3 Torsion

CHAPTER
MECHANICS OF
3 MATERIALS
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
Torsion
Dr. Atta ur Rehman Shah

([email protected])
Website: https://sites.google.com/view/atta85
Courtesy: © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Contents
Introduction
3-2
Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses
Axial Shear Components
Shaft Deformations
Shearing Strain
Stresses in Elastic Range
Normal Stresses
Torsional Failure Modes
Sample Problem 3.1
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range
3-3
Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

• Interested in stresses and
strains of circular shafts
subjected to twisting couples or
torques
• Turbine exerts torque T on the

shaft
• Shaft transmits the torque to

the generator
• Generator creates an equal and

opposite torque T’
3-4
Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses
• Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

internal torque, equal and opposite to the
applied torque,
T  dF

dA

• Although the net torque due to the
shearing stresses is known, the distribution
of the stresses is not
3-5
• Distribution of shearing stresses is statically indeterminate – must consider

shaft deformations
• Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the distribution of shearing
stresses due to torsional loads can not be assumed uniform.
Axial Shear Components
• Torque applied to shaft produces
shearing stresses on the faces
perpendicular to the axis.
• Conditions of equilibrium require the

existence of equal stresses on the faces
of the two planes containing the axis of
the shaft
3-6
• The existence of the axial shear components is demonstrated by considering

a shaft made up of axial slats.
The slats slide with respect to each other when equal and opposite torques are
applied to the ends of the shaft.
Shaft Deformations
• From observation, the angle of twist of the

shaft is proportional to the applied torque and
to the shaft length.
T
L
3-7
• When subjected to torsion, every cross-section of a circular shaft remains

plane and undistorted.
• Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular shafts remain plain and
undistorted because a circular shaft is axisymmetric.
• Cross-sections of noncircular (nonaxisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.
3-8
Shearing Strain
• Consider an interior section of the shaft.

As a torsional load is applied, an element
on the interior cylinder deforms into a
rhombus.
• Since the ends of the element remain

planar, the shear strain is equal to angle
of twist.

• It follows that L   or  
L
3-9
• Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius


c
max  and   max
L c
Stresses in Elastic Range
• Multiplying the previous equation by

the shear modulus, G  Gmax
c
From Hooke’s Law, G, so

 max c
3 - 10
J  12c4 The shearing stress varies linearly with the radial position in the
section.
• Recall that the sum of the moments from

the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,
T  dA max 2 dA max J c c
• The results are known as the elastic
torsion
J  12 c24 c14 formulas, Tc T

max  and 
J J
3 - 11
Normal Stresses
• Elements with faces parallel and
perpendicular to the shaft axis are subjected to
shear stresses only. Normal stresses, shearing
stresses or a combination of both may be
found for other orientations.
3 - 12
• Consider
an element
at 45o to
the shaft
axis,
A
F  2max 0 cos45 max A0 2

45o  FA maxA0A02 2  max
• Element a
is in pure shear.
• Element c is subjected to a tensile stress on
two faces and compressive stress on the other
two.
3 - 13
• Note that all stresses for elements a and c

have the same magnitude
3 - 14
Torsional Failure Modes
• Ductile materials generally fail in

shear. Brittle materials are weaker in
tension than shear.
• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.
3 - 15
Sample Problem 3.1

• When subjected to torsion, a brittle specimen breaks along planes perpendicular to
the direction in which tension is a
maximum, i.e., along surfaces at 45o
to the shaft axis.
3 - 16
Sample Problem 3.1

Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer • Cut sections through shafts AB and
diameters of 90 mm and 120 mm, BC and perform static equilibrium
respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid of analysis to find torque loadings
diameter d. For the loading shown,
• Apply elastic torsion formulas to
determine (a) the minimum and maximum
find minimum and maximum
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the required
stress on shaft BC
diameter d of shafts AB and CD if the
allowable shearing stress in these shafts is • Given allowable shearing stress
65 MPa. and applied torque, invert the
SOLUTION: elastic torsion formula to find the
required diameter
SOLUTION:
3 - 17
Sample Problem 3.1

• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC and perform static equilibrium analysis to
find torque loadings
Mx  0  6kNmTAB Mx  0  6kNm14kNmTBC
3 - 18
Sample Problem 3.1

TAB  6kNm  TCD TBC  20kNm
• Apply elastic torsion formulas to max 2  TBCJc2 
find minimum and maximum 2013kN.92m100.6060m4m
stress on shaft BC
 86.2MPa
 c 
min  1 min  45mm
• Given allowable shearing stress and

applied torque, invert the elastic torsion
  
J   c24  c14   
2 2
4 4
0.060  
0.045
formula to find the required diameter

13.9210 6m4
3 - 19
Sample Problem 3.1

max  TcJ  2Tcc465MPa  6kN2
c3m

c  38.910 3m
d  2c  77.8mm
max c2 86.2MPa 60mm max  86.2MPa
min  64.7MPa min  64.7MPa
3 - 20
Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

• Recall that the angle of twist and maximum shearing strain are related,
c
max  L
• In the elastic range, the shearing strain and
shear are related by Hooke’s Law,
max max 
Tc
G JG
• Equating the expressions for shearing strain and solving for the angle of
twist,
TL

JG
3 - 21
• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section changes along the length,

the angle of rotation is found as the sum of segment rotations
TiLi

i JiG i
Problem 3.35
The electric motor exerts a 500 N.m-torque on the aluminum shaft ABCD
when it is rotating at a constant speed. Knowing that G = 27 GPa and that
the torques exerted on pulleys B and C are as shown, determine the angle of
twist between (a) B and C, (b) B and D.
3 - 22
3 - 23

3 Torsion

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 Torsion

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 Torsion

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER

Dr. Atta ur Rehman Shah

Courtesy: © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

• Turbine exerts torque T on the

• Shaft transmits the torque to

• Generator creates an equal and

Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses

• Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

• Distribution of shearing stresses is statically indeterminate – must consider

• Conditions of equilibrium require the

• The existence of the axial shear components is demonstrated by considering

• From observation, the angle of twist of the

• When subjected to torsion, every cross-section of a circular shaft remains

• Consider an interior section of the shaft.

• Since the ends of the element remain

• Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

• Recall that the sum of the moments from

J  12 c24 c14 formulas, Tc T

• Note that all stresses for elements a and c

Torsional Failure Modes

• Ductile materials generally fail in

• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

Sample Problem 3.1

Sample Problem 3.1

Sample Problem 3.1

Mx  0  6kNmTAB Mx  0  6kNm14kNmTBC

Sample Problem 3.1

• Given allowable shearing stress and

Sample Problem 3.1

Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section changes along the length,

You might also like