Vitamins
Vitamins
Vitamins
VITAMINS
➢ Definition
• A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small
quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
or
The vitamins are natural and essential nutrients, required in small quantities and play a major role in growth
and development, repair and healing wounds, maintaining healthy bones and tissues, for the proper
functioning of an immune system, and other biological functions. These essential organic compounds have
diverse biochemical functions.
• There are thirteen different types of vitamins and all are required for the metabolic processes. The discovery
of the vitamins was begun in the year 1912 by a Polish American biochemist Casimir Funk. Based on his
research and discoveries on vitamins, their sources, functions and deficiency disorders, he is considered as
the father of vitamins and vitamin therapy.
• Similar to minerals, vitamins cannot be synthesized by our body. Therefore, we need to get them from the
food we consume or in extreme cases supplements to keep ourselves healthy.
➢ Classification of vitamins
2. Vitamin D (Cholecalcifereol)
i) Source- exposure to sunlight, fish and egg yolk
ii) Function- Normal growth, Ca and P absorption, maintain serum calcium and phosphorus level
iii) Dietary requirement – 2.5 µg
iv) Deficiency disease- Rickets, osteomalacia
v) Coenzyme form- Nil
vi) Chemical nature
3. Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
i) Source- vegetable oils like wheat germ oil, sunflower oil etc
ii) Function- Antioxidant, maintain muscular metabolism, aids absorption of unsaturated fatty acid
iii) Dietary requirement- 8-10mg
iv) Deficiency disease- increased fragility of RBCs and muscular weakness
v) Coenzyme form- nil
vi) Chemical nature
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4. Vitamin K(Phylloquinones)
i) Source- green leafy vagetables
ii) Function- Blood clotting mechanism, prothrombin synthesis in liver, electron transport mechanism
iii) Dietary requirement – 70-140 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- increased blood clotting time
v) Coenzyme form- nil
vi) Chemical nature
5. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
i) Source- yeast, milk, green vegetables and cereals
ii) Function- growth, appetite, digestion, nerve activity, energy production
iii) Dietary requirement – 1-1.5 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Beri-Beri( loss of appetite, retarded growth)
v) Coenzyme form- Thiamine Pyrophasphate(TPP)
vi) Chemical nature-
6. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
i) Source- milk, egg white, liver
ii) Function- growth and development of foetus, redox system, maintenance of mucosal, epithelial and eye
tissues
iii) Dietary requirement – 1.5-2 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Cheilosis, digestive disorders and burning sensation of skin
v) Coenzyme form- Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN), Flavin Adenine dinucleotide(FAD)
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7. Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
i) Source- Yeast, fish, pulses, cereals
ii) Function- converting carbohydrates into glucose,
metabolizing fats and proteins, and keeping the
nervous system working properly.
iii) Dietary requirement – 10-20 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Pellagra includes the triad of dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea and can result in death
v) Coenzyme form- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADP+)
vi) Chemical nature
9. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
i) Source- yeast, milk, egg yolk, cereals and grams
ii) Function- growth, Protein, CHO and lipid metabolism, coenzyme in aminoacid metabolism
iii) Dietary requirement : 1-2 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Convulsions
v) Coenzyme form-Pyridoxal Phosphate
vi) Chemical nature
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