CLASS –XII

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

CHAPTER-01 (ELECTRIC CHARGES & FIELDS)

Q1. Find the expression for force & torque on an electric dipole kept in a
uniform electric field.

Q2. Find an expression for the electric field at a point (i) on the axis and (ii) on
the equatorial line of an electric dipole.

Q3. State & prove Gauss theorem in electrostatics.

Q4. Using Gauss law obtain the expression for the electric field due to a
uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R at a point (i) inside the
shell (ii) on the shell (iii) outside the shell. Draw the graph showing the
variation of electric field with distance r for r < R, r > R and r = R.

Q5. State Gauss theorem. Apply this theorem to obtain the expression for
electric field at a point due to an infinitely long thin charged straight wire
of linear charge density λ C m-1.

Q6. (i)Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. (ii)Using Gauss law, prove that the
electric field at any point due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet is
independent of the distance from it. (iii)How is the field directed if (a) the
sheet is positively charged and (b) negatively charged ?

Q7. Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is given by
E=(σ/ε0 )n , where σ is the surface charge density and n is a unit vector
normal to the surface in the outward direction.
Q8. A hollow charged conductor has tiny hole cut into its surface. Show that the
𝜎
electric field in the hole is 2𝜀𝑂 n.

CHAPTER-02 (ELECTRIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE)

Q1. Derive an expression for electric potential V with distance r due to a point
charge.
Q2. Derive an expression for the electric potential at any point on the axial and
equatorial line of an electric dipole.
Q3. Deduce the expression for the potential energy of a system of two point
charges q1 and q2 brought from infinity to the points with position vectors r 1
and r 2 respectively, in the presence of external electric field E.

Q4. Briefly explain the principle of a capacitor. Derive an expression for the
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, whose plates are separated by a
dielectric medium.
Q5. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor when a
dielectric slab of dielectric constant K and thickness t is introduced between
the two plates (d= plate separation).

CHAPTER-3 (CURRENT ELECTRICITY)

Q1. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor in
terms of relaxation time.
Q2. Establish the relationship between electric current and drift velocity.
Q3. Define relaxation time. How is it related with drift velocity? Use this relation
to deduce the expression for the electrical resistivity of the material.
Q4. Draw a circuit diagram showing balancing of wheat stone bridge. Use
Kirchhoff”s rules to obtain the balance condition in terms of the resistances
of four arms of wheatstone bridge.
Q5. Using the principle of wheat stone bridge, describe the method to determine
the specific resistance of a wire in the lab. Draw the circuit diagram and write
the formula used.
Q6. Find the equivalent emf and internal resistance of two cells when connected
in (a) parallel (b) series.

CHAPTER-4 (MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM)

Q1.With the help of a neat and labeled diagram, explain the principle and working
of a moving coil galvanometer. What is the importance of radial magnetic
field and how it produced?’’ Increasing current sensitivity may not
necessarily increase its voltage sensitivity ’’.Justify this statement.
Q2. With the help of a circuit, show how a moving coil galvanometer can be
converted in to an ammeter of range 0-I .Write the necessary mathematical
formula.
Q3. With the help of a circuit, show how a moving coil galvanometer can be
converted in to a voltmeter of range 0-V. Write the necessary mathematical
formula.
Q5.Using Biot-Savart law, find an expression for the magnetic field at the centre
of a circular coil of N turns, radius r, carrying current I. Sketch the magnetic
field lines for this loop.
Q6.Use Biot-savart law to derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point
on the axial line due to current carrying circular loop.
Q7. Derive an expression for the force per unit length between two long straight
parallel current carrying conductors. Hence define S.I. unit of current.
Q8. In what respect is a toroid different from a solenoid. Draw and compare the
pattern of magnetic field lines in the two cases.
Q9.What is the relationship between the current and magnetic moment of a
current carrying circular loop? Deduce an expression for magnetic dipole
moment of an electron revolving around a nucleus in a circular orbit .Indicate
the direction of it. Use the expression to derive the relation between the
magnetic moment and its angular momentum.

CH-5 (MAGNETISM & MATTER)

Q1. Define magnetic susceptibility of a material. Name two elements, one having
positive susceptibility and the other having negative susceptibility. What
does negative susceptibility signify?
Q2.The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 2.5 x 10 -5. Identify the type of
magnetic material and state its two properties.
Q3. The susceptibility of a magnetic material is -2.5 x 10-5. Identify the type of
magnetic material and state its two properties.
Q4. Draw the magnetic field lines distinguishing between dia-, para- & ferro-
magnetic materials. Give a simple explanation to account for the difference
in the magnetic behavior of these materials.
Q5. If χ stands for the magnetic susceptibility of a given material, identify the
class of materials for which (i) -1 ≥ χ < 0 (ii) 0 < χ< ɛ (iii) χ >> 1. Write the
range of relative magnetic permeability of these materials.
Q6. The following figure shows the variation of intensity of
magnetization versus the applied magnetic field
intensity, H for two magnetic materials, A, and B.
(i) Identify the materials, A and B (ii) Draw the variation
of susceptibility (χ) with temperature for B.

CH-6 (ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION)

Q1. A metallic rod of length L is rotated with angular frequency of ω with one-
end hinged at the center and the other end at the circumference of a circular
metallic ring of radius L, about an axis passing through the center and
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform magnetic field
B parallel to the axis is present everywhere. Deduce the expression for the
emf between the center and the metallic ring.
Q2. State Lenz’s law. Give one example to illustrate this law. The Lenz’s law is
a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy. Justify this
statement.
Q3. (i) State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic instruction.
(ii) A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km/h. What is
the voltage difference developed between the ends of the wing having a span
of 25 m, if the earth’s vertical component of magnetic field at the location is
5x10-4 T?
Q4. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

Figure shows a rectangular conductor PQRS in which the

conductor PQ is free to move in a uniform magnetic field B
perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The field extends from
x=0 to x=b and is zero for x>b. Assume that only the arm PQ
possesses resistance r. When the arm PQ is pulled outward
from x=0 to x=2b and is then moved backward to x=0 with constant speed
V.
Obtain the expressions for the φB, Emf, F and P. Sketch the variation of these
quantities with distance 0< x <2b.
Q5. A coil of number of turns N, area A is rotated at a constant angular speed in
a uniform magnetic field B and connected to a resistor R. Deduce
expressions for
(i) maximum emf induced in the coil.
(ii) power dissipation in the coil.
Q6. Define mutual inductance between two long coaxial solenoids. Find out the
expression for the mutual inductance of inner solenoid of length L having
the radius r1 and the number of turns n1 per unit length due to the second
outer solenoid of same length having radius r 2 and n2 number of turns per
unit length.
Q7. Two concentric circular coils, one of small radius r and the other of large
radius R, such that R>>r, are placed coaxially with centers coinciding.
Obtain the mutual inductance of the arrangement.
Q8. Derive an expression for the self- inductance of a long air-cored solenoid of
length L and number of turns N.
Q9. State the working of AC generator having N turns, each of area A, is rotated
with a constant angular velocity. Deduce the expression for the alternating
emf generated in the coil. What is the source of energy generation in this
device?
CH-7 (ALTERNATING CURRENT)
Q1. A series L-C-R circuit is connected to an AC source. Using the phasor
diagram derive the expression for the impedance of the circuit. Plot a graph
 to show the variation of current with frequency of the source, explaining the
nature of its variation.
OR
An AC source of voltage V=VO sin ωt is connected, one-by-one, to three
circuit elements X, Y and Z. it is observed that the current flowing in them
(i) is in phase with applied voltage for element X,
(ii) leads the voltage in phase by π /2 for element Y and
(iii) lags behind the applied voltage in phase by π/2 for element Z.
Identify the three circuit elements. Find an expression for the
(a) Current flowing in the circuit. (b) Net impedance of the circuit, when the
same AC source is connected across a series combination of the elements,
X, Y and Z.
Q2. What does the term phasors in AC circuit analysis mean? An AC source of
voltage, V=VO sin ωt is applied across a pure inductor of inductance L.
Obtain an expression for the current flowing in the circuit. Also draw the
(i) phasor diagram. (ii) Graphs of V and I versus ωt for this circuit.
Q3. An AC source generating a voltage, V=VO sin ωt is connected to a capacitor
of capacitance C. Find the expression for the current I, flowing through it.
Plot a graph of V and I versus ωt to show that the current is π /2 ahead to a
voltage.
Q4. (i) What do you understand by sharpness of resonance in a series L-C-R
circuit?
(ii) Why should the quality factor have high value in receiving circuits?
Name the factors on which it depends.
(iii) Explain briefly how the phenomenon of resonance in the circuit can be
used in the tuning mechanism of a radio or a TV set?
Q5. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal capacitor show that the
average power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict your observations
when the system is connected first across a DC and then AC source. What
happens in each case if the capacitance of the capacitor is reduced?
Q6. The graphs shown here depict the variation of current (rms)with angular
frequency (ω) for two different series L-C-R circuits.
Observe the graphs carefully.
(i) State the relation between L and C values of the two circuits, when the
current in the two circuits is maximum.
(ii)Indicate the circuit for which (a) power factor is higher (b) quality factor
(Q) is larger. Give the reasons for each case.
Q7. Derive an expression for the average power consumed in a series L-C-R
circuit connected to AC source for which the phase difference between the
voltage and the current in the circuit is ɸ
Q8. State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale
transmission of electric energy over long distances done with the use of
transformers? Write any two factors responsible for energy losses in actual
transformers. A step-up transformer converts a low in put voltage into a high
output voltage. Does it violate law of conservation of energy? Explain.

CH-8 (ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES)

Q1. A capacitor of capacitance, C is being charged by connecting it across a DC
source along with an ammeter. Will the ammeter show a momentary
deflection during the process of charging? If so, how would you explain this
momentary deflection in the circuit? Write the expression for the current
inside the capacitor.
Q2.When an ideal capacitor is charged by a DC battery, no current flows.
However, when an AC source is used, the current flows continuously. How
does one explain this, based on the concept of displacement current?
Q3. (i) An electromagnetic wave is travelling in a medium, with a velocity v=vi.
Draw a sketch showing the propagation of the electromagnetic wave,
indicating the direction of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
(ii) How are the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields related to
velocity of the electromagnetic wave?
Q4. In an electromagnetic wave, the oscillating electric field having a frequency
of 3x1010 Hz and amplitude of 30v/m propagates in the positive X-direction.
(i) What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave?
(ii) Write down the expression to represent the corresponding magnetic field.
CH-9 (RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS)
Q1. (i) Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of a ray of monochromatic light
passing through a glass prism. Deduce the expression for the refractive index
of glass in terms of angle of prism and angle of minimum deviation.
Q2. Obtain lens maker’s formula using the expression. Here
the ray of light propagating from a rarer medium of refractive index (n 1) to
 a denser medium of refractive index (n2) is incident on
the convex side of spherical refracting surface of radius
of curvature R.
Q3. (i)Draw the labeled ray diagram for the formation of image by an
astronomical telescope.
(ii)Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment and
at least distance of distinct vision. Write two basic features which can
distinguish between a telescope and a compound microscope.
Q4. (i)Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope.
Deduce an expression for the total magnification when the final image is
formed at the near point.
(ii)In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1.5 cm
from the objective of focal length 1.25 cm. If the eyepiece has a focal length
of 5 cm and the final image is formed at the near point, estimate the
magnifying power of the microscope.
Q5. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound
microscope. Hence obtain an expression for total magnification when the
image is formed at infinity.
Q6. Draw a schematic arrangement of a reflecting telescope (Cassegrain)
showing how rays coming from a distant object. Write some important
advantages over a refracting telescope.
Q7. Define power of a lens. Write its units. Deduce the relation for equivalent
focal length of two thin lenses kept in contact coaxially.
Q8. You are given three lenses L1, L2 and L3
each of focal length 10 cm. An object is
kept at 15 cm in front of L1, as shown. The
final real image is formed at the focus I of
L3. Find the separation between L1, L2 and
L3.
Q9. Use the mirror equation to show that
(i) An object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real
image beyond 2f.
(ii) A convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the
location of the object.
(iii) An object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror
produces a virtual and enlarged image.
Q10.Find the position of the image
formed of the object o by the lens
combination given in the figure.

Q11.Three light rays, red (R) green (G)

and blue (B) are incident on a right
angled prism ABC at face AB. The
refractive indices of the material of the prism
for red, green and blue wavelengths are 1.39,
1.44 and 1.47 respectively. Out of the three,
which color of ray will emerge out of face ac? Justify your answer. Trace the
path of these rays after passing through face ab.
CH-10 (WAVE OPTICS)
Q1. (i) In Young’s double slit experiment, derive the condition for
(a) constructive interference and (b) destructive interference at a point on the
screen.
(ii) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 800nm and 600 nm is
used to obtain the interference fringes on a screen placed 1.4 m away in a
Young’s double slit experiment. If the slits are separated by 0.28 mm
calculate the least distance from the central bright maximum where the
bright fringes of the two wavelengths coincide.
Q2. (i)State Huygens principle. Verify the laws of refraction and reflection using
Huygens principle. (ii) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction
fringe is half of that of the central fringe.(iii) If a monochromatic source of
light is replaced by white light, what change would you observe in the
diffraction pattern?
Q3. (i) Obtain the conditions for the bright and dark fringes in diffraction pattern
due to a single narrow slit illuminated by a monochromatic source. Show the
plot of variation of intensity with angle (ii) In a single narrow slit explain
why the secondary maxima go on becoming weaker in intensity as the order
increases.
Q4. (i) Why do we not encounter diffraction effects of light in everyday
observations? (ii) In the observed diffraction pattern due to a single slit, how
will the width of central maximum be affected if, (a) the width of the slit is
doubled (b) the wavelength of the light used is increased? Justify your
answer in each case.
Q5. In a single slit diffraction experiment, when a tiny circular obstacle is placed
in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the center
of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why. State two points of difference
between the interference patterns obtained in Young’s double slit experiment
and the diffraction pattern due to a single slit?
Q6. Define Brewster’s angle. Obtain the relation between this angle and the
refractive index for the given pair of media.

CH-11(DUAL NATURE OF MATTER & RADIATION)

Q1. Derive Einstein’s photoelectric equation and point out any two characteristic
properties of photons on which this equation is based. Briefly explain the
three observed features which can be explained by this equation. Define the
terms ‘cut-off voltage’ and ‘threshold frequency’ in relation to the
phenomenon of photoelectric effect.
Q2. Derive an expression for the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an
electron accelerated through a potential V. Draw a schematic diagram of a
localized-wave describing the wave nature of the moving electron.
Q3. An α-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential
Find the ratio of their de-Broglie wavelengths.
Q4. A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential.
Which of the two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated
with it and
(ii) less kinetic energy? Justify your answers.
CH-12(ATOMS)
Q1. (i)Using Bohr’s second postulate of quantization of orbital angular
momentum show that the circumference of the electron in the nth orbital
state in hydrogen atom is n-times the de-Broglie wavelength associated with
it.
(ii) The electron in hydrogen atom is initially in the third excited state. What
is the maximum number of spectral lines which can be emitted when it
finally moves to the ground state?
Q2. Using postulates of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom, show that (i) radii of
orbits increases as n2 and (ii) the total energy of electron increases as 1/n 2,
where n is the principal quantum number of the atom.
Q3. Using the postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, obtain an expression
for the frequency of radiation emitted when the atom makes a transition from
the higher energy state with quantum number ni, to the lower energy state
with quantum number nf, (nf < ni).
Q4. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV.
(i) What is kinetic energy of an electron in the 2nd excited state?
(ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from the 2nd excited state,
calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emitted.
Q5. The trajectories, traced by different α-particles in Geiger-
Marsden experiment were observed as shown in the figure.
(i) What names are given to the symbols b and θ shown here?
(ii) What can we say about the values of b for (a) θ =0 (b) θ
= π radian.

CH-13 (NUCLEI)
Q1. What is nuclear force? Draw the potential energy curve as a function of
separation between the nucleons. Write three important characteristics of
nuclear force.
Q2. Draw the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A. State
clearly how the release in energy in the processes of nuclear fission and
nuclear fusion can be explained.
Q3. How do you explain the constancy of binding energy per nucleon in the range
30<A<170 using the property that nuclear force is short-ranged? Write two
important conclusions which you can draw regarding the nature of nuclear
forces.
Q4. A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6
MeV is splitted into two fragments Y and Z of mass number 110 and 130.
The binding energy of nucleons in Y and Z is 8.5 MeV per nucleon.
Calculate the energy released per fission in MeV.
Q5. Show that the density of nucleus over a wide range of nuclei is constant and
independent of mass number A.

CH-14 (SEMICONDUCTOR)
Q1. Name the important processes that occur during the formation of a p-n
junction. Explain briefly, with the help of a suitable diagram, how a p-n
junction is formed. Define the term ‘barrier potential?
Q2. (i) With the help of circuit diagrams, distinguish between forward biasing
and reverse biasing of p-n junction diode.
(ii) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (a) forward bias (b)
reverse bias.
Q3. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier using p-n junction diode.
Explain its working and show the output and input waveforms.
Q4. Distinguish between conductor, semiconductor and insulator on the basis of
energy band diagram.
Q5. Draw the energy band diagram of n-type semiconductor at T > 0K.
Q6. Draw the energy band diagram of P-type semiconductor at T > 0K.