U.S.

Army Soldiers, from 10th Special Forces Group (Airborne) conduct urban training in a live fire shoot house on Fort Carson,
Colo., Oct., 27, 2016. The training builds confidence and keeps the Soldiers combat skill levels at a high state of readiness. (U.S.
Army photo by Sgt. Brandon Franklin)

Urban Master Training School

By Master Sgt. Eric Linn
Asymmetric Warfare Group

I
magine you are an infantry platoon sergeant who just essary. The execution order is given and Soldiers take
conducted a rotary wing insertion tasked to contain action. Squads begin to flow and stack on doors, yet you
and clear a series of buildings on your battalion’s ob- do not have the same sense of confidence you have had
jective. Your battalion spent the last two weeks practicing up to this point.
air assault (AASLT) procedures, and you, your team You watch the first team stack. They look unorganized
leaders and squad leaders are all AASLT or pathfinder and unsure of themselves. Not trusting that everyone is
qualified. Your unit is trained in helicopter insertion and set, the team leader readjusts the stack, losing security
infiltration and can successfully execute this mission. Af- on the door. Once the team breaches, they are moving
ter successful insertion, you have the necessary Soldiers, so fast they are tripping over the furniture in the rooms.
weapons, and equipment to accomplish this mission and You now see where the weak point is. Your squads have
your team is at the assault position. only been to the shoot house once and it did not replicate
All that remains is to receive the call from your what your Soldiers are seeing now. Bigger than that, who
mounted element stating they are in position and ready does the unit have to facilitate this training? AASLT was
to execute. There is every confidence in their abilities as too easy. You were able to rely on the institutional train-
they have qualified master gunners (MG), the unit has ing that your leaders had received, same as the mounted
successfully completed all gunnery tables, and they can element relied on the MGs in their formations.
provide safe and effective supporting fires when nec- What have we done to prepare Soldiers to fight and

NCO Journal 1 December 2018

win on the ground in the urban environment? The Army Currently, the Army has no standardized venue that
lacks an institutional school that can train urban master teaches the most dangerous task every combat arms
trainers across the force to provide the expertise and Soldier will encounter on the battlefield: urban combat.
training to fight and win at the battalion level in the next By no means does this statement marginalize the skills
conflict. As the world's populations move to more urban- needed to execute airborne or AASLT operations, but
ized settings, so must our training. rather to highlight the need for the same emphasis on
urban training. As a leader preparing for operations in
an urban environment, more
specifically small unit tactics
(SUT) in an urban envi-
ronment, there is a handful
of doctrine that can be ref-
erenced: Army Techniques
Publication (ATP) 3-06
Urban operations and 3-21.8
Infantry platoon and squad,
as well as Training Circular
(TC) 90-1 Training for urban
operations. None of these
references depict the level
of detail needed to train
Soldiers up to a proficient
level, let alone a mastery of
these skills. Although TC
90-1 does lay out a training
path for a progressive model
from individual training to
Photo courtesy of U.S. Army collective training in envi-
ronments such as a shoot
house, there is very little else
Currently, the Army has no in regards to a standard that
can be replicated in order
standardized venue that teaches the to consistently produce
trained Soldiers. What the
most dangerous task every combat training path in TC 90-1
lacks is measurable metrics
arms Soldier will encounter on the to evaluate proficiency. This
has created a gap in knowl-
battlefield: urban combat. edge and skills desperately
needed by small unit leaders
in order to evaluate these
tasks (Department of the
How We Prepare Army, 2008b). For example, the Army has U.S. Army
Airborne, AASLT, long range reconnaissance, and ar- Ranger School and the master gunner courses that teach
mored gunnery are but a few of the types of institutional and provide military leaders an advanced understanding
training the Army prioritizes as high risk/inherently in each of these perspective tasks. An urban training
dangerous. This attitude exists despite these tasks rarely course that follows a similar structure to master gunner
being executed in combat. There have been 15 combat courses or to U.S. Army Ranger School would provide
jumps since WWII, and only a handful of “tank on the ability to bridge the knowledge gap for urban opera-
tank” battles such as the battle of the 73 Easting, which tions (Department of the Army, 2017a). In addition, an
was the last major tank battle fought on February 26th, urban master training course would provide advanced
1991 (Military History Now, 2016; Winston, 2016). In qualifications as well as senior trainers to advise in unit
contrast, the force has cleared thousands of rooms with training and certification.
minimal institutional emphasis on the standardization of The development of an urban training course would
the small unit tasks in a school house environment. provide two major advantages to minimize risk to

NCO Journal 2 December 2018

NCO Journal provides a forum and publishing opportunity for NCOs, by NCOs, for the open exchange of ideas and information in support of training, education and development.
https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/NCO-Journal/
force. First, commanders would have principal advisors commit fratricide while conducting live fire in a shoot
versed in urban combat training and techniques that are house. The simple reflexive fire tables and scenarios
transferable, standardizing urban combat training across within the shoot house lack realism, with no requirement
the Army, similar to how U.S. Army Ranger School has for obstacles such as furniture or a continued qualifica-
provided guidance to Army-wide patrolling tactics. tion standard for marksmanship. The current entry-level
Secondly, small unit leaders would have the institu- programs of instruction do not address the training
tional training to prepare them to effectively develop needed to succeed in a large scale urban environment,
training and supervise its implementation and execu- nor do any of the subsequent leader development plans.
tion during combat operations akin to the training and The Army’s current NCO developmental path promotes
evaluation standards used for airborne, AASLT, and MG milestone schoolings like the Basic Leader Course
operations. (BLC), Advanced Leader Course (ALC), Senior Leader
Course (SLC) and the Sergeants Major Course (SMC)
How We Train (Department of the Army, 2017c). Additionally, the
Unit training is a key component to success. Training Army recommends specialized schooling such as U.S.
cannot be successful without an institutional baseline Army Ranger School, master gunner courses, Rappel
to work from as well as an operational staff position to Master Course, etc. (Department of the Army, 2017b).
serve as the chief advisor to the commander. Even with What is not addressed is the level of expertise that is
the Army’s prescribed training path, the standards are needed to succeed across the current or future battle-
simple and do not challenge the Soldiers to the extent field in urban combat.
needed. To meet the Army standard to
conduct live fire training in a shoot house,
the Soldier has to engage an 8 in. by 18 in.
target from 7-25m, placing 16 out of 20
rounds in the daytime, and 14 out of 20 at
night, within the lethal zone (Department of
the Army, 2008a). This is the only marks-
manship qualification that a Soldier must
pass to be deemed safe to conduct live fire in
a shoot house and it's not stringent enough.
This is just one aspect of operations
in an urban environment, but even the
standard to qualify does not meet the level
of proficiency truly needed. Marksmanship
should be a continuous standard that must
be addressed throughout the training path
for close quarters combat (CQC). Though 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment Troopers defended the city of Razish,
the engagements are short distance, they National Training Center, from assaulting elements of the Tennessee Na-
happen in the blink of an eye and the wrong tional Guard’s 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, May 11, 2018. This phase
choice or hesitation can lead to the death of of combat training challenged the Tennessee National Guard's ability to
capture and retain an urban objective against a near-peer opponent. (U.S.
a teammate or a non-combatant. Life and
Army Photo by Spc. Angel Heraldez)
death in an urban environment is decided
in fractions of seconds that only tough
realistic training standards can replicate. The Army’s Conclusion
current training requirements do not address the level of The Army has grown in experience through the Glob-
complexity that Soldiers will encounter on the battlefield. al War on Terrorism (GWOT), but has also provided a
They do not truly reflect the sheer chaos that is SUT in false sense of capabilities within our formations. We have
an urban environment, from the clutter of furniture in- convinced ourselves that the GWOT has helped enhance
side the room to the non-combatants that will inevitably our capabilities within the urban environment. As the
be scattered throughout the cities and villages in which Army fought throughout Iraq and Afghanistan, we
these operations will take place. cleared countless city blocks, but not to the level that we
The Army’s current approach does not address the will see in future conflicts involving dense urban terrain
mastery of the basics in an urban environment for train- and subterranean operations. In a conflict where the
ing or within the professional development model. The Army fought through cities and villages on a daily basis,
current Army training model for CQC and urban oper- it was against an insurgency that leveraged its ability to
ations does little more than ensure that Soldiers do not be small and agile to fight then disappear within the local

NCO Journal 3 December 2018

NCO Journal provides a forum and publishing opportunity for NCOs, by NCOs, for the open exchange of ideas and information in support of training, education and development.
https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/NCO-Journal/
populace. It was not against near-peer or professionally the ground’s ability to fight and win from house to house
prepared armies with organized platoons, companies, and room to room against a prepared military. The Army
and battalions that we will see in future conflicts. The needs an institutional school that can train small unit
next conflict is going to pose many different issues to the urban master trainers across the force to provide the ex-
Army at large. At the root of all of this will be the unit on pertise and training to fight and win in an urban setting.

References

Department of the Army (2008a). Rifle marksmanship M16-/4 Department of the Army (2017c). Urban operations (ATP
series weapon (FM 3-22.9). Washington DC: Department of 3-06). Retrieved from https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/
the Army. DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6452_ATP%203-06%20
Department of the Army (2008b). Training for urban operations FINAL%20WEB.pdf
(TC 90-1). Retrieved from https://armypubs.army.mil/ Military History Now. (2016, March 25). Hitting the silk–15
epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/tc90_1.pdf airborne operations carried out since World War Two. Re-
Department of Army (2016). Infantry platoon and squad (ATP trieved from https://militaryhistorynow.com/2016/03/25/
3-21.8). Washington D.C.: Department of the Army. hitting-the-silk-15-airborne-operations-carried-out-since-
Department of the Army (2017a). The Ranger handbook (TC world-war-two/
3-21.76). Washington D.C.: Department of the Army. Winston, G. (2016). The last great tank battle of the 20th
Department of the Army (2017b). U.S. Army noncomissioned Century. War History Online. Retrieved from https://www.
officer professional development guide (DA Pam 600-25). warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/the-last-great-tank-
Washington D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army. battle-of-the-20th-century.html

Master Sgt. Eric Linn is an infantryman in the United States Army. He is currently serving as a troop sergeant
major for the Asymmetric Warfare Group and attending the United States Army Sergeants Major Academy distance
learning course. He previously served as a first sergeant for the 1st Squadron 40th Calvary Regiment (Airborne), and
as a team leader through platoon sergeant with the 1st Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, deploying nine times in
support of the Global War on Terrorism.

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Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
opinions of the NCO Journal, the U.S. Army, or the Department of Defense.

NCO Journal 4 December 2018

NCO Journal provides a forum and publishing opportunity for NCOs, by NCOs, for the open exchange of ideas and information in support of training, education and development.
https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/NCO-Journal/