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    Chemistry of Life - Study Guide

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    Yanitza Miron Sandoval
    The document provides an overview of key concepts in organic chemistry and biochemistry, including: 1) Reading organic structures and identifying functional groups like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and sulfhydryl groups. 2) Describing acids, bases, and the pH scale. Distinguishing between polar vs. nonpolar, and hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic molecules. 3) Explaining that carbon is the core element of organic molecules and compounds, and that isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.

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    Chemistry of Life - Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    Yanitza Miron Sandoval
    71 views10 pages
    The document provides an overview of key concepts in organic chemistry and biochemistry, including: 1) Reading organic structures and identifying functional groups like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and sulfhydryl groups. 2) Describing acids, bases, and the pH scale. Distinguishing between polar vs. nonpolar, and hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic molecules. 3) Explaining that carbon is the core element of organic molecules and compounds, and that isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.

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    The document provides an overview of key concepts in organic chemistry and biochemistry, including: 1) Reading organic structures and identifying functional groups like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and sulfhydryl groups. 2) Describing acids, bases, and the pH scale. Distinguishing between polar vs. nonpolar, and hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic molecules. 3) Explaining that carbon is the core element of organic molecules and compounds, and that isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    71 views10 pages

    Chemistry of Life - Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    Yanitza Miron Sandoval
    The document provides an overview of key concepts in organic chemistry and biochemistry, including: 1) Reading organic structures and identifying functional groups like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and sulfhydryl groups. 2) Describing acids, bases, and the pH scale. Distinguishing between polar vs. nonpolar, and hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic molecules. 3) Explaining that carbon is the core element of organic molecules and compounds, and that isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    CH 02 - Chemical Foundation of Life

    OpenStax Biology 2e

    1. Reading an organic structure

    2. Valence Electrons & Number of Bonds

    3. Covalent and Hydrogen Bonds

    4. Acids and Bases

    pH Scale

    5. Polar vs. Nonpolar

    6. Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic

    7. Most common elements of living things

    Chemical Foundation of Life - Carbon

    8. Organic Molecules and Compounds

    9. Isomers

    10. Functional groups

    - hydroxyl (alcohols)

    - carbonyl (ketone)

    - carbonyl (aldehyde)

    - carboxyl

    - amino

    - sulfhydryl

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    Circle the functional group in the example

    Type R Group Features Example

    Hydroxyl Polar
    (hydrophilic)
    (alcohol)

    Carbonyl Polar

    (ketones)
    (aldehydes)

    Carboxyl Acidic

    Amino Basic

    (amino
    acids in
    DNA)

    Sulfhydryl Polar

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    Tripeptide (protein): Identify the groups *Why is this a tripeptide?

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    Fructose is a common sugar, found in soft drinks and other sweets. Circle the functional groups

    Leucine is an amino acid that plays an important role in muscle development. What functional groups can be
    found in a leucine molecule?

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    Name: _____________________________________

    Biological Macromolecules (OpenStax Biology, Chapter 3) - Reinforcement

    1. What are the four macromolecules important to life: ____________________________________________


    2. Monomers combine with each other to create _____________________________
    3. The creation of these large molecules releases water, the reaction is called: ________________________
    4. What type of bond is created during this reaction? _______________________________
    5. Polymers can be broken down into individual ___________________________
    This process is called ________________________________
    6. What can speed up these reactions? _________________________________________

    3.2 Carbohydrates
    7. What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in carbohydrates? ___________________
    8. What is an example of a pentose monosaccharide? __________________ Hexose? ____________
    9. What is the chemical formula for glucose? ______________________________
    10. In plants, excess glucose is stored as _____________________________.
    11. . Examine each of the monosaccharides below identified as hexoses.

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    a) What is the molecular formula for each of these monosaccharides?_________________________
    b) Molecules with the same molecular formula but differ structurally are called ___________________
    c) Why are these molecules called hexoses? ______________________________________

    12. Two monosaccharides can combine to create ______________________________________


    13. A covalent bond that forms between two monosaccharides is called a _______________________ bond.
    14. The most common disaccharide is ____________________________ (table sugar)

    15. Identify the monosaccharide monomers in each molecule.

    16. A long chain of monosaccharides is called a _______________________________________


    17. Starch is made from a mixture of __________________________ and ______________________
    18. What is the animal equivalent of starch? _________________________________
    19. Where is cellulose found? ________________________________________
    20. How do grazing animals break down cellulose? _________________________________
    21. What carbohydrate is found in insect exoskeletons? __________________________________

    3.3 Lipids

    22. What does nonpolar mean? ________________________________________


    23. What are two functions of lipids? ____________________________________________
    24. What are the two main components of a fat molecule? _____________________________
    25. Saturated fats contain only [ single / double ] bonds.
    26. Which type of fat is liquid at room temperature? _________________________
    27. On the images below, identify the cis and the trans fat:

    28. Why have many companies banned trans fats in their products? _____________________________
    29. Where would a person get Omega-3 fatty acids in their diet? _______________________________
    30. Why are leaf surfaces covered in wax? ____________________________________
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    31. Where are phospholipids found? _____________________________
    32. Why is it called an “amphipathic” molecule? ____________________________________

    33. Label the phospholipid:

    34. Why are steroids grouped with other lipids? _______________

    35. What makes them different? _____________________________

    36. What are two examples of steroids? __________________________

    3.4 Proteins

    37. Enzymes are ___________________________ for biochemical reactions.


    38. What does amylase do? ___________________________________

    39. Identify the protein by its function:


    _____________________ transport substances in the blood
    _____________________ construction of the cytoskeleton
    _____________________ protects body from foreign pathogens
    _____________________ muscle contraction

    40. What monomers make up proteins? ____________________________________


    41. What bond connects amino acids? ______________________________________
    42. How many amino acids are there? ________________________

    42. What are the four levels of protein structure? ___________________________________

    43. What is denaturation? ____________________________________________


    What can cause it? ________________________________________________

    3.5 Nucleic Acids

    44. DNA and RNA are made of what monomers? ___________________________


    45. What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? ________________________________________
    46. What are the two purines found in DNA? _____________________________
    Pyrimidines? _____________________________

    47. What is the shape of the DNA molecule? _____________________________


    48. What is the rule for base pairing? ____________________________________

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    49. What sugar is found in RNA? ____________________________

    50. Label the DNA molecule:

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    Name ______________________________________________Date:______

    Analyzing Graphics: Enzymes

    1. Enzymes act on substrates. Label the enzyme, substrate, active site, and products on diagram.

    Answer true or false to the following statements based on the graphic:


    a. _______ Enzymes interact with many different substrates.
    b. _______ Enzymes change shape after a reaction occurs.
    c. _______ An enzyme can be reused with a new substrate.
    d. _______ The substrate is changed in the reaction.
    e. _______ If the shape of the enzyme changed, it would no longer work.
    f. _______ When all substrates are used, the reaction stops.

    2. Enzymes speed up the reaction by lowering the activation


    energy needed for the reaction to start. Compare the activation
    energy with and without the enzyme.

    Identify the part of the graph that shows:

    ___ Overall energy released during reaction


    ___ Activation energy with enzyme
    ___ Activation energy without enzyme

    3. Enzymes work best at optimal temperature and pH


    values. For example, the enzyme, pepsin, in your

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    stomach must be able to function in a highly acidic environment to break peptide bonds found in proteins.

    Acidic or basic conditions can disrupt the hydrogen bonds between the loops of the protein chains. If this disruption
    occurs near the active site, the enzyme can become distorted and not fit the substrate perfectly. The rate of reaction is
    reduced as more enzymes become denatured.

    a) What is the optimal pH for pepsin? _______ For lipase? _______

    b) Do you think lipase is an enzyme that is found in the stomach? Why or why not?

    4. Enzymes can be inhibited. Inhibitors can slow down or stop enzymatic reactions. There are two types of inhibition:
    competitive and allosteric.

    Answer true or false to the following statements based on the graphic:


    a) _____ Increasing the number of inhibitors will decrease the overall rate of reaction.
    b) _____ Allosteric inhibitors block the active site.
    c) _____ Allosteric inhibitors change the shape of the enzyme.
    d) _____ Adding a competitive inhibitor will increase the number of products in the reaction.
    e) _____ Competitive inhibitors bind to the substrates.

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