Asexual Reproduction

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
2023
1 MERAH
GROUP MEMBER NAMES

1. KHREETHIKA A/P MANIVANNAN
2. JASMIN TAN ZHI YUN
3. AINA NAJWA BINTI ABDUL MUTALIB
4. AZMATUN NAEMAH BT FAROUK
TEACHER NAME : MR CHUA
ASSIGNMENT :
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of a plant. Only one
plant is involved and the offspring is the result of one parent. Example of
vegetative parts are the roots, underground stems, runners, bulbs, and leaves .
In a group of 3-4 , grow a type of plant that reproduce through vegetative
reproduction. You may use mounting board to present your product ( plant ) .
Your presentation must be interesting colourful and attractive.
Reproduction
Reproduction is the production of offspring. There are two main forms which is sexual and
asexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction, an organism combines the genetic information
from each of its parents and is genetically unique.
Reproduction is the process of producing new individuals from living organisms.
Sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a
gamete with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote
that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes.
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction where an organism can produce offspring
without the involvement of a mate or another organism. In asexual reproduction, the offspring
are genetically identical to the parent, as there is no exchange of genetic material between
individuals. Asexual reproduction is normally seen in unicellular organisms. Only a single
parent is divided into 2 clone cells known as daughter cells.
Characteristics of Asexual Reproduction in Animals
Following are some of the characteristics of asexual reproduction in animals:
• No gamete production or fertilization.

• A single parent is involved, i.e. mother cell.
• It takes comparatively less time than sexual reproduction.
• No variety, the children generated are the replicas/clones of the parent.
• Offspring develops at a very high rate.
Types of Asexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction can occur in a variety of ways. Fission, fragmentation, and budding are
seen in microorganisms like amoeba, hydra, and worms. Vegetative propagation and spore
development are observed in plants, algae, and fungi.
Binary Fission
In Binary Fission, a parent cell splits into two or more individuals of almost equal size which
are identical to the mother cell each of them having a nucleus and equal genetic material.
Examples are bacteria, archaebacteria, unicellular eukaryotes like protists, and some fungi.
Fragmentation
In Fragmentation, the body is divided into many fragments, which eventually evolve into
whole creatures. Examples: Planaria, Worms, Fungi, Plants, and Starfish.
Budding
In budding, a bud-like outgrowth develops on the parent body, which is similar to the parent
organism. Organisms reproduce by splitting off new individuals from existing ones through
budding and resulting in genetically identical parent and daughter organisms. The bud may
remain linked, or it may break loose through the parent. Budding generally occurs in
eukaryotic species such as single-celled yeast and multicellular Hydra.
Vegetative Propagation
In plants, Asexual reproduction occurs through their vegetative parts such as leaves, roots,
stems, and buds, this type of reproduction is called vegetative propagation. For example,
runners/stolon, potato tubers, onion bulbs, etc. shows vegetative propagation.
Advantages of Vegetative Propagation
The main advantage of vegetative propagation methods is that the new plants contain the
genetic material of only one parent, so they are essentially clones of the parent plant. This
means that, once you have a plant with desirable traits, you can reproduce the same traits
indefinitely, as long as the growing conditions remain similar. This is especially important for
commercial growers who want to reproduce the highest-quality plants and ensure consistency
of a variety of plant or crop for sale. This can also help to maintain consistent quality and
taste in products made from plants or crops. With vegetative propagation, plants also bypass
the immature seedling phase and therefore reach the mature phase sooner. This can save a lot
of time and money for commercial plant production.
Disadvantages of vegetative propagation

The main disadvantage is the potential to impact on biodiversity of a species. Also, if a
particular plant clone is susceptible to certain diseases, there is potential to lose entire crops,
such as the impact of kiwifruit disease Psa. One way to protect against these problems is to
establish a genetic bank of seeds or plants, which is common practice in various cropral
sectors.
Spore Formation
Spore formation is one of the types of asexual reproduction in plants. In harsh or
unfavourable conditions, the organism develops ball-like sac structures called sporangium
that contain spores. In favourable conditions, the sporangium burst open (air/water), and
spores are released into the surrounding that germinates to give rise to the new organisms.
Example fungus-like Bread Mould.
Spore Formation
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Plants frequently reproduce by asexual reproduction. The money needed to grow a flower,
entice pollinators, or develop a way to spread seeds is not needed with this strategy. The
resultant plants are genetically identical to the parent plant because asexual reproduction
prevents the mixing of male and female gametes. These plants often outperform plants
produced through sexual reproduction in stable environmental conditions because they share
the same DNA as their parents.
The two main asexual reproductive processes in plants are vegetative reproduction and
apomixis. New plant individuals are created by vegetative reproduction rather than through
the creation of seeds or spores. Vegetative reproduction is exhibited by a wide variety of
roots. Garlic and gladiolus both use the corm.
Asexual Reproduction in Animals

Animals can reproduce asexually, which is when just one parent produces offspring. This
type of reproduction is typically seen in single-celled organisms. Here, a single parent cell
splits into two or more daughter cells without any gametic fusion taking place. Clones are the
resultant children that are both genetically and physically identical to their parents. There are
many methods in which asexual reproduction can take place. The following are some
examples of asexual reproduction in animals:
Budding
In budding, children grow on the parent’s body as a growth. In other species, such as jellyfish
and many echinoderms, the buds separate and live on their own. In others, like corals, the
procedure results in animal colonies because the buds stay joined to the parent. Budding is
also typical of animals that are parasites, such as tapeworms.
Fragmentation
Some microscopic worms spontaneously split into 8 or 9 parts as they reach their maximum
size. These fragments all develop into full-grown worms, and the cycle is again repeated.
Parthenogenesis
Females produce eggs during parthenogenesis (“virgin birth”), but the eggs never fertilize
and develop into offspring. Some fish species, various types of insects, and a few frog and
lizard species all engage in parthenogenesis. Due to their imprinted genes, mammals typically
do not experience it. However, laboratory mice have been created by parthenogenesis using
specific modifications to avoid imprinting.
Asexual Reproduction in Humans
Humans normally reproduce through sexual reproduction since they are complex organisms.
The child receives one-half of one pair of chromosomes from the mother and the other half
from the father. The two gametes must fuse in order for fertilization and implantation in the
female reproductive system to occur. As a result, both of the parents’ traits are passed down to
the children.
Humans occasionally reproduce asexually as well. It happens without the gametes being
fertilized pertaining to monozygotic twins. In this, the egg is sexually fertilized, and the
embryo is produced, but the embryo divides into two through an asexual process. The
artificial technique used in the invitro mode of reproduction is another way that humans can
reproduce asexually. The egg and sperm are joined in this small portion of the sperm, where
the egg develops and matures into the new baby.
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

The following are the advantages of asexual reproduction:
• Mates/partners are not required.

• The reproduction process is fast.
• Numerous organisms can be produced in a short time.
• Positive genetic influences are passed on to successive generations.
• It occurs in all kinds of environments.
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

The major disadvantages of asexual reproduction are:
• As the offspring are genetically identical to their parent, the diseases or nutrient
deficiency is passed on to the next generation.
• The diversity among the organisms is limited as only one organism is involved.
• Offsprings are unable to adapt to new environments.
• A single change in the environment would result in the elimination of the entire
species.
Examples of Asexual Reproduction
Some of the examples of asexual reproduction are:
• Bacterium shows binary fission.

• In starfish, worms reproduce through the fragmentation method.
• Hydras reproduce via budding.
• Sugarcane is cultivated using the vegetative propagation method.
• Succulent plants are grown and re-grown using the plant part, which is the form of
vegetative reproduction.
• Through vegetative propagation, sugarcane can be grown.

Asexual Reproduction

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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

GROUP MEMBER NAMES

• No gamete production or fertilization.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

Disadvantages of vegetative propagation

Asexual Reproduction in Animals

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

• Mates/partners are not required.

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

• Bacterium shows binary fission.

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