Vitamins

MIND NURTURE KRISHNA Page 1 of 7
VITAMINS
➢ Definition
• A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small
quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism.
or
The vitamins are natural and essential nutrients, required in small quantities and play a major role in growth
and development, repair and healing wounds, maintaining healthy bones and tissues, for the proper
functioning of an immune system, and other biological functions. These essential organic compounds have
diverse biochemical functions.
• There are thirteen different types of vitamins and all are required for the metabolic processes. The discovery
of the vitamins was begun in the year 1912 by a Polish American biochemist Casimir Funk. Based on his
research and discoveries on vitamins, their sources, functions and deficiency disorders, he is considered as
the father of vitamins and vitamin therapy.
• Similar to minerals, vitamins cannot be synthesized by our body. Therefore, we need to get them from the
food we consume or in extreme cases supplements to keep ourselves healthy.
➢ Classification of vitamins
1. Vitamin A (Retinol, β-Carotene)

i) Source- Fish liver oil, carrots, butter and milk
ii) Function- growth and maintenance of skin, bone development, maintenance of retina and vision.
iii) Dietary requirement – 750 µg
iv) Deficiency disease-
Xerophthalmia(Hardening of
cornea of eye)
v) Coenzyme form- retinal
vi) Chemical nature
• Natural form: A1 (retinol), A2
(3-dehydroretinol)
• Active form : retinol, retinal,
retinoic acid
• Provitamin-A : β-Carotene
2. Vitamin D (Cholecalcifereol)
i) Source- exposure to sunlight, fish and egg yolk
ii) Function- Normal growth, Ca and P absorption, maintain serum calcium and phosphorus level
iii) Dietary requirement – 2.5 µg
iv) Deficiency disease- Rickets, osteomalacia
v) Coenzyme form- Nil
vi) Chemical nature
3. Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
i) Source- vegetable oils like wheat germ oil, sunflower oil etc
ii) Function- Antioxidant, maintain muscular metabolism, aids absorption of unsaturated fatty acid
iii) Dietary requirement- 8-10mg
iv) Deficiency disease- increased fragility of RBCs and muscular weakness
v) Coenzyme form- nil
vi) Chemical nature
4. Vitamin K(Phylloquinones)
i) Source- green leafy vagetables
ii) Function- Blood clotting mechanism, prothrombin synthesis in liver, electron transport mechanism
iii) Dietary requirement – 70-140 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- increased blood clotting time
v) Coenzyme form- nil
vi) Chemical nature
5. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
i) Source- yeast, milk, green vegetables and cereals
ii) Function- growth, appetite, digestion, nerve activity, energy production
iii) Dietary requirement – 1-1.5 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Beri-Beri( loss of appetite, retarded growth)
v) Coenzyme form- Thiamine Pyrophasphate(TPP)
vi) Chemical nature-
6. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
i) Source- milk, egg white, liver
ii) Function- growth and development of foetus, redox system, maintenance of mucosal, epithelial and eye
tissues
iii) Dietary requirement – 1.5-2 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Cheilosis, digestive disorders and burning sensation of skin
v) Coenzyme form- Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN), Flavin Adenine dinucleotide(FAD)
vi) Chemical nature

• Stable to heat, oxidation and acid.
• Light and alkali destroy it
• It should be noted that bottled milk (which
has large amount of B2) loses a significant
amount of B2 if left in the sun light
7. Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
i) Source- Yeast, fish, pulses, cereals
ii) Function- converting carbohydrates into glucose,
metabolizing fats and proteins, and keeping the
nervous system working properly.
iii) Dietary requirement – 10-20 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Pellagra includes the triad of dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea and can result in death
v) Coenzyme form- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADP+)
vi) Chemical nature
8. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)

i) Source- liver, yeast, egg yolk, mushroom avacados
ii) Function- breakdown of fats and carbohydrates for energy, manufacture of red blood cells, sex and
stress-related hormones produced in the adrenal glands
iii) Dietary requirement – 6 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Paresthesia, Dermatitis and adrenal insufficiency
v) Coenzyme form- Co-enzyme A
vi) Chemical nature
Pantothenic acid is formed from β-alanine and pantoic acid joined by a peptide bond.
9. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
i) Source- yeast, milk, egg yolk, cereals and grams
ii) Function- growth, Protein, CHO and lipid metabolism, coenzyme in aminoacid metabolism
iii) Dietary requirement : 1-2 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Convulsions
v) Coenzyme form-Pyridoxal Phosphate
vi) Chemical nature
10. Vitamin B7 (Biotin or Vit-H)

i) Source- Egg, nuts, avocado, sweet potato
ii) Function- metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids
iii) Dietary requirement : 100-300µg
iv) Deficiency disease- Dermatitis and conjuctivitis
v) Coenzyme form- Biotin Carboxyl carrier protein
vi) Chemical nature
11. Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)

i) Source- Dark green vegetables, beans, pea nut, sunflower seed
ii) Function- formation of RBC
iii) Dietary requirement: 200 gm
iv) Deficiency disease- Megaloblastic aneamia and diarrhea
v) Coenzyme form- Tetrahydrofolic acid
vi) Chemical nature
12. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

i) Source- Meat, fish , egg and curd
ii) Function- development, myelination and function of the central nervous system; healthy red blood cell
formation; and DNA synthesis
iii) Dietary requirement: 2-3 gm
iv) Deficiency disease- Pernicious aneamia
v) Coenzyme form- Cobamide
vi) Chemical nature
13. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

i) Source- citrus fruit, amla and green leafy vegetables
ii) Function- Absorption of iron, antioxidants, growth, wound healing, formation of cartilage, dentine bone
and teeth, maintenance of capillaries
iii) Dietary requirement: 30-45 mg
iv) Deficiency disease- Scurvy (bleeding gums )
v) Coenzyme form-
vi) Chemical nature
• Chemically it is known as ascorbic acid
• Ascorbic acid is hexose derivative and closely resembles monosaccharides in structure
• It exist in two forms
i) L-Ascorbic acid (Reduces form)
ii) L-dehydroascorbic acid(oxidized form)
• The acidic property of vitamin C is due to enolic hydroxyl group
• L-ascorbic acid undergoes oxidation to form dehydro ascorbic acid and it is reversible reaction
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MIND NURTURE KRISHNA Page 1 of 7

1. Vitamin A (Retinol, β-Carotene)

vi) Chemical nature

8. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)

10. Vitamin B7 (Biotin or Vit-H)

11. Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)

12. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

13. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Note : Mind nurture App is available at play store now.

*For any query contact at - 8176841533

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