Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Cauayan Campus

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

Lecture Guide in
AGRITECH 113
Farm Shop Practices and Operations I

CHAPTER I
 FARM SHOP PRACTICES AND OPERATION

LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
After finishing the Chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Discuss Farm shop practices and operations

LEARNING TOPIC/S:
1. Introduction to Farm Shop Practices and Operation I

TOPIC 1:
INTRODUCTION TO FARM SHOP PRACTICES AND OPERATION I
 FARM
Refers to agriculture, aquatic life (fishing) and animals (livestock).

 SHOP
Refers to building, establishment, industrial arts education, and arts and sciences of working with
tools and machinery.

 PRACTICES
Performed the work. Arrange the kinds of tools according to function.

 OPERATION
Performed a practical work.

 TOOLS
Are defined as implements used to modify raw materials for human use.
Can be considered as extension of the land increasing its speed, power, and accuracy.

IMPORTANCE OF TOOLS
1) Efficiency of the work
2) Quality of the work
 3) Speed of accomplishment
4) Accuracy
ADVANTAGES OF TOOLS DEPEND UPON 3-FACTOR
1) Availability and sufficiency of materials.
2) Experience and skills of the workers in their respective field.
3) Tools and equipment of good quality and standard.
TOOLS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO ITS FUNCTION
 Measuring tools  Fastening tools
 Cutting tools  Mechanic tools
 Layout tools  Boring tools
 Striking tools  Holding tool
 Sharpening tools

TOOLS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT TRADES/WORK

 Carpentry tools  Masonry tools
 Electrical tools  Mechanic tools
 Plumbing tools  Tin smithing tools
 Garden tools  Painters’ tools

CHAPTER II
 HAND TOOLS

Are tools made of the light materials and are used manually. Most of the hand tools are used
in cultivating the area for small garden or in backyard gardening. Hand tools are usually light and are
used without the help of animals or machines. They are used in performing farm activities which
involved small areas like school garden or home garden.
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
After finishing the Chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Apply different safety in the shop
2. Enumerate and identify the different hand tools and their functions.

LEARNING TOPIC/S:
1. Layout Tools
2. Cutting Tools
3. Boring Tools
4. Driving Tools
5. Holding Tools
6. Digging Tools

TOPIC 1:
LAYOUT TOOLS
Tools used to measure, mark and test wood, metal, and other material. Example: squares, rules, levels,
calipers, tapes, and lines.

a) Tape Measure
Designed for the building trade often use a stiff, curved metallic tape that can remain stiff and
straight when extended, but retracts into coil for storage. This type of tape measure will have a
floating tang on the end to aid measuring.
b) Spirit level
Also called as bubble level is a tool designed to indicate whether a surface is horizontal
(level) or vertical (plumb). Differenttypes of levels may be used by carpenters, stone masons,
bricklayers, or other building trades workers. A traditional carpenters level looks like a short plank of
wood and often has a wide body to ensure both stabilities.

c) Lay out Square

A layout square, or combination square come in 6’’ and 12’’ sizes. The layout square
is a triangle that you can use to mark square cuts on stock. It helps carpenters get precise
measurements for projects that involved angles and squares.

d)

Combination Square
Is a tool used for multiple purposes in the building trades. It is made of ruled blade (a
steel ruler) and a sliding head. The most common head is the standard or square head which is
used to lay out or check 90˚ and 45˚ angles.
TOPIC 2:
CUTTING TOOLS
Tools used to cut, chop, saw, or otherwise remove materials. Example: Saws, Chisels, Axes
and Wedges, Cutters, Files, Taps and Dies.
a) Wire Stripper
Is a pair of opposing blades much like scissors or wire cutters. The addition of a center notch makes
it easier to cut the insulation without cutting the wire.
b) Circular Saw
Power saw used for many types of cutting, particularly on large panel stock.

c) Utility Knife
Is common tool used in cutting various trades and crafts for a variety of purposes.
d) Hacksaw
Is used to cutting metals. Some have pistols grips which keep the hacksaw firm and
easy to grip. The small handheld hacksaws consist of a metal arch with a handle that fits
around a narrow rigid blade.
e) Handsaw
Are used to cut pieces of wood into different shapes.

f) Bolo
Is generally utility tool when another garden tool is not available. It is also used in cutting
grasses and digging small holes for planting.
 g) Sickle
Also called bagging hook, is a handheld tool designed with variously curved blades and
typically used for harvesting, or reaping, grain crops or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding
livestock, either freshly cut or dried as hay.

h) Pruning Shear
Used for cutting branches of planting materials and unnecessary branches of plants. They
are timber, as a weapon, and as a ceremonial or heraldic symbol.

Example: bypass

i) Axe
An implement that has been used for millenia to shape, split and cut wood, to harvest
timber, as a weapon and as a ceremonial or heraldic symbol.
 j) Diamond Saw
A variety of diamond saw blades like circular diamond blade, drills and surface
grinding wheels are used in construction work.

TOPIC 3:
BORING TOOLS
Boring tools are used to drill small holes or large holes in pieces of wood or other types of
materials like wood, metal, plastic, concrete, glass, and stone. Boring tools in carpentry come in many
sizes and shapes, and the most common boring tool in carpentry is the drill. In most cases, the terms
“drill” and “boring tool” can be used interchangeably.
Using a boring tool can also be complicated, so you should know which boring tool to use
depending on the type of project you are doing and the material you will be working with.
Boring is the act of making narrow holes in a material such as in wood or metal. Holes are
bored in materials with tools called bits or drills. The boring tools are:

A. The ratchet braces

This is the tool used to hold bits of various sizes in the chucks. Some of the bits include:

(a) Centre bit: For boring shallow holes in wood.

(b) Dowel bit: Used where two components are to be held together by the dowel pin.

(c) Countersink bit: Used to enlarge the existing holes in wood.

(d) Double twist drill: Used for boring deep hole in wood.
B. Gimlet
This is the tool used for boring holes in wood before inserting small nails and screws.
C. Bradawl
This tool can be used to replace gimlets, could be used as screwdriver to insert small
screws, and could also be used for forming small holes before using screws or nails in the
woodwork.
 D. Hand drill
The difference between this tool and the wood brace is in the use of gear to
turn the drill bit.

TOPIC 4:
DRIVING TOOLS
Driving tools include a variety of steel tools used to install, repair, and maintain a variety of
constructions. Drivers are used to drill, insert, and drive screws, nuts, and bolts into surfaces with
mechanical and manual force. Tools defined as drivers include hammers, and screwdrivers
Driving tools are typically available as both manual and power tools. For example, an electric
drill and a hand drill are both considered driving tools. Drills and driving tools work to bore holes
with screws into wood, drywall, and plaster. Driving tools are used to hang fixtures, secure structures,
and improve the sturdiness of a wall, a piece of furniture or a banister. To drive nuts, bolts and screws
into surfaces, an individual must use force when operating driving tools to ensure that the nail or
screw is secure. Driving tools can also be used to remove bits, screws, nuts, and bolts from surfaces.
A hammer possesses a nail remover on the back edge, whereas an electric screwdriver offers a reverse
option that can remove screws. Manual screwdrivers require the user to turn the tool in the opposite
direction to unscrew an object.

A. DIFFERENT TYPES OF HAMMERS

a) Brick Hammer

It is a special type of hammer for breaking down of bricks into two or several desired pieces.
Brick hammer equipped with chisel at one end (side) & conventional regular hammer head on the
other side. It is a utility tool that shown importance most often in civil purpose.

b) Curved Claw Hammer

 It is the most common type of hammer that ever designs. Almost every toolkit has this one
into the kit. One end is curved, and other end is regular head formed on the hammer for impact
purpose and curved end is for pulling action (function).
c) Body Mechanic Hammer
 This type of hammer is used by in denting & painting profession in automobiles. Body
mechanic hammer has affix with triangular structure at one end. Usually used for removal of
dents from the respective body.

d) Ball Peen Hammer

Ball peen hammer is used for the purpose of metal working profession. Ball peen hammer
consist of one end flatten while other is having a ball like shape (circular or oval). In proper
professional purpose usage, they come with different ball peen sizes hammer inside of their kit.

e) Dead Blow Hammer

Dead blow hammer is big, heavy & most importance Effective in demolition or destruction
purpose. Big in size, heavy used to break the concrete wall with ease.
 f) Engineer Hammer

This

hammer is used in locomotive by engineer. Engineer hammer has flat ends followed by long handle
generally for repair purpose and maintenance too.
g) Knife Edge Hammer

Knife edge hammer is equipped with an axe at one end simply follow to the axe get thinner to
become plate to the axe. Knife edge hammer is used in lumbar (wood) industry for household &
professional purposes.
 h) Line Mans Hammer
Line
man’s

hammer has one flat end & solid curve on to another end. It is used by the workman in electrical or
telephone lines. Main utility of line man’s hammer is insertion of nails on to the poles.
i) Sledgehammer

It is
short, heavy used for light demolition & wedging (fitting the things into the narrow spaces). A nice
multi-tasking tool for sure.
j) Tool Maker Hammer
 This hammer is unique in design has a circular hole in hammer head which consist of magnifying
lens used for delicate work & heart of every machine shops.
k) Jack Hammer

It is
pneumatic tool that is connected to chisel. It is a powerful tool used on the roads & other allied areas.

A. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SCREWDRIVERS

The

screwdriver has been considered one of the greatest inventions among tools. According to many
Historians, screwdrivers were invented in the 15th century, and we made transition to 21st century.
You will find them in every toolbox commonly. If you ever visited a tool shop, you must have seen
hundreds of screwdrivers of different styles, shapes, size, or anything else. Well, screwdriver is
entirely depending on the screw drive type or recess type.
Screw drive also known as the recess which is a shape or groove made on the head of the screws
which allows screwdriver to apply torque on it, while the screwdriver is mainly a tool to drive the
screw in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. A basic screwdriver has a handle at its one hand and a
shaft, groove at the tip of shaft, on the other. The grooved part rests on the screw drive to drive the
screw into the material.
There are many types of screwdrivers according to the design of the screw head drive or recess
type, but in this article, we are going to discuss some common types of screwdrivers which are mostly
used in every project.
TYPES OF SCREWDRIVERS

a) Flat Head (or Slotted Head) Screwdriver

It is one of the oldest types of screwdrivers. It was invented in the 15th century in Europe and
one of the most common types of screwdrivers. As the name suggest it has a flat shape shaft tip
with a single slot which engages with the slotted screw head only. It can be manual driven, or
power driven.
b) Phillips Screwdriver

As
today’s world is moving from a manual driven to power or motor driven, these were the first step
towards power driven screwdrivers to save time and do things more precisely and accurately. These
were invented in 19th century by Henry Phillips with an aim to introduce the power-driven
screwdrivers in most of the industries. When you see these screwdrivers from the front, the tip looks
like a cross sign. These types of screwdrivers also show cam- out effect but it does purposely when
the torque exceeds a limit while tightening up of screw which resist the damage of screwdriver profile
and screw and clearly extends the life of the tool.
 c) Pozidriv Screwdriver

The Pozidriv screwdriver, unlike Phillips screwdriver, has two cross sign which are offset at 45-
degree angles. These are designed and widely used in Europe. This shape doesn’t completely
overcome the cam-out effect but provide better resistance to slipping and offer more stability than
Phillip profile, therefore used for the applications which require high torque for tightening of screw.
d) Robertson or Square Screwdriver

The
square screwdriver also known as Robertson screwdriver, named after a Canadian inventor. The
engagement of quite tapered square shape opening screw with the square protrusion, with no angle
involved, neglects the cam-out effect, thus improve centering. Slight Taper shape at the front of the
tool provides a good locking with the screw and thus makes it more comfortable for use. These
screwdriver types were first used for industrial purpose by Ford Motor company because these drivers
speed up the production, reduce damages, and highly reliable.
e) Torx Screwdriver

Torx
screwdriver is becoming very common and often used by automotive technicians. Many times, they
are called as star tips by technician. This driver has a star shape tip with 6 rounded lobes. Because of
the circular geometry of the lobes there is low radial force in a torx screwdriver, which increases the
life of the screw and the screwdriver bit. Unlike Phillips or pozidriv screwdrivers, much higher torque
can be transferred with the same amount of force with no chance of tool slipping, even at high driving
speed power tools, which makes its more reliable to use.
Torx types of screwdrivers comes in variety of sizes and uses a number system to determine
the size of the tip like T8, T10, T15, T25 etc.as the number goes up, size of the tool tip increases.
f) Hex Screwdriver or Hexagon Screwdriver

It has six

straight lobes, like hexagon. These are used to fasten often bolts rather than screws. You must have
seen these bits in your ratchet box for tightening up or loosing hex bolts, nuts, and screws. No
slipping or cam- out effect takes place while driving this hence most of the power driver tools can be
fitted with hex arrangement bits and thus makes the production fast and with less error.

TOPIC 5:
HOLDING TOOLS
Tools used to hold materials while other tools are used to cut, shape, modify, or turn threaded
items like screws. Holding tools are also used to grip objects such as bolts or pieces of wire. They are
even used to bend or shape objects and in fastening and gluing.
Example: Clamps, Pliers, Vises.

a) Bar Clamp
 A bar clamp features a long, metal bar and is designed to withstand the pressure of holding
large and heavy workpieces. It is capable of heavy-duty clamping due to the strength of the bar, which
is made from steel. The length of the bar means the clamp can easily hold long or wide workpieces in
its jaws.
 Bar clamps are usually used in pairs. However, for larger tasks more will be required. They
can be positioned across the width or along the length of a workpiece, or both if clamping is required
in both directions. Sometimes the clamps may need to cross over each other.
 A bar clamp is typically used for woodworking applications, such as carpentry and joinery,
although they can also be used for metalworking.
 It is the ideal clamp to use for making furniture pieces, including doors, cabinets, and
tabletops. During the creation of these pieces, parts will often need to be glued, nailed, or screwed
together perfectly. The parallel jaws and straight metal bar of the clamp do not allow the workpiece to
taper in their grip, helping to secure two parts together without any faults.

The
only

negative aspect of bar clamps is that they are not always practical for smaller clamping tasks. If you
are working in an awkward or limited space, the clamp may prove too large, or the bar may simply be
too long, for delicate or fussy workpieces. There are different types of bar clamp available, including
sash clamps, T-bar clamps, Pipe clamps and quick-release bar clamps.
b) Spring Clamp
 Often referred to as "extra hands", metal spring clamps are great for woodworking and
activities that require a fast and easy application to the work piece. A spring clamp is a clamp that
uses the pressure of a metal spring to clamp down two ends to firmly support the material. They are
quick and easy to use for any skill level to help glue, fastening or cutting materials. The size of this
clamp is small, but it is actually very powerful, which makes it one of the first types of clamps
collected by most woodworkers. The jaws of the clamp usually have plastic or rubber pads to protect
the material you are working from damage. Clamp tip and handle colors may vary.
c) Vice Grips
 Locking pliers (also called Vise-Grips, a vice grip, Mole wrench or mole grips) are pliers that
can be locked into position, using an "over-center" cam action. Locking pliers are available with many
different jaw styles, such as needle-nose pliers, wrenches, clamps, and various shapes to fix metal
parts for welding. They also come in many sizes. The first locking pliers, with the trade name Vise-
Grip, were invented by William S. Petersen in De Witt, Nebraska, United States in 1924.
MECHANISM
Locking pliers remain clamped to an object without requiring continuous pressure on the
handles based on the "over-center" principle. After being properly adjusted using a threaded screw,
the pliers are brought to bear by cam action. In the process of being closed on an object the
mechanism passes through a point of maximum tightest clamping and as the handle levers are closed
further, the jaws release slightly. This means that to open the jaws must be tightened, thus maintaining
the clamping pressure. The inherent flexibility of the pliers maintains a spring pressure on the jaws
such that the handle needs to be pulled open to release the clamping pressure. In many modern
versions an additional inner lever aids release.
OPERATION
 Locking pliers being used as a substitute knob on an espresso machine. The bolt is used to set
the jaws to a size slightly smaller than what is to be gripped. The jaws are then closed on the gripped
object. Because of the lever action the jaws move only slightly but with much force. Locking pliers
have four advantages:
 Their lever action is stronger than that of ordinary pliers, so they can apply much more force.
 Even though they can apply more force, they do so in a very controlled manner; this is
because the jaws will never close beyond the set point.
 The closing point and with it the force that is applied on the gripped object can be finely
controlled.
 When they are closed, they remain closed on their own until manually released, in many
modern versions using a supplementary lever on the lower handle.
A typical use would be to hold metal parts in place for welding. Other uses include holding a nut
or bolt that has been 'rounded', helping pull out nails, holding pipes without squeezing them, and
acting as temporary substitute levers or knobs on equipment and machinery.
d) C-clamp

The C-clamp gets its name from its resemblance to the letter C and it’s a shortened version of its
original name “Carriage Clamp.”
C-clamps are commonly used in carpentry and woodworking to hold materials to the work surface
while cutting or drilling is ongoing, and the C-clamp can also be used to hold joints together while
they are glued.

How To Use a C-Clamp

The C-clamp is used by turning the screw through the bottom of the clamp’s frame until the
amount of pressure needed to hold the workpiece has been reached. If the clamp is being tightened,
then the workpiece being secured is fixed between the flat end of the screw and the flat end of the
frame. However, if the clamp is being loosened, then an amount of force needs to be released to allow
those fixed objects to be moved. C-clamps, also known as G-clamps, comprise of a fixed width, C-
shaped frames as well as adjustable hand screws that can be either tightened or loosened to secure the
workpieces firmly.
e) Long Nose
 Needle nose pliers, also known as long-nose pliers, is a versatile tool that has long, tapering
jaws with a pointed tip. Among their many uses are gripping, bending, and cutting small-gauge wire.
They can reach into tight places that are inaccessible to other types of pliers. They also provide
excellent control and are well-suited to precision work or to grip parts that are too small to hold with
your fingers.
Needle-nose pliers are most used for bending angles in wire or narrow metal strips. They have
a sharp wire cutter near the pivot. Like many other types of pliers, they are available with spring
openers, which are spring-like devices between the handles that keep the handles apart – and the jaws
open – unless you purposely close them.
When purchasing needle-nose pliers check that the jaws and cutting blades meet evenly. If
you hold them up to the light, you should not be able to see any diagonal chinks of light coming
though.

f) Bench Vise

Device
consisting of two parallel jaws for holding a workpiece; one of the jaws is fixed and the other
movable by a screw, a lever, or a cam. When used for holding a workpiece during hand operations,
such as filing, hammering, or sawing, the vise may be permanently bolted to a bench. In vises
designed to hold metallic workpieces, the active faces of the jaws are hardened steel plates, often
removable, with serrations that grip the workpiece; to prevent damage to soft parts, the permanent
jaws can be covered with temporary jaws made from sheet copper or leather.

TOPIC 6:
DIGGING TOOLS
 Digging, also referred to as excavation, is the process of using some implement such as claws,
hands, manual tools, or heavy equipment, to remove material from a solid surface, usually soil, sand,
or rock on the surface of Earth.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIGGING TOOLS

a) Pick mattock
Used for digging canals, breaking hard topsoil and for digging up stones and tree stumps.

b) Hand trovel
Used for transplanting bedding flowers.

c) Post hole digger

Digs deep narrow holes for pot.

d) Shovel
Used in removing trash, digging loose soil, moving soil from one place to another and mixing
soil media.

e) Crowbar
Used for digging big holes and for digging out big stones and stumps.

OTHER TOOLS

a) Sprinkler
Used for watering seedlings and young plants.

b) Pail
Used for hauling water, manure, or fertilizer.

c) Sprayer
Used for spraying insecticides, foliar fertilizers, fungicides, and herbicides.

CHAPTER III
TOOLS ACCORDING TO
DIFFERENT KINDS OF TRADES/WORK

LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
After finishing the Chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Identify Tools according to different kinds of trades/work
2. Enumerate different tools and their functions

LEARNING TOPIC/S:
1. Carpentry Tools
2. Plumbing Tools
3. Masonry Tools
4. Garden Tools
5. Tin Smithing Tools
6. Mechanical Tools
7. Painting Tools

TOPIC 1:
CARPENTRY TOOLS
 Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting,
shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber
bridges, concrete formwork.

SAFETY PRECAUTION
What are accidents?
An accident is an unplanned and uncontrolled event in which the action or reaction of an
object, substance, person or radiation result in personal injury or the probability these off.

PERSONAL SAFETY PRECAUTION

1. In workshop wear a short sleeve shirt or boiler suit.
2. If you are wearing tie, tuck in or chain, wristwatch, ring or loose ornaments remove it,
especially working on machine.
3. Always wear safety shoes.

CAUSES
1. Carelessness
2. Ignorance
3. Disobedience
4. Over confidence

It is most important of any workshop or a factory. Safety precaution in workshop and

factories are very different accounted to the nature of different trade. The following are the safety
precautions to be observed in common and to your trade.

TOOLS SAFETY PRECAUTION

1) Dull tools are dangerous always keep them sharpening.
2) Do not keep hand tools on machine.
3) Never keep sharp tools in your pockets.
4) Never use your hands as a brush to sweep away chipping burrs etc.
5) When anybody ask you to give a sharp tool, hold the edge in your hand and the handle to another
person.
6) Always use the proper tools to the right job. This will help you to make your job easier, faster and
ensure safety.

ADVANTAGES
Experienced carpenters may advance to carpentry or general construction supervisors. Some
carpenters become independent contractors. In advance, carpenters should be able to estimate the type
and quality of materials needed to complete a job. Lastly, they should be able to estimate how long a
job will take to complete and its cost.

DISADVANTAGES
1) Work in somewhat bad weather conditions.
2) Exposed to dangerous places.
3) Hard work.
4) You can mess up on whatever you’re working on, and it won’t turn out how it’s supposed to be.
5) If your building is built wrong it can collapse on someone or something.

DIFFERENT CARPENTRY TOOLS

1) Pencil
A pencil is the most important tool for a carpenter. You will be marking almost every cut that
you want to make. There is a rule that says, ‘’Measure twice, cut once.’’ You want a pencil to make
your markings in case you need to erase the first one and make an adjustment.
2) Tape Measure
No carpenter can go without a tape measure. It is used to measure everything. Since precise
measurements are important, make sure that the tab at the end is firmly attached to the tape before
hooking it over the edge of your wood. 25 feet is good size for a tape measure. This is long enough to
measure most things and short enough to recoil easily.

3) Utility Knife
Utility knives are always handy for cutting and cleaning joints. The most common utility
knives have disposable blades that slide inside the tool for storage.

4) Screwdriver
Screwdrivers and wood go hand in hand. Many different sizes and styles of screws can be
used in any project. A good carpenter should have a assortment of sizes for both flathead and Phillips
head screwdrivers.

5) Carpenter Square
A carpenter square is used to help lay your project out properly before you begin to cut or
assemble it. It allows you to measure, draw straight lines, and get perfect 90˚ angles.

6) Chisel
Chisel are used to chip wood out of areas that need to be open. They are also used to clean out
joints and saw cuts.

7) Block Plane
Block planes are used to smooth out projects that have been dovetailed together. They can
also flatten, square, or add curve to your project.

8) Sliding Bevel
The sliding bevel is like a square, but the two legs are joined together by a screw that allows
you to adjust the angles you want. If you use a different angle in your work, a sliding bevel is a must
for you.

9) Hand Saw
Hand saws are used when you need to feel how the wood responds to the cutting blade, and
that can’t happen with power saws. They are also much more portable than power saws are.

10) Sturdy Workbench

Carpenters use workbenches a lot and for many different things. This means that they need to
be big and very sturdy.

11) Clamps
Clamps are used to hold your project in place while you are working on it. They are also used
to hold your project together while the glue dries.

12) Jig
A jig is a tool that allows you to make accurate cuts repeatedly without having to measure
every time. For example, if you need to cut the same size of hole for many projects, making a jig will
allow you to mark it up to be cut without having to re-measure it every time.

13) Sawhorse
Sawhorses allow you to lay things over them to extend your work surface for extra-large
projects.

14) Shop Vac

 A shop vac is a must to clean up the mess. It has a large diameter hose that comes with a
couple of different attachments, and a bucket large enough to hold larger quantities than a normal
vacuum.

15) Power Drill

Power drills are more powerful and less expensive than cordless drills. You may need this
extra power for drilling into large projects.

16) Palm Sander

Palm sander are small finishing sanders that fit nicely in the palm of your hand. They are
small enough to get into almost any space that you have.

17) Table Saw

Table saws are used to rip, miter, shape, square, groove, and join your projects. You will use
this table a lot, so make sure to get good one that can handle the work.

18) Feather Board

A feather board is like a carpenter’s third hand when using stationary power tools. It is a piece
of wood, or plastic, with slits at one end making little fingers.

19) Rip Fence

Rip fences attach to your table saw are run parallel to the blade. They are used to guide your
wood perfectly straight while you are cutting. They ensure that you will have a straight, even cut. We
recommend getting one that has fine-tunning adjustments for better accuracy.

20) Router
Routers are used to shape the edges of your work. They will also ley you drop the bit into the
middle of a flat surface, cut out your desired design, and lift it back up when done.

21) Calipers
Calipers are used to make precise measurements to fine-tune your woodworking projects.
They look like a double ‘’F’’. One side has a big ‘’F’’ to measure the outsides of items.

22) Drill Press

The drill press does more precise drilling large-diameter holes much more efficiently than a
handheld drill.

23) Miter Gauge

Miter gauges are used to hold the piece that you are working on at different angles while you
are cutting or sanding it.

24) Level
The level is used to make sure that your projects are level. You used it by placing the level on
top of your project and make some adjustments until the bubble is in the center of the leveling vial.

25) Moisture Meter

A moisture meter shows the amount of moisture that is in a piece of wood. It should have
settings on it for different species of wood since different woods require different amounts of
moisture in different areas of the world.

26) Claw Hammer

It is used for where heavy hammering is necessary to drive large nails. Useful use being 0.45
to 0.57 kg. it is also having claws for extracting nails.

27) Hand Drill Machine

 It is used for making holes up to 12mm in wood.

28) Pincer
It is used for pulling out the nails from wood. It is also called as a nail puller. It is used in
upholstery work to take out the nails.

29) Mallet
It is used to driving chisel handle as well as assisting in assembling jobs. It is also called as
wooden hammer.

30) Oil Stone

It is used for sharpening the tools like chisels and planer blade.

TOPIC 2:
PLUMBING TOOLS
Including tools specially designed for cutting, deburring, and cleaning of metal or plastic
pipes and tubing.
Having the right plumbers’ tools can help you make repairs much easier; some projects are
virtually impossible without the right plumbing tool.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 You never need to worry about the joint or the repaired pipe bursting at the pressed location.
 Allows you to work in tighter spaces than you would be able to reach with traditional pipe
repair tools.
 The disadvantage of CPVC include that it can’t withstand very high temperature like copper
can.
 Another is high thermal expansion coefficient.

DIFFERENT PLUMBING TOOLS

1) Channel Locks
Use for grabbing and pinching things. They are made from sturdy materials such as high-
carbon steel, and their griping jaws provide a strong grip on an object.

2) Pipe Wrench
Has a head at a bit of angle and is designed to be used on pipes close to the wall or parallel
work. Use to grab onto pipes at awkward angles or in right spots.

3) Basin Wrench
Sometimes called a sink wrench, is a plumbing tool that is used in confined spaces to turn
fasteners that would be difficult or impossible to reach with a plumber wrench or other types of
wrenches.

4) Rib-Joint Pliers
Provide a wide range of adjustment for various size objects including nuts and bolts. These
pliers provide a secure grip and very versatile.

5) Drain Augers or Drain Snake

Is a useful plumbing tool, which is affective for removing blockages and clogs in drains. This
tool has a long, snake-like body made of flexible metal blade.
6) Metal File
It is used for smoothing or of forming arts, especially of metal.

7) Hole Saw
This saw blade helps cut circular holes into material easily.

8)Fire Resistant Cloth

Although all fabrics will burn, some are naturally more resistant to fire than others.
Inherently flame – retardant fabrics such as polyester are commonly used for flame retardant
curtain fabrics.

TOPIC 3:
MASONRY TOOLS
 Is the art of shaping, forming, arranging, laying, and uniting stone, brick, building blocks,
plastering.
 To form walls and other of the building
 It includes some of the carpentry tools like the measuring tools, testing tools, and guiding
tools.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS EVERY MASON SHOULD FOLLOW:

a) Despite the dangers of the job, masonry contractors can stay if they take safety precautions.
b) Experienced take the preventative actions outlined in these seven tips on daily basis.
c) Avoid all contact with unhardened masonry cement.
d) Wear impervious clothing and gloves to eliminate the possibility of skin contact.
e) Always double-check the safety of portable electric tool.
f) Install sturdy work surfaces.
g) Wear sturdy safety shoes with anti-skid soles.
h) Wash hand thoroughly at every work shift.
i) Use respiratory protection equipment, like air masks and respirators.

ADVANTAGES
a) Strength
b) Strong in compression
c) Heat absorber
d) Resists temperature fluctuation
e) Maintenance free
f) Most of wall does not require painting
g) Fire protection
h) Fire protection due to formation of non-combustible material
i) Environmentally friendly
j) Leading contributor to green building that has low impact on nature
k) Great sound proofing
l) Blocks out noise more efficiently than more traditional building material
m) Use of locally available materials and availability

DISADVANTAGES
a) Moisture absorber
b) Absorber moisture when raining
c) Color deterioration
d) Extreme weather causes masonry to degrade, materials such as wall surfaced decolorize due
to frost damage.
e) Masonry structure has low tensile strength
f) Problem large opening
g) Lack of education in masonry
 h) Needs heavy foundation
i) Due to heavy weight, large foundation is required. Also cracking and settlement may occur

SOME MASONRY TOOLS

1) Trowel
It is made up of steel. Wooden plastics handle is provided for holding. The ends of trowel maybe
bull nosed or pointed.

2) Setting Out Square or Mason Square

It is used to set out right angle at the corner of the masonry wall. This is very important and
basic tool used in masonry work. This tool is ‘’L’’ shape. It is made of steel having each arm about
0.5m long.

3) Plump rule and bob

It is used to check the vertically of walls. It is also very basic and important tools. It consists
of a string tied to a weight at bottom called bob and straight wood board with uniform edges which is
called plumb rule.

4) Spirit level
It is used to check the horizontally and vertically of the surfaces. Spirit level is made of the
hard plastic or wood with bubble tube in the middle. The bubble tube is filled with alcohol.

5) Water level
It is used to transfer and check level. It is a simple tool to measure the level at two different
points. Line and pins. It is used to maintain the alignment of the work in progress. Line and pins
consist of a string whose ends relate to two solid metal rods with pinpoints.

6) Boning rods
It is used for levelling from two fixed points in surveying. It consists of an upright pole
having a horizontal board at its top, forming a ‘’T’’ shaped rod.

7) Jointer
A jointer in masonry construction is a tool in the form of striking iron or a striking tool used
to finish the horizontal or the vertical mortar joints.
8) Bevel
It is a employed to set out angles. It comprises of two slotted blades of steel and fixed with
each other with thumb screw.

9) Pickaxe
It is employed to rough dressing of stones and to split to stones in the quarry. It has a long
head pointed at both ends.

10) Crowbar
It is employed for dressing the surface of stones. This consists of an iron edge with several
teeth from 3mm to 9mm.

11) Chisel
They are used with mallets and with hammers. A chisel used for normal splitting, roughing
out and shaping the stone.

12) Mash Hammer

A mash hammer is known as the stone mason hammer. It is used to hit and drive chisel for
rough dressing of stone.

13) Mallet
 It is a basic tool used for shaping of stone. It is a wooden hammer used for driving wooden
headed chisels. It has usually large head.
14) Pitching Tool
It is used to make the stones of required size. This comprises of a long edge with flat blade.

15) Point
It is employed for roughly dressing the hard and tough stones. Point is also used for roughing
out areas and knocking of high spots in stones. Point tool is used after any initial work with the
pitching tool.

16) Nicker (Board Tool)

The mason’s nicker (Board Tool) is used to split (coping) stone. It is designed to be help at
right angels to the stone and hit with a hammer.

17) Jumper
They are used to bore holes for blasting purposes in a quarry. It is along drilling tool used by
quarry workers and masons.

18) Wedge and Feathers

It is an oldest still one of the best tools to split the stone. It is a three-piece set tool. Each set
of tool consists of a metal wedge (also called plug), and two shims (also called feathers).

19) Gad
It is also used for splitting of the stone. This is a small steel wedge shaped tool.

20) Drag
It is employed to level a stone surface. It consists of blades set at alternating angles, between
15 and 30 degrees, over the length of a block of wood.

21) Punch
It is employed to dress the hard stones roughly. It is one-piece rod-shaped tool made from
metal designed to be stuck by hammer. It’s one end is pointed and other is round shape.

22) Boaster
It is also used to cut soft stones. It is a broad-faced or wide-edged masonry chisel. Boasted
finish includes intermittent parallel lines which are horizontal or vertical or inclined. Boaster has an
edge of width about 60 mm.

23) Hand Saw

It is used to cut soft stones. It is saw with wide blade and handle at one end. It has a
wooden/plastic handle, and it is used by one hand. Blade has crosscut teeth and blade is made from
steel.

24) Cross Cut Saw

It is used to cut hard stones. It is designed specifically for rough cutting. It has a
comparatively thick blade, with large, beveled teeth.

25) Frame Saw

This is used to cut large blocks of stones. It consists of a comparatively narrow and flexible
blade held under tension within a (generally wooden) rectangular frame which is also called a sash or
gate.
26) Drafting Chisel
It is chisel especially used for cutting a border or line at the edge of a stone. They come in
different types of size.

27) Tooth Chisel

Tooth Chisel is also used for fine dressing. It is a metal handheld tool consisting of along
shaft, with toothed cutting edge at one.

28) Brick Hammer

It is used for rough cutting of bricks in different shapes and sizes. One end of the hammer is
square, and another end is sharp-edged.

29) Lump Hammer and Bolster

Lump hammer is used for light demolition work or to break masonry. To cut brick accurately
a steel chisel with a very wide blade is employed which is popularly known as bolster.

30) Double-end Comb Hammer or Skutch

It is used to remove surplus material after cutting of bricks by bolster, for greater accuracy.
The hammer has two groove components for double sided use.

31) Straight Edge

Straight edge act as extensors to mason’s level. They are used when levels are shorter than the
area that needs to be measured or assessed.

32) Brickwork Gauge Rod

It is like straighten edges on which levels of different course of bricks including sills, lintels
are marked. It may be as long as the height of a storey.

33) Laying Trowel

It is used to pick up and spread mortar on bed and cross joints in the brickwork. It is a hand
trowel also used in masonry for levelling, spreading, and shaping mortar or concrete.

TOPIC 4:
GARDENING TOOLS
Is any one of many tools made for gardening and overlaps with the range of tools made for
agriculture and horticulture.

SAFETY MEASURES IN GARDENING

 Always wear gardening gloves to protect the hands against cuts, soil, insect bites and sin
irritants.
 Used appropriate tools for digging instead of your fingers.
 Consult your doctor keeping your tetanus vaccination up to date.

SAFETY TIPS
a) Dress to protect.
b) Put safety first.
c) Know your limit in the heat.

ADVANTAGE
a) Gardening tool hire is cost-effective.
b) Maintenance of the machine is not required.
c) You do not have to make space for storing the gardening tools.
 d) The companies which hire out gardening tool can guide well regarding which tool is most
efficient and best for you.

DIFFERENT GARDENING TOOLS

1) Bolo
This is used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and chopping branches of trees.

2) Hand Trowel
Is used for loosening the soil around the growing plants and putting small amount of manure
fertilizer in the soil.

3) Pruning Shears
A garden tool that are used for cutting off the branches of trees and bushes.

4) Garden Gloves
Used to protect your hand from getting dirty but also you from injury.

5) Rake
Is sued for cleaning the ground and levelling the topsoil.

6) Shovel
Is used in removing trash, digging, loose soil, moving soil from one place to another and for
mixing soil media.

7) Spade
Is a hand tool used to dig loosen ground, or to break up lumps in the soil.

8) Light Hoe
Removing weeds and loosening soil in vegetable bed and under plants.

9) Lopper
Are a great tool for cutting branches and stems up to about 1.5 inches in diameter.

10) Weeder
Is used for removing weeds in vegetable gardens, basins of orchard trees and vineyard
plantations.

11) Soil Knife

Uses in gardening such as weeding, cutting roots, transplanting, removing plants, sod cutting,
and splitting perennials.

12) Crowbar
Is used for digging big holes and for digging out big stones and stumps.

13) Hand Cultivator

Is used for cultivating the garden plot by loosening the soil and removing weeds around for
plant.

14) Pick Mattock

Is used for digging canals, breaking hard topsoil and for digging up stones and tree stumps.

15) Wheelbarrow
Used for hauling trash, manures, fertilizers, planting materials and other.
16) Hand Fork
Used for inter-row cultivation.

TOPIC 5:
TIN SMITHING TOOLS
A tinsmith, sometimes known as a tinner, tinker, tinman, or tinplate worker, is a person who
makes, and repairs things made of tin or other lights metals.
Working tin-coated metals or tin sheets is called tin smithing.

1) Snips
It is also known as shears, are hand tools used to cut sheet metal and other tough webs.
Two Broad Categories:
i. Tinner’s snips are like common scissor.
ii. Compound-action snips, use a compound leverage handle system to increase the mechanical
advantages.

2) Pipe Crimper
It is a device tool used to conjoin two pieces of metal by deforming one or both in a way that
causes them to hold each other. The result of the tool’s work is called crimp.

3) Rivets
It is used to join or fasten the metals.
The rivet, a metal cylinder or rod which has a head at one end, is inserted through holes in the
materials being joined, and then the protruding end is flattened to tie the two pieces of materials
together.

4) Rawhide Hammer
This hammer has a wooden handle, while the head is made of metal with a rawhide facing.

5) Seaming Tong
These traditional seaming pliers are designed to make bends deep into the sheet metal and are
traditionally used to form all sorts of metal objects on the roof, wall, or gutter.

6) Jigsaw
A quality jigsaw and the correct metal-cutting blade will make short work of sheet metal cuts.

7) Band saw
With the appropriate blade, cutting sheet metal on a band saw is straight forward.

TOPIC 6:
MECHANICAL TOOLS
Mechanical tools are used everywhere. An item or implement used for a specific purpose. To
service, maintain, and repair automotive and other power-driven equipment.

DIFFERENT MECHANICAL TOOLS

Are defined as implements used to modify raw materials. Tools have played an important role
in human evaluation.
1) Sockets
A socket is a tool that attaches to a socket wrench, ratchet, torque wrench or other turning tool
to tighten or loosen a fastener such as a nut or bolt by turning it.
2) Screwdriver
Used to drive screw in wood or metal.

3) Screwdriver Bits
A screwdriver bit is a detachable metal bit inserting and removing screw.

4) Wire Strippers
A wire stripper is portable handheld tool used by workers, especially electricians, for
removing the protective coating of an electric wire to replace or repair the wires.

5) Crimping tool
Is a device used to conjoint two pieces of metal by deforming one or both of them in a way
that causes them to hold each other.
6) Pliers
Are hand tools used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs used to handle.

7) Cable Cutters
View the complete range of camber hydraulic cutting tools, cable cutting tools are designed
for the cutting of LV, MV, and HV Power cables, control and instrumentation with steel wire amour,
braid or unarmored.

8) Pipe and Adjustable Wrenches

Is used to hold or turn pipes wrench is serrated-jaw variation of the monkey wrench, whose
additional feature of a portable movable jaw enables it to engage round objects such as rods and pipes.

9) Adjustable Spanner
Also called adjustable spanner or an adjustable crescent is a tool, which be used to loosen or
tighten a nut or bolt.

10) Spanner Set

Is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects.

11) Socket Set

A full range of sockets sets from ¼ inch drive up to 1 inch drive.

12) Ball Pein Hammer Screw and Bolt Extractor

Is used for spreading or drawing out metal in line with the handle, while the cross-peem
hammer is used for the same operation at right angles with the handle.

13) Hydraulic Torque Wrench

This type is often used in industrial settings, they are designed to reach the required level of
torque through the use of hydraulics.
14) Breaker Bar
Also known as a power bar, is a long non ratcheting bar that is used with socket wrench style
socket.

15) Side Cutter

Used for cutting wires.

16) Electrical Tape

Used to insulate electrical wires and other materials that conducted electricity.

17) Long nosed Pliers

Are a pair of pliers characterized by long, tapering jaws of equal length. Combination pliers.
18) Pliers
Are multi-purpose pliers, combining gripping jaws with wire cutters. They can be used for
gripping, compressing, bending, twisting, extracting, and cutting various materials.

19) Headlight
Bulbs on older vehicles may be a sealed unit, consisting of a lighting filament, reflector, and
lens, while headlight bulbs in newer vehicles are replaceable bulbs that twist out.

20) Grease gun

The purpose of the grease gun is to apply lubricant through an aperture to specific point.

21) Mole Grips

Also known as locking pliers, are a hand tool with adjustable jaws which can be locked into
place around an object to hold it firmly.

22) Jack
Raising heavy weights through short distance, exerting great pressures, or holding assembled
work firmly in position.

23) Breaker Bar / Pry Bar

Has a blade cap to protect against chipping and abrasions during storage. The built-in strike
cap allows these bars to be hit with a hammer to help remove staples and move objects.

24) Rachet
Is mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only one direction
while preventing motion in the opposite direction.

25) Voltage Tester

Is the simplest of these tools. It consists of small neon bulb with two insulated wires attached
to the bottom of the housing. It is used to determine whether adequate voltage is a present in a wire.

26) Punch Set

It is used to tightly fit the tolerances of an existing hole.
27) Impact Bit Sockets
Are nearly exclusive used with powered impact wrenches or drives where greater force can be
applied and usually used by mechanics to remove seized nuts and bolts from the vehicles.

TOPIC 7:
PAINTING TOOLS
It can be used to paint a single pixel or color an entire canvas, and each type of painting tool
has its own set of functions and options that can be used to create unique art styles.

PAINTING SAFETY TIPS

1) Wear a respirator. If the area being painted cannot be adequate ventilated, and work for short
periods only.
2) Wear safety goggles and gloves.
3) Do not paint or store paint near any heat source.
4) Never smoke while painting.
5) Make sure your ladder is in good shape.
6) Clean up carefully and thoroughly.
 7) Never use paint and varnish removers around an open flame, and in confined spaces because
their dangerous toxic properties can kill or cause injuries if you are exposed to them for long
period.
8) Do not use paint and varnish removers if you have an open cut or sure in your hand unless
you wear rubber gloves.
9) Do not let the removal touch your skin, watch out particularly for your face, eyes, and mouth.

ADVANTAGES
1) Good way to relax using some of painting tools like the paint brush.
2) Tools are generally affordable.
3) Simple to used.

DISADVANTAGES
1) Inconsistent income
2) Irregular scheduling

DIFFERENT PAINTING TOOLS

1) Wall Brush
It is the right tool for cover flat surfaces and large areas, such as walls, smooth doors, and
paneling.

2) Nail Puller
Claws are precise and sharp to remove imbedded or headless nails with the ease and minimal
wood damaged.

3) Painters Tape
Are designed to prevent paint bleeding into masked off areas.

4) Drop Cloths
Made from 100% cotton duck canvas fabric, this will protect floors, carpets, furniture or
equipment, absorb, paints, spills, traps, and debris for faster clean up.

5) Paint Mixer
Is responsible for mixing paint for the painters.

6) Paint Brush or Roller

Ideal for bigger ideas such as walls, ceilings, and large furniture.

7) Paint Pad
It is a flat, usually rectangular paint applicator. It has an easy to hold handled on the back, and
the front is foam covered in short, densely packed bristles.

8) Paint Can Opener

As the name suggests, the primary function of a paint can opener is to open the pressed in lids
of pint, quart, and gallon paint cans.
 CHAPTER IV
PORTABLE POWER TOOLS
LEARNING OUTCOME/S:
After finishing the Chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Identify Portable tools and power machines.
2. Enumerate different Portable tools and power machine and their uses.

LEARNING TOPIC/S:
1. Safety Rules in Using Portable Power Tools
2. Different Portable Power Tools and their Uses

TOPIC 1:
SAFETY RULES IN USING POWER TOOLS
a) Do not operate power tools or equipment unless you have been authorized to do so.
b) Inspect tools daily to ensure that they are in proper working order. Do not use damaged or
defective tools.
c) Use tools for their intended purpose and in the manner intended.
d) Do not use electric power tools and equipment when standing in water.
e) Avoid operating power tools unless authorized.
f) All the power tools must be rightly grounded.
g) Keep protective device and guards in place, always avoid using tools whose guards have been
removed.
h) Avoid using electric equipment and power tool, while in contact with water.
i) Electric tools may be repaired only by qualified persons.

TOPIC 2:
DIFFERENT PORTABLE POWER TOOLS AND THEIR USES
1) Drill
A drill is a tool fitted with a drill bit (cutting attachment) or a driver bit (fastening attachment)
and is used for drilling holes in various materials or fastening various materials together with the use
of fastener.

2) Pneumatic Nailer
Is a nail gun or air Nailer and is a type of tool used to drive nails into wood or some other
kind of materials. It is usually driven by compressed air. Nail guns have in many ways replaced
hammers as tools of choice among many workers in the building traders.

3) Miter Saw
A power miter is also known as Chop saw, is a power tool used to make a quick, accurate
crosscut in a workplace.

4) Jigsaw
Is a tool used for cutting curves, such as stenciled designs or customs shapes into pieces of
wood or metal.

5) Reciprocating saw
A reciprocating saw is a type of saw in which the cutting actions is achieved through a push
and pull reciprocating motion of the blade.

6) Pneumatic Stapler
Works just the air powered nail gun uses staples as fastener.

7) Table Saw
Is a versatile woodworking tool consisting of a circular saw blade, mounted on a table, that is
driven by an electric motor. The blade sticks through the support for the material, usually wood, being
cut.

8) Circular Saw
The circular saw is tool for cutting wood or other materials and may be hand held or table
mounted.

9) Band Saw
A band saw is used for wood working and metal working or for cutting a variety of other
materials and are particularly useful for cutting irregular or curved shapes but can also be used to
produce straight cuts.