1st FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET – ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

Subject: SCIENCE – 6G

Student name: ........................................................................... Class: ..............................

Chapter 1: Mapping Earth

Key topics:

• Mapping Earth,

• Earth in space.

• Earth systems.

• Earth’s Dynamic Surface.

• A map is a model of Earth.

• Maps are drawn in map view (plan view) or profile view.

• Time zone: area on Earth’s surface between two meridians where people use the same
time. Earth is divided into 24 zones.

• Topographic maps: show the detailed shapes of Earth’s surface.

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 Chapter 2: Earth in Space

The Sun-Earth-Moon System

 Revolution: The orbit of an object around another object.

 Earth takes 365.5 days or one year to revolve around the sun once.

 Astronomical unit: average distance between Earth and the sun.

1 AU = 150 million km.

 Rotation: Spin of an object around its axis. It causes day and night.

 Earth makes one full rotation every 24 hours.

 When the North Pole is toward the sun, the northern hemisphere experiences summer (it
receives more direct sunlight), and the southern hemisphere experiences winter (it
receives less direct sunlight).

The Solar System

 It formed 4.6 billion years ago from a cloud of gas and dust.

 Objects in the solar system:

 Planet: Orbits the sun, is massive enough to be spherical, and has no other large
objects in its orbital path. There are 8 planets in the solar system.
 Dwarf planet: Orbits the sun and are nearly spherical in shape, but they share their
orbital paths with other objects of similar size. Pluto is a dwarf planet.
 Moon: A Natural satellite that orbits an object other than a star.

 Inner planets (Rocky planets): Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

 Outer planets (Gas giants): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe

 Star: Large sphere of hydrogen gas hot enough for nuclear reaction to occur in its core.

 The Sun is the closest star to Earth.

 Galaxies: Huge collection of stars, gas and dust.

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 Galaxies are classified by their shapes: elliptical, irregular, and spiral.

 Our solar system is part of the Milky Way; a spiral galaxy.

 The universe formed 13-14 billion years ago.

 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began from one point and has been
expanding and cooling ever since.

Chapter 3: Our Planet - Earth

Earth Systems: The atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere.

 Atmosphere: Mixture of gases that form a layer around Earth.

 It contains a mixture of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and smaller amounts of

other gases.

 Hydrosphere: System containing all Earth’s water.

 The amount of water on our planet does not change.

 Reservoir: natural locations where water is stored.
 The largest reservoir on Earth is the ocean (97% of Earth’s water).

 Geosphere: Solid part of Earth

 Minerals: Naturally occurring, inorganic solids with crystal structures and definite
chemical compositions.
 Rocks: Naturally occurring solids composed of minerals and (sometimes) organic
matter.

- There are 3 types of rocks, classified according to how they formed:

 Igneous rocks: Formed when molten material, magma, cools, and hardens.
 Sedimentary rocks: Formed when forces (water, wind, and ice) break down
rocks into small pieces (sediment).
 Metamorphic rocks: Formed when extreme temperatures and pressure within
Earth change existing rocks into new rocks.

The Water Cycle: The continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface.

 Evaporation: Process by which a liquid changes into a gas.

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  Transpiration: Process by which plants release water vapor through their leaves.

 Condensation: Process by which a gas changes to a liquid.

 Precipitation: Moisture that falls from clouds to Earth’s surface.

Changes in the atmosphere:

 Weather: State of the atmosphere at a certain time and place.

 Climate: Average weather pattern for a region over a long period of time.

Chapter 4: Earth’s Dynamic Surface

Plate tectonics: The theory that states that Earth’s surface is broken into large, rigid pieces
(tectonic plates) that move with respect to each other.

 Lithosphere: The crust and uppermost part of the mantle.

 Asthenosphere: The partially melted portion of the mantle below the lithosphere.

 Tectonic plates move slowly over Earth’s surface, and they can be very large or very small.

 Plate boundaries: Boundaries between two tectonics, where the plates move in different
directions.

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 Divergent boundary: A boundary where two plates move away from each other.

 Convergent boundary: A boundary where two plates move toward each other.

 Subduction: Process that occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic
plate.

Transform boundary: A boundary where two plates slide past each other.

 What causes plates to move? Convection: The circulation within fluids (molten rock)
caused by differences in density and thermal energy.

Earthquakes: Vibrations caused by the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a
break or a crack in Earth’s surface. They occur every day on Earth and can damage both
natural features and human-made structures.

 Earthquakes can occur at faults, and a place where a fault can exist is at a plate
boundary.

 Fault: A crack or a fracture in Earth’s crust along which movement occurs.

 Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries!

 The size of an earthquake is determined by how much energy is released during the
earthquake.

 Faults are largest where one plate subducts into the mantle. The strongest and most
damaging earthquakes occur at these locations!

 The movement of crust along faults can make: tall mountains (convergent boundary - no
subduction), , volcanoes (convergent boundaries - subduction), valleys and mid-ocean
ridges (divergent boundaries), shifted streams (transform boundary), and other
landforms (For details, see Page 117).

Volcanoes: Vents in Earth’s crust through which molten rock flows.

 Magma: Molten rock stored beneath the Earth’s surface.

 Lava: Magma that erupts onto Earth’s surface.

 Most volcanoes form at convergent boundaries when subduction occurs.

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 Volcanoes can form quickly, in comparison with other mountains.

 Volcanoes erupt in 2 ways: lava flow or an explosive eruption.

Mid-ocean ridges: Long, narrow mountains formed by magma at divergent boundaries.

 When lava erupts, it hardens and forms a new crust (ocean crust or seafloor at an oceanic
divergent boundary).

 Mid-ocean ridges usually have gentle slopes and are about 2 km high.

Mountains: An elevated portion of the Earth's crust, formed when Earth’s crust folds and
crumples.

 Folding and crumpling usually occur at the edges of the plates, this is why most mountains
form near plate boundaries.

 When two continents collide at a convergent boundary, large mountain ranges form.

 The Himalayas, the largest and highest mountain range in the world, formed when the
Indian plate converged with the Eurasian plate.

Weathering: Mechanical and chemical processes that change Earth’s surface over time.

 Sediment: Material formed from rocks broken down by weathering

 Weathering can produce sediments of different sizes (e.g. gravel, sand, silt, or clay).

 Physical weathering: Process of breaking down rock without changing its composition.

 Several natural processes cause physical weathering: forces from plate motion,
changes in weather, water (liquid or frozen), plants (roots), and animals.

 Chemical weathering: Process that changes the composition of rocks. It alters the
composition of the rock material toward surface minerals, such as clays.

 Chemical weathering happens faster where it is warm and where water is abundant.
 It can make rocks weaker, making the rocks break more easily.

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Erosion: Moving of weathered material, or sediment, from one place to another.

 Deposition: The laying down or settling of eroded material.

 Agents of erosion:

 Gravity: It causes material to move downhill.

Mass wasting: The downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil due to gravity.

Water: Most erosion and transport of sediment occur by flowing water.

Water flows fastest where the land is steep and in large rivers.

As water slows, the sediment in the water is deposited on the sides of the river.

 Wind: Sometimes, wind is strong enough to cause erosion.

 In deserts, it’s the most important process that changes landforms (e.g. dunes).
 Ice: Sliding and flowing ice can weather the rocks over which the ice moves.

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  Glaciers: Large masses of ice, formed by snow accumulation on land, that move
slowly over Earth’s surface.

Chapter 5: Natural Resources

Nonrenewable Energy Resources: Resources that are used faster than they can be
replaced by natural processes.

 Fossil Fuels: They form over millions of years, from the remains of prehistoric organisms.

 Coal: Formed from the remains of plants in prehistoric swamps. Bacteria, extreme
temperatures, and pressure acted on the plant remains over time. Eventually, peat was
formed and then changed into harder types of coal.
 Oil: Formed millions of years ago from the remains of microscopic marine organisms
(plankton). When they died, bacteria decomposed the organic matter, and then
pressure and extreme temperatures acted on the sediments. During this process, thick,
liquid oil was formed.
 Natural gas: The process that forms natural gas is the same as the process to form oil,
but if the temperature and pressure were greater.

Advantages: Easy and direct process to generate electricity, cheaper than other
resources, and easy to store and transport.

Disadvantages: Limited supply, habitat disruption, and pollution (e.g. runoff from coal
mines, oil spills, haze, smog, and acid precipitation).

 Nuclear Energy: Energy released from atomic reactions:

 Nuclear fusion: stars release nuclear energy by fusing atoms.

 Nuclear fission: Process that splits atoms, such as Uranium, to release large amounts
of thermal energy, which heats water and produces steam, which turns a turbine
connected to a generator, which produces electricity.

Advantages: A small amount of Uranium produces a large amount of energy and does
not pollute the air, soil, or water.

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 Disadvantages: Limited supply, careful monitoring of the nuclear reactor to avoid the
release of harmful radioactive substances into the environment, and highly radioactive and
dangerous waste material

Managing Nonrenewable Energy Resources

 Mine land must be reclaimed. Reclamation: Process in which mined land must be
recovered with soil and replanted with vegetation.
 Laws also help ensure that mining takes place in an environmentally safe manner (e.g.
Clean Air Act).
 What can you do? Unplugging electronic devices when not in use, walking or riding a
bike, and using renewable energy resources.

Renewable Energy Resources: Resources that can be replaced by natural processes in a

relatively short time.

1. Solar Energy: Energy from the Sun.

 Solar cells capture light energy and convert it to electrical energy.

 Solar power plants can generate electricity for large areas.

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 2. Wind Energy:

 Wind turbines can produce electricity on a large scale.

 Wind farm: A group of wind turbines that produce electricity.

3. Water Energy:

 Hydroelectric Power: Electricity produced by flowing water (e.g. dams across a

powerful river).
 Tidal Power: Electricity produced by the natural rise and fall of tides.

4. Geothermal Energy: Thermal energy from Earth’s interior.

 It can be used to heat homes and generate electricity in power plants.

 People drill wells to reach hot, dry rocks or bodies of magma.

5. Biomass Energy: Energy produced by burning organic matter (e.g. wood, food
scraps, and alcohol).

 Wood is the most widely used biomass.

 Biomass can be converted into fuels for vehicles. Ethanol (made from sugars in plants,
such as corn) often is blended with gasoline, reducing the amount of oil used to make
gasoline.
 Biodiesel, made from vegetable oils and fats, is another renewable fuel.

★Advantages: They will be available for millions of years to come, and they produce less
pollution than fossil fuels.

★Disadvantages: Costly or limited to certain areas.

Land Resources

 People use land as a natural resource to meet their needs:

 People use soil for growing crops (e.g. fruits, vegetables, and grains).
 They harvest wood from forests for making furniture, houses, and paper products.
 They mine minerals from the land, to make products we use every day.
 Living space: natural habitats, as well as the land on which buildings, sidewalks,
parking lots, and streets are built.

★ Advantages:

 Soil and forests are widely available and easy to access.

 Crops and trees are renewable.

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★ Disadvantages:

 Some land resources are not renewable (e.g. minerals and some forests).
 The amount of land is limited, so there is competition for space.
 Deforestation: The cutting of large areas of forests for human activities. It leads to soil
erosion and habitat destruction and can affect global climates.
 Pollution: Runoff from coal mines and chemical fertilizers can pollute rivers, soil, and
underground water supplies.

 Managing Land Resources

 Solution: Land preservation.

 What can you do? Recycling products made from land resources or making compost
for gardening.

Air and Water Resources

 Air and water are resources that you cannot live without.

 Air: Most living things need air to survive, however, polluted air can harm humans and
other living things.

 Air pollution is produced when fossil fuels burn in homes, vehicles, and power plants:
 Photochemical smog: A brownish haze produced when nitrogen compounds and other
pollutants in the air react in the presence of sunlight. It can irritate your respiratory
system.
 Acid precipitation: Precipitation that has a pH less than 5.6. It can pollute soil and kill
trees, fish, and other organisms.
 Air pollution can also be caused by natural events, such as volcanic eruptions or forest
fires.

 Water: Most water on Earth is salt water (97%); only 3% is freshwater, and most of that is
frozen in glaciers.

 Humans can only use 0.9% of the total amount of water on Earth!
 The small supply of freshwater must meet many needs:
 For drinking water.
 Farming, industry, electricity production, household activities, transportation, and
recreation.

 Managing Air and Water Resources

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  Legislation is an effective way to reduce air and water pollution (e.g. US Clean Air Act
and US Clean Water Act).
 What can you do? Cleaning air-conditioning or heating filters, using energy-saving light
bulbs, properly disposing of harmful chemicals, environmental volunteering, and
conversing water at home.

Chapter 6: Life’s Classification and Structure

All living things have six characteristics in common:

 Living things are made of cells.

 Living things are organized.
 Living things grow and develop.
 Living things respond to their environment.
 Living things reproduce.
 Living things use energy.
 Unicellular organisms: They are made up of only one cell.

 Most living things on Earth are unicellular organisms (e.g. bacteria, amoebas,
paramecia, etc).
 They are the oldest form of life.
 Most of them are tiny and cannot be seen without a microscope.

 Multicellular organisms: They are made of more than one cell.

 They have different types of cells that carry out specific functions.
 Multicellular organisms have different levels of organization:
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism

 Asexual reproduction: When one cell divides and forms two new organisms (e.g. bacteria
and some multicellular organisms).

 Sexual reproduction: When the reproductive cells of one or two parent organisms join and
form a new organism. (e.g. animals and plants).

 Autotrophs: Organisms that convert energy from light (e.g. plants and algae) or inorganic
substances (e.g. bacteria living in extreme environments) into usable energy.

 Heterotrophs: Organisms that obtain energy from other organisms (e.g. animals and
fungi).

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 If an organism detects a change in its environment (stimulus), it will respond to that
change.

What do living things need? Food, water, and a place to live.

 Organisms live in environments specific to their needs, where they are protected, can
obtain food and water, and can get shelter.

 Habitat: A specific environment where an organism lives.

 Food is used for energy and water is essential for survival.

How are living things classified?

 Scientists use a classification system to group organisms with similar characteristics

(traits).

 Taxonomy: The branch of biology that classifies living things.

 Taxon: A group of organisms.

 Using taxonomy, scientists divide all living things into eight taxonomic ranks (from most
general to most specific): domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and
species.

 Species: A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another and produce fertile
offspring.

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 Binomial nomenclature: A naming system that gives each living thing a two-word scientific
name; the first word is the organism’s genus, and the second word might describe a
distinguishing characteristic of the organism.

 All scientific names are in Latin.

 Scientific name for humans: Homo sapiens.

 Dichotomous key: A tool used to identify an organism based on its characteristics.

Cells: Basic unit of an organism.

 Most cells are so small that they can not be seen without a microscope.

 Cells are made of four macromolecules – nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and
carbohydrates.

 Organelles: Structures in cells that carry out specific functions.

Types of cells:

 Prokaryotic cells: Do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

 The few organelles in prokaryotic cells are not surrounded by membranes.

 Prokaryotes: Organisms with prokaryotic cells.
 Most prokaryotes are unicellular organisms, such as bacteria.

 Eukaryotic cells: Have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

 Eukaryotic cells contain organelles surrounded by membranes, including the nucleus.

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  Eukaryotes: Organisms with eukaryotic cells.Most multicellular organisms and some
unicellular organisms are Eukaryotes (e.g. animals, plants, and fungi)

The Outside of a Cell

 Cell membrane

 All cells are surrounded by an outer structure called a cell membrane.

 It’s made of lipids and proteins.
 Lipids protect the inside of a cell from the external environment.
 Proteins transport substances between the environment and the inside of the cell, and
also communicate with organisms, and sense changes in the environment.

 Cell wall

 Some cells also have a cell wall (e.g. cells in plants, fungi, and many bacteria).
 It’s a strong, rigid layer outside the cell membrane.
 It provides structure and helps protect the cell from the outside environment.

The Inside of a Cell

 About 70% of the inside of a cell is water.

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 Water gives cells their shape, keeps the structures inside a cell organized, and makes it
easier for the substances to move around inside a cell.

 The organelles inside a cell perform specific functions (e.g. control cell activities, provide
energy, transport materials, and store materials).

 Cytoplasm: The liquid part of a cell inside the cell membrane.

 It contains water, macromolecules, and other substances.

 The organelles are located in the cytoplasm.

 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): Macromolecule (nucleic acid) that carries genetic

information for the control of all cellular activities.

 The information in DNA is transferred to another nucleic acid (RNA), which gives cells
instructions about which proteins need to be made.
 In prokaryotic cells, DNA is in the cytoplasm.
 In eukaryotic cells, DNA is stored in the nucleus.

 Mitochondria: Organelles that break down food (e.g. glucose) and release energy.

 This energy is stored in molecules called ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

 ATP provides a cell with energy to perform many functions (e.g. making proteins,
storing information, and communicating with other cells).

 Chloroplasts: Organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy in a
process called photosynthesis.

 Present mostly in plant and algal cells.

 Photosynthesis produces glucose that is used to store energy.

 Ribosomes: Small organelles responsible for making proteins.

 They’re located in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

 In Eukaryotic cells, some ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

 Golgi Apparatus: Organelle that packages proteins into organelles called vesicles.

 Vesicles transport proteins around the cell.

 Vacuole: Organelle that stores molecules.

 It’s usually the largest organelle in a plant cell.

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  In plant cells, vacuoles store water and provide support.
 Some animal and bacterial cells have vacuoles but smaller ones.

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Chapter 1 - 3

1. What is a map?

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2. Differentiate between revolution and rotation.

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3. What is an astronomical unit (AU)?

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4. Name the 8 planets of the solar system:

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5. Differentiate between inner planets and outer planets.

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6. What gases can we find in the Atmosphere?

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7. Differentiate between weather and climate:

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8. Differentiate between minerals and rocks.

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Chapter 4

1. Describe the parts of Earth’s layered surface.

Part Description

Tectonic plates

Asthenosphere

Lithosphere

2. Define the term convection in your own words.

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3. Distinguish between a fault and an earthquake.

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 4. Four diagrams are shown in the table below. Label and describe each diagram in the
space provided in order to complete the table.

5. Characterize earthquakes.

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 6. Use the terms volcano, lava, and magma in a sentence.

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7. What is the name given to the mountain range that formed in oceans at divergent
plate boundaries?

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8. Define weathering in your own words.

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9. Material transported by water, wind, and ice is called

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10. Contrast chemical and physical weathering.

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Chapter 5

1. Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable resources.

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2. Fossil fuels formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. What are the
three types of fossil fuels?
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 3. The energy produced from atomic reactions is called
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4. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear energy.

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5. Distinguish between geothermal energy and solar energy.

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6. Compare hydroelectric and tidal power.

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7. Burning wood is an example of ___________________ energy.

8. Cutting down forests for human activities is called

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9. How do people use land as a natural resource? Give some examples.

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10. Define acid precipitation in your own words.

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 11. Air pollution caused by the reaction of nitrogen compounds and other pollutants in
the presence of sunlight is called _____________________________________.

12. How much of Earth’s water is available for humans to use? __________________.

Chapter 6

1. Summarize the characteristics of all living things.

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2. What are the four major types of macromolecules?

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3. Distinguish between the terms autotroph and heterotroph.

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4. What is a habitat? Explain why different organisms live in different habitats.

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5. Linnaeus created a two-word naming system for organisms called

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6. The levels of organization in multicellular organisms are:

cells → ______________ → _____________ → _____________ → organism .

7. What is taxonomy?
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 8. There are eight main taxonomic ranks (from largest to smallest):

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9. What is the scientific name for humans? _________________________________.

10. What is a cell?

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11. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

12. Distinguish between a cell membrane and a cell wall.

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13. Which organelles are common to both plant and animal cells?

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14. Which organelles are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells?

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 15. Use your science book to find and list the functions of each of the following cell parts.

a. cytoplasm
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b. nucleus
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c. mitochondria
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d. chloroplast
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e. ribosomes
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f. golgi apparatus
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g. vacuole
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 16. Study the following diagrams. Then identify each part by filling in the blanks in the
center.

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