Kobelco Engine NEF Tier 4A (interim) and Stage IIIB Service Manual

Kobelco Engine NEF Tier 4A (interim)

and Stage IIIB Service Manual
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Kobelco Engine NEF Tier 4A (interim) and Stage IIIB Service Manual Size: 36.1
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of document: Service Manual Model: 4DFE413A*A, F4DFE413B*A,
F4DFE413C*A, F4DFE413D*A, F4DFE413E*A, F4DFE6132*A, F4DFE613A*A,
F4DFE613B*A, F4DFE613C*A, F4DFE613D*A, F4DFE613E*A, F4DFE613F*A,
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F4HFE413J*A, F4HFE413L*A007, F4HFE413M*A005, F4HFE413P*A001,
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Kobelco Engine NEF Tier 4A (interim) and Stage IIIB Service Manual

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 The largest of the family Charadridæ is the black-bellied plover.
In its plumage, both summer and winter, it closely resembles the
golden plover, as the black on the sides of the head, front of neck,
breast and abdomen disappear from both species in their winter
plumage. But, notwithstanding this, they can easily be distinguished
by the small rudimentary hind toe of the black-bellied species, the
other having but three toes. A few specimens of the golden plover
have been taken on the Coast, but it is of rare occurrence. The
black-bellied plover is reasonably common along the coast line, but it
is not seen to any great extent in the interior valleys.

Color—Upper plumage, dull brown, mottled with gray, the top of

the head being somewhat darker; under parts, nearly white and the
sides and breast streaked with brown. In the summer the throat and
belly are black.

Nest and Eggs—The nest is usually made on the uplands,

where four eggs are deposited of a pale olive, spotted with brown.

Measurements—Total length, 11 inches; wing, 7 1/2, and bill, 1

1
/4 inches.

[Pg 122]
 SNOWY MOUNTAIN
RING-NECK PLOVER
PLOVER PLOVER
(AEgialitis
(AEgialitis (AEgialitis
semipalmata)
nivosa) montana)

THE MOUNTAIN PLOVER

(AEgialitis montana)
The mountain plover is very plentiful on the plains of southern
California during the winter months. This little bird as a table
delicacy is not surpassed by any of the long list of shore birds. In
fact it is preferred by many to the far-famed jack snipe. It is an
upland bird, feeding largely on insects, and rarely found near the
marshes whether salt or fresh-water. In its winter plumage, as seen
here, its underparts are white with the breast and upper parts of a
brownish gray.

Color—Throat, breast and under parts, white; the rest of the

plumage, light buffish gray; sometimes the breast will show a slight
tinge of buff; axillars, white; bill, black. Three toes without web.

Nest and Eggs—The nests are placed on the uplands and

contain three grayish eggs, spotted with brown.

Measurements—Total length, 8 3/4 inches; wing, 6, and bill,

9
/10 of an inch.

THE SNOWY PLOVER

(AEgialitis nivosa)
The snowy plover is quite common from northern California to
Mexico. It is a small bird and, while it is hunted but little, its flesh is
quite delicate. In its winter plumage it is much lighter in color than
any of the others named.

Color—Top of head, back of neck and back, buffish gray;

forehead and under parts, white; a patch of dull brown just above
the white of the forehead, and another of the same color on each
side of the throat. Three toes without web.

Nest and Eggs—The nests are found throughout its range; they
are nothing more than a depression in the sand and contain four
grayish buff eggs, spotted with black.

Measurements—Total length, about 6 3/4 inches; wing, 4 1/4,

and bill 5/8 of an inch.

THE RING-NECKED PLOVER

(AEgialitis semipalmata)
 The ring-neck plover is a fairly common visitor during the winter
months. It is usually seen on the coast or on other sandy shores. It
may be known by its partially webbed feet.

Color—Forehead, chin and neck, white, with a faint streak of dull

brown from the bill under the eye to the back of the neck; a band of
dull, brownish gray on the breast; back and wings, ashy gray; under
parts, white; bill, black with a spot of orange at the base. Three toes
which are webbed for about half their length.

Nest and Eggs—Nests are made in the sand and contain from
three to four dirty white eggs, spotted with brown.

Measurements—Total length, 6 3/4 inches; wing, 4 3/4, and bill,

3
/2 inch.

WILSON'S PLOVER
(AEgialitis wilsonia)

While the Wilson plover is found to some extent on the southern

Atlantic Coast, it may properly be said to be a Pacific species. Here it
is seen on the beaches in large numbers, just beyond the reach of
the surf, picking the insects and minute shellfish as they are washed
on the sand, or flying in flocks just above the breakers.

Color—Forehead and stripe over the eye, white; black stripe in

front of crown; top of head and stripe from the eye to the bill, black;
black band just below the throat; back, gray; under parts, white; bill
black, and legs and feet, light pink.

Nest and Eggs—The nest is a mere depression in the ground,

with three to four eggs of a pale olive, spotted with dark brown.
 Measurements—Total length, 7 to 8 inches; wing, 4 to 5; bill,
about 3/4 of an inch. Three toes with a small

[Note: Unfinished sentence above in original printed version.]

There are a number of other plovers on the hunting grounds of

the Pacific Coast, but they are either too small or the flesh too poor
to interest the sportsman. Of these the killdeer plover is the most
common and the best known. A description of these would be of no
interest to the sportsman and therefore add nothing to the purposes
of this work.

[Pg 124]

AMERICAN AVOCET (Recurvirostra americana)

THE AVOCET
 (Recurvirostra americana)

The family Recurvirostridæ has but two representatives on the

Coast. The American avocet breeds from Washington southward and
spends its winters from central California south. They are quite
plentiful in southern California during the winter months, increasing
in numbers in Lower California and Mexico. Its webbed feet and long
upward turned bill are features by which it may always be known. It
is generally found in flocks and frequents both fresh and salt-waters.

Color—Head and neck, ashy gray; back and under parts, white;
the primaries and upper half of the secondaries, black, making the
wing about half black; [Pg 127] bill, very slender and curved
upward; legs, very long and of a lead color; feet, webbed.

Nest and Eggs—The nest contains three to four eggs of a pale

olive, spotted with brown.

Measurements—Total length, about 19 inches; wing, 8, and

bill, 3 1/2 inches.

THE BLACK-NECKED STILT

(Himantopus mexicanus)

The black-necked stilt is the other representative of the family.

The stilt breeds as far north as eastern Oregon, but is little seen
north of southern California in the winter. From there south it is
plentiful. It may be easily known by the back of its head and neck,
its back being black and the rest of the plumage nearly pure white.
Its legs are a dark pink.

Color—Wings, back, back of neck and top of head, black;

balance of the plumage, white; legs, dark pink and very long. Toes,
three and partly webbed.
 Nest and Eggs—The nest is rarely anything but bare ground on
which is deposited three to four eggs of a pale brown, spotted with
dark brown.

Measurements—Total length, about 15 1/2 inches; wing, 9, and

bill 2 3/4 inches.

Order, LIMICOLAE

Family CHARADRIDAE - Plovers

Genus Species Common Names Range and Breeding Grounds

From Mexico north. Breeds from

squatarola Black-bellied plover
Charadrius Oregon north to Alaska.

dominicus Golden plover Only an occasional migrant.

 From Alaska south to Lower
semipalmata Ring-necked plover California. Breeds in its northern
range.

From Central California south to

nivosa Snowy plover Lower California and Mexico.
Breeds throughout its range.

Aegialitis

Interior plains of California and

montana Mountain plover Arizona. Breeds in the mountain
valleys.

From Oregon south to Mexico.

wilsonia Wilson's plover
Breeds throughout its range.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE - Avocets and

Stilts
Common
Genus Species Range and Breeding Grounds
Names

From Mexico north to California.

Recurvirostra americana Avocet
Breeds from Eastern Oregon south.
 Black- From Mexico to Southern California.
Himantopus mexicanus
necked stilt Breeds near the mountain lakes.

THE GAME FISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST

Like in that portion of this work devoted to the game birds, this
also is written in popular language, avoiding, as far as possible, all
technical words and phrases, with the intention of furnishing a plain
description of the game fishes of the Coast which anyone, unlearned
in the science of ichthyology, may understand, and by which be able
to identify any of the fishes he may capture.
 With fishes, like with birds, there are certain parts that must be
referred to in order to show wherein one species differs from
another. Wherever these parts have a common English name, that
name has been used. But as there are a few parts that can only be
referred to by their scientific names, a diagram has been added
showing the location of all parts referred to in the text.

In scope it treats only of such varieties as rise to the fly or are

caught by trolling with rod and reel, whether from the stream, lake,
bay or ocean, and furnish sport to the angler who fishes for the
exhilarating pleasure their capture affords.

The Pacific Coast is rich in game fishes, not only in the varieties
found in its lakes and streams, but as well in its bays and estuaries,
while the broad ocean furnishes varieties whose size and fighting
qualities are not surpassed, even if equaled, in any other part of the
world. To place in the hands of the young angler, and others who
may not have given the subject the necessary attention, a
convenient handbook by the aid of which even the novice may
readily recognize the species of fish he has landed, is the object of
these pages.

All of the salmon, the trout, the chars, the white-fish and the lake
herring have been classed by the naturalist in one family and given
the name, Salmonidæ; but it is only with three genera of the
subfamily, Salmoninæ that we are concerned. These are the Pacific
salmon (Oncorhynchus), the true trout (Salmo) and the Eastern
trout and the dolly varden trout (Salvelinus). The Atlantic salmon
belong to the genus Salmo, the same as the true trout, and have but
one species (Salmo salar), which partake more of the habits of the
trout than do their Pacific cousins.
 THE PACIFIC SALMON
(Oncorhynchus)

Notwithstanding the fact that the salmon is one of the most

valuable of all the food fishes, but little is known of its habits after it
leaves the stream in which it is hatched until it returns to spawn,
supposed to be from three to four years afterward. Whether they
remain near the mouths of the streams, or whether they migrate to
distant feeding grounds are questions that have never been solved.
All of the five species are caught with seins in Puget Sound in
greater or less numbers all the year round. From the action of those
that spawn in the Sacramento river it would seem that they migrate
southward and far out to sea, for on their return to spawn they enter
Monterey Bay only on its southern side, and following around it at
no great distance from the shore, leave it at the northern headlands
and skirt the shore northward until they reach the entrance to San
Francisco Bay on their way up the Sacramento river. Where the
young fish make their habitat from the time they drift down the
stream in which they were spawned until they return again to spawn
has never been determined. They spawn but once and die soon
afterward. As I know that this last statement will be disputed by
some, for reasons best known to themselves, I will quote from that
excellent work by Evermann and Jordan, "American Food and Game
Fishes." "We have carefully," say these gentlemen, "examined the
spawning habits of both forms of the red fish and chinook salmon in
the head waters of Salmon river, Idaho, during two entire seasons,
from the time the fish arrived in July until the end of September, by
which time all the fish had disappeared. A number of important
questions were settled by these investigations. In the first place it
was found that all of the fish arrived upon the spawning grounds in
perfect physical condition, so far as external appearances indicated;
no sores, bruises or other mutilations showing on any of more than
4000 fish examined. During the spawning, however, the majority
became more or less injured by rubbing against the gravel of the
spawning-beds, or by fighting with one another. Soon after done
spawning every one of them died, not only both forms of the red
fish but the chinook salmon as well. The dying is not due to the
injuries the fish received on the spawning-grounds; many were seen
dying or dead which showed no external or other injuries whatever.
The dying of the West Coast salmon is in no manner determined by
distance from the sea. Observations made by us and others
elsewhere show that the individuals of all species of the
Oncorhynchus die after one spawning, whether the spawning-beds
are remote from the sea or only a short distance from salt-water."

The angler's concern, however, is not so much with the

procreative habits of the salmon as it is with their behavior while
feeding and after being hooked.

Salmon are rarely caught by still fishing, but they will take the
spoon or a sardine or other small fish impaled upon the hook. They
take the bait generally with some hesitation, though at times they
strike it with all the impetuosity of the trout. Then the singing reel
calls for careful and immediate action on the part of the angler, for
the ten to forty pound fish on his light tackle is going to put up a
fight worthy of his skill. In his mad rush for liberty the gamy fish
gradually rises to the surface, and when at last checked by the skill
of the angler, he will often leap out of the water to a height of from
four to eight feet, his beautiful sides scintillating in the rays of the
sun, forming a picture to gladden the heart of the angler, for if he be
a true sportsman he will fish with such tackle only as will give his
adversary a fair chance in the fight and require the fullest exercise of
his own knowledge and skill to bring his fish to gaff. The salmon is a
strong fighter but his rushes do not last long for a fish of its size. For
this reason much of the sport of salmon fishing is lost through the
use of too heavy tackle. The writer landed one without difficulty
weighing 33 1/2 pounds on a nine thread, Cuttyhunk line and a 5 1/2
foot steel rod weighing less than six ounces, and I believe that a fifty
pound fish can be landed with the same tackle. Trolling with hand
lines for salmon is practiced by some, but such is not angling.
Hauling in an impaled fish hand over hand with a small cable is
neither sport nor sportsmanlike.

[Pg 130]

CHINOOK SALMON (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)

THE CHINOOK, OR KING SALMON

(Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)
This species has a multiplicity of names, being known in different
localities as chinook, quinnat, king, Sacramento river and Columbia
river salmon, besides half a dozen or more Indian names. Its
distribution is the widest of any of the Pacific salmon, ranging on
both sides of the ocean from the latitude of Monterey Bay to Behring
Straits. The run begins on the Columbia river as early as the latter
part of February, many of the fish going up its tributaries 1000 miles
or more to spawn. Farther south the run becomes gradually later.
The spawning season also varies with the locality, and ranges from
the latter part of July to the middle of November. The date of
spawning seems to be determined by the temperature of the water,
for it is said that the salmon will not spawn, even if on the spawning
grounds, until the water has fallen to a temperature of 54 degrees
Fahrenheit.

The chinook salmon is the largest of the family, specimens having

been taken in Alaska waters that have weighed 100 pounds, while
50 to 60 pound fish are common. Those taken in the Columbia river
are said to average 22 pounds, while the average of the Sacramento
river catch is 16.

Head, rather pointed; eye, small and situated a little in front of

the back of the mouth; body, rounded and full, the deepest part
being about midway of its length; pectoral fins, short and situated
low and just behind the gills; dorsal fin, nearly midway of the back;
ventral fins, a little behind the center of the dorsal; anal fin about
half way between the ventral and the tail; adipose fin, a little in front
of the rear of the ventrals; caudal fin, or tail, slightly forked.

The back, dorsal fin and tail are generally well covered with dark
brownish black spots. There are few spots as a rule on the head,
and those are of a slaty color.

There is always some variation in color, but usually the back is

quite dark, turning to bluish on the sides and light silver below. As
the spawning season approaches, the jaws of the males become
lengthened and badly distorted and the color changes to more of a
pinkish hue and blotched in appearance. The gills are never alike on
both sides, varying from 15 to 19 in number. (See plate giving
names of all parts mentioned.)
 BLUEBACK, OR SOCK-EYE SALMON,
REDFISH
(Oncorhynchus nerka)

This species is next in commercial value to the chinook. It has

been taken occasionally in the Sacramento river but it is not
common south of the Columbia river. The run of this species begins
about the first of April and the fish go as far as Salmon river, Idaho,
fully 1000 miles from the sea to spawn. By a peculiar instinct this
species only run up such rivers as have lakes at their heads, and
spawn in the lakes or at the mouths of little streams emptying into
them, in many of the lakes of Oregon and Washington are found the
young of the blue-back salmon which are commonly called redfish.
These fish never leave these lakes and therefore never attain a size
of more than five to seven pounds.

Head, short and pointed and light olive in color; under jaw,
white; body, long, slim and rather flattened; back, blue; sides, silver;
belly, dull white; dorsal fin, dark; others flesh color; tail, rather
narrow and well forked; gills, 13 to 15. As the spawning season
approaches the whole fish takes on a decided reddish cast, which
sometimes becomes as dark as a brick-red. The jaw becomes very
much hooked, and a few spots appear.

THE SILVER SALMON

(Oncorhynchus kisutch)
In line of importance the silver salmon occupies the next place. It
is also known by a number of names, among which are koho,
skowitz and kisutch. It is a small fish, rarely exceeding 16 inches in
length and never reaching more than ten pounds in weight. Its
range is from Alaska south to Monterey Bay, where it has recently
been planted and seems to flourish. It spawns in the smaller coast
streams, never going far from the salt water. Its run begins about
the first of September, spawning in October and November.

Head, short with blunt snout; opercles or gill covers, very

convex; body, shaped very much like the chinook; back, bluish
green; sides, silver white. It has but few spots and these are
confined pretty much to the head, upper fins and tail. Gills, 13 or 14.

THE HUMP-BACK SALMON

(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
This is another small species, rarely exceeding six pounds in
weight but more commonly from three to four. Its range is from the
Sacramento river, where it appears in limited numbers, north to
Alaska.

Body, slim, scales very small; back, blue and sides silvery white.
Profusely spotted on the after part of the back, with large oval spots
on the tail. Gills, 11 to 13.

THE DOG SALMON

(Oncorhynchus keta)

The dog salmon rarely exceeds ten pounds in weight Its range is
from the Sacramento river north, and its spawning-grounds the
small streams up which it never extends any great distance from the
salt water.

Head, quite pike-like in shape and therefore much longer and

slimmer than the chinook. Back, dirty brown, with the sides of much
the same color, but of a lighter tint; fins, very dark; very few distinct
spots, with those showing very small; gills, 13 or 14.

Tackle and Lure—The Pacific salmon are only caught by

trolling. They will take a spoon, or any live bait. The most successful
lure, however, is a sardine, or other small fish of six to eight inches
in length. Pass the hook through both eyes, take a half hitch around
the head, insert the point of the hook in the gill and by bending the
fish in the shape of the hook bring the point out about an inch and a
half or two inches from the tail. This allows the fish to remain
curved, and gives it a revolving motion while trolling, resembling a
live, though disabled fish.

A salmon rod should consist of a butt 14 to 16 inches in length,

with a hand piece in front of the reel; tip, 6 feet long and not to
weigh more than 7 ounces; line not to exceed standard 12-thread.
With fishes weighing from 40 pounds and upward, 300 feet of line
can be used to advantage.

[Pg 135]
 RAINBOW TROUT (Salmo irideus

THE RAINBOW TROUT

(Salmo irideus)
There are at least four distinct species of trout; that is, trout
proper and chars, now common to the coast. One of these, the
Eastern brook trout, is the result of artificial hatching and
distribution. These, as well as the rainbow, and to lesser extent the
cutthroat, have been so widely distributed by the state fish
commission and private hatcheries that to attempt to give the
present habitat of the several species would be sure to result in
many errors which might be confounding. The Eastern brook trout
has taken kindly to our waters and seem to be doing well in all
suitable streams. Several other foreign species of trout have been
introduced into our waters as well as these, among which are the
Loch Leven, the German brown trout and the Mackinaw, but the
success of their acclimatization has yet to be fully determined,
though the Loch Leven and German brown seem to be doing well in
the higher streams.

The Eastern brook trout and the native species, known as dolly
varden, are chars and belong to the genus Salvelinus, but the
rainbow and the cutthroat are true trout belonging to the genus
Salmo. The rainbow and the cutthroat present a variety of forms in
different localities and these have been given separate specific
names by the naturalist. With many of these species(?) the only
difference seems to be too slight to entitle them to specific or even
sub-specific separation; the variation being no more than that found
in the color and markings of the same fishes in the same stream,
caused by the depth of the water, the food, or other local conditions.

The rainbow trout is now a resident, either through natural or

artificial distribution, of nearly all the streams of the Coast from
Washington to Lower California. They vary in size, color and number
of scales in different localities and have been given distinct specific
names in the various sections, those of the Coast streams of
California being used as the typical form. These several varieties,
even in their natural condition, showed very little, if any positive line
of demarkation, but since the establishment of the many hatcheries
on the Coast and the wide distribution of the fry hatched from the
spawn of the rainbow of the Sacramento and its tributaries, of the
steelhead of the Eel river, and of the typical form of the Coast
streams, there seems but one course now left, and that is to group
them all as one species under the original name of rainbow.

The rainbow is a very handsome trout, varying in size from adults

of but a few inches in the smaller Coast streams, to 25 and 30
inches long in the larger rivers and lakes. Its dark spotted back and
silvery sides with the rich metallic colors of the rainbow streak gives
it a coloration that is at once brilliant and pleasing. As a game fish it
has no superior, if indeed an equal. It takes the fly with a rush, often
leaping out of the water to seize it as it is descending. Then it fights
with a determination, often breaking three or four feet into the air,
shaking its head to free the hook like a terrier shakes a rat. It
seldom sounds and never sulks. The rainbow trout goes to the sea
at varying ages, the same as all other trout that can get there
without passing through long stretches of warm and sluggish water.
In the salt water it attains a greater size, changes its color in
accordance with the length of time it has been there, but on
returning again to the stream it soon assumes its original plan of
coloring.

Head, about one-fourth of the whole length from the snout to the
base of the caudal fin, varying much with age and size. Generally the
greatest depth is about one fourth of the length of the fish, but this
also varies very much with the character of the waters it inhabits. In
rapid running streams the fish are always slimmer than in more
sluggish ones. I have known them 20 inches or more in length,
when confined in large reservoirs, to become so heavy that they
would weigh one pound to every two inches in length. The lateral
line, or rainbow varies, in intensity of color, but always showing in
varying shades of red, pink, and sometimes blue of a metallic luster.
The vertical black blotches seen on the sides are the marks of
immature fish.

The snout of the rainbow is considerably more rounding than

that of the salmon, and the head larger in proportion. The eye also
is much larger and fuller. The shape and position of the fins are
almost identical with those of the salmon, but a little larger in
proportion to the size of the fish. The tail, however, varies
considerably, being more rounded, and showing only a slight
indentation in the center.

THE GOLDEN TROUT

(Salmo irideus agua bonita)