SCS6105 Assignment 1 Group3
SCS6105 Assignment 1 Group3
SCS6105 Assignment 1 Group3
3.What are examples of local (Africa, Kenya) use cases of ML-based AI?
I. Agriculture:
Agriculture is one of the main back bone of the economy of Kenya contributing 30% to the
GDP [18]. One use case of ML application is through Eska, which can be used to detect crop
diseases and nutrient deficiencies in soil. A farmer takes images of crops, and the app uses
machine learning to diagnose the plant's health and present the results on the app. [18]
Another example is a solution launched in Ethiopia for coffee traceability that has enabled
farmers with supply chain tracking and market positioning. [19].
Apollo Agriculture – With Apollo’s digital platform farmers are able to access to inputs,
funding, and markets. Farmers register in the application and provide some details after which
Apollo Agriculture collects satellite imagery of the farms and uses ML-based AI to make
better decisions on loans to be granted to the farmer [26].
Though not explicitly stated on the platform’s website, Apollo Agriculture uses a proprietary
credit assessment algorithm [25] which is a predictive algorithm thus concluding the ML
paradigm is supervised learning.
II. Fintech
ML is used to assess credit eligibility for persons with no credit history by evaluating data
sources such as mobile phone usage. These data and ML models are used by digital lenders
to establish loan limits and suitability for individuals.[17] eg, Loanbee utilizes an ML model
for credit rating and even sells it as a PaaS solution to other organizations. [20]
III. Health
ML powered health systems are used to do remote consultations and diagnostic assistance in
underserved areas across Africa resulting to early diagnosis and treatment. One example is
Dr. Elsa in Tanzania, an AI- powered app used by doctors to make various diagnosis using
medical data. With this app doctors take shorter time to do diagnosis and hence can treat
many patients. The app is also used by patients for patient education, medical alerts and
analysis of the patient mental status. [21]
AfyaRekod in Kenya used to collect patient information by medical personnel and provide
them with appropriate medical attention. This was further used during COVID_19 pandemic
aiding in early diagnosis. [17]
IV. Education
An example use case in education is Angaza Elimu which uses ML models to provide
learners with personalized learning experience by giving the access to notes designed to fit
their unique learning experiences and tacking of individual performance. It also enables tutors
assess student’s capabilities and provides them with customized learning resources. [17]
M-shule an SMS based application used in delivering learning, evaluations and data tools
using ML models. [17]
Skills Gap
AI development necessitates the development of persons with AI competence, which can be gained
through participation in STEM courses. STEM course enrollment in Kenya, on the other hand,
remains extremely low. According to a Nation Newsplex analysis of AI in Kenya, barely one out of
every four university graduates has completed a STEM course, with only one-third enrolled in STEM
courses. [17]
Regulatory environment
Unclear or restrictive regulations and compliance issues to adoption of AI. Kenya lacks AI regulatory
framework. The government commissioned a blockchain and AI taskforce in 2018 to provide
directions on utilization of AI in country which found out the lack of regulation created risks around
data privacy, weaponization and human redundancy. [17] The taskforce recommended
implementation of polices to promote AI ecosystem but the government is yet to establish them.[17]
Connectivity
Remote locations in Africa as a whole still have no reliable internet connection which is a main factor
in AI adoption. This limits adoption of AI in those remote areas. For example, according to GSMA
state of Mobile internet Connectivity 2023 is 57% with 38% living with the connection but not using
it [22]
Issues that have causes low connectivity in Kenya include: High internet costs and smart mobile
phones, low levels of digital literacy in rural areas and poor infrastructure. [17]
Investment in research
In Kenya, the government has not financed any AI research, and those that have been supported have
come from overseas organizations interested in AI adoption. The lack of these expenditures prevents
AI from being used to solve the most pressing requirements. The government committed to support
these studies in its 2019 ICT policy, but little effort has been done thus far. [17]
Factors accelerating adoption of AI
Innovation hubs
There has been increase in international organizations innovation hubs in Kenya which are looking to
accelerate adoption of AI, examples of such as the Microsoft Africa Research Institute (MARI) which
is aiming to bring together researchers, engineers and designers and develop viable AI solutions for
Africa. [17]
IBM research Laboratory (Nairobi Think Lab) which conducts AI research for critical areas like
education, healthcare etc [17], Google AI Research Centre in Africa, which will be in Accra, Ghana.
Government support
In African countries where government supports technology initiatives like AI are the most
aggressive. Example is Kenya where initiative has been taken towards data protection and taskforce
(“Block chain and Artificial Intelligence taskforce) [24] put in place by Ministry of ICT to explore
how best the technology can be used to advance Kenya’s development.
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