CELL DIVISION

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, you should be able to:

▪ explain the stages involved in mitosis and meiosis

▪ explain mitosis and meiosis in order to understand

the process of growth, reproduction and the
importance of sexual reproduction
Think of how far you've come
Fertilized egg with diploid
set of chromosomes is
called a zygote

After fertilization, the

zygote divides by mitosis
and become embryo

Later, the embryo

becomes a fetus
Think of how far you've come

Newborn baby
Process of mitosis turn a small
number of cells into a larger
number of cells.

It is how we grow and developed

into large complex human.
The eukaryotic cell cycle is a set series of stages
1. INTERPHASE
Period of time between cell Interphase G0
divisions begins

• G1- cell recovers from previous

division G1
– G0 (growth)
• S - DNA synthesis
– Each chromosome now S
composed of 2 sister M (growth and DNA
chromatids replication)
• G2 -preparation for division G2
(growth and final
2. M PHASE preparations for
division)
Both division of the nucleus and
division of the cytoplasm
Interphase ends
• Mitosis – division of nucleus
• Cytokinesis – division of
cytoplasm
 This karyotype of a normal male shows 23 pairs of
homologous chromosomes. These chromosomes are duplicated, and
each one is composed of two sister chromatids.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

sister
chromatids
centromere

pair of homologous
chromosomes

Sex chromosomes are

not homologous in males.
 D N A R E P L I C AT I O N

▪ Each chromosome made of 2 sister chromatids

• Made during replication
» Exact dupicates
▪ Kinetochores assemble at centromeres for spindle fiber
attachment
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
PHASES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL centrosome
hascentrioles
CELLS AND PLANT CELLS

Animal Cell
at Interphase aster 20µm duplicated 20µm
chromosome
nuclear
envelope centromere
fragments

MITOSIS
chromatin
condenses
nucleolus
disappears spindle
fibers forming

Early Prophase Prophase

• Centrosomes have divided • The nucleolus has disappeared
• Chromatin is condensing into • Duplicated chromosomes are visible
chromosomes • Centrosomes begin moving apart
centrosome • The nuclear envelope is fragmenting • Spindle is in process of forming
lacks centrioles

Plant Cell
400x
at Interphase spindle chromosomes 6.2 µm
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
PHASES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL centrosome
hascentrioles
CELLS AND PLANT CELLS

Animal Cell
at Interphase aster 20µm duplicated 20µm
chromosome
nuclear
envelope centromere
fragments

MITOSIS
chromatin
condenses
nucleolus
disappears spindle
fibers forming

Early Prophase Prophase

• Centrosomes have divided • The nucleolus has disappeared
• Chromatin is condensing into • Duplicated chromosomes are visible
chromosomes • Centrosomes begin moving apart
centrosome • The nuclear envelope is fragmenting • Spindle is in process of forming
lacks centrioles

Plant Cell
400x
at Interphase spindle chromosomes 6.2 µm
CELLS AND PLANT CELLS (cont)
PHASES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

pole of 9µm chromosomes 20 µm

spindle at equator

kinetochore

kinetochore
polar spindle fiber
Metaphase
Early metaphase/prometaphase
• Centromeres of duplicated chromosomes are
• Each duplicated chromosome is
aligned at the equator
attached to the spindle apparatus
• Kinetochores attach sister chromatids to
• Polar spindle fibers stretch from
spindle fibers that come from opposite poles.
each pole and overlap

500x 6.2 µm
Pole lacks centrioles and aster. spindle fibers
CELLS AND PLANT CELLS (cont)
PHASES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20 µm 16µm
daughter chromosome cleavage furrow

nucleolus

Anaphase
• Sister chromatids part and become daughter
chromosomes that are pulled toward the poles Telophase
• In this way, each pole receives the same • Daughter cells are forming as nuclear
number and kinds of chromosomes as the envelopes and nucleoli reappear.
parent cell • Chromosomes will become indistinct
chromatin.

6.2 µm 1,500x
cell plate
animal cells (anaphase, telophase): © Ed Reschke; plant cells(anaphase): © R. Calentine/Visuals Unlimited; (telophase): © Jack M. Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited
CELLS AND PLANT CELLS (cont)
PHASES OF MITOSIS IN ANIMAL

• Cytokinesis – division of cytoplasm

Animal cell cytokinesis Plant cell cytokinesis

Cell plate formed by

Cleavage furrow
vesicles from Golgi
apparatus
 Mitosis Maintains the Chromosome STUDY TIP
Number
MITOSIS produces two genetically
identical daughter cells,
with the same number of
chromosome with parent cell.

2n
2n
2n
 Importance of mitotic cell division

▪ Mitosis is important for the growth and

development of organisms where the number of
cells in tissues and organs are increased.

▪ Any cells that are worn out or damaged can be

replaced through mitosis.

▪ Mitosis serves as a reproductive method in

lower organisms where new daughter cells that
are identical to the parent cell are produced.
Cell Growth & development

adult

teen

infant
embryo
Process of mitosis turn a small number of
cells into a larger number of cells. It is how
we grow and developed into large complex
human.
Repair worn out or damage
cell

Mitosis allow skin cell to duplicate to fill

in a damaged area when you get injured.
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
haploid, containing only
1 set of chromosomes

diploid, containing 2
sets of chromosomes
 Homologous chromosomes separate during
meiosis

• Meiosis is reduction division

– Involves 2 divisions
➢Meiosis I (followed by Interkinesis)
➢Meiosis II (followed by Cytokinesis)

– Diploid (2n) parent cell produces 4 haploid (n)

daughter cells
• Diploid (2n) chromosomes are in pairs –
homologous chromosomes or homologues

• In humans, meiosis forms gametes

 Phases of meiosis I
(in animal cells and plant cells)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plant Cell
at Interphase tetrad

centrosome has
centrioles

2n=4

Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I

•Chromosomes have Homologues align in dependently Homologues separate and
Animal Cell duplicated. at the equator. are pulled toward the poles.
at Interphase
•Homologues pair during
synapsis,
•crossing-over occurs.
During meiosis I, two events occur that are not seen in mitosis:

synapsis of
homologous
Synapsis sister chromatids
chromosomes

Homologous
chromosomes come
together and line up chiasmata
(singular, chiasma)
side by side sites of
crossing-over crossovers between
nonsister chromatids
❖Each set of four
chromatids is called
a tetrad

Crossing-over
chromatids
During synapsis, the after exchange
homologues
sometimes
exchange genetic
material
recombinant daughter
❖Nonsister chromosomes
chromatids
 Phases of meiosis I
(in animal cells and plant cells)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plant Cell
at Interphase tetrad

centrosome has
centrioles

2n=4

Prophase I
• Chromosomes have duplicated. Metaphase I Anaphase I
Animal Cell
• Homologues pair during
synapsis,
• Homologues align • Homologues
at Interphase • crossing-over occurs. in dependently at separate and are
the equator. pulled toward the
poles.
 Phases of meiosis I
(in animal cells and plant cells)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plant Cell
at Interphase

n=2
centrosome has
centrioles

Telophase I Interkinesis n=2

• Spindle disappears • Chromosomes
Animal Cell • Nuclei reform still consist of
at Interphase around separated
homologues
two chromatids.
 Phases of meiosis II
(in animal cells and plant cells)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plant Cells
at Interkinesis

n=2

Animal Cells
at Interkinesis

n=2

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II

• Cells have one • Chromosomes align • Sister chromatids separate
chromosome from each at the equator and become daughter
pair of homologues chromosomes
 Phases of meiosis II
(in animal cells and plant cells)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Plant Cells
at Interkinesis

n=2

n=2

Telophase II Daughter cells:

Animal Cells
at Interkinesis • Spindled is appears, nuclei Meiosis results in four
reform, and cytokinesis takes haploid daughter cells.
place.
 Advantage of sexual reproduction
as compared to asexual reproduction

❑Meiosis produces cells that are not identical

▪ During Prophase I:
✓ crossing over occur and allow
maternal and paternal homologues to
exchanged their genetic material
▪ During Metaphase I:
✓ random orientation of maternal and
paternal homologue
❑Result in a variation →essential for evolution
 Independent assortment increases genetic variation.
Blue background = 2n; tan background = n.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1 Homologues undergo
synapsis, and crossing-
over occurs.

either or
tetrad
independent
2 Homologues alignment
independently align at
the equator of spindle.
MEIOSIS I

3 The daughter cells

receive one member
from each pair of
homologues.
MEIOSIS II

4 All possible combina-

tions of chromosomes
are present. Extra
diversity is provided by
crossing-over.
Meiosis Reduces the Chromosome Number STUDY TIP
MEIOSIS produces
gametes (sperm and egg)
with half of the
chromosome of the parent
cell ; cells not identical to
each other

n
n
n
2n n
n
n
 Meiosis compared to mitosis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sister chromatids separate and Daughter cells

become daughter chromosomes.
tetrad

n=2

2n = 4 n=2
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
Four haploid daughter cells.
Synapsis and Homologues pair Homologues separate and When these daughter
n=2 Their nuclei are genetically
crossing-over and move toward the poles. nuclei divide the sister
different from the parent cell.
occur. align independently chromatids will separate.
at the equator.
MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II

Telophase
Daughter cells 2n = 4
are forming.
Daughter cells

2n = 4
Two diploid daughter cells.
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Their nuclei are genetically
Chromosomes align Sister chromatids identical to the parent cell.
at the equator. separate and become
MITOSIS daughter chromosomes.
 mitosis = 2 daughter cells only... thus 1 cell division
meiosis = 4 daughter cells [1 = 2 = 4]... thus 2
divisions
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

mitosis = same # of chromosomes as parent cell

meiosis = one-half number of chromosomes

mitosis = daughter cells are genetically identical

meiosis = daughter cells are not genetically
identical
(i) Crossing Over
→ exchange of chromosome material
(ii) Independent Assortment
→ random alignment of homologous pairs

Mitosis = grow and repair of body cell

Meiosis = produce gametes for sexual reproduction