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Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 7:
Writing Proofs
(Direct and Indirect)
Mathematics – Grade 8 Quarter 2 –
Module 1: Writing Proofs (both Direct and Indirect)
First Edition, 2020

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Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 7:
Writing Proofs
(Direct and Indirect)

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience
meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

Let Us Learn

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It will help you
understand better on how to write proofs direct and indirect proofs. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The lessons
are done to follow the standard sequence of the course.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Make direct or indirect proofs of a given situation.

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 2. Apply the theorems, postulates, properties of equality, properties of
congruence in proving a given situations.
In proving theorems, the properties of equality and congruence are the bases for
reasoning.

Definitions

• Midpoint
If A is the midpoint of 𝐵𝐶̅̅̅̅ , then AB = AC.
• Segment Bisector
If ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 bisects ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 at B, then ̅̅̅̅𝑃𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝑄𝐵 .
• Right Angle
If ∠ A is a right angle, then m ∠ A = 90. Also, if ∠ BAC is a right ∠, then ̅̅̅̅𝐴𝐵 ⊥ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 .
• Complementary Angles
If ∠ A and ∠ B are complementary angles, then 𝑚∠ A + 𝑚 ∠ B = 90.
• Supplementary Angles
If ∠ A and ∠ B are supplementary angles, then 𝑚∠ A + 𝑚 ∠ B = 180.
• Linear Pair
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 are opposite rays and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑇 is any other ray, then ∠ QPT and ∠ TPR form
a linear pair.
• Congruent Segments
If ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 , then or If AB = CD, then
AB = CD. ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ .
• Congruent Angles
If ∠ A ≅ ∠ B, then or If 𝑚∠ A = 𝑚∠ B, then
𝑚∠ A = 𝑚∠ B ∠A≅∠B

Properties of Equality

• Addition Property of Equality (APE)

For all real numbers a, b, c and d, if a = b and c = d, then a + c = b + d
• Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE)
If a = b and c = d, then a – c = b – d.
• Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE)
If a = b, then ac = bc
• Division Property of Equality (DPE)
If a = b then a/c = b/c
• Substitution Property of Equality
If m∠A = 60, m∠B = 60 then m∠A = m∠B
• Distributive Property
a(b + c) = ab + ac

Postulates
• The Angle Addition Postulate (AAP)
If T is in the interior of ∠ PQR, then
𝑚∠ PQR = 𝑚∠ PQT + 𝑚∠ TQR.
• Supplement Postulate
If ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 form a linear pair, then ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are supplementary angles.

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Properties of Congruence

• Reflexive Property AB ≅ AB
• Symmetric Property If ∠A ≅ ∠B then ∠B ≅ ∠A
• Transitive Property If ∠A ≅ ∠B and ∠B ≅ ∠C then ∠A ≅ ∠C

Let Us Try

Try this!
1. If TX = BK, then BK = TX Symmetric Property
2. 8(𝑚 + 𝑛) = 8𝑚 + 8𝑛 ______________________
3. 𝑚∠HIT = m∠HIT _____________________
4. 𝑖𝑓 9 = 4 + 5 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 9 + 𝑎 = 4 + 5 + 𝑎 _______________________
5. 5( 𝑎 + 𝑏)= 5a + 5b _______________________

Given an equation, solve and present the solution. Prove that the answer is correct by
justifying undertaken steps.

Prove: If x2 + 5x + 6 = 0, then x = -2 or x = -3.

Proof: Using the sum and product rule, x2 + 5x + 6 factors into (x + 2)(x + 3). Thus, (x + 2)
(x + 3) = 0, and the zero rule for multiplication tells us that x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0. These two
equations lead to the solutions x = -2 or x = -3.

➢ How do you find the activity?

➢ Is it hard for you to justify your answer?
➢ What are the factors to be considered to prove that your answer is correct?

Let Us Study

Suppose you and your friend Rachel are going to an art festival. When you get there,
you are the only ones there. Rachel looks at you and says, ''If the art festival is today, there
would be hundreds of people here, so it can't be today.''
You take out your tickets, look at the date and say, ''The date on the tickets is for
tomorrow, so the art festival is not today.''
Notice that both you and Rachel came to the same conclusion, but you arrived to
that conclusion in different ways. As it turns out, your argument is an example of a direct
proof, and Rachel's argument is an example of an indirect proof.

• A direct proof assumes that the hypothesis of a conjecture is true, and then uses
a series of logical deductions to prove that the conclusion of the conjecture is true.

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 • An indirect proof relies on a contradiction to prove a given conjecture by assuming
the conjecture is not true, and then running into a contradiction proving that the
conjecture must be true and usually written in paragraph form.

Ways in writing proofs:

A. Direct Proofs which can be in the following forms:
1. Paragraph form, which is an informal proof
2. Two-column Form, which is a formal proof
3. Flow Chart Form, also a formal proof

B. Indirect Proof
1)Paragraph form

Postulate – is statement that is accepted without proof

Theorem – is a statement accepted after it is proved deductively.

To perform a direct proof, we use the following steps:

1. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of the conjecture you're trying to prove
2. Assume the hypothesis to be true
3. Use definitions, properties, theorems, etc. to make a series of deductions that
eventually prove the conclusion of the conjecture to be true
4. State that by direct proof, the conclusion of the statement must be true

Consider your arguments again. In your argument (direct proof), you use the fact that
the tickets say that the art festival is tomorrow to prove that the art festival can't be today.
You use a direct proof by using logical deductions to prove a conclusion.

Method of Indirect Proofs

But to perform an indirect proof, we use a different process which includes the following
steps:

1. Assume the opposite of the conjecture, or assume that the conjecture is false
2. Try to prove your assumption directly until you run into a contradiction
3. Since we get a contradiction, it must be the case that the assumption that the
opposite of the hypothesis is true is false
4. State that by contradiction, the original conjecture must be true

In Rachel's argument (indirect proof), she starts by assuming the opposite of the original
conjecture, which is that the festival is not today. That is, she starts with ''If the art festival
was today'', then she says, ''there would be hundreds of people here.''
This is a contradiction, since you and Rachel are the only ones there. Lastly, she
concludes that ''the art festival can't be today.'' All together, she uses in indirect proof by
assuming the opposite of the conjecture, identifying a contradiction, and stating that the
original conjecture must be true.

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 Let Us Practice
Proofs can be written in different ways L
A. Paragraph Form/ Informal Proof: E
Example:
Given: ∠LOE and ∠EOV are complementary
Prove: LO ⊥ OV O V

Proof: Since ∠LOE and ∠EOV are complementary, then m ∠LOE + m ∠EOV = 90° by
definition of complementary angles. Thus, m ∠LOE + m ∠EOV = m ∠LOV by angle
addition postulate and m ∠LOV = 90° by transitive property. So, ∠LOV is a right angle
by definition of right angles; therefore, LO ⊥ OV by definition of perpendicularity.

Activity 1: Paragraph!

A. Direction: Supply the missing statement in the following proof

1 Given: m∠1 + m∠2 = m∠2 + m∠3

2 Prove: m∠1 = m∠3

Proof: Since 1) ________________________, then m∠2 = m∠2 by 2)___________________.

Therefore, 3)____________________ by subtraction property.

S
B. Two-Column Form/ Formal Proof:
Given: m ∠SEP = m ∠TER
Prove: m∠1 = m∠3 1 T
E 2
3
P

Proof: R

Statement Reason
1. m∠SEP = m∠TER 1. Given
2.m∠SEP = m∠1 + m∠2 2. Angle Addition Postulate
3. m∠TER = m∠2 + m∠3 3. Angle Addition Postulate
4. m∠1 + m∠2 = m∠2 + m∠3 4. Substitution Property
5. m∠2 = m∠2 5. Reflexive Property
6. m∠1 = m∠3 6. Subtraction Property

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Activity 2: State the Reason! Q R

Given: m∠1 = m∠2

Prove: m∠QPS = m∠RPT 1 3 S

P 2
T

Proof:

Statement Reason
1. m∠1 = m∠2 1. (1)
2. m∠3 = m∠3 2. (2)
3. m∠1 + m∠3 = m∠2 + m∠3 3. (3)
4. m∠ QPS = m∠1 + m∠3 4. Angle Addition Postulate
5. m∠ RPT = m∠2 + m∠3 5. (4)
6. (5) 6. Substitution Property

C. Flow Chart Form /Formal Form

Example: Given: ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 form a linear pair.
Prove: 𝑚 ∠ 1 + 𝑚 ∠ 2 = 180

Proof:

∠ 1 and ∠ 2 form a ∠ 1 and ∠ 2 are 𝑚 ∠ 1 + 𝑚 ∠ 2 = 180

linear pair supplementary angles
Definition of
Given Supplement Postulate Supplementary Angles

Activity 3: Show the Flow!

Given: M is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅

𝐹𝑆 • • • •
̅̅̅̅̅
S is the midpoint of 𝑀𝐵 F M S B
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
Prove: 𝐹𝑀 𝑆𝐵

Proof:

M is midpoint of FS
2.
Given ______________
______________ 3.
________________
_____________

.1. 𝑀𝑆 = 𝑆𝐵
___________________ Definition of
_________________ Midpoint

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Activity 4: The contrasting ideas!

Given: Points D,G, and E are collinear with G between D and E.

Point F is not on DE
Prove: m DGF ≠ 180

Indirect Proof in paragraph form:

Assume that m DGF = 1800 . Points D,G,E is given as collinear points with G in
between. Hence m DGF and m FGE form a linear pair. If two angles form a
linear pair , then they are supplementary. And the sum of supplementary angles
is 1800 .
m DGF + m FGE = 1800
By substitution , 1800 + m FGE = 1800 , solving the equation m FGE = 0.
By Angle Measurement Postulate , an angle measures between 0 and 180 but
m FGE= 0, this means no angle is formed and implies that F is on 𝐷𝐸 ̅̅̅̅ . This
̅̅̅̅ . Therefore, the assumption is false.
contradicts the given that Point F is not on 𝐷𝐸
So, m DGF ≠ 180 . 0

Let Us Practice More

Part I. Answer the exercises below.

Walking down the hallway at the Gaisano Grand of Calinan, you notice the ATM
machine is halfway the gadgets store and the play room. The play room is halfway between
the ATM machine and the Watson store. Prove that the distance between the entrances of
gadgets store and the ATM machine is the same as the distance between the entrances of
the play room and Watson store.

Gadget ATM machine Play room Watson

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Proof:

Statements Reasons
1.𝐺𝐴 = 𝐴𝑃 1.
2.𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝑊 2.
3.𝐺𝐴 = 𝑃𝑊 3.
Part II

A. Complete the following statement.

1. Transitive property: 𝐼𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 = 𝑝, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ________________

2. Reflexive property: 𝑚∠LUV = ____________

3. Distributive Property: 3𝑎 (5𝑚 + 7𝑛) = _____________________

4. Symmetric Property: 𝐼𝑓 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 __________________

5. Substitution Property: 𝐼𝑓 𝑚∠A = 35° and m∠A + m∠B = 90°, then _____________________

B. Given: ∠A and ∠C are complementary

∠B and ∠C are complementary

Prove: ∠𝐀  ∠𝐁 C A B

Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. ∠ A and ∠C are complementary 1.Given
2. ∠B and ∠C are complementary 2. (1)
3. m∠A + m∠C = 90° 3.Definition of complementary angles
4. m∠B + m∠C = 90° 4. (2)
5. (3) 5.Transitive property
6. m∠A = m∠B 6. (4)
7. (5) 7.Definition of congruent angles

Let Us Remember

To perform a direct proof, we use the following steps:

1. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of the conjecture you're trying to prove.

2. Assume the hypothesis to be true.

3. Use definitions, properties, theorems, etc. to make a series of deductions that

eventually prove the conclusion of the conjecture to be true.

4. State that by direct proof, the conclusion of the statement must be true.

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But to perform an indirect proof, we use a different process which includes the following
steps:

1. Assume the opposite of the conjecture, or assume that the conjecture is false.
2. Try to prove your assumption directly until you run into a contradiction.
3. Since we get a contradiction, it must be the case that the assumption that the
opposite of the hypothesis is true is false.

State that by contradiction, the original conjecture must be true.

Let Us Assess
I. Supply the reasons for the given statement.

Given: ∠BAC ≅ ∠EAD

Prove: ∠BAD ≅ ∠EAC

Statements Reasons
1. ∠BAC ≅ ∠EAD 1.
2. m∠BAD =m ∠BAC + m ∠CAD 2.
3. m∠EAC =m ∠EAD + m ∠CAD 3.
4. m ∠BAC = m ∠EAD 4.
5. m∠CAD = m ∠CAD 5.
6. m ∠BAC + m ∠CAD = m ∠EAD + m ∠CAD 6.
7. m∠BAD =m ∠EAC 7.
8. ∠BAD ≅ ∠EAC 8.

II. From the figure on the side:

Given: ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 and ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 bisect each other at O.
Prove: ∠AOD ≅ ∠BOC
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝑂
Proof: Since each line bisect other, then 𝐴𝑂 ̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝑂 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑂 , by definition of
(9)________________________________ , .𝑚 ∠DOA + m∠AOB = 1800 , same with m∠AOB +
m∠BOC , m∠BOC + m∠COD , and 𝑚∠COD + m∠DOA , because they form a (10)
___________________ pair, at the same time they are called supplementary angles. m∠COD =
m∠BOA and m∠AOD = m∠COB by definition of vertical angles. Hence , ∠AOD ≅ ∠BOC,
because vertical angles are always congruent.

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 Let Us Enhance

Given: m ∠SEP = m ∠TER

Prove: m ∠1 = m ∠3

Write the missing reasons:

Proof:
Statement Reason
1. m ∠SEP = m ∠TER 1. (1)
2. m ∠SEP = m ∠1 + m ∠ 2 2.Angle Addition Postulate
3. m ∠TER = m ∠2 + m ∠ 3 3. (2)
4. m ∠1 + m ∠ 2 = m ∠2 + m ∠ 3 4.Substitution Property
5. m ∠ 2 = m ∠2 5. (3)
6. m ∠1 = m ∠ 3 6.Subtraction Property

Let Us Reflect

Like, Heart and Sad Reacts

On the Like React, write three things that you have learned about the lesson.
On the Heart React, write two real-life situations where you can apply the concept of
rectangular coordinate system and linear equations in two-variables with its slope.
On the Sad React, write one question that you want to ask about the topic.

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Let’s Us Practice More
Part I.
1. Definition of Midpoint.
2. Definition of Midpoint
3. Transitive Property
Part II.
A. 1.) n = p 2.) m∠LUV 3) 15am + 21an 4) CD = AB 5) 35 + m ∠B = 90
B. 1) Given 2) Definition of complementary angles 3) 𝑚∠A + m ∠C = 𝑚∠B + m ∠C
4) Subtraction property 5) ∠A ≅ ∠B
Let Us Practice
Activity 1.
1. m ∠ 1 + m ∠ 2 = m ∠ 2 + m ∠ 3
2. Reflexive property
3. m ∠ 1 = m ∠ 3
Activity 2
1. Given
2. Reflexive Property
3. Addition Property of Equality
4. Angle Addition Postulate
5. m ∠ QPS = m ∠ RPT
Activity 3
̅̅̅̅̅
1. S is the midpoint of 𝑀𝐵 ------ Given
2. FM = MS ------ Definition of Midpoint
3. FM = SB ------ Transitive Property
Let Us Try
2. Distributive property
3. Reflexive property
4. Addition property of equality
5. Distributive property
Answer Key
 13
Let Us Reflect
Answers may vary.
Let Us Enhance
1. Given
2. Angle Addition Postulate
3. Reflexive Property
Let Us Assess
Statements Reasons
1. ∠BAC ≅ ∠EAD 1. Given
2. m∠BAD =m ∠BAC + m ∠CAD 2. Angle Addition Property
3. m∠EAC =m ∠EAD + m ∠CAD 3. Angle Addition Property
4. m ∠BAC = m ∠EAD 4. Definition of Congruent
Angles
5. m∠CAD = m ∠CAD 5. Reflexive Property
6. m ∠BAC + m ∠CAD = m ∠EAD + m 6. Addition Property of Equality
∠CAD
7. m∠BAD =m ∠EAC 7. Substitution Property
8. ∠BAD ≅ ∠EAC 8. Definition of Congruent
Angles
9. line segment bisector
10. linear
 References

Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Bryant, Merden L., Cabrella, Jem Boy B., et. Al., Mathematics Grade
8 Learner’s Module. Philsports Complex, Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines. Book
Media Press, Inc. & Printwell, Inc., 2013, 333-337.

Orlando A. Oronce and Marilyn O. Mendoza, E-Math: Rex Book Store, 2019, 248-249.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax:

Email Address: [email protected]

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