LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

ANA&PHYSIO 2nd Semester

Anatomy & Physiology M_05_Group 2022- 2023
MWF/ 1:00- 3:00 pm Due: March 13,
Date: March 10, 2023 2023 Week 8
Learning Target/s Describe the anatomy and physiology of the muscular system.
Discuss the development of muscles.
Investigate the diseases and disorders associated with the muscles.
Discuss muscle contraction.
Discuss the medical breakthroughs in the muscular system.
References Van De Graaff, K.M. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Schaum’s
Outline. McGraw-Hill.
Guinto, Adrian C. Learning Activity Sheet. Muscular System. Anatomy
and Physiology. 2nd Semester, AY 2022- 2023
Introduction

The muscular system is a complex and essential system that enables movement and provides
support to the body. According to Tortora and Derrickson (2017), the muscular system includes
skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones, and these components work together to produce
movement and maintain the body's structure. The system is also responsible for regulating body
temperature, aiding in digestion, and protecting internal organs. The importance of the muscular
system in maintaining overall physical health cannot be overstated.

The muscular system is composed of different types of muscles, including skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary
movement, while smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs and blood vessels and are
responsible for involuntary movement. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are responsible
for pumping blood throughout the body (Tortora and Derrickson, 2017).

The musculoskeletal system plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's homeostasis and overall
health. It is essential to understand the structure and function of this system to appreciate the
importance of exercise, proper nutrition, and other lifestyle factors in promoting muscular health.

I. The Anatomy and Physiology of muscles (Identify the muscles in the different parts of the
body)

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Microscopic anatomy of muscles

Muscle contraction (discuss how and why muscles contract)

Motoneurons are nerves that innervate muscle fibers. A motor unit is a single motoneuron and the
muscle fibers it innervates. The number of muscle fibers in a motor unit varies predictably with muscle
function. For example, the motor units responsible for facial expression muscles have far fewer muscle fibers
than motor units responsible for muscles involved in activities such as swimming.
Skeletal muscle contraction begins at the neuromuscular junction, which is the synapse between a
motoneuron and a muscle fiber. The propagation of action potentials to the motoneuron and subsequent
depolarization causes the presynaptic membrane's voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels to open. At the
neuromuscular junction, inward Ca2+ influx promotes the release of acetylcholine (ACh), which diffuses to
the postsynaptic membrane at the muscle fiber. The motor endplate is another name for the muscle fiber's
postsynaptic membrane. (ACh) binds to the nicotinic receptors on the motor endplate, depolarizing it and
triggering action potentials in the muscle fiber. Another is the method by which thick and thin filaments
glide past one another to generate a muscle contraction is referred to as the cross-bridge cycle, which
happens during excitation-contraction coupling. When myosin is tightly attached to actin at the start of the
cycle, no adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is coupled to myosin, a state known as rigor; this is a temporary
state in contracting muscle, however in the lack of ATP, such as in death, this state is permanent and is
known as rigor mortis. ATP then binds to the myosin head, causing myosin to alter shape and lose its
affinity for actin. As a result, myosin separates from actin, and the myosin head is tilted toward the end of
the sarcomere.
Excitation-contraction coupling events are always consecutive and have a temporal link. In other
words, the action potential of a muscle fiber always precedes an increase in intracellular Ca2+, which always
precedes muscular contraction. A twitch is produced by a single action potential that leads to an increase in
intracellular Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum release. Because the action potential duration is less than
the twitch period, the muscle fiber may be triggered again before it relaxes. If an already active muscle fiber
is stimulated again, the sarcoplasmic reticulum does not have enough time to reaccumulate Ca2+.

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II. Investigate. (This will require you to conduct literature search and review, and video analysis)

How muscles in the human body are developed?

Paraxial mesoderm segments into somites throughout development, called embrygenesis. advancing
from head to tail. Somites develop into dermomyotomes, which subsequently develop into dermatomes and
myotomes. The anterior paraxial and precordal mesoderm give rise to several of the head muscles. Fusion of
myoblasts between 10 and 13 weeks of gestation yields primary myotubes with central nuclei, which form
the second generation of myotubes that require active innervation. Before succinate dehydrogenase, there is
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase-tetrazolium reductase, and ATPase acts as an
intermediate. β -Sarcoglycan occurs during 7 weeks of gestation, and α -sarcoglycan appears after 10-12
weeks. β -Spectrin, dystrophin, and utrophin occur between 9 and 15 weeks, vimentin and desmin appear
between 10 and 15 weeks, and stain strongly between 10 and 15 weeks. Slow embryonic MHC isoenzymes
emerge before 15 weeks, whereas fetal rapid MCH appear later (15-18 weeks). At 15 and 18 weeks, myotubes
develop into myofibers with peripheral nuclei. Around 20-21 weeks, large muscle fibers (Wohlfart B) are
evident, and Wohlfart A by 21-25 weeks. By 24 weeks, perimysium has surrounded compacted and clustered
fibers, and utrophin has vanished, although dystrophin stains intensely. Type I fibers are present at 29
weeks, and by 31-33 weeks, they are developed enough for ATPase staining. There are three types of type II
fibers visible. Vimentin fades between the ages of 15 and 30, whereas desmin stays faintly positive at birth.

What are the diseases and disorders associated with muscles? What are the causes of
diseases and disorders?

What are the medical breakthroughs associated with the muscular system based on
published research/articles

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III. Evidence. (Discuss the etiology of muscular disorders/diseases and the common age group affected by
the disorders/diseases. Cite a case of a patient who suffers from muscular disorder/disease).

IV. Reflect

1. What are the interesting facts about muscles?

Muscles account for roughly 40% of overall weight. And the heart is the hardest working
muscle. Every heartbeat produces 2 ounces (71 grams) of blood. The heart circulates at least 2,500
gallons (9,450 liters) of blood per day. In a person's lifetime, the heart has the capacity to beat nearly
3 billion times.

2. What were some of the most interesting discoveries I learn in this activity?
Because of the medical breakthrough, it helps a lot of people in treating diseases related to
muscular system.

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3. What were some of my most challenging moments in learning about the muscles?
The terminologies that used in the related studies about muscular system.

4. What is the most important thing I learned personally in this activity?

Our muscular system is very beneficial in our body it serves different functions to regulate it.
Hence, we must value it and always care for our body.

5. What you can suggest to improve the activity?

NONE

6. What is my over-all thought about this activity?

This activity is a vital in understanding not only our muscular system but also our body as a
whole. It also helps in providing information that will be beneficial for us, future educator in teaching
in the near future.

Sources (Use 7th edition APA format)

Pham, S., & Puckett, Y. (2022). Physiology, Skeletal Muscle Contraction.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559006/
Romero, N., Mezmezian, M., & Fidzianska, A. (2013). Main Steps of Skeletal Muscle Development in The Human:
Morphological Analysis And Ultrastructural Characteristics Of Developing Human Muscle.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23622355/

Name of group members Contribution in the LAS

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