The Cell Cycle and How Cells Divide

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 Functions of Cell Division

100 µm 200 µm 20 µm

(a) Reproduction. An amoeba, (b) Growth and development. (c) Tissue renewal. These dividing
a single-celled eukaryote, is This micrograph shows a bone marrow cells (arrow) will
dividing into two cells. Each sand dollar embryo shortly after give rise to new blood cells (LM).
new cell will be an individual the fertilized egg divided, forming
organism (LM). two cells (LM).

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 Phases of the Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle consists of
– Interphase – normal cell activity

– The mitotic phase – cell divsion

INTERPHASE

Growth
G1 (DNA synthesis)

Growth
on
siv

G2
Di
ll
Ce

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 Cell Division

• An integral part of the cell cycle

• Results in genetically identical daughter cells
• Cells duplicate their genetic material
– Before they divide, ensuring that each daughter

cell receives an exact copy of the genetic

material, DNA

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 Phases of the Cell Cycle
• Interphase
– G1 - primary growth
– S - genome replicated
– G2 - secondary growth
• M - mitosis
• C - cytokinesis

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 Interphase
• G1 - Cells undergo majority of growth
• S - Each chromosome replicates (Synthesizes) to
produce sister chromatids
– Attached at centromere

– Contains attachment site (kinetochore)

• G2 - Chromosomes condense - Assemble

machinery for division such as centrioles

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 Mitosis
 Some haploid & diploid cells divide by mitosis.
 Each new cell receives one copy of every
chromosome that was present in the original cell.
 Produces 2 new cells that are both genetically
identical to the original cell.

DNA duplication
during interphase

Mitosis

Diploid Cell

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 Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

G2 OF INTERPHASE PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE

Centrosomes Aster Fragments
(with centriole pairs) Chromatin Early mitotic Kinetochore
spindle Centromere of nuclear
(duplicated) Nonkinetochore
envelope
microtubules

Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma Chromosome, consisting Kinetochore

envelope membrane of two sister chromatids microtubule
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 Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Metaphase
plate Cleavage Nucleolus
furrow forming

Nuclear
envelope
Spindle Centrosome at Daughter forming
one spindle pole chromosomes
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 The Mitotic Spindle
• Some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of
chromosomes and move the chromosomes to the
metaphase plate
• In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move along
the kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the
cell
Aster
Sister Centrosome
Microtubules Chromosomes chromatids Metaphase
plate
Kineto-
chores

Overlapping
nonkinetochore Kinetochore
microtubules microtubules
Centrosome 1 µm 0.5 µm
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 Mitosis in a plant cell
Nucleus Chromatine Chromosome
Nucleolus condensing

Metaphase. The
1 Prophase. 2 Prometaphase. 3 4 Anaphase. The 5 Telophase. Daughter
spindle is complete,
The chromatin We now see discrete chromatids of each nuclei are forming.
and the chromosomes,
is condensing. chromosomes; each chromosome have Meanwhile, cytokinesis
attached to microtubules
The nucleolus is consists of two separated, and the has started: The cell
at their kinetochores,
beginning to identical sister daughter chromosomes plate, which will
are all at the metaphase
disappear. chromatids. Later are moving to the ends divided the cytoplasm
plate.
Although not in prometaphase, the of cell as their in two, is growing
yet visible nuclear envelop will kinetochore toward the perimeter
in the micrograph, fragment. microtubles shorten. of the parent cell.
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.

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 Cytokinesis
• Cleavage of cell into two
halves
– Animal cells

 Constriction belt of

actin filaments
– Plant cells

 Cell plate

– Fungi and protists

 Mitosis occurs

within the nucleus

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 Cytokinesis In Animal And Plant Cells

100 µm
Cleavage furrow Vesicles Wall of 1 µm
forming patent cell Cell plate
cell plate New cell wall

Contractile ring of Daughter cells

microfilaments
Daughter cells
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)
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 coverage
• Cell parts and functions
• Cell transport mechanism
– Active and passive transport

• Cell Cycle

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