
still be in the service of achieving the desired
course learning outcomes.
Help Desk Co0ntact
CEE BLACKBOARD Jetron J. Adtoon
ADMINISTRATOR [email protected]
09055267834
CEE Frida Santa O. Dagatan

[email protected]
09562082442
082-2272902
Library Contact Brigida E. Bacani
[email protected]
09513766681
GSTC Contact Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
[email protected]
09212122846
Silvino P. Josol
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[email protected]
0906075772
Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello prospective engineers! Welcome to this course BCE 223L:
Construction Materials and Testing. By now, I am confident that you really
wanted to become a civil engineer and that you have visualized yourself
with professional expertise and ethical responsibility in the practice of the
profession. Furthermore, show dedication and initiative in research and
innovation or entrepreneurial ventures, and professional development.
CO: Upon completion of this course, you are expected to:
CO1. Recognize the physical and structural properties for most common
and advanced construction materials
CO 2. Conduct experiments on common construction materials according
to international standards such as the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM)
CO 3. Evaluate the results of the test of common construction material
Let us begin!
BIG PICTURE
Week 1 to 3: Unit Learning Outcomes 1 (ULO 1): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to:
a. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the properties and behaviors
of most common and advance construction material such as building stones,
structural clay and aggregates.
b. Conduct the methods, procedures and formulas of different experiments on
common construction materials according to international standards such as
ASTM & AASTHO.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 1a. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
properties
Big Picture and behaviors of most common and advance construction material such as
in Focus
building stones, structural clay and aggregates
Metalanguage
This section deals with the study of different types and properties of construction
materials such as building stones, structural clay and aggregates.
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Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge”.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three (3) weeks
of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be
laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer
to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books, research articles and
other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.
INTRODUCTION
Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. This can
be classified as natural or synthetic. Many naturally occurring substances such as rocks,
clay, sand and wood , even twigs and leaves, have been used for construction. Apart from
naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some
less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many
countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty
trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing work.
TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF BUILDING STONES & STRUCTURAL CLAY

I. Building Stones
Stones are naturally occurring compact, solid and massive material that make the
crust of the earth. Technically, the stones are called as rocks. The rocks occur in
great variety. The rocks possess suitable properties often find use in building
stones. It follows that all building stones are rocks in nature, all rocks may not be
useful as building stones.
➢ Classification of Stones
A. Geological Classification
This classification is based on mode of formation of the rock from which
building stones are obtained. Three main group recognized are:
I) Igneous Rocks - those rocks of the earth that have been formed by
the natural process of cooling and crystallization from originally hot
and molten magma. Granite, Gabbro, Basalt, Diorite and
Obsidian are some of the examples of Igneous Rocks.
II) Sedimentary Rocks - are formed from any type of preexisting
rocks by a simple process of breakdown into smaller particles under
the influence of natural agencies like wind, water and ice and
atmospheric gases. This type of rocks includes Conglomerate,
Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, etc.
III) Metamorphic Rocks - These are originally either igneous or
sedimentary rocks. The process for their change under the influence
of increased temperature, pressure, and chemical environment is
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called metamorphism. The most well-known examples of

metamorphic rocks are marble and slate.
B. Physical Classification
The basis for such a classification is the physical properties of rocks, the
manner and arrangement of different particles and mass forming a stone.
They classified as follows:
I) Foliated Rocks - show definite parallel arrangement of minerals
showing a tendency to split in a specific direction. Examples are
gneiss, and schist.
II) Stratified Rocks - formed due to the splitting of parallel layers of
sedimentary rocks. They exhibit distinct layers which can be
separated. The plane of separation is called as a cleavage plane.
Examples are limestone, slate, and sandstone.
III) Unstratified Rocks - are granular or crystalline structure and
become solid and cooling. They do not show any sign of strata.
Examples are igneous rocks like granite, basalt, etc.
C. Chemical Classification
The presence of chemical constituents in the rocks is the basis for their type of
classification. they are as follows:
I) Argillaceous Rocks - clay and alumina is the main constituents.
Examples of the argillaceous rocks are slate, laterite, etc.
II) Siliceous Rocks - in this type, silica is the main constituent. The
presence of the silica in the free state is called sand, and in the combined
state is silicate. Examples of the silicate rocks are sandstone, quartzite,
etc.
III) Calcareous Rocks - calcium carbonate or lime is the main constituents
in these rocks. They are readily acted upon by dilute HCL. Examples are
limestone, marble, etc.
II. Structural Clay

Structural Clay is a widely used material in the construction Industry. It is a recyclable
and sustainable product, it is fire resistant and the color ranges from light brown to
burnt red. The various types of clay products used in the construction industry are:
1. Brick – is extensively used in the construction of the external and internal walls of
the building where they are joined with cement plaster.
2. Terracotta – is used as a roofing material and external natural tile cladding material
to create the feel of exposed brick work.
3. Hollow Block Tile – are used to create the external walls of the building and are
very good insulators of sound and heat.
4. Paver Blocks – are used in driveways and landscaped gardens. They are light in
weight, strong and are usually in the form of interlocking tiles.
5. Brick Glazed Tile – Glazed brick tiles are used as an external cladding material so
as to give the look of exposed brick work.
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6. Roofing Material – Clay is used as roofing material in many houses having sloped
roofs. This prevents the entry of water into the interiors. It is mainly used in areas
having heavy rainfall.
III. Properties of Building Materials

A. Physical Properties
These are the properties required to estimate the quality and condition of the material
without any external force. The physical properties of engineering materials are as
follows:
• Bulk Density is the ratio of mass to the volume of the material in its natural state that
is including voids and pores. It is expressed in kg/m3. Bulk density influences the
mechanical properties of materials like strength, heat and conductivity etc.
• Porosity gives the volume of the material occupied by pores. It is the ratio of volume
of pores to the volume of material. Porosity influences many properties like thermal
conductivity, strength, bulk density, durability etc.
• Durability is the property of a material to withstand against the combined action of
atmospheric and other factors. If the material is more durable, it will be useful for longer
life. Maintenance cost of material is dependent of durability.
• Specific Gravity is the ratio of mass of given substance to the mass of water at 4oC for
the equal volumes.
• Fire resistance is the ability to withstand against fire without changing its shape and
other properties. Fire resistance of a material is tested by the combined actions of water
and fire. Fireproof materials should provide more safety in case of fire.
• Frost resistance is the ability of a material to resist freezing or thawing. It depends
upon the density and bulk density of material. Denser materials will have more frost
resistance. Moist materials have low frost resistance and they lose their strength in
freezing and become brittle.
• Weathering Resistance is the property of a material to withstand against all
atmospheric actions without losing its strength and shape. Weathering effects the
durability of material. For example, corrosion occurs in iron due to weathering. To
resist this paint layer is provided.
• Spalling Resistance is the ability of a material to undergo certain number of cycles of
sharp temperature variations without failing. It is the dependent of coefficient of linear
expansion.
• Water Absorption is the capacity of a material to absorb and retain water in it. It is
expressed in % of weight of dry material. It depends up on the size, shape and number
of pores of material.
• Water Permeability is the ability of a material to permit water through it.
• Hygroscopicity is the property of a material to absorb water vapor from the air. It
depends on the relative humidity, porosity, air temperature etc.
• Refractoriness is the property of a material which cannot melts or lose its shape at
prolonged high temperatures (1580oC or more). Example: fire clay is high refractory
material.
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B. Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties of the materials are find out by applying external forces on them.
The mechanical properties are,
• Strength is the capacity of a material to resist failure caused by loads acting on it. The
load may be compressive, tensile or bending. It is determined by dividing the ultimate
load taken by the material with its cross sectional area.
• Hardness is the property of a material to resist scratching by a herder body. MOHS
scale is used to determine the hardness of a materials.
• Elasticity is the capacity of a material to regain its initial shape and size after removal
of load is known as elasticity and the material is called as elastic material.
• Plasticity is when the load applied on the material will undergo permanent deformation
without cracking and retain this shape after the removal of load then it is said to be
plastic material.
• Brittleness is when the material subjected to load, fails suddenly without causing any
deformation then it is called brittle material.
• Fatigue. If a material is subjected to repeated loads, then the failure occurs at some
point which is lower than the failure point caused by steady loads.
• Impact Strength. If a material is subjected to sudden loads and it will undergo some
deformation without causing rupture. It designates the toughness of material.
• Abrasion Resistance. The loss of material due to rubbing of particles while working
is called abrasion. The abrasion resistance for a material makes it durable and provided
long life.
• Creep is the deformation caused by constant loads for long periods.
C. Chemical Properties
The properties of materials against the chemical actions or chemical combinations
are termed as chemical properties. And they are,
• Chemical Resistance is the ability of a construction material to resist the effects of
chemicals like acids, salts and alkalis.
• Corrosion Resistance. Formation of rust (iron oxide) in metals, when they are
subjected to atmosphere is called as corrosion.
D. Thermal Properties
The thermal properties of a material are those that are related to the materials response
to heat. When a material is subjected to a change in temperature, it may expand,
contract, conduct, or reflect heat. Ceramics can withstand high temperatures, are good
thermal insulators, and do not expand greatly when heated.
• Thermal Capacity is the property of a material to absorb heat and it is required to
design proper ventilation. It influences the thermal stability of walls. It is expressed in
J/NC and it is calculated by the formula:
Thermal capacity, T = [H/(M(T2 – T1))]
Where H = quantity of heat required to increase the temperature from T1 to T2
T1 = Initial temperature
T2 = Final temperature
M = Mass of material in N.
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• Thermal Conductivity. The amount of heat transferred through unit area of specimen
with unit thickness in unit time is termed as thermal conductivity.
• Thermal Resistivity. It is the ability to resist heat conduction. And it is the reciprocal
of thermal conductivity. When it is multiplied by thickness of material it gives thermal
resistance.
• Specific Heat is the quantity of heat required to heat 1 N of material by 1C. Specific
heat is useful when we use the material in high temperature areas.
AGGREGATES
Aggregate, in building and construction, is a material used for mixing with cement,
bitumen, lime, gypsum, or other adhesive to form concrete or mortar. The aggregate gives
volume, stability, resistance to wear or erosion, and other desired physical properties to
the finished product. Commonly used aggregates include sand, crushed or broken stone,
gravel (pebbles), broken blast-furnace slag, boiler ashes (clinkers), burned shale, and
burned clay. Fine aggregate usually consists of sand, crushed stone, or crushed slag
screenings; coarse aggregate consists of gravel (pebbles), fragments of broken stone, slag,
and other coarse substances. Fine aggregate is used in making thin concrete slabs or other
structural members and where a smooth surface is desired; coarse aggregate is used for
more massive members.
IV. PROPERTIES OF AGGREATES

1. Composition. Aggregates consisting of materials that can react with alkalis in cement
and cause excessive expansion, cracking and deterioration of concrete mix should never
be used. Therefore, it is required to test aggregates to know whether there is presence
of any such constituents in aggregate or not.
2. Size & Shape. The size and shape of the aggregate particles greatly influence the
quantity of cement required in concrete mix and hence ultimately economy of concrete.
3. Surface Texture. The development of hard bond strength between aggregate particles
and cement paste depends upon the surface texture, surface roughness and surface
porosity of the aggregate particles. If the surface is rough but porous, maximum bond
strength develops.
4. Specific Gravity. The ratio of weight of oven dried aggregates maintained for 24 hours
at a temperature of 100 to 110 C, to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by
saturated dry surface aggregate is known as specific gravity of aggregates.
5. Bulk Density. It is defined as the weight of the aggregate required to fill a container of
unit volume. It is generally expressed in kg/litre.
6. Voids. The empty spaces between the aggregate particles are known as voids. The
volume of void equals the difference between the gross volume of the aggregate mass
and the volume occupied by the particles alone.
7. Porosity & Absorption. The minute holes formed in rocks during solidification of the
molten magma, due to air bubbles, are known as pores. Rocks containing pores are
called porous rocks. Water absorption may be defined as the difference between the
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weight of very dry aggregates and the weight of the saturated aggregates with surface
dry conditions.
8. Fineness Modulus. Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea of how coarse or
fine the aggregate is. More fineness modulus value indicates that the aggregate is
coarser and small value of fineness modulus indicates that the aggregate is finer.
9. Deleterious Materials. Aggregates should not contain any harmful material in such a
quantity so as to affect the strength and durability of the concrete.
10. Crushing Value. The aggregates crushing value gives a relative measure of resistance
of an aggregate to crushing under gradually applied compressive load.
11. Impact Value. The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance
of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact.
12. Abrasion value of aggregates. The abrasion value gives a relative measure of
resistance of an aggregate to wear when it is rotated in a cylinder along with some
abrasive charge.
What is ASTM?
ASTM was originally known as the American Society of the International

Association for Testing and Materials when it was created in 1898 by
Pennsylvania Railroad engineers and scientists. Its purpose was to address and
prevent the frequent rail breaks that were plaguing the industry by developing
standards that would ensure higher quality rail products.
Today, the American Society for Testing and Materials is known as ASTM
International. It consists of over 30,000 members that include product users,
producers, consumers, academics, and consultants. ASTM is still headquartered in
Pennsylvania, but it also has offices throughout the world that are located in
Belgium, Canada, China, and Mexico, as well as one other domestic office in
Washington DC.
ASTM has come a long way from creating standards for steel in the railroad industry.
Today, ASTM develops and publishes technical standards for many different
industries with the goal of enhancing performance and safety over a wide range of
products, materials, systems, and services. Thousands of ASTM standards are
upheld all over the world, each with their own unique number. Each standard falls
into a variety of categories which include:
• Standard Specification
• Standard Test Method
• Standard Practice Guide
• Standard Classification
• Terminology Standard
Not only does ASTM create dependable standards, the society also offers
technical training programs, proficiency testing, and inter-laboratory crosscheck
programs.
Continuing education and online training programs are available for industries and
government employees. Courses can include plastics, coal, statistics, glass, and
more. Self-guided training courses are available for QA/QC technicians who work
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with cement, concrete strength training, and who conduct aggregate testing. On-site
training is also available, as are certification programs that cover a wide variety of
products, materials, systems, and services in keeping with third party compliance
standards.
This is a list of ASTM International standards. Standard designations usually

consist of a letter prefix and a sequentially assigned number. This may optionally be
followed by a dash and the last two digits of the year in which the standard was
adopted. Prefix letters correspond to the following subjects:
• A = Iron and Steel Materials

• B = Nonferrous Metal Materials
• C = Ceramic, Concrete, and Masonry Materials
• D = Miscellaneous Materials
• E = Miscellaneous Subjects
• F = Materials for Specific Applications
• G = Corrosion, Deterioration, and Degradation of Materials
This list may include either current or withdrawn standards. A withdrawn standard
has been discontinued by its sponsoring committee. A standard may be withdrawn
with or without replacement.
What is AASHTO?
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan association representing highway and
transportation departments in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto
Rico. It represents all transportation modes including: air, highways, public
transportation, active transportation, rail, and water. Its primary goal is to foster
the development, operation, and maintenance of an integrated national
transportation system.
AASHTO works to educate the public and key decision makers about the critical role
that transportation plays in securing a good quality of life and sound economy for
our nation. AASHTO serves as a liaison between state departments of transportation
and the Federal government. AASHTO is an international leader in setting technical
standards for all phases of highway system development. Standards are issued for
design, construction of highways and bridges, materials, and many other technical
areas.
AASHTO serves as a catalyst for excellence in transportation by offering:

1. Smart solutions and promising practices;
2. Critical information, training and data;
3. Direct technical assistance to states; and
4. Unchallenged expertise.
AASHTO is guided by a Board of Directors made up of the chief transportation

officers from the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The 12-
member Executive Committee is led by AASHTO’s elected officers, and is assisted by
its executive director.
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AASHTO’s policy development, standards setting, and technical activities are the
product of volunteer state department of transportation personnel who work
through the AASHTO committee structure. The committees collaborate throughout
the year and typically meet annually. These committees, which represent the
highest standard of transportation expertise in the country, address virtually every
element of planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining transportation
services.
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR REDUCING SAMPLES OF AGGREGATE TO TESTING SIZE

REFERENCED STANDARD: ASTM C702-87 / AASHTO T248-89
The field samples of aggregate must generally be reduced to an appropriate

size for testing to determine physical characteristics, such as, sieve analysis,
soundness, hardness, etc. The methods described in this test method are intended
to minimize variations in the aggregate characteristics between the smaller test
sample and the larger field sample.
Several methods of sample reduction will be described. The technician must
be sure to use the appropriate technique dependent on such factors as aggregate
size and moisture content.
The reduction methods include:
Method A - Mechanical Splitter
Method B - Miniature Stockpile
Method C - Quartering
In some circumstances, reducing the field sample prior to testing is not

recommended. Substantial differences may unavoidably occur during sample
reduction, i.e., in the case of an aggregate having relatively few large size particles
in the sample. These few particles may be unequally distributed among the reduced
size test samples. If the test sample is being examined for certain contaminants
occurring as a few discreet particles in a small percentage, the reduced test sample
may not be truly representative of the total aggregate as produced. In these cases,
the entire original field sample should be tested.
Failure to carefully follow the procedures in these methods of sample

reduction may result in providing a nonrepresentative sample for subsequent
testing, resulting in inaccurate test results, and ultimately, failure of the aggregate
to perform as intended.
SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE
Aggregate and other materials sampled in the field need to be reduced to

appropriate sizes for testing. It is, therefore, necessary to reduce field samples while
minimizing the chance of variability during handling. In some instances, a few
particles on a given sieve might affect a gradation significantly enough to alter an
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interpretation of the field sample and subsequently the entire material's compliance
with specifications.
The appropriate field sample reduction method is dependent chiefly on the
nominal maximum size of the aggregate, the amount of free moisture in the sample,
and the equipment available.
The following chart should be used in selecting the appropriate reduction
method for the aggregate to be tested.
METHOD A -- MECHANICAL SPLITTER
Apparatus
Mechanical Splitter - The mechanical sample splitter shall have an even

number of equal width chutes, not less than eight for coarse or combined aggregate,
or twelve for fine aggregate. The chutes shall discharge alternately to each side of
the splitter. For coarse and combined aggregates, the width of the individual chutes
shall be approximately twice the largest size particle in the sample to be reduced.
For dry fine aggregate in which the entire sample will pass the 3/8 in. (9.5 mm)
sieve, the minimum width of the chutes shall be at least fifty percent larger than the
largest particles in the sample with a maximum width of 3/4 in. (20 mm).
The splitter shall be equipped with at least two receptacles (catch pans) to
hold the two halves of the sample during splitting. It shall also be equipped with a
hopper or straight-edge pan with a width equal to or slightly less than the overall
width of the assembly of chutes, by which the sample may be fed at a controlled rate
into the chutes.
The splitter and accessories shall be designed to allow the sample to flow
smoothly without restriction or loss of material.
Mechanical splitters are commonly available in sizes adequate for aggregate
having the largest particle size not over 1 1/2 in. (37.5 mm).
Procedure
1. Place the original sample, or portion thereof, in the hopper or pan and uniformly
distribute it from edge to edge being sure the sample appears homogenous (well-
blended). Carefully introduce the sample into the chutes in a manner to allow the
aggregate to flow freely through the openings and into the catch pans. Continue
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this procedure until the entire sample has been halved, being careful that catch
pans do not overflow.
2. Remove the catch pans and set aside. Continue splitting one half of the material.
Follow this procedure, being sure to split entire increments, until the desired test
sample size is obtained. Retain the unused material until all desired tests are
performed in case a retest is needed.
Note: Sometimes a significant amount of fines may be lost in the splitting process if the
sample is extremely dry and the action of pouring the sample through the splitter
chutes creates a large dust cloud, suspending the fines in the air above the splitter.
If this is a serious concern, then add a small amount of water to the original sample
and mix thoroughly before splitting the sample. The extra moisture will prevent
many of the fines from becoming suspended in the air and drifting off. Remember
to not add so much water that the moisture content ends up being at or greater than
the SSD condition, in which case the mechanical splitting method would no longer
be valid. In any case, be sure to perform the splitting procedure in a well-ventilated
area while wearing a suitable dust mask.
METHOD B -- MINIATURE STOCKPILE
Apparatus
Straight-edge scoop Shovel or trowel (for mixing the aggregate)

Small sampling thief, small scoop, or spoon
Procedure
This method is for damp, fine aggregate only.
1. Place the field sample on a hard, clean, level surface where there will be no loss of
material or contamination. Mix the sample by turning the entire sample over three
times with a shovel. With the last turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical
pile by depositing each shovelful on top of the preceding one.
2. Obtain a sample for each test to be performed by selecting at least five increments
of material at random locations from the miniature stockpile using a sample thief,
small scoop, or spoon.
METHOD C -- QUARTERING
Apparatus
Straight-edged scoop Flat-edged shovel or trowel

Broom or brush
Alternate method only - canvas blanket measuring approximately 6 ft. x 8 ft (2 m by 2.5
m).
Procedure
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1. Place the original sample on a hard, clean, level surface. Mix the material
thoroughly by turning the entire sample over with the shovel at least three times.
With the last turning, shovel the entire sample into a conical pile by depositing each
shovelful on top of the preceding one. Carefully flatten the conical pile to a uniform
thickness and diameter by pressing down the apex with the shovel so that each
quarter section of the resulting pile will contain the material originally in the pile.
The pile diameter should be approximately four to eight times the thickness.
2. Divide the flattened pile into four equal quarters with the shovel or trowel.
Remove two diagonally opposite quarters, including all fine material. Brush the
cleared spaces clean. Successively mix and quarter the remaining material in the
same fashion as the original sample. Continue this process until the desired
quantity is obtained.
Save the unused portion of the original field sample until all testing is
completed in case a retest is needed.
METHOD C -- ALTERNATIVE
As an alternative to Method B, when the floor surface is uneven, the field

sample may be placed on a canvas blanket and mixed with a shovel, or by
alternatively lifting each corner of the blanket and pulling the blanket over the
sample toward the diagonally opposite corner causing the material to be rolled.
Flatten and divide the pile as described in Method B, or if the surface beneath the
blanket is too uneven, insert a stick or pipe dividing the pile into two equal parts.
Remove the stick leaving a fold in the canvas between the sample halves.
Slide the stick under the canvas blanket again at a right angle to the first division
and dissecting the two halves of the sample through their centers. Lift the stick
evenly from both ends dividing the sample into equal quarters. Remove two
diagonal parts including the fine material and clean the area. Successively mix and
quarter the remaining material until the desired sample size is obtained.
Note: The quartering method is fairly time intensive and thus is generally used in
situations where an adequate mechanical splitter is unavailable. Diligence and care
is required to ensure that the samples obtained by quartering remain
representative of the entire field sample.
STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TOTAL EVAPORABLE MOISTURE CONTENT OF

AGGREGATE BY DRYING
REFERENCED STANDARD: ASTM C566-96 / AASHTO T255-92
The moisture content in aggregate is used to determine the binder content for
HMA during production of the mixture in a plant. The procedure requires that a known
amount of aggregate be obtained, the aggregate heated to remove the moisture, and the
percentage of moisture determined. Ovens, hot plates, heat lamps or microwave ovens
are used for heating the sample.
Apparatus
Balance sensitive to 1.0 gram
Source of Heat (oven, electric or gas hot plate, electric heat lamps, or microwave oven)
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Sample Container, suitable for method of heating

Procedure
1. Weigh the sample and record the weight
2. Dry the sample until there is less than 0.1% change in weight over subsequent
weighings.
3. Record the weight of the sample after the sample has cooled sufficiently not to
damage the balance.
Sample Problem:
Given the following information, determine the percent of moisture content in the Sand
and No. 57.
Given:
Sand
Weight of wet sample = 585 grams
Weight of dry sample = 540 grams
No. 57
Weight of wet sample = 1205 grams
Weight of dry sample = 1190 grams
Absorption
Sand = 0.5%
No. 57 = 0.9%
𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑒𝑡 − 𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑟𝑦
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100 − %𝐴𝑏𝑠.
𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦
Solution:
Sand
585−540
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = [( ) × 100] − 0.5% = 7.8%
540
No. 57
1205 − 1190
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = [( ) × 100] − 0.9 = 0.4%
1190
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SIEVE ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATES
REFERENCED STANDARD: ASTM C 136-84a, AASHTO T27-93,

ASTM C33 / C33M-18, AASHTO T-27
Sieve analysis which is also known as gradation test is a laboratory test procedure that is an
effective way of analyzing or determining the particle size distribution of coarse aggregates within a
given sample. The process separates fine particles from coarser particles by passing the material
through a number of sieves of different mesh sizes. Particle size distribution is defined using the mass
and volume. Particle size determinations on large samples of aggregate are necessary to ensure that
aggregates perform as intended for their specified use. Particle size distribution can affect a wide range
of properties such as the strength of concrete, solubility of a mixture, surface area properties, and even
their taste. This information can then be used to determine compliance with design and production
requirements. Data can also be used to better understand the relationship between aggregates or
blends and to predict trends during production. In this method, the soil is sieved through a set of sieves.
A known mass of material is placed on top of a group of nested sieves (arranged in order of decreasing
size from top to bottom) and mechanically shaken for a designated period of time. Particles move
horizontally or vertically through sieve mesh.
Sieves are wire screen having square openings. Size of these openings gives the sieves their
name which is called sieve number. A sieve with a mesh opening of 4.75 mm is designated as 4.75 mm
Sieve (Sieve number written on sieve). Similarly, a 600-micron sieve refers to a sieve which has a mesh
opening of 0.600 mm. The two major standards governing test sieves and appropriate sizes are ASTM
E11 and ISO 565/3310-1, both of which specify parameters for aperture dimensions, mesh size, and
statistical variations. Opening sizes and mesh diameters for test sieves are often duplicated between
these two standards, making it easier to select the proper sieve size for your material. Sieve mesh
opening sizes range from 5in (125mm) down to #635 (20µm).
There are two methods in sieving analysis, the Manual Sieving Method and the Mechanical
Sieving Method. Manual sieving method is carried out in places where there is no electricity and
mainly used in, onsite differentiation among large and small particles. Mechanical sieving method is
used in laboratories to assure the quality and this is the widely used method in present days. In
mechanical sieving the method can be classified into two further groups depending on their sieving
movement as horizontal movement sieving method and vertical movement sieving method. The
vertical movement sieving method is also known as throw-action sieving and vibratory sieving
methods.
There are two ways or methods in weighing the material retained on each of the sieves, the Dry
Sieve Analysis and Wet Sieve Analysis. Dry sieve analysis is considered mostly and here the testing
particles (specimen) are in dry state. Wet sieve analysis is carried out after the dry sieve analysis. The
purpose of the wet sieve analysis is to remove all the particles which are finer than 75 microns (of the
last sieve) particles from the sample so that we arrive at the correct sieve analysis results.
In performing sieve test one must consider and know the two categories of coarse grains soils.
The portion of soil, which contains particle size bigger than 4.75 mm is retained on the sieve. This
portion is called gravel fraction. Gravels, having grain size greater than 4.75 mm. The portion of soil,
which contains particle size less than 4.75 mm passed through the sieve. This portion is called sand
fraction. Sand, having grain size smaller than 4.75 mm. For gravel fractions we require sieves of sizes
80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm and 4.75 mm. This set is called set of coarse sieves as it sieves coarser
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part of the coarse soils. Second set of sieves for sand fractions consists sieves of sizes 2 mm, 1 mm, 600
µ, 425 µ, 212 µ, 150 µ and 75 µ. If we didn’t mention, then 1 mm that is millimeter is equal to 1000
micrometer which we denote as letter micron. So 1 mm is equal to 1000 micron. So here 600 microns
is actually 0.6 mm. This set of sieves is called set of fine sieves as it sieves finer part of the coarse soils.
A test procedure for an effective determination of the particle size distribution of coarse
aggregates. First, find a sample that ensure that aggregates perform as intended for their specified used.
Make sure that sample is clean and no foreign materials, such as, feces etc. Then, collect the chosen
sample. After that, transport it to the testing laboratory. When it arrived in the testing center, prepare
it for testing. Lastly, test and record the result.
Part of testing is weighing the material. There are two methods of weighing the sample. First is
the Cumulative Method where each sieve fraction, beginning with the coarsest, is placed in a
previously tared pan and weighed. This process is repeated until all fractions and the bottom pan have
been added and weighed. This is a good time saving option since you don’t have to empty out or tare
the pan on the scale. Second one is the Fractional Method where operator weighs the contents of each
sieve fraction separately, waiting to discard material until the entire test is complete. The technician
then calculates the amount retained and passing the sieve to the nearest 0.1% by total mass.
In Cumulative Method, as each retained fraction is added, divide the cumulative mass by the total
mass of the sample and multiply by 100 to calculate percent retained. Subtract the cumulative percent
retained on a given sieve from 100 to calculate percent passing.
(Cumulative Mass / Total Mass) × 100 = Cumulative % Retained

100 – (Cummulative % Retained) = Cumulative Retained Passing
On the other hand, Fractional Method, divide the mass retained on each sieve by the total and
multiply by 100 to calculate percent retained. Calculate percent passing by subtracting the percent
retained on the sieve nested beneath.
[Fractional Mass (on each sieves) ÷ Total Mass] × 100 = (% Fractional Retained)
(% Fractional Retained) – (% Retained on the sieve below) = (% Fractional Passing)
In calculating the percentage of amount of soil retained on each sieve as weight of retained soil
on the sieve divided by total weight of soil sample multiplied by 100. This way we know what
percentage of the total weight is retained on a particular sieve. Percentage weight retained on the 1st
sieves is w1 divided by W multiply by 100.
For calculation purposes and to determine some important characteristics, we also calculate two
values. First one is cumulative percentage retained. Now cumulative percentage retained of any sieve
is percentage weight retained on that sieve plus all percentage weight retained on all the sieves above
it. Cumulative percentage retained is the total percentage amount of soil which could not pass the
particular sieve. In other words, this percent amount of soil has grain size greater than the sieve
number.
Second value we calculate is percentage finer, using which we plot a graph called particle size
distribution curve. Percentage finer, as name suggests, is the percentage amount of soil which is finer,
than a particular sieve.
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Testing tips:
❖ Avoid overloading sieves.
❖ Allow enough time on a sieve shaker or testing screen for complete separation.
❖ Watch for degradation.
❖ Consider reducing shaker time intervals or using a different method.
❖ Check sieves for wear, torn mesh or distorted openings regularly.
❖ Do not use tools or probes to dislodge trapped particles.
❖ Take care when transferring material to the tare weighing pan.
❖ Don’t forget to pre-dry the sample.
Sample Problem: From the results of a sieve analysis, shown below, determine:
a. The percent finer than each sieve and plot a grain size distribution curve.
b. D10, D30, D60 from the grain-size distribution curve.
c. The uniformity coefficient, Cu. and
d. The coefficient of gradation, Cc.
Table 1
Sieve Number Mass of soil retained on each sieve (g)
4 0
10 40
20 60
40 89
60 140
80 122
100 210
200 56
Pan 12
Solution:
a.
Mass of Soil Cumulative percent
Sieve Percent retained of Percent finer
retained on retained on each sieve
Number each sieve (%) (%)
each sieve (g) (%)
4 0 0 0 100
10 40 5.49 5.49 94.51
20 60 8.23 13.72 86.28
40 89 12.21 25.93 74.07
60 140 19.20 45.13 54.87
80 122 16.74 61.87 38.13
100 210 28.81 90.68 9.32
200 56 7.68 98.36 1.64
Pan 12 1.64 100 0
729
Percent Retained = (Mass of Soil Retained/Total Mass of Soil)
No. 4 Sieve No. 80 Sieve
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0 122
% 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = × 100% % 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 729 × 100%
729
% 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 0% % 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 16.74%
40 210
729
% 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 5.49% % 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 28.81%
60 210
% 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = × 100% % 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = × 100%
729 729
No. 40 Sieve Pan
89 12
729
No. 60 Sieve
140
% 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = × 100%
729
% 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 19.20%
Distribution Curve
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c. The uniformity coefficient, Cu

D10 = 0.15mm D30 = 0.17mm D60 = 0.28mm
𝐷60 0.28𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝑢 = = = 1.9
𝐷10 0.15𝑚𝑚
d. The coefficient of gradation, Cc
𝐷30 2 (0.17𝑚𝑚)2
𝐶𝑐 = = = 0.69
𝐷10 𝑥 𝐷60 0.28𝑚𝑚 𝑥 0.15𝑚𝑚
Determination of Unit Weight of Aggregates

There are two standard test methods in the determination for unit mass (weight) of an
aggregate, the Loose Method and the Rodded Method, using ASTM C29.
Procedure using Loose Method:
• Determine the weight of the empty bucket.
• Fill the bucket to overflowing by means of shovel or scoop. Exercise care to prevent
segregation of the particle size of the sample.
• Level the surface of the aggregate using straightedge.
• Clean the outside of the bucket and remove excess dust and particles.
• Determine the mass of the bucket with aggregates, and record the data.
Procedure using Rodded Method:
• Fill the bucket one-third full.
• Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of the tamping rod evenly distributed over
the surface.
• Fill the bucket two-thirds full again and rod 25 times.
• Fill the bucket to over flowing and rod again for 25 times.
• After rodding, level the surface with a straightedge.
• Clean the surface of the bucket and remove excess materials.
• Determine the weight of the bucket with aggregates and record data.
After using either of the two methods, unit weights are then calculated with the formula as follows:
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY & ABSORPTION DETERMINATION OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES

REFERENCED STANDARD: ASTM C127-88, AASHTO T85-91
Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate to the weight of an equal
volume of water.
Absorption is a measure of the amount of water that an aggregate can absorb into its pore structure
and is determined by the same test procedure.
Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed hydraulic-cement
concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a hydraulic cementing medium to produce either
concrete or mortar.
There are two types of aggregates:
• Fine Aggregates – are particles entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve, and predominantly
retained on the 75 µm sieves.
• Coarse Aggregates– are aggregates that will not pass through a sieve with 4.75 mm openings.
I. Specific Gravity Determination of Aggregates

For fine aggregates, the specific gravity may be expressed as bulk oven dry (OD), bulk saturated
surface dry (SSD), or apparent specific gravity (A). Let us first define the terms:
A. Bulk Dry Specific Gravity – It is used to determine the specific gravity of a compacted aggregate
by determining the ratio of its weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.
In this test, the aggregates have to be:
• Dry (no water in sample).

• Saturated surface dry (SSD, water fills the HMA air voids).
• Submerged in water (underwater).
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B. Bulk Saturated Surface Dry Specific Gravity (SSD) – The ratio of the weight in air of a unit
volume of aggregate, including the weight of water within the voids filled to the extent achieved
by submerging in water for approximately 15-19 hours, to the weight in air of an equal volume
of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
SSD (Saturated, Surface Dry) – This is a condition in which the aggregate has been soaked in
water and has absorbed water into its pore spaces. The excess, free surface moisture removed
so that the particles are still saturated, but the surface of the particle is essentially dry.
C. Apparent Specific Gravity (Gsa) – It is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of the
impermeable portion of aggregate (does not include the permeable pores in aggregate) to the
weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the stated temperature.
D. Absorption (% Abs) – The increase in weight of aggregate due to water in the pores of the
material, but not including water adhering to the outside surface of the particles.
Specific Gravity Determination of Coarse Aggregates

Perform calculations and determine values using the appropriate formula below. In these formulas,
A = oven dry mass, B = SSD mass, and C = weight of SSD in water.
A. Bulk Oven Dry Specific Gravity (OD)
B. Bulk Saturated Surface Dry Specific Gravity (SSD)
C. Apparent Specific Gravity
D. Absorption (% A)
Materials needed (Coarse Aggregates)

• Water Tank
• Cloth
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• Coarse Aggregates
• Tray
• Wire Basket
• Balance scale
Procedures for Coarse Aggregates:

1. Dry the test sample to constant mass at a temperature of 110 ±5°C (230 ±9°F) and cool in air at room
temperature for 1 to 3 hours.
2. Immerse the aggregate in water at room temperature for a period of 15 to 19 hours.
3. Place the empty basket into the water bath and attach to the balance. Inspect the immersion tank to
ensure the water level is at the overflow outlet height. Tare the balance (set to 0) with the empty basket
attached in the water bath.
4. Remove the test sample from the water and roll it in a large absorbent cloth until all visible films of
water are removed. Wipe the larger particles individually.
5. Determine the SSD mass of the sample, and record this and all subsequent masses to the nearest 0.1
g or 0.1 percent of the sample mass, whichever is greater. Designate this mass as “B”.
6. Re-inspect the immersion tank to insure the water level is at the overflow outlet height. Immediately
place the SSD test sample in the sample container and weigh it in water maintained at 23.0 ±1.7°C (73.4
±3°F). Shake the container to release entrapped air before recording the weight. Designate this
submerged weight as “C”.
7. Remove the sample from the basket. Ensure all material have been removed. Place in a container of
known mass.
8. Dry the test sample to constant mass and cool in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours. Designate
this mass as “A”.
I. Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates
Perform calculations and determine values using the appropriate formula below. In these formulas,
where: A = Oven dry weight, B = SSD weight, C = Weight of SSD in water.
A. Bulk Dry Specific Gravity
B. Bulk Saturated Surface Dry Specific Gravity (SSD)
C. Apparent Specific Gravity
D. Absorption (% A)
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Materials needed (Fine Aggregates):

• Pycnometer
• Oven (Soil Testing)
• Distilled Water
• Tray
• Balance scale
• Fine aggregates
Procedure for Fine Aggregates:

1. Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce the sample if required. The sample size for this procedure is
approximately 1000g of material passing the 4.75 mm sieve (mesh strainer).
2. Dry test samples to constant weight in an oven set at 230 ± 9°F (110 ± 5°C). Cool the sample at room
temperature for 1 to 3 hours. After the cooling period, immerse the sand in water at room temperature
for a period of 15 to 19 hours. This is the recommended procedure to eliminate the need to pour excess
water from the sand prior to testing. The decantation process is time consuming and difficult, since
great care must be taken to avoid pouring some of the sample along with the water.
3. Pour water from sample, avoiding loss of fines. Spread the sample on a flat, non-absorbent surface or
tray. Stir the sample occasionally to assist in homogeneous drying. A current of warm air may be used
to assist drying procedures; however, fine particles may be lost with this procedure if not careful.
4. Determine the SSD condition of the sand using the Cone Test. Throughout the process of drying in
Step 3, test the sand for SSD condition using the cone method. Place the cone with the large diameter
down on a glass plate. Fill cone to overflowing with drying sand. Lightly tamp the fine aggregate into
the mold with 25 light drops of the tamper. Each drop should start about 1/5 in. above the top surface
of the fine aggregate. Remove loose sand from base and carefully lift the mold vertically. If surface
moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will retain the molded shape. When the sand achieves an
SSD condition, the sand will slump.
5. Calibrate a specific gravity flask pycnometer by filling with water at 73.4 ± 3°F (23 ± 1.7°C) to the
calibration line. Record this weight as the weight of the pycnometer filled with water to the nearest
0.1g.
6. Place the SSD sand into the pycnometer and fill with water (set at 73.4 ± 3°F (23 ± 1.7°C)) to 90% of
pycnometer capacity.
7. Bring the pycnometer to the pycnometer-calibrated capacity with additional water. If bubbles
prevent the proper filling of the pycnometer, adding a few drops of isopropyl alcohol is recommended
to disperse the foam. Place the pycnometer in a water bath at the regulated temperature and allow the
sample to equalize.
8. Determine the total weight of pycnometer, specimen, and water. Record the weight to the nearest
0.1g as weight of pycnometer with sample and water.
Additional:
The common errors during testing:
• Getting the aggregate SSD - neither wetter nor drier.
• Balance calibration errors.
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• Ensuring that the change in height of the water when the sample is submerged is
compensated for.
• Not allowing the sample to become fully saturated before testing for SSD and Immersed
mass.
• Full drying to constant mass.
• Over-drying sensitive materials (driving off water that is actually part of the sample) either
by poor temperature control, or the characteristics of the aggregate.
• Water temperature effects (its density).
• Purity of the water.
• Not allowing sufficient time for the balance to stabilize its reading.
• Removal of air bubbles when weighing under water.
• Loss of particles, due to poor technique (carelessness), insufficient washing at the beginning,
friable particles.
• Having a sample where particles are less dense than water. Some or all thereof.
Problem : Determine calculations based on appropriate formula.

A = Weight of oven dry sample
B = Weight of Pycnometer with water only
S = Weight of Saturated Surface Dry of sample
C = Weight of Pycnometer with sample and water
Bulk Specific Gravity (Gsb) Gsb = A / (B + S – C)
Bulk SSD Specific Gravity (Gsb SSD) Gsb SSD = S / (B + A – C)
Apparent Specific Gravity (Gsa) Gsa = A / (A + B – C)
Absorption (% Abs) % Abs = [(S – A) / A] x 100
Trial A B S C B+S-C B+A-C S-A

1 497.1 670.7 500.05 938.2 232.55 229.6 2.95
2 496.7 679.6 499.77 938.2 241.17 238.1 3.07
3 496.5 671.6 499.61 938.2 233.01 229.9 3.11
Gsb SSD, S / Gsb, A / (B Gsa, A / (B % Abs., [(S –

Trial
(B + S – C) + S – C) + A – C) A) / A] x 100
1 2.15 2.14 2.17 0.59
2 2.07 2.06 2.09 0.62
3 2.14 2.13 2.16 0.63
STANDARD METHOF OF TEST FOR BULK DENSITY (“Unit Weight”) AND VOIDS IN AGGREGATE
(UNIT WEIGHT DETERMINATION)
REFERENCED STANDARD: ASTM C29/29M-91a; AASHTO 19/19M-93
I. OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the unit weight of an air-dry mixed aggregate
2. To visualize how some certain aggregate properties influence the voids in aggregates
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3. To learn the importance of the capacity of the measure required for a given aggregate size for
testing
II. SCOPE
This test method covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a
compacted or loose condition, and calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or mixed
aggregates based on the same determination.
This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 125 mm (5 in.) in nominal maximum size.
Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method,
which is weight per unit volume (more correctly, mass per unit volume or density).
γ=M/V
γ = Unit Weight
M = Mass
V = Volume
III. TERMINOLOGY
▪ BULK DENSITY - the mass of a unit volume of bulk aggregate material, in which the volume
includes the volume of the individual particles and the volume of the voids between the particles.
Expressed in kg/m3(lb/ft3)
▪ UNIT WEIGHT (mass) per unit volume
▪ WEIGHT - force exerted on a body by gravity

▪ VOIDS - the space between particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solid mineral matter.
IV. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

• This test method is often used to determine bulk density values that are necessary for use for
many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.
• The bulk density also may be used for determining mass/volume relationships for conversions
in purchase agreements. However, the relationship between degree of compaction of aggregates
in a hauling unit or stockpile and that achieved in this method is unknown.
V. APPARATUS/MATERIALS
1. WEIGHING BALANCE
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The balance shall have sufficient capacity, be readable to 0.1 percent of the sample mass,
or better, and conform to the requirements of M 231.
2. TAMPING ROD
A round, straight steel rod, 16 mm (5/8 in.) in diameter and approximately 600 mm (24
in.) in length, having one end rounded to a hemispherical tip of the same diameter as the
rod.
3. CYLINDRICAL METAL MEASURE

It shall be watertight, with the top and bottom true and even, and sufficiently rigid to
retain its form under rough usage. The measure should have a height approximately
equal to the diameter, but in no case shall the height be less than 80 percent nor more
than 150 percent of the diameter.
4. SHOVEL OR SCOOP
of convenient size for filling the measure with aggregate.
5. CALIBRATION EQUIPTMENT
A supply of water pump or chassis grease that can be placed on the rim of the container to
prevent leakage.
VI. PROCEDURE
A. CALIBRATION OF THE MEASURE
1. Select an appropriate measure according to the nominal size of the aggregate sample.
2. Weigh the empty measure.
3. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass plate to exclude air
bubbles and to remove excess water.
4. Weigh the measure filled with water. Make the necessary calculations to determine the mass
of the water that filled the entire volume of the measure. The actual volume of the measure shall
be atleast 95% of the nominal volume in the table
5. Take the temperature reading of the water used to fill the measure and determine its density
using Table 2. interpolate as necessary.
6. Compute the volume of the measure by dividing the mass of the water required to fill the
measure by its density.
7. If there is a reason to question the accuracy of the measure, recalibrate or replace the water
as needed.
B. UNIT WEIGHT DETERMINATION
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1. Select a sample of oven-dry mixed aggregate approximately 125% to 200% of the volume of
the measure.
For aggregates <37.5 mm, use the rodding procedure
For aggregates >37.5 mm but <150 mm, use the jigging procedure
2. Fill the measure one-third full. Level and apply 25 strokes tamping evenly over the surface.
3. Fill the measure two-thirds ful. Level and tamp as in step 2. Only enough force should be used
to cause the tamping rod to just penetrate the last layer of aggregate placed in the measure.
4. Fill to overflowing, tamp as before and strike off the surplus by rolling the tamping rod over
the surface or level off using a straight edge. Do not compress the aggregates.
5. Determine the net weight of the aggregate in the measure and compute the unit weight. Make
at least two trials. Result should agree within one percent.
VII. DATA ANALYSIS

1. DENSITY
M = (MT – Mm) / V
where:
P = unit weight of the aggregate (kg/m^3)
MT = combined mass of the aggregate and he
measure (kg)
Mm = mass f the measure (kg)
V = volume of the measure (m^3)
2. UNIT WEIGHT
γ = (WT – Wm) / V
where:
γ = unit weight of aggregate (kN/m^3)
WT = total weight of aggregate and measure (kN)
Wm = weight of measure (kN)
V = volume of measure (m^3)
3. VOID CONTENT
% Voids = { [GS(dry) x pW – pagg] / GS(dry)(pW) } x100
where:
pagg = density of aggregate (kN/m^3)
pW = density of water (kg/m^3)
GS(dry) = bulk of specific gravity on the dry
basis
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Problem: The following table shows the result of bulk density (unit weight) and voids in Aggregate
test. Calculate the Bulk Density and % of voids.
Wt. of the
Volume of Wt. of the
Wt. of the Measure +
Sample the Measure + Bulk %
Measure, Sampele +
No. Measure, V. Sample, Density Void
W1, gm Water, W3,
(cm3) W2, gm
gm
1 3000 2686 6878 7953
2 3000 2686 6752 7662
3 3000 2686 6793 7846
Computation:
Sample No. 1
6878 − 2686
𝑀=
3000
𝑀 = 1.397 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3
7953 − 6878
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = × 100
3000
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 35.83%
Sample No. 2
6752 − 2686
𝑀=
3000
𝑀 = 1.355 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3
7662 − 6752
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = × 100
3000
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 30.33%
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Sample No. 3
6793 − 2686
𝑀=
3000
𝑀 = 1.369 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3
7846 − 6793
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = × 100
3000
% 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 35.1%
Wt. of the
Volume of Wt. of the
Wt. of the Measure +
Sampl the Measure + Bulk %
Measure, Sampele +
e No. Measure, V. Sample, Density Void
W1, gm Water, W3,
(cm3) W2, gm
gm
1 3000 2686 6878 7953 1.397 35.83
2 3000 2686 6752 7662 1.355 30.33
3 3000 2686 6793 7846 1.369 35.10
Average 1.374 33.75
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES

REFERENCED STANDARD: ASTM C566-96; AASHTO T255-92
I. OBJECTIVES
1. To learn the procedures for determining the amount of moisture in aggregates.
2. To quantify the components of evaporable moisture in aggregates
3. To calculate and compare the total evaporable moisture with surface moisture
CHARACTERISTICS CONTROLLED BY POROSITY

1. DENSITY
2. ABSORPTION AND SURFACE MOISTURE
3. SOUNDNESS
➢ ABSORPTION AND SURFACE MOISTURE
Moisture Conditions of Aggregates
1. Damp or Wet
2. Air Dry
3. Saturated-surface Dry
4. Oven Dry
II. TERMINOLOGY
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• MOISTURE CONTENT – quantity of water contained in a material

• AGGREGATE – a material or structure formed from a loosely compacted mass of
fragment
• VOIDS – spaces or gaps inside a material
• ABSORPTION – action by which a material absorbs or is absorbed by another
• SURFACE MOISTURE (FREE MOISTURE) – absorbed water and moisture coating
the surface
III. APPARATUS/MATERIALS
• COARSE AGGREGATE SAMPLE
• OVEN
• SAMPLE CONTAINER
• BALANCE SENSITIVE TO 1.0 GRAM
• SIEVE
IV. PROCEDURES
A. TOTAL MOISTURE CONTENT OF COARSE AGGREGATES
1. Obtain the prescribed test sample size
2. Weigh the sample to the nearest 1.0 gram. Due this quickly to avoid moisture
loss.
3. Under controlled temperature, dry the sample in an oven. The sample is
completely dry when further drying would cause less than 0.1 percent additional
loss in weight.
4. Weigh the dry sample to the nearest 1.0 gram.
B. FREE MOISTURE CONTENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE IN THE SSD CONDITION

1. Obtain the prescribed test sample size.
2. Soak the sample for 24 hours.
3. Weigh the wet sample to the nearest 1.0 gram. Avoid moisture loss.
4. Using a towel, wipe the surface dry until it loses its shine.
5. Immediately weigh the SSD sample to the nearest 1.0 gram.
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V. DATA ANALYSIS
1. Total Moisture Content
MC [(MT – MO) : MO] x 100%
2. Absorption
A [(MSSD – MO) : MO] x 100%
VI. EXAMPLE
The original weight of the sample is 546.2 grams and the dry weight of the sample is 541.2
grams. Find the moisture content to the nearest 1.0 grams.
DETERMINATION OF FINENESS MODULUS

Fineness Modulus of Sand
Fineness modulus of sand (fine aggregate and coarse aggregate) is an index
number which represents the mean size of the particles in sand. It is calculated by
performing sieve analysis with standard sieves. The cumulative percentage
retained on each sieve is added and divided by 100 gives the value of fineness
modulus.
Fine aggregate means the aggregate which passes through 4.75mm sieve. To find
the fineness modulus of fine aggregate we need sieve sizes of 4.75mm, 2.36mm,
1.18mm, 0.6mm, 0.3mm and 0.15mm. Fineness modulus of finer aggregate is
lower than fineness modulus of coarse aggregate. On the other hand, coarse
aggregate means the aggregate which is retained on 4.75mm sieve when it is
sieved through 4.75mm. So, in the calculation of coarse aggregate we need all sizes
of sieves. To find fineness modulus of coarse aggregate we need sieve sizes of
80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 0.6mm, 0.3mm and
0.15mm.
Determination of Fineness Modulus of Sand
To determine the fineness modulus, we need standard sieves, mechanical sieve
shaker (optional), dry oven and digital weight scale.
A. Sample preparation - Take a sample of fine or coarse aggregate in pan and
placed it in dry oven at a temperature of 100 – 110oC. After drying take the
sample and note down its weight.
B. Test Procedure
1. Take the sieves and arrange them in descending order with the
largest sieve on top.
It is suggested that, to know the exact value of fineness modulus for

coarse aggregate, mechanical shaker will give better value than
hand shaking because of more number of sieves and heavy size
particles.
2. If mechanical shaker is used, pour the sample in the top sieve and
then close it with sieve plate. Then switch on the machine and
shaking of sieves should be done at least 5 minutes.
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If shaking is done by the hands then pour the sample in the top sieve
and close it then hold the top two sieves and shake it inwards and
outwards, vertically and horizontally. After some time shake the
3rd and 4th sieves and finally last sieves.
3. After sieving, record the sample weights retained on each sieve.

Then find the cumulative weight retained. Finally determine the
cumulative percentage retained on each sieves. Add all the
cumulative percentage values and divide with 100 then we will get
the value of fineness modulus.
Calculation of Fineness Modulus of Sand – Fine Aggregate
Dry weight of sample = 1000g
After sieve analysis the values appeared are tabulated below.
Therefore, fineness modulus of aggregate = (cumulative % retained) / 100 =

(275/100) = 2.75
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate is 2.75. It means the average value of aggregate
is in between the 2nd sieve and 3rd sieve. It means the average aggregate size is
in between 0.3mm to 0.6mm as shown in below figure.
Values of Fineness Modulus of Sand:

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate varies from 2.0 to 3.5. Fine aggregate having
fineness modulus more than 3.2 should not considered as fine aggregate. Various
values of fineness modulus for different sands are detailed below.
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Calculation of Fineness Modulus of Sand – Coarse Aggregate

Dry weight of sample = 5000g
After sieve analysis the values appeared are tabulated below.
Therefore, fineness modulus of coarse aggregates = sum (cumulative % retained)

/ 100 = (717/100) = 7.17
Fineness modulus of 7.17 means, the average size of particle of given coarse
aggregate sample is in between 7th and 8th sieves, that is between 10mm to
20mm.
Limits of Fineness Modulus:

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Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate varies from 6.5 to 8.0. And for all in aggregates
or combined aggregates fineness modulus varies from 3.5 to 6.5. Range of fineness
modulus for aggregate of different maximum sized aggregates is given below.
SOUNDNESS TEST
The soundness test determines the resistance of an aggregate to disintegration
by weathering (the breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface) and freeze-thaw cycles
(the freezing and thawing of water inside the aggregate). Aggregates are durable if it has
higher resistant to weathering. The durable aggregates are less likely to degrade in the
field and potentially less failure.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Before and after Soundness Test
The soundness test repeatedly submerges an aggregate sample in a sodium
sulfate (Na2SO4) or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) solution. Because of this solution, the
salt crystals will be formed in the aggregate’s water permeable pores.
The formation of these crystals creates internal forces that apply pressure on the
pores of the aggregate and tend to break the aggregate (Figure 1 - b). There are specified
number of submerging and drying repetitions which should be follow. After that, the
aggregate is sieved to determine the percentage loss of material.
• Durability and soundness are terms typically given to an aggregate’s weathering
resistance characteristic.
Types of Soundness Tests
1. Sulfate Soundness – (AASHTO T 104) This test subjects the aggregate samples to
repeated immersion in either sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution.
Wu, Parker and Kandhal (1998) report that just over half of the states have a
sodium sulfate soundness requirement, while about one-fifth have a magnesium
sulfate soundness requirement.
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2. Freezing and Thawing Soundness - this test was specified in AASHTO T 103 and
similar to the sulfate soundness tests, however it uses actual freeze-thaw cycles
with water or a weak ethyl alcohol – water solution.
3. Aggregate Durability Index - This test, specified in AASHTO T 210, measures the
relative resistance of an aggregate to produce detrimental clay-like fines when
subjected to mechanical methods of degradation.
STANDARD METHOD OF TEST FOR SOUNDNESS OF AGGREGATE BY USE OF

SODIUM SULFATE OR MAGNESIUMSULFATE
REFERENCED STANDARD: AASHTO T 104
Apparatus Required: Balance, Oven, Sieves, Wire Mesh Basket, Container, Chemical
Solutions
Basic Procedure:
1. Prepare the sulfate solution. When used, the sodium sulfate solution’s specific
gravity should be between 1.154 to 1.171 and the magnesium sulfate solution’s
specific gravity should be between 1.297 and 1.306.
2. Prepare the Fine Aggregate. Obtain a sample that is large enough to yield at least
100 g of material on each of the following sieves: No. 50 (0.300 mm), No. 30
(0.600 mm), No. 16 (1.18 mm), No. 8 (2.36 mm) and No. 4 (4.75 mm).
Thoroughly wash the sample on a No. 50 (0.300 mm) sieve and dry it in an oven
at 230°F (110°C). Obtain 100 g of each size, record the weight, and place in
separate containers for the test
3. Prepare the coarse aggregate. Obtain enough material to yield at least the weights
listed below:
4. Place each sample in separate containers for the test.

5. Immerse the samples in the prepared solution of sodium sulfate or magnesium
sulfate for 16 to 18 hours. Cover the containers to reduce evaporation and prevent
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contamination and maintain the temperature between 20.3 to 21.9°C for the
immersion period.
6. Remove the samples and allow them to drain for 15 minutes.
7. Place the samples into an oven set at 230°F (110°C).
8. Allow the samples to dry until the change in mass is less than 0.1 percent over a 4
hour period (the weight is checked on four hour intervals without letting the
sample cool).
9. After the samples reach constant mass allow the samples to cool to 68 to 77°F (20
to 25°C); cooling may be aided using an air conditioner or fan.
10. Repeat the immersion process (steps 4 through 8) until the specified number of
cycles is obtained (five cycles are normally performed).
11. After the final cycle is complete and the sample has cooled, wash the sample.
12. Check the thoroughness of washing by obtaining a sample of rinse water after it
has passed through the samples and adding 0.2 M barium chloride. If the sample
water becomes cloudy when the barium chloride is added, then continue to wash
the sample.
13. After washing is complete, dry each fraction of the sample to a constant mass in
an oven at 230°F (110°C).
14. Examine the aggregates.
Results:
For material that was coarser than 0.75 inches (19 mm) before test, the number of
particles in each fraction before test and the number of particles affected, classified as to
number disintegrating, splitting, crumbling, cracking and flaking is also measured.
Typical Values:
Typical values depend upon the type of soundness test used. The sodium sulfate loss is
typically between about 0 and 15 percent, while the magnesium sulfate loss is
typically between about 0 and 30 percent. For a particular aggregate sample, the
sodium sulfate loss will tend to be less than the magnesium sulfate loss by 0 to 20
percent with 5 to 10 percent being most typical.
Calculations (Interactive Equation)

For each aggregate size reported, determine the mass loss (in percent) using the
following equation:
Where:
MB = mass before the test
MA = mass after the test
A weighted average (by mass) of each aggregate size tested should be calculated and
reported as the overall mass loss of the sample.
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Problem 1 : The following table show the results of soundness and durability of
aggregate by use of Sodium Sulfate test. Calculate the percentage of loss.
Wt. of Wt. of
Sample Sample Sample after
% Loss
No. before Test, test, W2,
W1 (gm) (gm)
1 350 310 11.43 %
2 350 305 12.86 %
3 350 290 17.14 %
4 350 281 19.71 %
5 350 345 1.43 %
Average 12.51 %
Computation:
Formula
𝑊1 − 𝑊2
% 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥 100
𝑊1
Sample 1
350 − 310
% 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥 100 = 11.43%
350
Sample 2
350 − 305
% 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥 100 = 12.86%
350
Sample 3
350 − 290
% 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥 100 = 17.14%
350
Sample 4
350 − 281
% 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥 100 = 19.71%
350
Sample 5
350 − 345
% 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥 100 = 1.43%
350
Problem 2: Determine the mass loss (in percent)

Sieve size Mass (before test) Mass (after test) Loss (%)
No. 8 (2.36 mm) 100 g 99.4 g 0.6 %
No. 30 (0.600 mm) 175 g 173.8 g 0.69 %
ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATE (COLOUR TEST)

REFERENCED STANDARD: AASHTO T-21 or ASTM C40
In application, the aggregates must be free of clay, silt, and organic impurities.
Organic impurities, usually in the form of tannic acid and its derivatives, are typically
present in fine aggregates such as sand. If present, these impurities could influence the
composition of the cement paste, strength and setting of the concrete. Organic impurities
in fine aggregate are determined by ASTM C40, Organic Impurities in Sands for Concrete.
The excess clay and silt in an aggregate can cause an increase in shrinkage, affect
durability, and cause separation from the other aggregate particles.
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The principal value of these test methods is to furnish a warning that injurious
amounts of organic impurities may be present. When the sample subjected to these tests
produce a color darker than the standard color it is advisable to perform the test for the
effect of organic impurities on the strength of mortar in accordance with Test Method.
Apparatus Required:
• Glass Bottles
• Glass Color Standard
Reagent and Standard Color Solution:
• Reagent Sodium Hydroxide Solution (3 %)—Dissolve 3 parts by mass of
reagent grade sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 97 parts of water.
Test Sample :
The test sample shall have a mass of about approximately 450 g [1 lb].
Procedure:
1. Fill a glass bottle to the approximately 130-mL [4.5- fluid oz] level with the
sample of the fine aggregate.
2. Add the sodium hydroxide solution until the volume of the fine aggregate and
liquid, indicated after shaking, is approximately 200 mL [7 fluid oz].
3. Stopper the bottle, shake vigorously, and then allow to stand for 24 h.
Determination of Color Value:
• Glass Color Standard Procedure—To define more precisely the color of the
supernatant liquid of the test sample, five glass standard colors shall be used
using the following colors:
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Gardner Color Standard No. Organic Plate No.

5 1
8 2
11 3 (standard)
14 4
16 5
Reporting:
(a) If the color of the liquid above the fine aggregate is lighter than the reference color
(standard), the amount of organic impurities present in the fine aggregate under test is
probably not significant and the sample is reported as "Pass" on the test report.
(b) If the color of the liquid above the fine aggregate is darker than the reference color
(standard), the sample is reported "Fails" on the test report and desirability of
performing further tests to assess the effect of organic impurities on the concrete-making
properties of the fine aggregate under test should be considered.
ABRASION TEST OF AGGREGATES
REFERENCED STANDARD: AASHTO T 96 or ASTM C 131
Abrasion Test is the measure of aggregate toughness and abrasion resistance such as
crushing, degradation and disintegration. This test is suggested by AASHTO T 96 or ASTM
C 131: Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact
in Machine.
The aggregates are used for the surface course of the highway pavements and they
are subjected to wearing due to movement of traffic.
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When vehicles Travel on the road, the soil particles present between the pneumatic
tires of vehicle and road surface creates the abrasion effect on aggregates. The steel plate
wheels of animal driven vehicles also cause significant abrasion of the road surface.
Therefore, the aggregates used in road construction must be hard enough to resist
abrasion. The resistance offered by aggregate to abrasion is determined in the laboratory
by test machine.
The Working principle of abrasion test is to produce abrasive action by use of

standard steel balls, which when mixed with aggregates and rotated in a drum for some
specified time for a specific number of revolutions also causes an impact on aggregates.
The percentage wear of the sample aggregates due to rubbing with steel balls is
determined and is known as Abrasion Value.
Apparatus Used for test:
• The apparatus is standardized as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 consists of:
• Abrasion test Machine.

• Abrasive charge balls: Cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48mm in diameter
and each weighing between 390 to 445 gm; six to twelve balls are required
• Sieve: 1.70 mm, 2.36mm, 4.75mm, 6.3mm, 10mm, 12.5mm, 20mm, 25mm, 40mm,
50mm, 63mm, 80mm IS Sieves.
• The balance of capacity 5 kg or 10 kg is used.
• Oven Drying.
• Miscellaneous elements like a tray
Procedure for Abrasion Test:
1. The aggregates sample consists of clean aggregates dried in an oven at 105° –

110°C. The aggregates sample should conform to any of the grading shown in
below table.
2. Select the Size of aggregate to be used in the test such that it conforms to the
grading to be used in construction, to the maximum extent possible.
3. Take exactly 5 kg of the sample for grade A, B, C & D, and 10 kg for grading E, F &
G.
4. Choose the abrasive charge balls as per Table 2 depending on the grading of
aggregates.
5. Place the aggregates and abrasive charge balls on the cylinder and fix the cover.
6. After that Rotate the machine at a speed of 30 to 33 revolutions per minute. The
number of revolutions should be 500 for grades A, B, C & D and 1000 for grading
E, F & G.
Page 45 of 51
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7. The machine is stopped after the specified number of revolutions and aggregate
sample is discharged to a tray.
8. The entire stone dust made from a machine is sieved on 1.70 mm IS sieve.
9. The material size more than 1.7 mm size is weighed correct to one gram
Table 1: IS Recommended Test Samples – *Tolerance of ± 12 percent permitted.
Abrasion Test Grading Test Samples
Table 2: Abrasive Balls Charge Selection
Observations:
Original weight of aggregate sample = W1 g

The weight of aggregate sample retained = W2 g
Weight sample passing 1.7mm IS sieve = W1 – W2 g

Abrasion Value = (W1 – W2 ) / W1 X 100
Results:
Abrasion Value =
IS Recommended abrasion test Values for Pavements:
Abrasion test is performed to find the hardness of aggregates. On the basis of this value,
the suitability of aggregates for different road constructions can be judged as per IRC
specifications as given
Page 46 of 51
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Page 47 of 51
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Self-Help:
You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
Kultermann E. and Spence, William. (2017). Construction Materials,

Methods, and Techniques: Building a sustainable future. 4th Edition.
Australia: Cencage Learning
Ahmed, A. and Sturges, J. (2015). Materials science in construction: an

introduction. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge
Let’s Check
Activity 1. Now that you know some types and properties of common
construction materials let us try to check how far you had learned. In the
space provided, write the term/s being asked in the following statements:
____________1. A broad category of coarse to medium grained particulate material
used in construction, including sand, gravel, and other more.
____________2. Products of which include building brick, roofing tile, and drainage
pipe.
____________3. Those rocks of the earth that have been formed by the natural process
of cooling and crystallization from originally hot and molten magma.
____________4. Marble and slate are examples of what type of rocks according
to geological classification?
____________5. The ratio of mass of a given substance to the mass of water.
___________6. It is the capacity of a material to regain its initial shape and size
after removal of load.
___________7. It is the ability to resist heat conduction and is the reciprocal of
thermal conductivity.
___________8. It refers to the ability of a construction material to resist the effects of
chemicals like acids, salts and alkalis.
___________9. The measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or
impact.
__________10. A material used for mixing cement and other adhesive.
2.Calculate the bulk density when the combined mass of aggregate and measure
is 1.6 kg and the mass and volume of the measure itself is 0.9 kg and 0.6,
respectively.
3.From the results of a sieve analysis, shown below, determine:

a. The percent finer than each sieve and plot a grain size distribution curve.
c. The uniformity coefficient, Cu. and
d. The coefficient of gradation, Cc.
Page 48 of 51
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Table 1
Sieve Number Mass of soil retained on each sieve (g)
4 0
10 44
20 56
40 82
60 51
80 106
100 92
200 85
Pan 35
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the types and properties of some common and
advanced construction materials. what also matters is you should also be able to
explain some its properties. Now, choose 5 most important properties of
aggregates which you believe are essential in determining its suitability for
intended used in construction. Why?
2. Why is aggregate sample reduction important?
3. Why is it important to determine moisture content of aggregates?
4. Differentiate natural to synthetic construction materials.
5. Advantages and disadvantages of structural clay as construction materials.
In a Nutshell
Activity 1. The study of types and properties of construction materials is

indeed pre-requisite to becoming an engineer.
Based on the topics presented and learning exercises that you have done, please
feel free to write your arguments or lessons learned below. I have indicated my
arguments or lessons learned.
1. Construction materials can be classified as natural such as leaves, twigs, woods,

sand, etc. and synthetic such as cement, concrete, metals, etc.
2. Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks are building stones
under geological classification.
Now it’s your turn.
3.
4.
5.
Page 49 of 51
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6.
7.
8.
10.
2. What are the commonly used building stones?
1. granite
2.basalt
Now it’s your turn.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Q&A List
Do you have any question for clarification?
Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keywords Index
Building stones Structural clay Aggregates ASTM
AASTHO Sample size Moisture content Sieve analysis
Specific gravity Absorption Bulk density Soundness test
Page 50 of 51
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Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Big Picture in Focus: ULO 1b. Conduct the methods, procedures and
formulas of different experiments on common construction materials
according to international standards such as ASTM & AASTHO.
STANDARD EXPERIMENTS
Refer to Laboratory Manual

Experiment numbers 1 – 11
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College of Engineering Education

2nd Floor, B&E Building

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for

Course/Subject: BCE 223L – CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND

Course Outline: BCE 223L – Construction Materials and Testing

Course Coordinator: Reynaldo P. Sahagun Jr., RCE

COURSE OUTLINE POLICY

shall be attached with a cover page indicating the

If the assessment task is done in real time through

Management System, the schedule shall be

Since this course is included in the licensure

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

However, if the late submission of assessment

For group assessment tasks, the course

of the assessment task submitted and to ensure

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):

Submission of the final grades shall follow the

students to have access to the materials and

You can also meet the course coordinator in

For students who have not created their student

CEE Frida Santa O. Dagatan

Course Information- see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CO: Upon completion of this course, you are expected to:

Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge”.

TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF BUILDING STONES & STRUCTURAL CLAY

called metamorphism. The most well-known examples of

II. Structural Clay

III. Properties of Building Materials

IV. PROPERTIES OF AGGREATES

ASTM was originally known as the American Society of the International

This is a list of ASTM International standards. Standard designations usually

• A = Iron and Steel Materials

AASHTO serves as a catalyst for excellence in transportation by offering:

AASHTO is guided by a Board of Directors made up of the chief transportation

STANDARD PRACTICE FOR REDUCING SAMPLES OF AGGREGATE TO TESTING SIZE

The field samples of aggregate must generally be reduced to an appropriate

Method A - Mechanical Splitter

Method B - Miniature Stockpile

In some circumstances, reducing the field sample prior to testing is not

Failure to carefully follow the procedures in these methods of sample

Aggregate and other materials sampled in the field need to be reduced to

METHOD A -- MECHANICAL SPLITTER

Mechanical Splitter - The mechanical sample splitter shall have an even

METHOD B -- MINIATURE STOCKPILE

Straight-edge scoop Shovel or trowel (for mixing the aggregate)

This method is for damp, fine aggregate only.

Straight-edged scoop Flat-edged shovel or trowel

As an alternative to Method B, when the floor surface is uneven, the field

STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR TOTAL EVAPORABLE MOISTURE CONTENT OF

Sample Container, suitable for method of heating

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATES

REFERENCED STANDARD: ASTM C 136-84a, AASHTO T27-93,

(Cumulative Mass / Total Mass) × 100 = Cumulative % Retained

b. D10, D30, D60 from the grain-size distribution curve.

c. The uniformity coefficient, Cu

Determination of Unit Weight of Aggregates

SPECIFIC GRAVITY & ABSORPTION DETERMINATION OF FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES