Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF CEBU PROVINCE

VITO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Vito, Minglanilla Cebu
S.Y. 2022-2023

QUARTER 1 NOTES in MAPEH

The styles of modern songs can be traced back from the 20th Century. The innovative and experimental styles of the 20th Century
Music are the influences of the genius composers such as Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, Arnold Schoenberg, Bela Bartok, Igor
Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofieff, and George Gershwin. Coming from different nations such as France, Austria, Hungary, Russia, and the
United States, these composers clearly reflected the growing globalization of musical styles in the 20th century.
IMPRESSIONISM
As the world entered the 20th century, a new era in music was introduced, and impressionism was one of the earliest musical forms
that paved the way to this modern era. Impressionism is a French movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The sentimental
melodies and dramatic emotionalism of the preceding Romantic Period, whose themes and melody are easy to recognize and enjoy,
were being replaced in favor of moods and impressions.

CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862–1918)

Claude Debussy was one of the most influential and leading composers of the 20th century. He was the principal exponent of the
impressionist movement and the inspiration for other impressionist composers. He reformed the course of musical development by
eradicating traditional rules and conventions into a new language of possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, texture, and color. He was
born on August 22, 1862 in a small town called

He composed a total of more or less 227 masterpieces, which include orchestral music, chamber music, piano music, operas, ballets,
songs, and other vocal music. He was known as the "Father of the Modern School of Composition" and made his impact on the styles
of the later 20th-century composer like Igor Stravinsky.
Debussy's mature creative period was exemplified by the following works:
• String Quartet
• La Mer (1905)-a highly imaginative and atmospheric musical work for orchestra about the sea
• Première Arabesque
• Claire de Lune (Moonlight)-The third and most famous movement of Suite bergamasque.
In the field of visual arts, Debussy was influenced by Monet, Pissaro, Manet, Degas, and Renoir; and from the literary arts by Mallarme,
Verlaine, and Rimbaud. Most of his close friends were painters and poets who significantly influenced his works. On March 25, 1918,
he died of cancer at the height of the First World War in Paris.
MAURICE RAVEL (1875–1937)
Joseph Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure, France, to a Basque mother and a Swiss father. At age 14, he entered
the Paris Conservatory, where he was musically nurtured by a prominent French composer, Gabriel Faure. The
compositional style of Ravel is mainly characterized by its distinctively innovative but not atonal style (music that is written in a way that
is not based on any particular key) of harmonic treatment. His works are defined with intricate and sometimes modal melodies and
extended chordal components. It demands considerable technical virtuosity from the performer, which is the character, ability, or skill of
a virtuoso—a person who is exemplary in musical technique or execution.

Ravel's works include the following:

• Pavane for a Dead Princess (1899)
• String Quartet (1903)
• Sonatine for Piano (c.1904)
• Rhapsodie Espagnole
• Bolero

Ravel was a perfectionist and every bit a musical craftsman. He strongly adhered to the classical form, specifically its ternary structure.
A strong advocate of Russian music, he also admired the music of Chopin, Liszt, Schubert, and Mendelssohn. He died in Paris in 1937.

The term "Expressionism" was originally used in visual and literary arts. It was probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to
Schoenberg because, like the painter Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), he veered away from "traditional forms of beauty" to convey
powerful feelings in his music. Features of expressionism music
are as follows:

• a high degree of dissonance (dissonance is the quality of sounds that seems unstable)
• extreme contrasts of dynamics (from pianissimo to fortissimo, very soft to very loud)
• constant changing of textures
• "distorted" melodies and harmonies
• angular melodies with wide leaps

ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874–1951)

Arnold Schoenberg was born on September 13, 1874 in a working-class suburb of Vienna, Austria. He taught himself music theory but
took lessons in counterpoint. His works were greatly influenced by the German composer Richard Wagner as evident in his symphonic
poem Pelleas et Melisande, Op. 5 (1903), a counterpoint of Debussy's opera of the same title.
His works include the following:
• Verklarte Nacht
• Three Pieces for Piano, op. 11
• Pierrot Lunaire
• Violin Concerto
• Skandalkonzert, a concert of the Wiener Konzertverein.
Although full of melodic and lyrical interest, his music was also extremely complex, creating heavy demands on the listener. He
experienced Triskaidekaphobia (fear of number 13). Schoenberg died on July 13, 1951 in Los Angeles, California, the USA, where he
had settled since 1934.
IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882–1971)
Stravinsky was born in Lomonosov, Russia on June 17, 1882. In his early music, he reflected the influence of his
teacher, the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. But in his first notable composition, "The Firebird Suite (1910)," his skillful
handling of material and rhythmic inventiveness went beyond anything written by his Russian predecessors. His musical style added a
new flavor to his nationalistic musical style. The Rite of Spring (1913) was another superb work showcasing his new technique.
Acclaimed works by Stravinsky includes:
• Ballet Petrouchka (1911
• The Nightingale (1914)
• Three Tales for Children (1917)
• Pulcinella (1920)
• Duo Concertant (1932)
• The Rake's Progress (1951)
Stravinsky wrote approximately 127 works, including concerti, orchestral music, instrumental music, operas, ballets, solo vocal, and
choral music. Concerti or concerto is a musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra,
especially one conceived on a relatively large scale. He died in New
York City on April 6, 1971.
Lesson 3 - 20th Century Musical Styles
Technology has been a game-changer in music. It has produced electronic music devices such as cassette tape recorders, compact
discs and their variants, the video compact disc (VCD), and the digital video disc (DVD), MP3, MP4, digital music players,
smartphones, karaoke players, and synthesizers. These devices are used for creating and recording music to add to or to replace
acoustical sounds.
ELECTRONIC MUSIC
The ability of electronic machines such as synthesizers, amplifiers, tape recorders, and loudspeakers to produce different sounds was
popularized by 20thcentury notable composers. Musique concrete, or concrete music is a music that uses the tape recorder. Any sound
that the composer will hear in his surroundings will be recorded. These sounds are arranged by the composer in different ways, like
playing the tape recorder in its fastest mode or reverse. In musique concrete, the composer can experiment with different sounds that
cannot be produced by regular musical instruments such as the piano or the violin. The first electronic devices for performing music
were developed at the end of the 19th century, and shortly afterward, Italian futurists explored sounds that had
not been considered musical.
EDGARD VARÈSE (1883–1965)
He was born on December 22, 1883, Edgard (also spelled Edgar) Varèse was considered an "innovative Frenchborn composer." He
pioneered and created new sounds that bordered between music and noise and spent his life and career mostly in the United States.
His musical compositions are characterized by:
• an emphasis on timbre and rhythm; and
• "organized sound" (certain timbres and rhythms can be grouped together in order to capture a whole new definition of sound).
Varèse's is considered as the "Father of Electronic Music," and use of new instruments and electronic resources. He was also dubbed
as the "Stratospheric Colossus of Sound." He died on November 6, 1965.
KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN (1928– 2007)
Karlheinz Stockhausen is a central figure in the realm of electronic music. He was born in Cologne, Germany. He
had the opportunity to work with Messiaen, Schoenberg, and Webern. Stockhausen drew inspiration from these composers as he
developed his style of total serialism together with Pierre Boulez. Stockhausen's music was initially met with resistance due to its
heavily atonal content with practically no clear melodic or rhythmic sense. Still, he continued to experiment with musique concrete.
Some of his works include:
• Gruppen (1957) • Hymnen (1965) and
• Kontakte (1960) • Licht (Light)

It has led him to dream of concert halls in which the sound attacks the listener from every direction. Stockhausen's works total around
31.

CHANCE MUSIC
Chance music, also known as Aleatoric music, refers to a style in which the piece always sounds differently at every performance
because of the random techniques of production, including the use of ring modulators or natural elements that become a part of the
music. Most of the sounds emanating from the surroundings, both natural and man-made, such as honking cars, rustling leaves,
blowing wind, dripping water, or a ringing phone. An example of Chance music is John Cage's Four Minutes and Thirty-Three Seconds
(4'33"), where the pianist merely opens the piano lid and keeps silent for the duration of the piece. The audience hears a variety of
noises inside and outside the concert hall amidst the seeming silence.
JOHN CAGE (1912–1992)
John Cage was known as one of the 20th-century composers with the broadest array of sounds in his works. Cage was born in Los
Angeles, California, USA, on September 5, 1912 and became one of the most original composers in the history of western music. He
challenged the very idea of music by manipulating musical instruments to attain new sounds and became the "chance music." In one
instance, Cage created a "prepared" piano, where screws and pieces of wood or paper were inserted between the piano strings to
produce different percussive possibilities. Cage became notable for his work The Four Minutes and 33 Seconds (4'33"), a chance
musical work that instructed the pianist to merely open the piano lid and remain silent for the length of time indicated by the title.
Arts Quarter 1 – Module 1: Principles of Design and Elements of Arts

Lesson 1 - Principles of Design

The word design indicates both the process of organizing visual elements and the product of that process. It is a result of our basic
need for meaningful order. Some designs are so well integrated that they have qualities beyond a mere sum of their parts. Such is said
to be beautiful, interesting, absorbing, or surprising. Art and beauty can be expressed in many ways- in the natural beauty of huge old
trees or the created beauty of a painting of those trees like in the work of Van Gogh’ "Large Plane Trees."
Depicted in his works are the principles of design that made his work beautiful, fascinating, and expressive. There are six principles of
design: unity and variety, balance, emphasis and subordination, contrast, repetition and rhythm, and scale and proportion.
1. UNITY refers to the appearance or condition of the oneness of an artwork. All the elements such as line, color, texture, and others
belong together, which results in having a coherent and harmonious whole. As variety provides diversity, yet it acts as a
counterbalance to extreme unity.
2. BALANCE is the condition in which acting influences are held in check by opposing forces or what is on the left side should appear
on the right side also in order to achieve equilibrium. The near or exact matching of the left and right sides of a three-dimensional form
or a two-dimensional composition is called symmetrical balance. Two sides that are not the same is asymmetrical balance.
3. EMPHASIS AND SUBORDINATION - To draw our attention to an area or areas, the artist uses emphasis. To create emphasis,
position, contrast, color intensity, and size can all be used. Neutral areas of lesser interest are created by artists through subordination
to keep us from being distracted from the areas of emphasis.
4. CONTRAST -The juxtaposition of strongly dissimilar elements is called contrast. Dark set against light, large against small, bright
colors against dull are examples of contrasts. Visual experience becomes monotonous without contrast. Contrast can be seen also in
the thick and thin areas of a single brushstroke.
5. REPETITION AND RHYTHM - The repetition of visual elements gives a composition of unity, continuity, flow, and emphasis. Rhythm
in visual art is created through the regular recurrence of elements with related variations.
6. SCALE AND PROPORTION- The scale is the relation of one thing to another. It is one of the first decisions an artist makes when
planning a work of art. Proportion is the size relationship of parts to a whole.

Lesson 2 - Elements of Arts

Medium and elements together are the materials the artist uses in creating a work of art. The distinction between them is easy to see
but hard to define. An element can be known only in some medium, but as an element, it is independent of the medium. When we
study elements, we consider them with no attention to how we can come into contact with a work of art. The elements are its qualities
or properties.
The seven elements of art are:
1. Line 2. Shape
3. Space 6. Texture
4. Value 7. Perspective
5. Color

1. LINE -The line is our basic means for recording and symbolizing ideas, observations, and feelings; it is a primary means of visual
communication. Lines always have direction. They are always active.

The following illustrates the line variations (Preble, 1999)

A. Actual Line
B. Implied line and implied curved line
C. Actual straight line and implied curved line
D. Line created by an edge
E. Vertical line (attitude of alert attention); horizontal line (attitude of rest)
F. Diagonal lines (slow action, fast action)
G. Sharp jagged lines
H. Dance of curving lines
I. Hardline; soft line
J. Ragged, irregular line

2. SHAPE- Shape refers to the expanse within the outline of a two-dimensional area or within the outer boundaries of a three-
dimensional object. It may be geometric, which tends to be precise or regular (circles, triangles, squares) or organic, which are
irregular, often curving or rounded, and seem relaxed and more informal. Most common shapes in the human-made world are
geometric, while most shapes in nature are organic. Mass is a physical bulk of solid body material, and it has a three-dimensional area.

3. SPACE- Space is the indefinable, general receptacle of all things. It is continuous, infinite, and ever-present. The visual arts are
sometimes referred to as spatial arts because most of the art forms are organized in space. Architects are mainly concerned with
space. With three-dimensional objects such as in architecture and sculpture, one has to move around to get a full experience of three-
dimensional space. With two-dimensional works, such as drawings, prints, photographs, and paintings, the actual space is defined by
its edges- usually the two dimensions of height and width. The illusion of third-dimension in two-dimensional works is spatial depth.

4. VALUE -Value refers to the lightness and darkness of surfaces. It ranges from white to various grays to black. It can be a property of
color or an independent element color. Chiaroscuro is the use of gradations of light and shade, in which the forms are revealed by the
subtle shifting from light to dark areas. This technique was developed during the Renaissance Period to create an illusion that figures
and objects depicted on a flat surface appear as they do in the natural light conditions.

5. COLOR - Color is a component of light, affects us directly by modifying our thoughts, moods, actions, and even our health. Color
exists only in light, but light itself seems colorless to the human eye. The so-called "color" is the effect on our eyes of light waves of
differing wavelengths or frequencies.

6. TEXTURE - The textile qualities of surfaces or to the visual representation of those qualities is referred to as texture, in visual arts.
Actual textures are those we can feel by touching. Simulated textures are those created to look like something other than pain on a flat
surface. Painters simulate texture, while sculptors and architects make use of actual texture.

7. PERSPECTIVE - Perspective is a point of view. In visual arts, it can refer to any means of representing three-dimensional objects in
space on a two-dimensional surface. It is a system designed to depict the way objects in space appear to the eye. In linear perspective,
objects appear smaller at a distance, because parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance, and the last meeting
of the lines on the horizon is called the vanishing point.

Lesson 3: The Modern Filipino Artists and Their Works

1. JOSE JOYA was born on June 3, 1931 and died on May 11, 1995. He was a Filipino abstract artist and a National Artist of the
Philippines awardee. Joya was a printmaker, painter, mixed media artist, and a former dean of the University of the Philippines' College
of Fine Arts. He is a proponent and follower of Abstract Expressionism in the Philippines. His art compositions were characterized by
"dynamic spontaneity" and "quick gestures" of action painting. He is the creator of compositions that were described as "vigorous
compositions" of heavy impastos, bold brushstrokes, controlled dips, and diagonal swipes.
2. VICENTE MANANSALA was born on January 22, 1910 and died on August 22, 1981, a prominent Filipino cubist painter and
illustrator. His works are characterized of bringing together the barrio and the city influences and culture. His Madonna of the Slums is a
portrayal of a mother and child from the countryside who became urban shanty residents once in the city. In his Jeepneys, it reflects the
combined the elements of provincial folk culture with the congestion issues of the city.
3. MAURO MALANG SANTOS was born on January 20, 1928 and died on June 10, 2017. He was commonly known by the mononym
Malang. He was a Filipino award-winning cartoonist, illustrator, and fine arts painter. His works are regarded as original approach to
figurative painting.
4. HERNANDO OCAMPO was born on April 28, 1911 and died on December 28, 1978. He was a Filipino National Artist in the Visual
Arts. He was credited for inventing a new mode of abstractionism that represents Philippine flora and fauna, and depicts sunshine,
stars and rain. He used movement and bold colors, utilizing futurism and fantasy as basis for his art compositions. His art is described
to be "abstract compositions of biological forms that seemed to oscillate, quiver, inflame and multiply" like mutations.
5. ROBERT RODRIGUES CHABET was born on March 29, 1937 and died on April 30, 2013. He was a Filipino artist and widely
acknowledged as the “Father of Philippine Conceptual Art”. He is a follower of Cubism and Dadaism which serve as his guiding
principles.
6. IBARRA DELA ROSA was born in 1943 and died in 1998. He was a Filipino modern and contemporary painter and a foremost
exponent of meticulous impressionism in the Philippines. His subject gives him a basic pattern that allows him to see the effects of
different color combinations – how essentially the same scene could bring out the same mood, an ever-changing feeling.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Quarter 1 – Lesson 1: Strength Training
Strength training specializes in the inducement of muscular contraction through the use of free weights, weight machines, and
resistance bands which builds the strength, size of skeletal muscles, and anaerobic endurance. It strengthens and increases the
amount of muscle mass in the body by making the muscles work harder than they're used to. It improves overall health and well-being
because the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments are strengthened and toughened. It also increases metabolism, improves cardiac
function, and elevates good cholesterol. Strength training is most commonly seen as a weight-bearing activity. There are two terms
concerning strength exercises: Repetition and sets. A rep (repetition) is one full movement from the starting point to finish. A set is a
group of repetitions. The most basic training design is to have anywhere between 6 and 15 reps in a set
and performing 3 sets. Some people will go for 6 to 9 reps, some will go for 9-12 and some will go for 12-15 reps in a set. These
numbers are for upper body strength training. The lover body reps must be anywhere between 15-25 reps also with an approximate of
three sets.
Benefits of the Weight-Bearing Strength Training Exercises
With a good strength training program, a learner will:
1. have an increase in muscle strength;
2. strengthen tendons and ligaments;
3. improve in a range of motion joints;
4. have a reduction of body fat and increase in lean muscle mass;
5. potentially improve his/her blood pressure levels;
6. gain positive changes in levels of blood cholesterol;
7. gain an improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity; and
8. gain overall strength, balance, and functional ability.
Precautionary measures
Even if we are so concentrated on developing a healthy and active lifestyle, we still need to consider our safety. So, bear in mind the
following precautionary measures:
1. Before engaging yourself in the activity, warm up first through walking. After doing the exercise, cool down for five to ten minutes
through stretching.
2. Align the body correctly and move smoothly through each exercise. Focus on form, not weight. Poor form can cause injuries and
slow gains. When learning a strength training routine, start with no
weight, or very lightweight, then concentrate on slow-smooth lifts and equally control descents while isolating a muscle group.
3. To be in control is to work at the right tempo. Take three counts while lowering weight and hold, then count three again while raising
it to the starting position.
4. Pay attention to your breathing during workouts. Exhale while working against resistance by lifting, pushing, or pulling and inhale at
every release.
5. Keep challenging muscles by slowly increasing weight or resistance. The right weight differs depending on the exercise.
6. Stick with the routine. Working all the major muscles of the body two or three times a week is ideal.
7. Give time for muscles to recover too. Strength training causes tiny tears in muscle tissue. These tears aren't harmful, but they are
important. Muscles grow stronger as the tears knit hours to recover before the next strength training session. Always give the muscles
at least 48 hours to recover before the next strength training session.

THE FIVE BASIC STRENGTH TRAINING EXERCISES

1. Push-ups- Regular push-ups are prescribed to most people. However, for some who have health concerns, newbies, and even
females, they may start with knee push-ups. Regular push-ups are performed with the body forming a straight line from the heels. The
body is lowered until the chest is approximately one fist off the ground. The body is then pushed off the ground to return to its original
position.
2. Superman- From prone lying position, lift both arms and legs. Try not to bend the legs; then lower arms and legs without relaxing
the ground.
3. Crunches- From the supine lying position while legs are bent with arms touching the ears, lift the head and
shoulders with the shoulder blades lifting off completely from the ground. Return to the original position while keeping the head
elevated off the ground.
4. Side crunchesStarting with legs together and bent, lie on one side. Extend the arm close to the ground 30-45
degrees from the body as support or balance. Position the other arm across the chest or have it float in front of it. Lift the shoulder
closer to the ground while legs and the chest slightly face upward. Return to the original position without letting the shoulder touch the
ground.
5. Squats- From an upright position with arms and hands crossed in front of the chest or up, squat lower until the thighs are parallel to
the ground. The chest and butt must be pushed out and the knee must not thrust forward beyond the toes. Return to the original
position, keeping both legs and slightly

Proper Nutrition for Exercise

Nutrition is the health branch of health science that emphasizes the importance of food for growth and development, as well as in
lowering the chances of acquiring diseases and illnesses. Proper nutrition depends on the mix of food with varied nutrients that we
need to consume every day. Having too much or too little of these nutrients can lead to disorders, so keep principles of nutrition like
adequacy, balance, and variety. Nutrients are important food substances that help our body function properly. They provide energy and
facilitate the growth and repair of cells.

Macronutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water are mandatory intake by the body in large amounts. Micronutrients
such as vitamins and minerals are only needed in very little amounts. They all aid our bodies to produce enzymes, hormones, and
other substances critical to growth and development.

Signs and Symptoms of

Micronutrients Importance
Deficiency
Helps the body use
Anemia, painful joints,
carbohydrates, proteins, and
Vitamin A cracks in teeth, depression,
fats. Maintains healthy skin,
frequent infections
bones, teeth, hair, and vision
Produces energy from Anemia, depression,
carbohydrates and fats. convulsion, skin rashes,
Breaks down glycogen to nervous system
Vitamin B
release glucose and make degeneration, progressing to
hemoglobin in carrying paralysis and
oxygen in the blood hypersensitivity
Red blood cell breakage,
Aids maintenance of red blood anemia, muscle
Vitamin B12
cells degeneration, difficulty
walking, leg cramps
Anemia frequent infection,
Aids in bone, teeth and skin bleeding gums, loosened
formation and resistance to teeth, muscle degeneration
Vitamin E and C
infection it protects the body and pain, joint pain, blotchy
from oxidative damage bruises, failure of wounds to
heal.
Anemia, heartburn, frequent
Aids in the formation of red infections, smooth and red
Folate
blood cells and protein tongue, depression, and
mental confusion.

D. FITT PRINCIPLE
The FITT Principle is an acronym for Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type. These are the key factors in designing an exercise program
that will address the current fitness level; provide means to overload the body; and trigger positive adaptations. These variables can be
modified occasionally to consistently challenge the body to become stronger. It is important to remember that increasing the workload
should be done one variable at a time to prevent chronic injuries or overtraining. The proposed recommendations should be observed
to reduce the likelihood of injury and encourage the adoption of an active lifestyle.

The frequency (number of sessions in a week) of an exercise program depends on the current fitness level of a person and the type of
activity performed. It is important to provide rest days to allow the body to recover. Consequently, beginners should exercise less
frequently as compared to athletes. As the fitness level increases, the individual can increase the number of sessions gradually. Some
individuals train twice or thrice every day. However, one should refrain from designing his/her program (especially for beginners) this
way because it leads to burnout and possible injuries.
The intensity (difficulty level of the exercise or work demand) of an exercise, refers to the difficulty level of the workout. It is important to
set a workload that is more challenging than what one is used to. This factor is affected by the current fitness level and the time allotted
to an exercise session. Each type of exercise has its method of estimating intensity. Current research indicates that exercise intensity is
the most important factor in improving fitness levels.
The time or duration (duration or distance covered in an exercise session) of an exercise session is influenced by the intensity and the
type of activity performed. An exercise that is performed at a high-intensity level cannot be sustained for a long period time.
Furthermore, a stretching program usually takes a shorter period to complete as compared to a resistance training program.
Lastly, the type (mode of exercise or activity) of activity is influenced by the fitness goal and the current fitness level. The program
should be designed to produce the best activity that will specifically address the fitness goal. For instance, an individual who wants to
develop his or her endurance to swim 2 kilometers should choose swimming as his or her main activity though there are strategies to
achieve this goal. There is no single exercise for a specific goal, but one can choose from various alternatives or activities that will
provide enjoyment to him/ her. This is where the art and science of exercise prescription come into play.
HEALTH EDUCATION
What is Consumer Health?
Consumer Health is not just about buying health products and services. It is also about making decisions and having a clear and
deeper understanding to make wise choices.
Consumer Health has three components: health information, health products, and health services. Health information plays a big role in
the life of individuals. It gives details that people can use to make informed decisions
about their health and of others.
What is Health Information?
Health information is any concept, step, or advice that various sources give to aid the health status of an individual. The type of
information varies depending on various considerations such as but not limited to health history, drugs and alcohol consumption, and
eating disorders.
What are Health Products?
Health products are food, drugs, cosmetics, devices, biologicals, vaccines, invitro diagnostic reagents, household/urban hazardous
substances, and/or a combination of and/or a derivative thereof (FDA Act, 2009). These products may be purchased from various
places like supermarkets, pharmacies, and hospitals.
Examples: eyeglasses, appliances, medicines, grooming aids, car, etc.
What is a Healthcare Service?
Healthcare services refer to the furnishing of medicines, medical or surgical treatments, nursing, hospital service, dental service,
optometric service, and complementary health services. These are often connected to healthcare. These programs aim to appraise the
health conditions of individuals through screening and examinations, cure and treat disorders, prevent and control the spread of
diseases, provide safety, emergency care, and first aid, and ensure a follow-up program for individuals who have undergone
treatments.
Examples: medical and dental consultation and treatment, services from beauty
parlors and barber shops, etc.

Guidelines on the Purchase of Goods and Services

1. Evaluate which products and services will be beneficial, harmful, or useless.
2. Know the local laws and regulations that protect consumers.
3. Locate dependable medical, dental, and nursing services.
4. Apply knowledge acquired with respect to personal and environmental health in the purchase of personal goods and services.
Health services are usually offered by healthcare providers. “A healthcare provider is a trained professional who provides people with
healthcare.” Health services are offered by health service providers. There are three types, as follows:
I. Health Professionals. These are individuals who are licensed to practice medicine and other allied health programs and work in the
medical profession.
Examples: doctors, nurses, nutritionists, etc.
II. Healthcare Facilities – These are places or institutions that offer healthcare services. Examples: hospitals, walk-in surgery centers,
health centers, extended healthcare facilities.
III. Health Insurance - It is a financial agreement between an insurance company and an individual or group for the payment of
healthcare costs.
Health professionals are licensed to practice medicine. Knowing each of these professionals and their functions can give benefits such
as the application of immediate and appropriate treatment, avoidance of time, resources wastage, and the like. Knowing them will not
also lead someone to avail of fraudulent health services.
As a wise health consumer, you should be aware of the different health services provided by these professionals. Some of these
services are as follows:
1. Feeding program for elementary school children
2. Immunization for different diseases intended for infants and children from age two (2) and above.
3. Prenatal check-up for mothers and babies
4. Free maternity clinic
5. Family planning program
Health services consist of medical professionals, organizations, and ancillary health care workers who provide medical care to those in
need.
A health care provider is an individual health professional or a health facility organization licensed to provide health care diagnosis and
treatment services including medication, surgery and medical devices.
There are different types of physicians based on their area of specialization.
a. Pediatrician – specializes in children’s health care and treatment of diseases.
b. Psychiatrist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
c. Obstetrician – specializes in the care of women during pregnancy and childbirth.
d. Ophthalmologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases and disorders.
e. Anesthesiologist – specializes in administering various anesthetics to assure proper operative procedures.
f. Dermatologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
g. Cardiologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the heart and blood vessels.
h. Allergist – specializes in diagnosing and treating body reactions resulting from unusual sensitivity to food, medicine, dust, and other
substances.
i. Pulmonologist - specializes in diseases of the lungs and respiratory tract.
j. Neurologist – specializes in providing diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases of the nervous system.
k. Gastroenterologist – specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the gastrointestinal system.
l. Geriatrician – specializes in the care of the elderly and the diseases that affect them.
m. Surgeon – specializes in performing a surgical operation in treating diseases, injuries, and deformities.
n. Urologist – specializes in diseases and abnormalities of the genitourinary tract.
o. Gynecologist – specializes in diseases and care of the female reproductive organs.in analyzing images such as X-rays, to help
diagnose, monitor, and treat various conditions or injuries.
p. Radiologist – specializes in analyzing images such as X-rays, to help diagnose, monitor, and treat various conditions or injuries.
6. Healthcare Facilities – These are places or institutions that offer healthcare services. There are different types of healthcare facilities.
These are the following types of healthcare facilities:
a. Hospital - It is an institution where people undergo medical diagnosis, care, and treatment. In the Philippines, there are two
classifications of hospitals: general and specialty. General hospitals have complete medical, surgical, and maternal care facilities. On
the other hand, specialty hospitals handle a particular disease or condition or deal with only one type of patient.
b. Walk-In Surgery Center - It is a facility that offers surgery without being admitted to the hospital.
c. Health Center - It is a facility that caters to a specific population with various health needs.
d. Extended Healthcare Facility - A facility that provides treatment, nursing care, and residential services to patients, often the elderly.
7.Health Insurance - It is a financial agreement between an insurance company and an individual or group for the payment of
healthcare costs.
Example: PhilHealth, Private Healthcare Plans Consumers receive health information, products, and services from
various sources, thus they may be prone to fraud. An example of which is quackery.
Often described as health fraud, quackery is an advertisement, promotion, or sale of products and services that have not been
scientifically proven safe and effective. It is being operated by a quack, a person who dishonestly pretends to have medical skills or
knowledge.
Three Major Characteristics of Quackery
1. It is a big business.
2. It multiplies and spreads fast. It is progressive.
3. It is claimed that it is for incurable conditions.
Possible Effects of Quackery
1. Taking a quack “cure” may delay or lose the chance to be healed.
2. The person may experience a placebo effect – that he/she improves for natural reasons and not because of the substance that the
quack provides.
3. Loss of money
4. Giving false hopes to the sick person and the family
5. The actual damage done to the individual by using fake products and services
6. It may cause overdose and over medicines.

These are Three Forms of Quackery

1. Medical quackery includes cures, treatments, and remedies of various health conditions that are drugless or bloodless in nature.
2. Nutrition quackery involves the promotion of food fads and other nutritional practices that claim to be all-natural. These are believed
to have beneficial properties of multiple plants in one product.
3. Device quackery makes use of miraculous gadgets (such as dials, gauges, electrodes, magnets, and blinkers) that are believed to
cure certain health conditions.