CE120-05F Elevation Measurement

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CE120-05/F

FUNDAMENTALS OF
SURVEYING
1 Q S .Y. 2 3 - 2 4

ENGR. RAINBOW PROVO B. AYONG


ELEVATION MEASUREMENT
ELEVATION MEASUREMENT BY
LEVELLING
Elevation Measurement by Levelling

Levelling
a. To find the elevations of given points with respect to a given or
assumed datum
b. To establish points at a given elevation to a given or assumed
datum
Elevation Measurement by Levelling

Instruments needed for Levelling


a. Level
b. Level Staff
Elevation Measurement by Levelling

Types of Levels
a. Dumpy Level
b. Wye or Y Level
c. Cushing’s Level
d. Tilting Level
e. Cooke’s Reversible Level
f. Automatic Level
DUMPY
LEVEL

• Is the most widely used


direct leveling instrument.
It has a long telescope
which is rigidly attached
to the level bar. The
telescope can be rotated
through 360 degrees, fixes
the direction of the line
of sight.
WYE OR Y
LEVEL

• Is very identical to the dumpy


level. The only distinct difference
between these two instruments
is in how their telescopes are
attached to the supporting level
bar.
• The wye level has a detachable
telescope which rests in
supports called wye.
TILTING
LEVEL

• Commonly used
employed for very precise
levelling operations and in
other general levelling
work.
• Main advantage of this
level is its is useful when
the few observations are
to be taken with one
setup of level
AU TO M AT I C
LEVEL

• Self-leveling features are


incorporated in automatic
levels.
• It does not use a level vial
and its ability to level itself
depends on the action of a
complex pendulum-and-
prism device.
Reading a Levelling Staff
Elevation Measurement by Levelling
Terms used in Levelling
Level Surface – any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal
surface of the earth

Level Line – a line lying in a level surface It is, therefore, normal


to the plumb line at all points.

Horizontal Plane – a plane tangential to the level surface at that


point It is, therefore, perpendicular to the plumb line through the
point.

Horizontal Line – straight line tangential to the level line at a


point. It is also perpendicular to the plumb line.
Terms used in Levelling
Vertical Line – a line normal to the level line at a point It is
commonly considered to be the line defined by a plumb line.

Datum – any surface to which elevations are referred The mean


sea level affords a convenient datum, and elevations are
commonly given as so much above or below sea level.

Elevation – of a point on or near the surface of the earth is its


vertical distance above or below an arbitrarily assumed level
surface or datum.

Vertical angle – an angle between two intersecting lines in a


vertical plane Generally, one of these lines is horizontal
Terms used in Levelling
Benchmark – relatively permanent point of known elevation

Station – point where the level rod is held and not where level is
set up

Height of Instrument (HI) – the elevation of plane of sight (line


of sight or line of collimation) with respect to the assumed datum.
It does not mean the height of the telescope above the ground
where the level stands.

Reduced level (R.L.) – Reduced level of a point is its height or


depth above or below the assumed datum It is the elevation of
the point.
Terms used in Levelling
Back sight (BS) – a sight taken on a rod held at a point that of
known elevation. Also called as plus sight.

Fore sight (FS) – a sight taken on a rod held at a point of


unknown elevation. Also called as minus sight

Turning point (TP) – or change point is a point on which both


minus sight and plus sight are taken on a line of direct levels.

Intermediate station – a point, intermediate between two


turning points, on which only one sight (minus sight) is taken to
determine the elevation of the station
Elevation Measurement by Levelling

Methods used in Levelling


1. Simple Levelling
2. Differential Levelling
3. Double-rodded levelling
4. Profile Levelling
5. Reciprocal Levelling

Two-peg test
Sensitivity of Level Tube
Simple Levelling

It is the simplest method used, when it is required to find the


difference between the elevation between 2 points.
Procedures in Simple Levelling

1. Set up the instrument


2. Take the BS reading on BM
3. Tak ethe FS reading on Point A
4. Compute difference in elevation of two points.
Differential Levelling

This method is used to find the difference in elevation between


points if they are too far apart or the difference in elevation
between them is too much.
Procedures in Differential Levelling

1. Set up the instrument


2. Take the BS reading on BM1
3. Establish the TP, and take the FS Reading
4. Move the instrument, and set up again.
5. Establish the next TP, and take the FS reading.
6. Move the instrument, and set up again.
7. Repeat steps 5 to 7 until a foresight is taken in the last station.
Computation of Elevation – Find the
Elevation of

Station BS HI FS Elevation
100.00
Computation of Elevation – Find the
Elevation of

Station BS HI FS Elevation
12.64 112.64 100.00
Computation of Elevation – Find the
Elevation of

Station BS HI FS Elevation
12.64 112.64 100.00
3.11 109.53
Computation of Elevation – Find the
Elevation of

Station BS HI FS Elevation
12.64 112.64 100.00
10.88 120.41 3.11 109.53
Computation of Elevation – Find the
Elevation of

Station BS HI FS Elevation
12.64 112.64 100.00
10.88 120.41 3.11 109.53
2.56
Computation of Elevation – Find the
Elevation of

Station BS HI FS Elevation
12.64 112.64 100.00
10.88 120.41 3.11 109.53
9.72 127.57 2.56 117.85
Computation of Elevation – Find the
Elevation of

Station BS HI FS Elevation
12.64 112.64 100.00
10.88 120.41 3.11 109.53
9.72 127.57 2.56 117.85
3.10 124.47
Practice Problem: Elevation Measurement
by Levelling

From the given data of differential levelling as shown in the tabulation:

Station BS FS Elevation
a. Find the difference in
1 5.87 392.25 elevation of Station 7 and
2 7.03 6.29 Station 5
3 3.48 6.25 b. Find the difference in
4 7.25 7.08 elevation of Station 7 and
Station 4
5 10.19 5.57
c. Find elevation of Station 3
6 9.29 4.45
7 4.94
Double-rodded Levelling

A method of determining the differences in elevation between


points by employing two level routes simultaneously.

Two turning points are established such that at each set up of the
levelling instrument, two sets of independent backsights and
foresights are taken.
Double-rodded Levelling

Complete the following differential level noted for a double rodded line from
BM1 to BM2. Show the customary arithmetic check.

Station BS HI FS Elevation
𝟏 1.86 205.60m
1.86 205.60m
𝟏 H 2.15 1.10
L 2.52 1.58
𝟐 2.63
2.63
Double-rodded Levelling

Complete the following differential level noted for a double rodded line from
BM1 to BM2. Show the customary arithmetic check.

Station BS HI FS Elevation
𝟏 1.86 207.46 205.60m
1.86 207.46 205.60m
𝟏 H 2.15 1.10
L 2.52 1.58
𝟐 2.63
2.63
Double-rodded Levelling

Complete the following differential level noted for a double rodded line from
BM1 to BM2. Show the customary arithmetic check.

Station BS HI FS Elevation
𝟏 1.86 207.46 205.60m
1.86 207.46 205.60m
𝟏 H 2.15 1.10 206.36
L 2.52 1.58 205.88
𝟐 2.63
2.63
Double-rodded Levelling

Complete the following differential level noted for a double rodded line from
BM1 to BM2. Show the customary arithmetic check.

Station BS HI FS Elevation
𝟏 1.86 207.46 205.60m
1.86 207.46 205.60m
𝟏 H 2.15 208.51 1.10 206.36
L 2.52 208.40 1.58 205.88
𝟐 2.63
2.63
Double-rodded Levelling

Complete the following differential level noted for a double rodded line from
BM1 to BM2. Show the customary arithmetic check.

Station BS HI FS Elevation
𝟏 1.86 207.46 205.60m
1.86 207.46 205.60m
𝟏 H 2.15 208.51 1.10 206.36
L 2.52 208.40 1.58 205.88
𝟐 2.63 205.88
2.63 205.77

𝟐
Profile Levelling

The process of determining differences in elevation along a fixed


line at designated short measured intervals.

Intermediate foresights are taken where necessary to portray


accurately the existing ground surface along the route surveyed
Profile Levelling
From the given data from levelling, determine the following
a. Elevation of 𝟐
b. Elevation of 𝟏
STA. BS FS IFS ELEV
𝟏 2.32 328.70
1 1.7
2 2.2
3 1.2
4 0.9
𝟏 2.77 3.43
5 2.2
6 3.7
7 1.6
𝟐 3.06
Profile Levelling
From the given data from levelling, determine the following
a. Elevation of 𝟐
b. Elevation of 𝟏
STA. BS HI FS IFS ELEV
𝟏 2.32 331.02 328.70
1 1.7
2 2.2
3 1.2
4 0.9
𝟏 2.77 3.43
5 2.2
6 3.7
7 1.6
𝟐 3.06
Profile Levelling
From the given data from levelling, determine the following
a. Elevation of 𝟐
b. Elevation of 𝟏
STA. BS HI FS IFS ELEV
𝟏 2.32 331.02 328.70
1 1.7 329.32
2 2.2 328.82
3 1.2 329.82
4 0.9 330.12
𝟏 2.77 3.43
5 2.2
6 3.7
7 1.6
𝟐 3.06
Profile Levelling
From the given data from levelling, determine the following
a. Elevation of 𝟐
b. Elevation of 𝟏
STA. BS HI FS IFS ELEV
𝟏 2.32 331.02 328.70
1 1.7 329.32
2 2.2 328.82
3 1.2 329.82
4 0.9 330.12
𝟏 2.77 3.43 327.59
5 2.2
6 3.7
7 1.6
𝟐 3.06
Profile Levelling
From the given data from levelling, determine the following
a. Elevation of 𝟐
b. Elevation of 𝟏
STA. BS HI FS IFS ELEV
𝟏 2.32 331.02 328.70
1 1.7 329.32
2 2.2 328.82
3 1.2 329.82
4 0.9 330.12
𝟏 2.77 330.36 3.43 327.59
5 2.2
6 3.7
7 1.6
𝟐 3.06
Profile Levelling
From the given data from levelling, determine the following
a. Elevation of 𝟐
b. Elevation of 𝟏
STA. BS HI FS IFS ELEV
𝟏 2.32 331.02 328.70
1 1.7 329.32
2 2.2 328.82
3 1.2 329.82
4 0.9 330.12
𝟏 2.77 330.36 3.43 327.59
5 2.2 328.16
6 3.7 326.66
7 1.6 328.76
𝟐 3.06
Profile Levelling
From the given data from levelling, determine the following
a. Elevation of 𝟐
b. Elevation of 𝟏
STA. BS HI FS IFS ELEV
𝟏 2.32 331.02 328.70
1 1.7 329.32
2 2.2 328.82
3 1.2 329.82
4 0.9 330.12
𝟏 2.77 330.36 3.43 327.59
5 2.2 328.16
6 3.7 326.66
7 1.6 328.76
𝟐 3.06 327.30
Reciprocal Levelling
Reciprocal levelling is employed to determine the correct
difference of level between two points which are quite apart and
where it is not possible to set up the instrument between the two
points for balancing the sights

It eliminates the errors due to the curvature of the earth,


atmospheric refraction and collimation
Reciprocal Levelling
The true difference of level between A and B is given by:

and combined error is given by:

𝑒 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑒 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ’𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑒 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐾 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Reciprocal Levelling
Reciprocal levelling was conducted across a wide river to determine the
difference in level of points A and B, A situated on one bank of the river and B
situated on the other. The following results on the staff held vertically at A and B
from level stations 1 and 2 respectively, were obtained. The level station 1 was
near to A and level station 2 was near to B.
Instrument Staff reading on
at A B
1 1.485 1.190
2 1.725 1.415

(a) If the reduced level of B is 55.18 m above the datum, what is the reduced level
of A?
(b) Assuming that the atmospheric conditions remain unchanged during the two
sets of the observations, calculate
the combined curvature and refraction correction if the distance AB is 315 m
the collimation error
Reciprocal Levelling
Reciprocal levelling was conducted across a wide
river to determine the difference in level of points A
and B, A situated on one bank of the river and B
situated on the other. The following results on the
staff held vertically at A and B from level stations 1
and 2 respectively, were obtained. The level station
1 was near to A and level station 2 was near to B.

𝑎 −𝑏 + (𝑎 − 𝑏 )
Instrument Staff reading on ∆ℎ =
at 2
A B 1.485 − 1.19 + (1.725 − 1.415)
∆ℎ =
2
1 1.485 1.190 𝐼𝑓 ∆ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐴.
∆ℎ = 0.303 𝑚
2 1.725 1.415
𝑅𝐿. 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 𝑅. 𝐿. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 − ∆ℎ

(a) If the reduced level of B is 55.18 m above 𝑅𝐿. 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 55.18 − 0.303


the datum, what is the reduced level of A? 𝑅𝐿. 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 = 54.88
(b) Assuming that the atmospheric conditions
remain unchanged during the two sets of the 𝑏 −𝑎− (𝑏 − 𝑎 )
𝑒 − 𝑒 = 0.067𝐾 𝑒=
observations, calculate
𝑒 − 𝑒 = 0.067(.315) 2
the combined curvature and refraction
𝑒 =𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑒
correction if the distance AB is 315 m 𝑒 − 𝑒 = 0.0007
the collimation error

𝑏 −𝑎 − (𝑏 − 𝑎 ) 𝑒 =𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑒
𝑒= 𝑒 = 𝑒 − (𝑒 − 𝑒 )
2
1.19 − 1.485 − (1.415 − 1.725) 𝑒 = 0.008 − 0.007
𝑒=
2 𝑒 = 0.001
𝑒 = 0.008
Two-Peg Test
Two-peg test is conducted for checking the adjustment of a level
Two-Peg Test
In the two peg test method of a dumpy level, the following observations where
taken.
(a) What is the true difference in elevation of A and B?
(b) Determine the error in the line of sight for the net distance AB.
(c) Determine the correct reading at A that will give level line of sight with the
instrument still at point P.

Instrument M Instrument P
set up near at set up near at
A B
Rod Reading on A 1.623 m 0.938 m
Rod Reading on B 2.875 m 1.622 m
Two-Peg Test
In the two peg test method of a dumpy level, the following
observations where taken.
(a) What is the true difference in elevation of A and B?
(b) Determine the error in the line of sight for the net 1.623
2.875
distance AB.
(c) Determine the correct reading at A that will give level
line of sight with the instrument still at point P.

Instrument M set Instrument P set


up near at A up near at B
Rod Reading on A 1.623 m 0.938 m

Rod Reading on B 2.875 m 1.622 m 0.938


1,622

1.623 + 𝑥 = 2.875 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 0.968


𝑥 + 𝑒 = 1.252 e= 0.284
𝑥 + 0.938 − 𝑒 = 1.622
𝑅𝑜𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐴 = 0.938 − 0.284
𝑥 − 𝑒 = 0.684
𝑅𝑜𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐴 = 0.654
Sensitivity of Level Tube
The sensitivity of a level tube is expressed in terms of angle in
seconds subtended at the center by the arc of one division length
of the level tube.

n= number of division from which the center


of the bubble is moved
𝑙= length of one division; unit is the same
with h or D
R= radius of curvature of level tube
h= staff intercept between upper and lower
line of sight
D= distance between the level tube and
levelling staff

1 radian = 206,265 seconds ‘’


Sensitivity of Level Tube
If sensitivity of a bubble tube is 30” per 2mm division, what
would be the error in staff reading on a vertically held staff
at a distance of 200m when the bubble is out of centre by
2.5 divisions?.
s = sensitivity of level tube
n= number of division from which the center
of the bubble is moved
𝑙= length of one division; unit is the same
with h or D
R= radius of curvature of level tube
h= staff intercept between upper and lower
line of sight
D= distance between the level tube and
levelling staff

1 radian = 206,265 seconds ‘’

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