Guc 2029 61 37611 2023-10-29T18 28 36
Guc 2029 61 37611 2023-10-29T18 28 36
Guc 2029 61 37611 2023-10-29T18 28 36
Department of Mathematics
Winter Semester
By
Prof. Dr. Fathy Helail
1
Contents
1. Exponential Functions.
2. Logarithmic Functions.
3. Inverse Properties of Exponential & Logarithmic
Functions.
2
1. Exponential Function
Definition 1. If a > 0 , a 1 & the Exponent x is any
real number. Then: the Exponential Function with
base a is given by: f ( x) a . x
5. ( ab) x a x . b x .
x
a x a
6. ( ) x .
b b
x 1
7. a x .
a
Remark:
Given Properties holds for any real values for exponent x
& positive values of base a :
e.g. 20.6 0.660, (1.56) 2 1.876.
4
1.2. Graph of Exponential Function:
Consider the function f ( x) 3 , we construct the following table:
x
f ( x) 3 x
Using above table, we can sketch the graph
of the exponential function: f ( x) 3 x .
Here a = 3; which is >1.
Important Remark:
We have 2 cases for a (base):
1.If a > 1, the graph rises from Left to Right (as
shown).
2.If 0 < a < 1, the graph falls from Left to Right.
Generally, any exponential functions of the form:
f ( x) a x , where aa>1 0, a &1.a > 1.
Then, f (x) have the following properties:
f ( x) a x .
1. The domain of f (x) is R
or ( , ).
2. The Range of f (x) is all + ve R
or (0, ) .
ln e = 1 & e e
1
1 1 1
ln 1 &
& e .
e e
9 ln 2 0.693 &
& e0.693 2.
Graph of Natural Logarithmic Function ln x is as follows:
From the shown graph, we deduce some properties of
ln x as follows:
y = ln x
Domain : (0, ).
Domain:
Range : (, ).
Range:
Interceptx xaxis:
Intercept axis( :1,(1, 00).
).
ln x as x .
ln x as x 0.
Important Remark:
y = ln x is not defined for x = 0 or x is negative numbers.
2.3. Properties of Natural Logarithms:
We have the following 3 properties for Natural Logarithms:
1. ln (x y) = ln x + ln y.
x
2. ln ( ) = ln x - ln y .
y
n
3. ln x = n ln x .
Remarks: 1. Rewriting a logarithm of a single quantity as sum,
difference, or multiple of logarithm is called: Expanding the
logarithmic expression.
2. The reverse procedure is called: Condensing a log expression.
2.4. Inverse properties between Exponential & Logarithmic:
We have the following 2 properties:
x 3
1. ln e = x; e.g. ln e = 3.
ln x ln 5
2. e = x; e.g. e = 5.
11
Example 2. Use the properties of Logarithms to rewrite the
following expression as a logarithm of single quantity(Condensing)
2 ln( x 2) 3 ln x.
Solution: We have: 2 ln( x 2) 3ln x ln ( x 2) 2 ln x 3
( x 2) 2
ln 3
.
x
Example 3. Solve the following Logarithmic equation: ln x = 2.
Solution: We have ln x = 2, by taking Exponentiation for each
ln x 2 2
side: we get: e = e then e
x= .
0 .1 x
Example 4. Solve the Exponential equation: e =4.
0 .1 x
Solution: We have e = 4, by taking ln for both sides:
0 .1 x
ln e = ln 4 which gives 0.1 x = ln 4, then x = 10 ln 4.
4. Business applications on exponential functions
4.1. Finding the balance A using Compounded Interest:
Let P the amount deposited; if the interest compounding takes
place n times every year at annual interest rate r, after takes
t year, then the balance A will be: r
1. Compounded n times per year: A P (1 ) nt
;
n
2. Compounded Continuously: A Pe rt .
4.2. Finding Present Value
To find the present value of a future investment, we use the
r nt
formula for compounded interest as shown: A P (1 )
n
By solving the form for P ; we get the present value P Formula:
A .
P
r nt
(1 )
n
13
Example 5. Steven deposits $12,000 in an account for 25 years.
Compare the balance for each situation:
(a) The interest rate is 7% compounded quarterly.
(b) The interest rate is 7% compounded continuously.
Solution.
(a) We have: n = 4, r = 7%=0.07, t = 25, P = 12,000.
Then, the balance A is given by:
4(25)
0.07
A 12, 000 1 $68, 017.87
4
(b) The balance A is given by:
Solution.
A = 15,000, r = 0.08, n = 12, t =12 ; then
the present value P (to be invested) will be:
15000
P $5761.72.
0.08 12 .12
(1 )
12
15
5. Solved Examples & Problems
Example 7.
Some solved problems on the properties of exponential functions:
Solution.
The 1st graph:
y = 2 x gives us base a = 2 >1
which Rises from left to right.
2 x
17
Example 9. Expanding Logarithmic Expression
Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite each expression
as a sum, difference, or multiples of logarithms:
Solution.
10
(a) ln ln 10 ln 9.
9
1 1
(b) ln x 1 ln ( x 1) ln ( x 2 1).
2 2 2
2
(c) ln [ x ( x 1)] ln x ln ( x 1) 2 ln x ln( x 1).
2 2
1
taking ln for both sides ln e ln 2 rt ln 2 t ln 2.
rt
r
1
i.e. the time t inversely proportional to the interest rate r: t ln 2.
r
e.g. If we have the annual rate is r = 3%, then the time will be
t =23.1 years.
& if we have r = 12%, then the time will be t = 5.8 years.
Verify?
Problems 1.
1. Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite each
expression as a sum, difference, or multiples of logarithms:
x
(a ) ln( 2
) Answer ln x 2 ln z ln w
z w
x 5 ( x 2)8 1
(b) ln 3 Answer [5ln x 8ln( x 2) ln( x 3)]
x7 3
20
4. Simplify each expression:
5 ln ( x 7)
(a) ln e (b) e