List of data, formulae and relationships

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s−2 (close to Earth’s surface)

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1

1
Coulomb law constant k= = 8.99 × 109 N m2 C−2
4πε0
Electron charge e = −1.60 × 10−19 C

Electron mass me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg

Electronvolt 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J

Gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2

Gravitational field strength g = 9.81 N kg−1 (close to Earth’s surface)

Permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s

Proton mass mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg

Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1

Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4

Unified atomic mass unit u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg

Mechanics Work, energy and power

Kinematic equations of motion ΔW = FΔs
(u + v)t 1
s= Ek = 2 mv2
2
v = u + at ΔEgrav = mgΔh
1 E
s = ut + 2 at2 P=
t
v2 = u2 + 2as W
P=
Forces t
useful energy output
∑F = ma efficiency =
total energy input
F
g= useful power output
m efficiency =
total power input
W = mg

moment of force = Fx

Momentum

p = mv

Pearson Edexcel GCE Physics 2017 — Advanced Level — List of data, formulae and relationships — Issue 2 3
 Electric circuits Young modulus
Potential difference F
Stress σ =
A
W
V= Δx
Q Strain ε =
x
Resistance σ
E=
V ε
R=
I
Elastic strain energy
Electrical power and energy 1
ΔEel = 2 FΔ x
P = VI

P = I 2R Waves and Particle Nature of Light

V2 Wave speed
P=
R
v = fλ
W = VIt
Speed of a transverse wave on a string
Resistivity
ρl T
R= v=
A μ

Current Intensity of radiation

ΔQ P
I= I=
Δt A
I = nqvA Power of a lens
1
Materials P=
f
Density P = P1 + P 2 + P 3 + …
m Thin lens equation
ρ=
V
1 1 1
+ =
Stokes’ law u v f
F = 6πηrv Magnification for a lens
Hooke’s law image height v
m= =
object height u
ΔF = kΔ x
Diffraction grating

nλ = d sin θ

4 Pearson Edexcel GCE Physics 2017 — Advanced Level — List of data, formulae and relationships — Issue 2
Refractive index Fields

n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 Coulomb’s law

QQ
c F = k 12 2
n= r
v 1
where k =
Critical angle 4πε0
1 Electric field strength
sin C =
n F
E=
Q
Photon model
Q
E=k
E = hf r2
V
Einstein’s photoelectric equation E=
d
1
hf = ϕ + 2 mv2max Electric potential
Q
de Broglie wavelength V=k
r
h Capacitance
λ=
p
Q
C=
V
Further mechanics
Energy stored in a capacitor
Impulse
1
W = 2 QV
FΔt = Δp

Kinetic energy of a non-relativistic Capacitor discharge

particle
Q = Q0e−t/RC
p 2
Ek = Resistor – capacitor discharge
2m
I = I0e−t/RC
Motion in a circle
V = V0e−t/RC
v = ωr
In a magnetic field
2π
T=
ω F = BIl sin θ
mv2
F = ma = F = Bqv sin θ
r
v2 Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws
a=
r −d(Nϕ)
ε=
a = rω2 dt
Root-mean-square values
Centripetal force
mv2 V0
F= Vr ms =
r √2
I
F = mrω2 Ir ms = 0
√2
Pearson Edexcel GCE Physics 2017 — Advanced Level — List of data, formulae and relationships — Issue 2 5
 Nuclear and particle physics Radioactive decay
In a magnetic field A = λN

p dN
r= = −λN
BQ dt
ln 2
λ=
Thermodynamics t½
N = N0 e−λt
Heating
A = A0 e−λt
ΔE = mcΔθ
ΔE = LΔm Gravitational fields
Molecular kinetic theory Gravitational force
1 3 Gm1m2
2
mác2ñ = 2
kT F=
r2
1
pV = 3 Nmác2ñ
Gravitational field strength

Ideal gas equation Gm

g=
r2
pV = NkT
Gravitational potential
Stefan-Boltzmann law
−Gm
L = σAT 4 Vgrav =
r
L = σ4πr2T 4
Oscillations
Wien’s law
Simple harmonic motion
λmaxT = 2.898 × 10−3 m K
F = −k x
Space a = −ω2x
Intensity x = A cos ωt
L
I= v = −Aω sin ωt
4πd 2
a = ‒Aω2 cos ωt
Redshift of electromagnetic radiation 1 2π
T= =
Δλ Δf v f ω
z= ≈ ≈
λ f c ω = 2π f
Cosmological expansion Simple harmonic oscillator
v = H0d m
T = 2π
k
Nuclear radiation l
T = 2π
Mass-energy g

ΔE = c2Δm

6 Pearson Edexcel GCE Physics 2017 — Advanced Level — List of data, formulae and relationships — Issue 2