Torsion

Lecture 13
Engineering Mechanics - ME102
Sunil Kumar Singh and Rishi Raj

Courtesy: TMH
Torsional Loads on Circular Shafts

• Interested in stresses and strains of

circular shafts subjected to twisting
couples or torques
• Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft
Rotating at fixed RPM.

• Shaft transmits the torque to the

generator

• Generator creates an equal and

opposite torque T’
• Let us consider the shaft in the next
slide

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Net Torque Due to Internal Stresses

• Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

internal torque, equal and opposite to the
applied torque,
T =   dF =   ( dA)

• Although the net torque due to the shearing

stresses is known, the distribution of the stresses
is not

• Distribution of shearing stresses is statically

indeterminate – must consider shaft
deformations

• Unlike the normal stress due to axial loads, the

distribution of shearing stresses due to torsional
loads can not be assumed uniform.

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Do you remember?

• At a point, shear stress

cannot take place in one
plane only, an equal shear
stress must be exerted on
another plane perpendicular
to the first one.

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State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the
planes cut parallel to the x, y and z axes.
For equilibrium, equal and opposite
stresses are exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx =  Fy =  Fz = 0
Mx = M y = Mz = 0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z = 0 = ( xy A)a − ( yx A)a
 xy =  yx
similarly, 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦 and 𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥

• It follows that only 6 components of stress are

required to define the complete state of stress
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Axial Shear Components

• Torque applied to shaft produces shearing

stresses on the faces perpendicular to the
axis.

• Conditions of equilibrium require the

existence of equal stresses on the faces of
the two planes containing the axis of the
shaft
• The existence of the axial shear components is
demonstrated by considering a shaft made up
of axial slats.

The slats slide with respect to each other when

equal and opposite torques are applied to the
ends of the shaft.

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Shaft Deformations
𝑑∅

• From observation, the angle of twist of the

shaft is proportional to the applied torque and
to the shaft length.
 T
L
• When subjected to torsion, every cross-section
of a circular shaft remains plane and
undistorted.
• However, two cross sections rotate by
different amounts (𝑑∅)
• Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular
shafts remain plain and undistorted because a
circular shaft is axisymmetric.
• Cross-sections of noncircular (non-
axisymmetric, w.r.t. to shaft axis) shafts are
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Recall: Shearing Strain

• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will

deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
 xy = f ( xy )

• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar the

plots of normal stress vs. normal strain except that
the strength values are approximately half. For
small strains,
 xy = G  xy  yz = G  yz  zx = G  zx

where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.

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Shearing Strain

=
𝜋
−𝛾
2 𝑳𝜸 (𝜸 → 𝟎)
𝛾
𝑳 Now imagine, this rectangle was
the curved surface of a shaft
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Shearing Strain
• Consider an interior section of the shaft. As a
torsional load is applied, an element on the
interior cylinder deforms into a rhombus.

• Since the ends of the element remain planar,

the shear strain 𝜸 is proportional to angle of
twist ∅.
• It follows that
𝜌𝜑
𝐴𝐴′ = 𝐿𝛾 = 𝜌𝜑 or 𝛾 =
𝐿

• Shear strain is proportional to twist and radius

c 
 max = and  =  max
L c
c = surface radius
• Shear strain in a shaft varies linearly with the
distance from the axis of the shaft
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Stresses in Elastic Range
• Multiplying the previous equation by the
shear modulus,

G = G max
c
From Hooke’s Law, = G , so

=  max
c

J = 12  c 4
The shearing stress varies linearly with the
radial position in the section.
• Recall that the sum of the moments from
Hollow Shaft the internal stress distribution is equal to
the torque on the shaft at the section,
 
T =   dA = max   2 dA = max J
c c
• The results are known as the elastic torsion
(
J = 12  c24 − c14 ) formulas,
Tc T
 max = and  =
J J
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Problem 1

A hollow cylindrical shaft is 1.5 m long and has inner and

outer diameters respectively equal to 40 and 60 mm. (a)What
is the largest torque that can be applied to the shaft if the
shearing stress is not to exceed 120 MPa? (b) What is the
corresponding minimum value of shearing stress in the shaft?
Where will the shaft experience
largest shearing stress?

@ 𝜌 = 𝑐2

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𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 120 MPa 12
Solution

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Solution
Where will the shaft experience
minimum shearing stress?

@ 𝜌 = 𝑐1

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Recall: Axial Load → Shear Stress
• Pass a section through the member
forming an angle q with the normal
plane.
• From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
• Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F = P cosq V = P sinq

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cosq P
= = = cos2 q
Aq A0 A0
cosq
V P sin q P
= = = sin q cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq
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Torsion → Normal Stresses
• Elements with faces parallel and perpendicular
to the shaft axis are subjected to shear stresses
only. Normal stresses, shearing stresses or a
combination of both may be found for other
orientations.
• Consider an element at 45o to the shaft axis,
F = 2( max A0 )cos 45 =  max A0 2
F  max A0 2
 45o = = =  max
A A0 2
• Element a is in pure shear.
• Element c is subjected to a tensile stress on
two faces and compressive stress on the other
two.
• Note that all stresses for elements a and c have
the same magnitude

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Torsional Failure Modes
• Ductile materials generally fail in
shear. Brittle materials are weaker in
tension than shear.

• When subjected to torsion, a ductile

specimen breaks along a plane of
maximum shear, i.e., a plane
perpendicular to the shaft axis.

• When subjected to torsion, a brittle

specimen breaks along planes
perpendicular to the direction in
which tension is a maximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45o to the shaft
axis.

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Recall: Tensile Failure Modes
Ductile Brittle

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Problem 2

Shaft BC is hollow with inner and

outer diameters of 90 mm and 120
mm, respectively. Shafts AB and CD
are solid of diameter d. For the
loading shown, determine

(a) the minimum and maximum

shearing stress in shaft BC,

(b) the required diameter d of shafts

AB and CD if the allowable
shearing stress in these shafts is
65 MPa.
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 SOLUTION:
• Cut sections through shafts AB and BC
and perform static equilibrium analysis
to find torque loadings

 M x = 0 = (6 kN  m ) − TAB  M x = 0 = (6 kN  m ) + (14 kN  m ) − TBC

TAB = 6 kN  m = TCD TBC = 20 kN  m

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 • Apply elastic torsion formulas to
find minimum and maximum
stress on shaft BC

(c24 − c14 ) = (0.060 )4 − (0.045)4 

 
J=
2 2
= 13.92 10− 6 m 4
TBC c2 (20 kN  m )(0.060 m )
 max =  2 = =
J 13.92 10−6 m 4
= 86.2 MPa
 min c1  min 45 mm
= =  max = 86.2 MPa
 max c2 86.2 MPa 60 mm
 min = 64.7 MPa  min = 64.7 MPa
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 • Given allowable shearing stress and
applied torque, invert the elastic torsion
formula to find the required diameter

Tc Tc 6 kN  m
 max = = 65MPa =
J  c4  c3
2 2

c = 38.9 10−3 m
d = 2c = 77.8 mm

What about shaft CD?

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Angle of Twist in Elastic Range
• Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,
c
 max =
L
• In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear
are related by Hooke’s Law,
 max Tc
 max = =
G JG
• Equating the expressions for shearing strain and
solving for the angle of twist,
TL
=
JG
• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section
changes along the length, the angle of rotation is
found as the sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
 =
i J i Gi

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Comparison: Deformations Under
Axial and Torsional Loadings
• From Hooke’s Law:
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾
• Deformation
𝑃𝐿 𝑇𝐿
𝛿= 𝜑=
𝐴𝐸 𝐽𝐺
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
𝑃𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝑇𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝛿=෍ 𝜑=෍
𝐴𝑖 𝐸𝑖 𝐽𝑖 𝐺𝑖
𝑖 𝑖

𝐀𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐨𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥
𝜹 𝒎 → ∅ −
𝑷 𝑵 → 𝑻 (𝑵 − 𝒎)
𝑳 𝒎 → 𝑳 (𝒎)
𝑨 𝒎𝟐 → 𝑱 (𝒎𝟒 )
[email protected] 𝑬 𝑷𝒂 → 𝑮 (𝑷𝒂) 24
Problem 3

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Statically Indeterminate Shafts
125 mm • Given the shaft dimensions and the applied
125 mm torque, we would like to find the torque reactions
at A and B.
• From a free-body analysis of the shaft,
120 N-m
TA + TB = 120 N − m
Hollow which is not sufficient to find the end torques.
The problem is statically indeterminate.

120 N-m
• Divide the shaft into two components which
must have compatible deformations,
TA L1 TB L2 LJ
 = 1 + 2 = − =0 TB = 1 2 TA
J1G J 2G L2 J1

Outer diameter = 22 mm
Inner diameter = 16 mm

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Statically Indeterminate Shafts

• Divide the shaft into two components which

must have compatible deformations,
120 N-m
TA L1 TB L2 LJ
 = 1 + 2 = − =0 TB = 1 2 TA
J1G J 2G L2 J1

Outer diameter = 22 mm
Inner diameter = 16 mm

• Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,

L1 J 2
TA + TA = 120 N − m
L2 J1

𝑇𝐴 = 69.8 N − m 𝑇𝐵 = 50.2 N − m
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Torque Transmission: Newton’s 3rd Law

𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 = 𝐅
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
=
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 Peripheral distance covered
should be same
𝒓𝟏 𝜽𝟏 = 𝒓𝟐 𝜽𝟐
Peripheral velocity should be
same
𝒓𝟏 𝝎𝟏 = 𝒓𝟐 𝝎𝟐
𝝎𝟏 𝝎𝟐
Number of teeth interacted
=
𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟏
𝑵 𝑵 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
𝒓𝟏 𝜽𝟏 = 𝒓𝟐 𝜽𝟐 → 𝒓𝟏 𝟐𝝅 = 𝒓𝟐 𝟐𝝅 → =
[email protected] 𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐 28
Torque Transmission: Newton’s 3rd Law

𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

𝑻𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝜽𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑵𝟏
= = = =
𝑻𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝝎𝟏 𝑵𝟐
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Problem 4a
Two solid shafts are connected by gears as shown.
Knowing that G = 77.2 GPa for each shaft, determine the
angle through which end A rotates when TA = 1200 N ⋅ m.

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Solution 𝜙𝐶/𝐷 = 2.52°

Given TAB = 1200 N-m, find TCD

Knowing TCD, find 𝜙𝐶/𝐷

2.52°

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Solution 𝜙𝐶/𝐷 = 2.52°

Due to rotation of C, find rotation 𝜙𝐴/𝐵 = 4.67° 𝜙𝐵 = 7.56°

in B 𝜙𝐵 /D

2.52°

= 7.56°

Knowing TAB, find 𝜙𝐴/𝐵

4.67°

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Problem 4b
Two solid shafts are connected by gears as shown.
Knowing that G = 77.2 GPa for each shaft, determine the
angle through which end A rotates when TD = 3600 N ⋅ m.
TD

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Solution

Given TCD = 3600 N-m, find TAB 𝜙𝐵/𝐴 = 4.67°

Knowing TAB, find 𝜙𝐵/𝐴

𝜙𝐵/𝐴 = 4.67°
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Solution 𝜙𝐶 = 1.56°
𝜙𝐷/𝐶
= 4.67°

Due to rotation of B, find rotation 𝜙𝐵/𝐴 = 4.67°

in C 𝜙𝐶 /A

𝜑𝐵 = 𝜑𝐵/𝐴 = 81.412 × 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 4.67°

B

80
C 𝜑𝐶 = 𝜑 = 27.137 × 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1.56°
240 𝐵
Knowing TCD, find 𝜙𝐷/𝐶

2.52°
𝜙𝐷/𝐶
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Solution 𝜙𝐶 = 1.56°
𝜙𝐷/𝐶
= 2.52°
Hence, the twists 𝜙𝐷/𝐶 and 𝜙𝐶 should be
added to get 𝜙𝐷/𝐴 𝜙𝐵/𝐴 = 4.67°

𝜙𝐷/𝐴 = 𝜙𝐷/𝐶 + 𝜙𝐶 = 43.981 × 10−3 + 27.137 × 10−3

= 4.08°

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 𝜙𝐶/𝐷 = 2.52° Comparison 𝜙𝐶 = 1.56°
𝜙𝐷/𝐶
= 2.52°
Gear Ratio=3
𝜙𝐴/𝐵 = 4.67° 𝜙𝐵 = 7.56° 𝜙𝐵/𝐴 = 4.67°

Due to deformability of AB Due to deformability of CD

𝜙𝐴/𝐷 = 𝜙𝐴/𝐵 + 𝜙𝐵 = 4.67° + 7.56° = 12.23° 𝜙𝐷/𝐴 = 𝜙𝐷/𝐶 + 𝜙𝐶 = 2.52° + 1.56° = 4.08°

Due to gears Due to gears

Due to deformability of CD Due to deformability of AB

𝜙𝐶/𝐷 = 2.52° 𝜙𝐵/𝐴 = 4.67°

𝜙𝐴/𝐷 = 12.23° Gear Ratio 𝜙𝐷/𝐴 = 4.08°

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 𝜙𝐶/𝐷 = 2.52° Comparison 𝜙𝐶 = 1.56°
𝜙𝐷/𝐶
= 2.52°
Gear Ratio=3
𝜙𝐴/𝐵 = 4.67° 𝜙𝐵 = 7.56° 𝜙𝐵/𝐴 = 4.67°

𝜙𝐴/𝐷 = 𝜙𝐴/𝐵 + 𝜙𝐵 = 4.67° + 7.56° = 12.23° 𝜙𝐷/𝐴 = 𝜙𝐷/𝐶 + 𝜙𝐶 = 2.52° + 1.56° = 4.08°

Twist in C (w.r.t. D) is clockwise

Twist in C (w.r.t. D) is anti-clockwise Twist in D (w.r.t. C) is anti-clockwise

Rotation of B is clockwise Rotation of C is anti-clockwise
Twist in A (w.r.t. B) is clockwise Twist in B (w.r.t. A) is clockwise

State of stress is not same!

Twist in B (w.r.t. A) is anti-clockwise FBD is same!
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 Let’s Setup and Equivalent Problem
• From Hooke’s Law:
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾
• Deformation
𝑃𝐿 𝑇𝐿
𝛿= 𝜑=
𝐴𝐸 𝐽𝐺
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
AXIAL LOADING TORSIONAL LOADING
𝑃𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝑇𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝛿=෍ 𝜑=෍
𝐴𝑖 𝐸𝑖 𝐽𝑖 𝐺𝑖
𝑖 𝑖

𝐀𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐨𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥
𝜹 𝒎 → ∅ −
𝑷 𝑵 → 𝑻 (𝑵 − 𝒎)
Rigid Lever 𝑳 𝒎 → 𝑳 (𝒎)
𝑨 𝒎𝟐 → 𝑱 (𝒎𝟒 ) Rigid Gear

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𝑬 𝑷𝒂 → 𝑮 (𝑷𝒂) 39
Problem 4c
Two links are connected by a rigid lever as shown.
Knowing that E = 105 GPa for each link, determine the
displacement of end A when FA = 1200 N.

L = 1.6 m
A = 1272 mm2

B O C

L = 1.2 m
A = 305 mm2

A
FA = 1200 N
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Problem 4c D

L = 1.6 m
A = 1272 mm2

𝛿𝐵 = 3 × 𝛿𝐶 = 129.4 × 10−6 m ↓
C’
Shrinkage in CD
O 𝑃𝐿 3600×1.6
B C 𝛿𝐶 = = −6
𝐴𝐸 1272×10 ×105×109
𝛿𝐶 = 43.1 × 10−6 m ↑
B’
L = 1.2 m
A = 305 mm2

Elongation in AB
A 𝑃𝐿 1200×1.2
𝛿𝐴 = = −6
𝐴𝐸 305×10 ×105×109
A’ 𝛿𝐴 = 44.9 × 10−6 m ↓
FA = 1200 N

Dispalcement of end A = 𝛿𝐴 ↓ +𝛿𝐵 ↓ = 174.2 × 10−6 m ↓

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Problem 4d
Two links are connected by a rigid lever as shown.
Knowing that E = 105 GPa for each link, determine the
displacement of end D when FD = 3600 N.
FD = 3600 N
D

L = 1.6 m
A = 1272 mm2

B O C

L = 1.2 m
A = 305 mm2

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 FD = 3600 N
Problem 4d D’ Elongation in CD
𝑃𝐿 3600×1.6
𝛿𝐷 = =
D 𝐴𝐸 1272×10−6 ×105×109
𝛿𝐷 = 43.1 × 10−6 m ↑
Shrinkage in AB
𝑃𝐿 1200×1.2 L = 1.6 m
𝛿𝐵 = = −6
𝐴𝐸 305×10 ×105×109 A = 1272 mm2
𝛿𝐵 = 44.9 × 10−6 m ↓
O C’
B C
1
B’ 𝛿𝐶 = × 𝛿𝐵 = 14.97 × 10−6 m ↑
3

L = 1.2 m
A = 305 mm2

Dispalcement of end D = 𝛿𝐶 ↑ +𝛿𝐷 ↑ = 58.07 × 10−6 m ↓

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 Tension

Comparison
Lever Ratio=3
Compression

𝛿𝐴/𝐷 =174.2 × 10−6 m Lever Ratio 𝛿𝐷/𝐴 =58.07 × 10−6 m

Compression

State of stress is not same!

FBD is same!
Tension Better Visualized?

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Problem 5
The long, hollow, tapered shaft AB has a uniform
thickness t. Denoting by G the modulus of rigidity, show
that the angle of twist at end A is

𝑇𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝜑=෍
𝐽𝑖 𝐺𝑖
𝑖

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Solution For a differential element

𝑇𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝑇𝑑𝑦
𝜑=෍ 𝑑𝜑 =
𝐽𝑖 𝐺𝑖 𝐽𝐺
𝑖

For the differential element 𝐽 = 𝐴𝑐 2 = 2𝜋𝑐 3 𝑡

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For the differential element

𝑇𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝜑 =
𝐽𝐺

𝑦 3 (𝑐 − 𝑐 )3
𝐵 𝐴
𝐽 = 𝐴𝑐 2 = 2𝜋𝑐 3 𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑡
𝐿3

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Design of Transmission Shafts
• Principal transmission shaft • Determine torque applied to shaft at
performance specifications are: specified power and speed,
- power P = T = 2fT
- speed P P
T= =
 2f
• Designer must select shaft
material and cross-section to • Find shaft cross-section which will not
meet performance specifications exceed the maximum allowable
without exceeding allowable shearing stress,
shearing stress. Tc
 max =
J
J  3 T
= c = (solid shafts )
c 2  max
J
=
 4 4
c2 2c2
(
c2 − c1 = )
T
 max
(hollow shafts )

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Power Transmission

• Derive the relation between P1 and P2

𝑻𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝜽𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑵𝟏
= = = =
𝑻𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝝎𝟏 𝑵𝟐

𝑷𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝝎𝟏
= =𝟏
𝑷𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝝎𝟐
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Problem 5
Three shafts and four gears are used to
form a gear train that will transmit power
from the motor at A to a machine tool at
F. (Bearings for the shafts are omitted in
the sketch.) The diameter of each shaft
is as follows: dAB =16 mm, dCD =20 mm,
dEF = 28mm. Knowing that the
frequency of the motor is 24 Hz and that
the allowable shearing stress for each
shaft is 75 MPa, determine the
maximum power that can be
transmitted.

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Solution
Three shafts and four gears are used to form a gear train that will transmit
power from the motor at A to a machine tool at F. The diameter of each shaft
is as follows: dAB =16 mm, dCD =20 mm, dEF = 28mm. Knowing that the
frequency of the motor is 24 Hz and that the allowable shearing stress for
each shaft is 75 MPa, determine the maximum power that can be transmitted.

𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝐴𝐵 = 75 Mpa → 𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑙/ max, 𝐴𝐵 =? ? → 𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙/ max, 𝐴𝐵

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Solution
Three shafts and four gears are used to form a gear train that will transmit
power from the motor at A to a machine tool at F. The diameter of each shaft
is as follows: dAB =16 mm, dCD =20 mm, dEF = 28mm. Knowing that the
frequency of the motor is 24 Hz and that the allowable shearing stress for
each shaft is 75 MPa, determine the maximum power that can be transmitted.

𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝐶𝐷 = 75 Mpa → 𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑙/ max, 𝐶𝐷 =? ? → 𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙/ max, 𝐶𝐷

𝝎𝟏 𝝎𝟐 𝒇𝑨𝑩 𝒇𝑪𝑫
= → =
𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝑪 𝒓𝑩

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 Solution
Three shafts and four gears are used to form a gear train that will transmit
power from the motor at A to a machine tool at F. The diameter of each shaft
is as follows: dAB =16 mm, dCD =20 mm, dEF = 28mm. Knowing that the
frequency of the motor is 24 Hz and that the allowable shearing stress for
each shaft is 75 MPa, determine the maximum power that can be transmitted.

𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒,𝐸𝐹 = 75 Mpa → 𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑙/ max, 𝐸𝐹 =? ? → 𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙/ max, 𝐸𝐹

𝝎𝟏 𝝎𝟐 𝒇𝑬𝑭 𝒇𝑪𝑫
= → =
𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝑫 𝒓𝑬

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 Solution
Three shafts and four gears are used to form a gear train that will transmit
power from the motor at A to a machine tool at F. The diameter of each shaft
is as follows: dAB =16 mm, dCD =20 mm, dEF = 28mm. Knowing that the
frequency of the motor is 24 Hz and that the allowable shearing stress for
each shaft is 75 MPa, determine the maximum power that can be transmitted.

𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙/ max, 𝐴𝐵 = 9.10 kW

𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙/ max, 𝐶𝐷 = 7.11 kW Which shaft will fail (first)?
𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙/ max, 𝐸𝐹 = 7.80 kW

Maximum power that can be transmitted is hence 7.11 kW

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Problem 6
The horizontal shaft AD is attached to a fixed base at D and is
subjected to the torques shown. A 44-mm-diameter hole has been
drilled into portion CD of the shaft. Knowing that the entire shaft is
made of steel for which G = 77 GPa, determine the angle of twist at
end A.

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 Since the shaft consists of three portions AB, BC, and
CD, each of uniform cross section and each with a
constant internal torque, the following equation may be
used: 𝑇𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝜑=෍
𝐽𝑖 𝐺𝑖
𝑖
Next, we need to draw the FBDs of various portions to
find the torques in the sections AB, BC, and CD.

For portion AB:

For portion BC:

Since no torque is applied at C,

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 Next, we need to estimate the polar moment of inertias
of each of these three portions AB, BC, and CD as
follows:

For portion AB:

For portion BC:

For portion CD:

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 Next, we estimate the angle of twist as follows:

𝜙𝐴 = 𝜙𝐴/𝐷 = 𝜙𝐴/𝐵 + 𝜙𝐵/𝐶 + 𝜙𝐶/𝐷

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Problem 7
A steel shaft and an aluminum tube are connected to a fixed support
and to a rigid disk as shown in the cross section. Knowing that the
initial stresses are zero, determine the maximum torque To that can
be applied to the disk if the allowable stresses are 120 MPa in the
steel shaft and 70 MPa in the aluminum tube. Use G = 77 GPa for
steel and G = 27 GPa for aluminum.

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 What is the value of
shear stress in
aluminium tube?

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