Malaysian Journal on Composites Science and Manufacturing 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

Malaysian Journal on Composites Science

and Manufacturing
Journal homepage:
https://www.akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/mjcsm/
ISSN: 2716-6945

Cyclic Voltammetry and Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge

Open
Analyses of Polyaniline/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Access
based Supercapacitor
Mohd Asyadi Azam1,3,*, Mohd Izham Radzi1, Muazzin Mupit2, Hisyamuddin Osman1, Rose
Farahiyan Munawar1, Khairul Fadzli Samat1, Mohd Shahadan Mohd Suan1, Kazuki Isomura3,
Muhammad Remanul Islam4

1 Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
2 Polymer Department, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bio-engineering Technology, Lot 1988,
Kawasan Perindustrian Bandar Vendor, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
3 School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
4
Section of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, University Kuala Lumpur, Pasir Gudang,
Malaysia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Supercapacitor is an energy device that is applicable in numerous fields because of its
Received 27 July 2020 excellent reversibility, long life and high power density. Nevertheless, its universal use
Received in revised form 07 September 2020 is restricted by the reduced energy storage capacity and its high crossed series
Accepted 15 September 2020 compared to batteries. Even with the relatively high-level output and extensive use of
Available online 30 September 2020
supercapacitor, there is still substantial doubt and ambiguity as to their efficiency in
general, especially when it is compared to lithium-ion batteries. The inconsistencies
are attributable both to the lack of standardization of the test methods and to the
certainty of the strength capacity of the supercapacitor after their resistance has been
identified. Therefore, in this work, graphene oxide (GO) and polyaniline (PANI)
nanocomposite supercapacitor electrode was fabricated and the performance was
investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge
analyses. GO was synthesized using improve Hummers method and PANI using
oxidative polymerization chemical synthesis. Three different electrode’s compositions
were prepared using PANI/GO nanocomposite and labelled as PGO30, PGO50 and
PGO70. This article will conclude the electrochemical performance of the electrode.
From the results, it was found that PGO50 electrode (50% PANI/50% GO) has the best
calculated capacitance with 19.71 F/g compared to the other composite electrodes.
This may be attributed from the good electrical conductivity distribution of PANI and
graphene oxide. The findings of the work may significantly drive the future of
supercapacitor electrode from nanocomposite related materials.
Keywords:
PANI/GO nanocomposite; supercapacitor
electrode; cyclic voltammetry; charge-
discharge Copyright © 2020 PENERBIT AKADEMIA BARU - All rights reserved

________________________
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Mohd Asyadi Azam)

https://doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.3.1.1426

14
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

1. Introduction

Supercapacitors are attractive in delivering better power efficiency than traditional capacitors
and batteries due to their long cycles, protection, good stability, and environmental friendliness [1].
It also has great features, such as being capable of storing 10 - 100 times more energy per unit volume
than electrolyte condensers, being able to tolerate and handle charging much quicker than batteries,
and tolerating much more charging and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries. There are two
major types of supercapacitors; electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) and pseudocapacitor. EDLC
retains electrical energy through the electrostatic adsorption and desorption of ions in the
electrolyte, forming sheets on both electrodes at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Low cost carbon
porous materials are normally utilized as DL electrode materials because of their high specific surface
area and phenomenal mechanical and chemical stabilities [2-3]. In contra, pseudocapacitors
accumulate charges based on a rapid and reversible reduction and oxidation (redox) reaction of
active material with the electrolyte on the surface [4]. Supercapacitor plays a significant part as a
successful energy storage device to address the challenging problems of fossil fuel depletion and
climate change that has a high power capacity and a long life span compared to the commercial
batteries [5-6]. In addition, because it meets the need for a wide range of energy application, it is
also used as portable devices, power backup systems, and electric vehicles. In dealing with the
disadvantages of the low energy density of the supercapacitors, the development of electrode/active
materials is needed to boost energy storage efficiency.
Polyaniline (PANI), one of the extensively considered conductive polymers for electrochemical
applications, has certain drawbacks, such as reduced solubility, process efficiency and decreased
stability due to structural conformation, shrinkage, and cracking [7]. Due to its distinct electronic and
electrochemical properties in the reduced and oxidized states, PANI is quite desirable among the
numerous conductive polymers [8]. PANI provides advantage like its rapid switching between redox
states with a high degree of electrochemical reversibility [9]. PANI has typically been used as positive
electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors and a broad range of different capacitance
values have been recorded, e.g. from 10 to over 1,000 of F/g.
Graphene oxide (GO) has been popular for the supercapacitor application due to its unique
structure, low weight, good mechanical properties. The GO framework includes a huge range of
functional groups (carboxyl, hydroxyl, epoxy group) [10]. This made GO a suitable candidate for the
reinforcement of electrode materials due to the specific functional groups which provide good
dispersion and hydrophilic behavior. Furthermore, GO also has great total surface area, huge
chemical potential, great chemical stability, and rich drape morphology. The cyclic stability and
conductivity of the electrode increased with GO incorporation. On the other hand, a single-atomic
layered material can be produced by powerful graphite oxidation, which is cheap and abundant. GO
is an oxidized graphene form with inferior electrical conductivity, but they undergone processes for
properties enhancement. Hummers and Offeman eased the procedures by utilization of potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) as an oxidizer instead of potassium chlorate (KCIO3); not popular because it
produces harmful chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Hummers is often the most preferred method [11]
accounting for its simplicity and adaptability.
GO is an active component of PANI nanocomposites regardless of the way that it contains a much
lower electrical conductivity, due to the dynamic utilitarian bunches that connected chemically with
PANI chains. Building the chemical interactions between PANI and the functional groups formed on
the surface can naturally improve the specific capacitance and reduce the load transfer resistance.
GO would help increases PANI dispersion, and thus will greatly boost PANI efficiency and result in
much higher performance. PANI/GO nanocomposites often exhibit strong electrochemical efficiency,

15
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

high specific potential and long cycle stability. Therefore, this made PANI/GO is a suitable material
for supercapacitor electrode. Several types of research analyzed the surface of GO and found
extremely deficient zones, presumably because of the presence of oxygen and relatively undamaged
areas [12-14]. The graphene-like honeycomb lattice in GO is conserved, i.e. the carbon atoms
attached to the functional groups are slightly moved, but the estimation of the unit cell in GO remains
comparable to that of graphene [15]. The functional group may influence the thermal and electrical
conductivities of GO. Graphene and GO expanded fascination of scientists rapidly in different fields
whereby numerous potential applications are in progress and proposed the usage of graphene and
GO, for example, sensors, batteries and supercapacitors [16-17].
Basically, this work is focusing on the synthesis of GO by improved Hummers method [18],
synthesis of PANI by chemical oxidation method [19], fabricating the supercapacitor electrode and
analyzing the electrochemical performance of the electrode. Graphene is an excellent material for
hosting conductive polymers due to its high electrical conductivity and surface properties [20], and
PANI can improve other carbon materials' electrochemical ability. The synergistic effect between the
two components can result in a substantial increase in efficiency. The nanocomposite electrodes
were fabricated using the conventional slurry technique where PANI/GO, carbon black, and
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder with a weight ratio of 80, 10, 10 wt. %, respectively are
deposited on top of the Ni foam current collector. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-
discharge techniques were used to analyze the electrochemical performance of PANI/GO
nanocomposite supercapacitor electrode.

2. Methodology

Figure 1 shows the methodology flow chart of the work. Main idea is to synthesize GO and PANI,
then followed by the nanocomposite preparation. Table 1 lists the materials needed to synthesize
the GO and PANI. For GO synthesis, a modified Hummer’s method was applied. First, a mixture of
graphite powder (3 g) was dispersed in 70 ml H2SO4 and the mixture was stirred at 5 °C. KMnO4 (9 g)
was added to the suspension with slowly controlled rate. Then the mixture was heated to 35 and 85
°C and stirred again for 1 h. Deionized (DI) water (100 ml) was gradually added during the heating
process to dilute the mixture until the color shifted to brown. Eventually, the solution was poured
into 30 ml of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the color changed to bright yellow. After filtering the
solution, the solids were washed with 5 % HCl, ethanol and DI water to neutralize solution’s pH. GO
was obtained as loose brown particles after an overnight drying under vacuum.
PANI was prepared by a chemical synthesis, namely oxidize polymerization. First, aniline (2 ml)
was added to the 50 ml HCl solution and stirred for 40 mins and at the same time ammonium
persulfate (APS; 2.5 g) was added to another 50 ml HCl and stirred for 40 mins. Aniline solution is
moved into an ice bath and APS solution was slowly added into the aniline solution drop by drop.
After that, the solution was stirred in an ice bath for 5 h. The beaker was then removed from the ice
bath and left cooled at room temperature. Finally, the solution was filtered to obtain the precipitate
and dried it in an oven at 60 oC for 24 h.
Briefly, to prepare the PANI/GO nanocomposite electrode, carbon black and
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder were mixed from a weight ratio of 80:10:10 (wt.%) in alcohol
under sonication to form homogenous slurry. Then, the slurry was coated onto Ni Foam with a
surface area of 1.0 cm2 using a brush then the Ni foam was dried in oven at 60 ᣞC for 8 h to remove
the solvent and water moistures. The three samples of the PANI/GO nanocomposite electrode with
different weight compositions are fabricated and labelled as PGO30 (70% PANI-30% GO), PGO50
(50% PANI-50% GO), and PGO70 (30% PANI-70% GO). The weight of the electrode for PGO30, PGO50

16
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

and PGO70 was measured using electronic weighing scale. The average mass of all PGO
nanocomposite electrodes is 4.80 mg and this was value used to calculate the specific gravimetric
capacitance. The electrodes were assembled in a stainless steel battery jig and the electrochemical
performance was studied using two-electrode cell configuration (Figure 2). A 6 M potassium
hydroxide (KOH) aqueous solution was employed as electrolyte for the supercapacitor. The cyclic
voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests were performed using
potentiostat/galvanostat (Wonatech; WMPG1000S) at room temperature. In addition, the
morphology of the synthesized PANI and GO was studied by using scanning electron microscope
(SEM; Hitachi SU3500).

Table 1
Materials/chemicals used to synthesize GO and PANI
Material/Chemical Quantity Remark
Graphite powder 3.0 g
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) 9.0 g
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 7.78 ml For GO
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 70 ml
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 30 ml
Ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) 2.5 g
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 100 ml For PANI
Aniline 2 ml

3. Results and discussion

3.1 The Morphology of the PANI and GO

The structures of the PANI and GO were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
SEM images of GO is shown in Figure 3 (a). It is observed that the GO produced from strong oxidizing
agent (KMnO4) was crumpled in shape and nearly transparent at the edge of GO layers. While a much
rougher surface with wrinkles is observed in inner sheet due to the exfoliated graphite flakes into
graphene oxide [21-22]. Figure 3 (b) displays the SEM image of PANI. It was found that by chemical
oxidative polymerization of aniline, formation fiber-like PANI was appeared with aggregated of nano-
fibrous structure [23- 24]. The PANI consisting of nanofibers and the range of fibers from hundreds
of nanometer to several micrometers in length, where the composition of the networks tends to be
more compact and comparatively small. The creation of nanofibers is due to the self-assembly of
individual polymers or oligomer through the interaction between aniline oligomers, the hydrogen
bonding and Vander Walls forces that produce polymer nanofibers.

17
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

Fig. 1. Flow chart of the project’s methodology

Fig. 2. PANI/GO nanocomposite electrodes were

assembled in a battery jig for electrochemical
testing

18
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

Fig. 3. SEM images of (a) GO and (b) PANI

PGO nanocomposites have finer particle grains of the surface morphology (Figure 4). The
particulate amount of PGO70 nanocomposite is less than PGO30 and PGO50. It was noticed that the
larger the polyaniline fraction of a substance, the greater the particle dimensions. All PGO
nanocomposites samples also seems to be agglomerated. Furthermore, it indicates that GO pores
and galleries are planted with polymers. Therefore, the independent step GO and PANI in the PGO
nanocomposite is difficult to discern. Also, the nanofiber of the polymer was not clear on the GO.
Other than that, on the top and edge of crumpled GO boards, the PANI scales were thinly powdered.
At the same time, the PGO nanocomposite was much thicker and the surface much rougher than the
original GO, mainly because the overlap level had decreased significantly.

Fig. 4. SEM images of PGO nanocomposites

19
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

3.2 Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis of PANI/GO Nanocomposite Electrode

The performance of the PANI/GO nanocomposite electrode was first analysed through CV
technique. CV provides information about the stability of the complexed transition metal oxidation
state, the reversibility of electron transfer reactions, and the reactivity information [25]. Its specific
gravimetric capacitance (Csp) was calculated from the results obtained by using Eq. 1:

E
∫𝐸 2 𝑖(𝐸)𝑑𝐸
1
𝐶𝑠𝑝 = 2(𝐸2−𝐸1)𝑚𝑣 ′
(1)

E
where E1 and E2 are cut-off potentials during CV, i(E) is current (A), ∫𝐸 2 𝑖(𝐸)𝑑𝐸 is the total
1
voltammetric charge obtained by integration of positive and negative sweeps during CV, (E2-E1) is
the potential window (V), m is the average mass of active material in gram (g) and v is the CV scan
rate (V/s). The calculated Csps from CV curves of PANI/GO nanocomposite electrodes at different scan
rates are tabulated in Table 2. The CV curves of all nanocomposite electrodes were plotted with
different CV scan rates of 5, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 mV/s with the potential range of 0.0 - 1.0 V.
The CV curves of PGO30 electrode were plotted and shown in Figure 5 (a). All curves showed the
tendency of redox peak appearance and reflect a mixture of both double layer and
pseudocapacitance. Due to the PANI's redox transition between leucoemeraldine base states and
emeraldine salt, a further transformation from emeraldine to pernigraniline can be suggested [26].
Redox peaks are originated from the faradaic reactions occurring between electrodes’ surface and
electrolyte ions [27]. The highest capacitance of PGO30 electrode is 13.85 F/g at 5 mV/s. Next, the
CV curves of PGO50 electrode were plotted and shown in Figure 5 (b). The highest Csp of PGO50
electrode is 19.71 F/g at 5 mV/s. This is the highest recorded Csp of all samples. This may be attributed
from the good electrical conductivity distribution of PANI and graphene oxide. Graphene sheets act
as an electronic conductive channel in the composite, and is beneficial for the fast transfer of ions
and electrons throughout the electrode surface.
Finally, the CV curves of PGO70 electrode are shown in Figure 5 (c). When the PANI load is too
small the agglomeration of the GO may be enhanced. The highest specific capacitance of PGO70
electrode is 9.65 F/g at 5 mV/s. In all electrodes, the specific capacitance was found to decrease with
the increasing scan rates. This is due to the fact that the ion concentration on the electrode-
electrolyte surfaces is rapidly increasing and the diffusion rates of the electrolyte ions from the
interface to electrode still not enough to satisfy the electrochemical reactions. In addition, Figure 6
depicts the Csp as a function of CV scan rate for PANI/GO nanocomposite electrodes. The trend and
the values of the capacitance are almost similar for all electrodes.

Table 2
Calculated Csp of CV curves of PANI/GO nanocomposite
electrodes at different scan rates
CV scan rate Csp (F/g)
(mV/s) PGO30 PGO50 PGO70
5 13.85 19.71 9.65
10 7.06 10.10 2.70
30 2.82 5.29 1.51
50 2.50 4.24 0.96
70 0.69 0.74 0.65
90 0.64 0.53 0.48

20
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

Fig. 5. CV curves of PANI/GO nanocomposite electrodes. a) PGO30, b) PGO50 and c) PGO70

Fig. 6. Specific gravimetric capacitance as a function of CV scan rate for

PANI/GO nanocomposite electrodes

21
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

3.3 Charge-discharge Analysis of PANI/GO Nanocomposite Electrode

Meanwhile, galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) is also a complementary method for assessing

particular capacity under controlled current conditions. Discharge curves were also used to calculate
the Csp using Eq. 2:

𝐼×∆𝑡
𝐶𝑠𝑝 = (2)
∆𝑉×𝑚

where I is the applied current, ∆t is the CD discharge time, ∆V is the potential, and m is the average
mass of the active material in the electrode. The calculated Csps from GCD curves of PANI/GO
nanocomposite electrodes at different currents are tabulated in Table 3. The GCD curves of all PGO
nanocomposite electrodes were plotted with different currents of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0 mA with
the potential range of 0.0 - 0.8 V (note that this is differed with the CV analysis).
The GCD curves PGO30 electrode were plotted and shown in Figure 7 (a). The charge curves of
the electrode are symmetrical to their corresponding discharge, suggesting high reversibility of
PGO30 electrode. PANI nanofibers cross-link to each other to form a uniformly distributed framework
on the GO surface and thus provide a vastly accessible interface. The GO sheet-covered PANI system
will include more active sites to facilitate redox reactions during the charge and discharge cycle. The
GCD curves PGO50 electrode were plotted and shown in Figure 7 (b). The discharge curves of
PANI/GO nanocomposites are also symmetric to their discharge counterpart with a slight curvature
for internal resistance during the charging and discharging phases. The GCD curves also display a
nonlinear relationship between voltage and time, showing a mixture of both pseudocapacitance and
DL capacitance. The GCD curves PGO70 electrode are shown in Figure 7 (c). The curve of charge is
asymmetric with the discharge counterpart. When the current density is increasing, the capacitance
is slightly decreasing. The time taken for the electrode to complete one cycle also decreases from 30
s to 5 s. When the PANI content decreases, the charge discharge time also decreases, meaning that
the nanocomposite's basic capacitance is higher when the PANI content is greater. Once the PANI
content is low, the sample has large impedance or resistance and at the time of the charge discharge
transition there is a major mutation, which results in unsatisfied results.
From the overall results, the capacitance values from GCD results are much lower than that of CV
results. One of the reasons is that the applied voltage or potential during the GCD was set to only 0.8
V and it was 1.0 V during the CV analysis. This applied to the different measurement techniques which
mean the variation of voltage per time scan rate for CV, whilst varying the current for the
charge/discharge technique. Figure 8 plots the Csp as a function of current density for PANI/GO
nanocomposite electrodes during GCD analysis. It was found that PGO30 showed the highest
calculated capacitance value. Unfortunately, this is contra to that of CV analysis results. It can be
suggested that this could be due to the inconsistency preparation of the active materials which may
affected the quality of the fabricated electrode during the coating process.

22
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

Table 3
Calculated Csp of PANI/GO nanocomposite electrodes from
GCD curves at different currents
Current Csp (mF/g)
Current
Density
(mA)
(A/g) PGO30 PGO50 PGO70
0.1 0.02 1070 310 650
0.3 0.06 1070 420 620
0.5 0.10 1100 450 620
0.7 0.15 1170 500 450
0.9 0.19 950 380 530
1.0 0.21 1000 290 330

Fig. 7. GCD curves of PANI/GO nanocomposite electrodes, (a) PGO30, (b) PGO50 and (c) PGO70

23
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

Fig. 8. Specific gravimetric capacitance as a function of current density

for PANI/GO nanocomposite electrodes during GCD analysis

4. Conclusions

GO was prepared by improved Hummers method and PANI was successfully prepared by
chemical oxidation method. From the CV analysis, it can be concluded that the highest percentage of
PANI improved the performance of PANI/GO as electrode for supercapacitor application. The highest
calculated specific capacitance from the CV analysis is the PGO50 electrode with 19.71 F/g at 5 mV/s
scan rate. From the GCD analysis, it was found that the PGO30 nanocomposite electrode showed the
best result due to the charge curve is asymmetric to its corresponding discharge counterpart,
indicating its high reversibility. PANI is extensively studied as one of the conductive polymer for
electrochemical applications because of its rapid charge transfer between redox states with a high
degree of electrochemical reversibility. In short, attention is required for the important aspects
(including mixing process, electrolyte usage, testing parameter, etc.) to consider in the future for the
advancement of any type of nanocomposite electrode for supercapacitor.

Acknowledgement
Authors are grateful for the facilities and financial support from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
and Universiti Kuala Lumpur.

References
[1] Yaoyao Wang, Yanxiang Wang, Yu Tian, Lianru Ma, Chengguo Wang and Xueping Gao, "Fabrication and
Characterization of Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Electrode Composite for High Performance Supercapacitors," ECS
Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 8, no. 11 (2019): M103-M109.
[2] Huanhuan Wang, Jianyi Lin and Ze Xiang Shen, "Polyaniline (PANi) based Electrode Materials for Energy Storage
and Conversion," Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices 1, no. 3 (2016): 225-255.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2016.08.001
[3] Raja Noor Amalina Raja Seman, Mohd Asyadi Azam and Mohd Ambri Mohamed, “Highly Efficient Growth of
Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes on Fe-Ni Based Metal Alloy Foils for Supercapacitors,” Advances in Natural
Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 4 (2016): 045016(1-9).

24
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

[4] Cheng Zhong, Yida Deng, Wenbin Hu, Jinli Qiao, Lei Zhang and Jiujun Zhang, "A Review of Electrolyte Materials and
Compositions for Electrochemical Supercapacitors," Chemical Society Reviews 44, no. 21 (2015): 7484-7539.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CS00303B
[5] Zhaoqi Huang, Le Li, Yufeng Wang, Chao Zhang and Tianxi Liu, "Polyaniline/Graphene Nanocomposites towards
High-Performance Supercapacitors: A Review", Composites Communications 8, (2018): 83-91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2017.11.005
[6] Raja Noor Amalina Raja Seman, Mohd Asyadi Azam and Mohd Hanafi Ani, “Graphene/Transition Metal
Dichalcogenides Hybrid Supercapacitor Electrode: Status, Challenges, and Perspectives”, Nanotechnology 29, no.
50 (2018): 502001.
[7] Ali Eftekhari, Lei Li and Yang Yang, "Polyaniline Supercapacitors," Journal of Power Sources 347 (2017): 86-107.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.054
[8] Raihana Bahru, Mohd Faiz Muaz Ahmad Zamri and Mohd Ambri Mohamed, “Structural Analyses of Polyaniline–
Titanium Oxide Composite for Acetone Detection,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31 (2020):
1574-1584.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-02674-2
[9] Darshna D. Potphode, Lichchhavi Sinha and Parasharam M. Shirage, "Redox additive enhanced capacitance: Multi-
walled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline nanocomposite based symmetric supercapacitors for rapid charge storage,"
Applied Surface Science 469 (2019): 162-172.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.277
[10] Anastasios Stergiou, Georgia Pagona and Nikos Tagmatarchis, "Donor–Acceptor Graphene-Based Hybrid Materials
Facilitating Photo-Induced Electron-Transfer Reactions," Beilstein Journal 0f Nanotechnology 5 (2014): 1580-1589.
https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.170
[11] Andrew T. Smith, Anna Marie LaChance, Songshan Zeng, Bin Liu and Luyi Sun, "Synthesis, Properties, and
Applications of Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide and Their Nanocomposites," Nano Materials Science 1,
no. 1 (2019): 31-47.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2019.02.004
[12] Nam-In Kim, Young Jin Sa, Tae Sup Yoo, Sung Ryul Choi, Rana Arslan Afzal, et al., “Oxygen-Deficient Triple
Perovskites as Highly Active and Durable Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Electrode Reactions,” Science
Advances 4, no. 6 (2018): eaap9360(1-10).
[13] J.I. Parades, Silvia Villar-Rodil, Pablo Solís-Fernández, Amelia Martínez-Alonso and J.M.D. Tascon, "Atomic Force
and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging of Graphene Nanosheets Derived from Graphite Oxide," Langmuir 25,
no. 10 (2009): 5957-5968.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la804216z
[14] Cristina Gómez-Navarro, R. Thomas Weitz, Alexander M. Bittner, Matteo Scolari, Alf Mews, Marko Burghard and
Klaus Kern, "Electronic Transport Properties of Individual Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets," Nano
letters 7, no. 11 (2007): 3499-3503.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl072090c

[15] D. Pandey, R. Reifenberger and R. Piner, "Scanning Probe Microscopy Study of Exfoliated Oxidized Graphene
Sheets," Surface Science 602, no. 9 (2008): 1607-1613.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2008.02.025
[16] Hadi Beitollai, Mohadeseh Safaei and Somayeh Tajik, "Application of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for
modification of electrochemical sensors and biosensors: A review," International Journal of Nano Dimension 10,
no. 2 (2019): 125-140.
[17] Mohd Asyadi Azam, Nor Najihah Zulkapli, Norasimah Dorah, Raja Noor Amalina Raja Seman, M. Hanafi Ani, et al.,
“Critical Considerations of High Quality Graphene Synthesized by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition for
Electronic and Energy Storage Devices,” ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 6, no. 6 (2017): M3035-
M3048.
[18] Dayong Gui, Chunliang Liu, Fengying Chen and Jianhong Liu, "Preparation of Polyaniline/Graphene Oxide
Nanocomposite for the Application of Supercapacitor," Applied Surface Science 307, (2014): 172-177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.04.007
[19] Zhen Wang, Jia-Jun Han, Ning Zhang, Dan-Dan Sun and Tao Han, "Synthesis of polyaniline/graphene composite and
its application in zinc-rechargeable batteries," Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 23, no. 12 (2019): 3373-3382.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04435-x

25
Malaysian Journal on Composite Science and Manufacturing
Volume 3, Issue 1 (2020) 14-26

[20] Khairu Ilwani Karim, Noraiham Mohamad, Lim Ruoh Lin, Hairul Effendy Ab Maulod, Jeefferie Abd Razak, Mahbub
Hasan and Qumrul Ahsan, “Tensile Properties Degradation of Thermally Aged NR/EPDM Blend and
Nanocomposites for Engine Mounting,” Malaysian Journal on Composites Science and Manufacturing 2, no. 1
(2020): 21-30.
https://doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.2.1.2130
[21] Shatrudhan Palsaniya, Harshal B. Nemade and Ashok K. Dasmahapatra, "Synthesis of Polyaniline/Graphene/MoS2
Nanocomposite for High Performance Supercapacitor Electrode," Polymer 150 (2018): 150-158.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.07.018
[22] E. Jaafar, M. Kashif, S.K. Sahari and Z. Ngaini, “Study of Morphological, Optical and Electrical Properties of Graphene
Oxide Thin Film Relative to the Reaction Time of Synthesis,” Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and
Computer Engineering 10, no.1-12 (2018): 25-28.
[23] Yue-E Miao, Wei Fan, Dan Chen and Tianxi Liu, "High-Performance Supercapacitors Based on Hollow Polyaniline
Nanofibers by Electrospinning," ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 5, no. 10 (2013): 4423-4428.
https://doi.org/10.1021/am4008352
[24] Anukul K. Thakur, Ashvini B. Deshmukh, Ram Bilash Choudhary, Indrapal Karbhal, Mandira Majumber and Manjusha
V. Shelke, “Facile Synthesis and Electrochemical Evaluation Of PANI/CNT/Mos2 Ternary Composite as an Electrode
Material for High Performance Supercapacitor,” Materials Science and Engineering B 223, (2017): 24-34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2017.05.001
[25] Cyrille Costentin, Jérôme Fortage and Marie-Noëlle Collomb, "Electrophotocatalysis: Cyclic Voltammetry as an
Analytical Tool," The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 11, no. 15 (2020): 6097-6104.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01662
[26] Mir F. Mousavi, Masumeh Hashemi, Mohammad S. Rahmanifar and Abolhassan Noori, “Synergistic Effect between
Redox Additive Electrolyte and PANI-rGO Nanocomposite Electrode for High Energy and High Power
Supercapacitor,” Electrochimica Acta 228, (2017): 290-298.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.027
[27] Ting Li, Pengyun Liu, Yuan Gao, Shen Diao, Xiangmin Wang, Bin Yang and Xue Wang, "High Electrochemical
Performance of Supercapacitor Electrode With Para-Aminophenyl Graphene/Polyaniline Cross-Linking
Nanocomposites," Materials Letters 244, (2019): 13-17.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.02.046

26